Gotowa bibliografia na temat „Observable canonical forms”

We discuss the observables that have been recently put forth to describe quarks and gluons orbital angular momentum distributions. Starting from a standard parameterization of the energy momentum tensor in QCD one can single out two forms of angular momentum, a so-called kinetic term – Ji decomposition – or a canonical term – Jaffe-Manohar decomposition. Orbital angular momentum has been connected in each decomposition to a different observable, a Generalized Transverse Momentum Distribution (GTMD), for the canonical term, and a twist three Generalized Parton Distribution (GPD) for the kinetic term. While the latter appears as an azimuthal angular modulation in the longitudinal target spin asymmetry in deeply virtual Compton scattering, due to parity constraints, the GTMD associated with canonical angular momentum cannot be measured in a similar set of experiments.

New possibilities of Gramian computation, by means of canonical transformations into diagonal, controllable, and observable canonical forms, are shown. Using such a technique, the Gramian matrices can be represented as products of the Hadamard matrices of multipliers and the matrices of the transformed right-hand sides of Lyapunov equations. It is shown that these multiplier matrices are invariant under various canonical transformations of linear continuous systems. The modal Lyapunov equations for continuous SISO LTI systems in diagonal form are obtained, and their new solutions based on Hadamard decomposition are proposed. New algorithms for the element-by-element computation of Gramian matrices for stable, continuous MIMO LTI systems are developed. New algorithms for the computation of controllability Gramians in the form of Xiao matrices are developed for continuous SISO LTI systems, given by the equations of state in the controllable and observable canonical forms. The application of transformations to the canonical forms of controllability and observability allowed us to simplify the formulas of the spectral decompositions of the Gramians. In this paper, new spectral expansions in the form of Hadamard products for solutions to the algebraic and differential Sylvester equations of MIMO LTI systems are obtained, including spectral expansions of the finite and infinite cross - Gramians of continuous MIMO LTI systems. Recommendations on the use of the obtained results are given.

New approaches to the transformations of the uncontrollable and unobservable matrices of linear systems to their canonical forms are proposed. It is shown that the uncontrollable pair (A,B) and unobservable pair (A,C) of linear systems can be transform to their controllable (A,B), and observable (A,C) canonical forms by suitable choice of nonsingular matrix M satisfying the condition M[AB]=[AB] and M=[A,B] , respectively. It is also shown that by suitable choice of the gain matrix K of the feedbacks of the derivative of the state vector it is possible to reduce the descriptor system to the standard one.

Although a large literature on delegation exists, few models have pushed beyond a core set of canonical assumptions. This approach may be justified on grounds of tractability, but the failure to grasp the significance of different assumptions and push beyond specific models has limited our understanding of the incentives for delegation. Consequently, the justifications for delegation that have received recent scrutiny and testing differ from some of the more plausible justifications offered by informal studies of delegation. We show that surprisingly few results in the literature hinge on risk aversion, and surprisingly many turn on the ignored, though equally canonical, technological assumption that uncertainty is fixed (relative to policies). Relaxing the key assumptions about dimensionality and functional forms provides a clearer intuition about delegation—one that is closer to classical treatments. The theory allows us to relate different institutional features (commitment, specialization costs, monitoring, multiple principals) to delegation's observable properties.

A recurrent idea in Indian philosophical, theological, and mythological systems is that of a universe manifested through a sequence of emanations. Diverse traditions of doctrine and practice share this vision of the progression from the one to the many. Temple designs often embody the same pattern. Within the diverse traditions of Indian temple architecture, an emanatory scheme is observable both in the formal structure of individual temple designs, which express a dynamic sequence of emergence and growth, and in the way in which temple forms develop throughout the course of such traditions. The canonical Sanskrit texts on architecture (Vastu Shastras) share this emanatory way of thinking, presenting varied temple typologies in which designs develop from simple to complex, emerging sequentially one from another. These texts provide a framework for design that demands interpretation and improvisation, while leading to results that are only partly determined by the individual architect. This contributes to a sense, powerfully established by the unfolding potential of the tradition of architectural practice, that a new temple design is svayambhu (self-manifesting) appearing through a cosmic process from a supra-human source.

