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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat „Objectification (Social psychology)”

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Data publikacji: 26 lipca 2024

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1

Aubrey, Jennifer Stevens, i Ashton Gerding. "The Cognitive Tax of Self-Objectification". Journal of Media Psychology 27, nr 1 (1.01.2015): 22–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1864-1105/a000128.

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Objectification theory ( Fredrickson & Roberts, 1997 , Psychology of Women Quarterly, 21, 173–206) posits that a consequence of living in a sexually objectifying culture is self-objectification, a cognitively taxing preoccupation with one’s appearance. The present study investigated the effects of exposure to sexual objectification of female artists in music videos, on female emerging adults’ self-objectification and their ability to cognitively process subsequent television commercials. Results indicated that exposure to music videos high in sexual objectification induced self-objectification and hindered participants’ subsequent performance in encoding visual information from commercials, but did not diminish participants’ ability to allocate resources to, or to recall factual information from, the commercials.

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Gervais, Sarah J., Jill Allen, Abigail R. Riemer i Marco Gullickson. "The Balanced Objectification Hypothesis: The Effects of Objectification Valence and Body Sentiment on Source Sentiment". Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 45, nr 4 (21.08.2018): 571–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167218789625.

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In this work, we introduced and tested the balanced objectification hypothesis (BOH). Derived from an integration of balance theory and objectification research, the BOH suggests that people seek psychological balance during objectifying interactions with others. Corresponding with the BOH, men and women perceived objectification sources as higher in warmth and intended to approach the objectification source more when they experienced complimentary objectification in conjunction with positive body sentiment (vs. negative body sentiment) and critical objectification in conjunction with negative body sentiment (vs. positive body sentiment) across four experiments. Self–other congruency emerged as a mediator and inconsistency between the content of the objectification experience and body sentiment (whether they were both focused on weight or sex appeal or not) emerged as a boundary condition, in line with the BOH. Theoretical implications and critical next steps for testing the BOH are discussed.

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Bernard, Philippe, Florence Hanoteau, Sarah Gervais, Lara Servais, Irene Bertolone, Paul Deltenre i Cécile Colin. "Revealing Clothing Does Not Make the Object: ERP Evidences That Cognitive Objectification is Driven by Posture Suggestiveness, Not by Revealing Clothing". Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 45, nr 1 (7.06.2018): 16–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167218775690.

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Recent research found that sexualized bodies are visually processed similarly to objects. This article examines the effects of skin-to-clothing ratio and posture suggestiveness on cognitive objectification. Participants were presented images of upright versus inverted bodies while we recorded the N170. We used the N170 amplitude inversion effect (larger N170 amplitudes for inverted vs. upright stimuli) to assess cognitive objectification, with no N170 inversion effect indicating less configural processing and more cognitive objectification. Contrary to Hypothesis 1, skin-to-clothing ratio was not associated with cognitive objectification (Experiments 1-3). However, consistent with Hypothesis 2, we found that posture suggestiveness was the key driver of cognitive objectification (Experiment 2), even after controlling for body asymmetry (Experiment 3). This article showed that high (vs. low) posture suggestiveness caused cognitive objectification (regardless of body asymmetry), whereas high (vs. low) skin-to-clothing ratio did not. The implications for objectification and body perception literatures are discussed.

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Sáez, Gemma, Inmaculada Valor-Segura i Francisca Expósito. "Interpersonal Sexual Objectification Experiences: Psychological and Social Well-Being Consequences for Women