The study is devoted to Russian pronouns which children use in grammatical position of a direct object. The aim of the research is to consider the distinctive features of the pronouns belonging to different semantic groups. Additionally, the paper is an effort to answer the question if the connection between the position of the object in the sentence and the semantics of the pronoun is relevant when mastering the language, i.e. to discover pronouns of what classes are more likely to be associated with the object syntactic function in children’s speech. Corpus recordings of children’s speech, namely the data from longitudinal observations of children’s speech, comprise the material of the study. The basic research method employed is the functional-semantic analysis of utterances. As a result of the performed study, it was found that direct objects denoted by pronouns in the accusative case appear in most children’s speech in the third year of life. As for the frequency of occurrence of accusative case forms in a child’s speech, pronoun classes differ from one another; this is partly caused by their semantics. There is a clear distinction between deictic pronouns and quantifiers: children use the latter (negative, indefinite, universal) more often in the object position. Four semantic characteristics are associated with the frequency of occurrence of object forms. The first one is inanimateness: inanimate pronouns and pronouns referring to inanimate referents take the object position more often than animate pronouns. The next characteristic is anaphoricity or the anaphoric nature of pronouns: pronouns referring to another word in a child’s speech are more often in the accusative case than other pronouns. The non-concreteness or lack of reference to a concrete referent which is directly observable in the communication situation also influences the frequency of occurrence: indefinite and negative pronouns turn out to be the most "objective" for children. Finally, another characteristic is generalisation, or a reference to a group of referents: the pronoun vsyo (all, everything) occupies a prominent position on the "object" scale. The influence of semantic factors is not noted when using adjective pronouns incorporated into nominal groups dependent on nouns in the accusative case and also when using non-canonical objects (the adverbs kak (how), tak (so) and subordinate complement clauses (sentential actants) with relative pronouns.

We classify the moduli spaces of the four-dimensional topological half-flat gravity models by using the canonical bundle. For a K3-surface or T4, they describe an equivalent class of a trio of the Einstein-Kähler forms (the hyperkähler forms). We calculate the dimensions of these moduli spaces by using the Atiyah-Singer Index theorem. We mention the partition function and the possibility of the observables in the Witten-type topological half-flat gravity model case.

Abstract Purpose: During development and homeostatic processes such as wound repair, certain cells undergo a remarkable process where they radically transform in cell shape and state, from epithelial to mesenchymal cells. This ability is referred to as ‘Epithelial-Mesenchymal Plasticity’ (EMP), triggered by both mechanical (i.e. loss of cell-cell contact) and soluble cues (i.e. TGFβ), and is absolutely essential in both embryonic and adult organisms. Dysregulation of EMP also occurs in cancer; where tumor cells undergo EMP to become metastatic, stem-like, and drug resistant. Critically, increased EMP correlates with increased cancer severity. However, it is largely a black box as to how EMP is regulated and how epithelial cells sense physical, geometrical, and soluble cues in their environment to assume a mesenchymal fate. This work inferred that cell shape is a determinant of not only fates – but of long-term outcomes. That is, we provide mechanistic explanations between cell context, environment, and cancer severity. In this work, we investigated how mechanical and soluble cues are coupled to the dynamics of signaling pathways that regulate transcriptional and post-transcriptional events that underpin EMP. Especially with regards to mechanical cues, we attempt to unlock the ‘black box’ as to how changes in adhesion, ECM (Extracellular Matrix) stiffness, and environment geometry are coupled to the transcriptional events that drive EMP. Results: We show that changes in cell and nuclear shape result from the actions of the cytoskeleton and important drivers of EMP in upregulating ‘interlocking’ networks that promote EMP-driving inflammation and suppressing insulin signaling. Using a combination of cell biology, proteomics, and new statistical methods, we provide a systems biology model demonstrating: Cell shape → MT bound Kinesin-1 activity and nuclear shape → inflammation (IKK, JNK), insulin signaling (IRS), and YAP/TAZ → EMP Our work connects observable changes in phenotype to causal changes in signaling network architecture and cell fates. We used an integrative -omic approach to analyze tumors from breast cancer patients. We identified a novel tumor suppressor – JAM3 – whose loss is associated with altered nuclear shape in vivo, inhibiting JAM3 in cells, or stimulation with canonical EMP inducer TGFβ to promote EMP, and thus changes the organization of microtubules and alters nuclear shape. During EMP we observe there is upregulation of a pro-inflammatory, insulin resistant, signaling network that is predictive of mesenchymal states across cancer. EMP following JAM3 depletion and/or TGFβ stimulation is rescued by inhibition of Kinesin-1 motors. This rescue is explained by changes in inflammatory and insulin signaling. We show that while Kinesin-1 activity is responsible for upregulation in canonical signalling and network ‘hubs’, changes in nuclear shape upregulate ‘effectors’ of these hubs. Thus, microtubules and nuclei differentially regulate different parts of ‘interlocking’ networks. Conclusions: This work has integrated image-omics, comprehensive global proteomics, and quantitative cell biology to provide a mechanistic ¬and systems-level understanding of how epithelial cells differentiate into mesenchymal forms during disease development and progression. This work is of major significance for three reasons. First, it shows how cell shape can mechanistically regulate cell fates on an unprecedented systems-level. Second, we identify an EMP network that is conserved across cancers and may indeed be conserved across both normal and diseased mesenchymal cells. Indeed, we speculate that different types of diseased cells may all share the same network. Finally, we introduce the concept of interlocking networks – where hubs and effectors are regulated by different cellular components. Our work has been extensively validated, using chemical and genetic approaches and in vivo model of in human breast cancer. Citation Format: Zheng Yin. Epithelial-Mesenchymal Plasticity is Regulated by Inflammatory Signaling Networks Coupled to Cell Morphology [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2022 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2022 Dec 6-10; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(5 Suppl):Abstract nr P5-11-01.

Cette thèse a pour objectif, d’une part, de concevoir des estimateurs pour les systèmessinguliers linéaires en utilisant la méthode des fonctions de modulation. D’autrepart, elle vise à développer des observateurs pour une classe de systèmes dynamiquesnon linéaires en utilisant la méthode des formes normales d’observateurs. Pour lessystèmes singuliers, les estimateurs conçus sont présentés sous forme de formulesintégrales algébriques, garantissant une convergence non asymptotique. Une caractéristique essentielle des algorithmes d’estimation conçus est que les mesures bruitées des sorties ne sont impliquées que dans des termes intégraux, conférant ainsi aux estimateurs une robustesse face aux bruits perturbateurs. Pour les systèmes non linéaires, l’idée principale de conception consiste à transformer les systèmes proposés en une forme simplifiée qui supporte les observateurs existants tels que l’observateur à grandgain et l’observateur en mode glissant. Cette forme simple est appelée forme canoniqueobservable dépendant de la sortie auxiliaire.Pour les systèmes singuliers linéaires, nous transformons le système considéré enune forme similaire à la forme canonique observable de Brunovsky en injectant lesdérivées des entrées et des sorties. Tout d’abord, pour les systèmes singuliers linéairesmono-entrée mono-sortie, la condition d’observabilité est proposée. Des formules algébriques avec une fenêtre d’intégration glissante sont obtenues pour les variables dans différentes situations sans connaître la condition initiale du système. Ensuite, pour les systèmes singuliers linéaires à multiples entrées et sorties, une méthode innovante d’estimation non asymptotique et robuste basée sur la forme canonique observable à l’aide d’un ensemble de systèmes dynamiques de modulation auxiliaires est introduite. Ces derniers systèmes auxiliaires sont donnés par la forme canonique observable contrôlable avec des conditions initiales nulles. En introduisant un ensemble de systèmes dynamiques de modulation auxiliaires qui fournit un cadre plus général pour générer les fonctions de modulation requises, des formules intégrales algébriques sont obtenues à la fois pour les variables d’état et les dérivées de sortie. De plus, l’efficacité et la robustesse des estimateurs proposés sont vérifiées par des simulations numériques dans cette thèse.Pour les systèmes dynamiques non linéaires, nous proposons une famille de systèmesdynamiques non linéaires à multiples sorties "prêts à porter" qui peuvent êtretransformés en formes normales d’observateurs dépendant de la sortie auxiliaire, permettant ainsi le support de l’observateur en mode glissant bien connu. Pour cela, aumoyen de la méthode d’extension de dynamique et d’un ensemble des changementsde coordonnées (calculs algébriques intégraux de base), les termes non linéairessont annulés par une dynamique auxiliaire ou remplacés par des fonctions non linéairesdes multiples sorties. Il convient de mentionner que cette procédure est menée à biende manière compréhensible sans recourir aux outils de la géométrie différentielle, cequi est convivial pour ceux qui ne sont pas familiers avec les calculs des crochets deLie. De plus, l’efficacité et la robustesse des observateurs proposés sont vérifiées pardes simulations numériques dans cette thèse. Deuxièmement, une classe plus large desystèmes dynamiques non linéaires à multiples entrées et sorties "prêts à porter" estfournie pour étendre et développer davantage les systèmes proposés dans le premiercas. De manière similaire, au moyen de la dynamique auxiliaire correspondante etd’un ensemble des changements de coordonnées, les systèmes fournis sont convertisen formes normales non linéaires ciblées dépendant à la fois des multiples sorties etdes variables auxiliaires. Naturellement, cette procédure est également réalisée sansrecourir aux outils géométriques. Enfin, des conclusions sont présentées avec quelques perspectives
This thesis aims, on the one hand, to design estimators for linear singular systems usingthemethod of modulation functions. On the other hand, it aims to develop observersfor a class of nonlinear dynamical systems using the method of canonical formsof observers. For singular systems, the designed estimators are presented in the formof algebraic integral equations, ensuring non-asymptotic convergence. An essentialcharacteristic of the designed estimation algorithms is that noisy measurements of theoutputs are only involved in integral terms, thereby imparting robustness to the estimatorsagainst perturbing noises. For nonlinear systems, the main design idea is totransform the proposed systems into a simplified form that accommodates existingobservers such as the high-gain observer and the sliding-mode observer. This simpleformis called auxiliary output depending observable canonical form.For the linear singular systems, we transform the considered system into a formsimilar to the Brunovsky’s observable canonical form with the injection of the inputs’and outputs’ derivatives. First, for linear singular systems with single input and singleoutput, the observability condition is proposed. The system’s input-output differentialequation is derived based on the Brunovsky’s observable canonical form. Algebraicformulas with a sliding integration window are obtained for the variables in differentsituations without knowing the system’s initial condition. Second, for linear singular systemswith multiple input and multiple output, an innovative nonasymptotic and robust estimation method based on the observable canonical form by means of a set of auxiliary modulating dynamical systems is introduced. The latter auxiliary systems are given by the controllable observable canonical with zero initial conditions. The proposed method is applied to estimate the states and the output’s derivatives for linear singular system in noisy environment. By introducing a set of auxiliary modulating dynamical systems which provides a more general framework for generating the requiredmodulating functions, algebraic integral formulas are obtained both for the state variables and the output’s derivatives. After giving the solutions of the required auxiliary systems, error analysis in discrete noisy case is addressed, where the provided noise error bound can be used to select design parameters.For the nonlinear dynamical systems, we propose a family of "ready to wear" nonlineardynamical systemswith multiple outputs that can be transformed into the outputauxiliarydepending observer normal forms which can support the well-known slidingmode observer. For this, by means of the so-called dynamics extension method anda set of changes of coordinates (basic algebraic integral computations), the nonlinearterms are canceled by auxiliary dynamics or replaced by nonlinear functions of themultiple outputs. It is worth mentioning that this procedure is finished in a comprehensible way without resort to the tools of differential geometry, which is user-friendly for those who are not familiar with the computations of Lie brackets. In addition, the efficiency and robustness of the proposed observers are verified by numerical simulations in this thesis. Second, a larger class of "ready to wear" nonlinear dynamicalsystems with multiple inputs and multiple outputs are provided to further extend anddevelop the systems proposed in the first case. In a similar way, by means of the corresponding auxiliary dynamics and a set of changes of coordinates, the provided systems are converted into targeted nonlinear observable canonical forms depending on both the multiple outputs and auxiliary variables. Naturally, this procedure is still completed without resort to geometrical tools. Finally, conclusions are outlined with some perspectives

AbstractThis chapter introduces general frame-independent relations between the observable anisotropy parameters. Some of these relations reflect the geometrical properties of the distribution, including inequalities that delimit the allowed phase space of the anisotropy parameters, and the representation of the distribution in a “canonical” form. The most interesting relation defines a rotation-invariant parameter expressing the intrinsic nature of the polarization, independently of the reference frame.

This chapter charts the early development of the canonical quantum gravity (that is, the quantization of the gravitational field in Hamiltonian form). What we find in this period include: the establishment of a procedure for quantizing in curved spaces; the first expressions for the Hamiltonian of general relativity; recognition of the existence and importance of constraints (i.e. the generators of infinitesimal coordinate transformations); a focus on the problem of observables (and the realisation of conceptual implications in defining these for generally relativistic theories), and a (template of a) method for quantizing the theory. Although it commenced relatively early, the canonical approach was slow in its subsequent development. This had two sources: (1) it required the introduction of tools and concepts from outside of quantum gravity proper (namely, the constraint machinery and the parameter formalism); (2) by its very nature, it is highly rigorous in a conceptual sense, demanding lots of groundwork to be established, in terms of the structure of physical observables, before the actual issue of quantization can even be considered. Work was further complicated by the fact that these two sources of difficulty happened to be entangled. Particular emphasis is placed on the parameter formalism of Paul Weiss.

It has been suggested recently that "Q-exponential" distributions, which form the basis of Tsallis' nonextensive thermostatistical formalism, may be viewed as mixtures of exponential (Gibbs) distributions characterized by a fluctuating inverse temperature. In this chapter, we revisit this idea in connection with a detailed microscopic calculation of the energy and temperature fluctuations present in a finite vessel of perfect gas thermally coupled to a heat bath. We find that the probability density related to the inverse temperature of the gas has a form similar to a x² density, and that the "mixed" Gibbs distribution inferred from this density is non-Gibbsian. These findings are compared with those obtained by a number of researchers who worked on mixtures of Gibbsian distributions in the context of velocity difference measurements in turbulent fluids as well as secondary distributions in nuclear scattering experiments…. Most, if not all, textbooks on thermodynamics and statistical physics define temperature as being a quantity which, contrary to other thermodynamic observables like energy or pressure, does not admit fluctuations. Because of that, it is somewhat surprising to see papers with the expression "temperature fluctuations" in their titles appearing from time to time in serious scientific journals on subjects as various as particle physics and fluid dynamics (see, e.g., Ashkenazi and Steinberg [3], Ching [9], Chiu et al. [10], and Stodolsky [24]). Indeed, how can the temperature of a system, however small, fluctuate if one defines it "as equal to the temperature of a very large heat reservoir with which the system is in equilibrium and in thermal contact" [18]? Also, in the case of the reservoir, how can temperature be a fluctuating parameter if its definition requires one to assume the thermodynamic limit, in other words, to assume that the system acting as a reservoir is composed of an infinite number of particles or degrees of freedom? Presumably, the thermodynamic limit should rule out any fluctuations of thermodynamic quantities like the mean energy or the pressure, so that if temperature is related to these quantities, how can it fluctuate?

Abstract According to a “liberal principle of legitimacy” proposed by John Rawls in Political Liberalism, expectations of willing submission by citizens in democracies to laws and policies with which they disagree are justified on the condition that those laws and policies have issued in accordance with “a constitution (written or unwritten) the essentials of which all citizens, as reasonable and rational, can endorse.” Does “unwritten constitution,” there, perhaps refer to regularities of political practice empirically observable but not received or established as normative requirements? Alternatively, does that expression envisage a set of directives canonically established in the country’s political practice, although not in codified written-down form—subsisting then as common law but not code law, or perhaps subsisting only in the medium of custom or convention and not at all as positive law? Chapter 2 sets going, but does not yet carry to full completion, a probe into this dimension of the Rawlsian proposal for justification-by-constitution. It should leave the readers with some confidence that Rawls arrived at his proposal thinking mainly within the frame of what the chapter classes as a positivist conception of constitutional law.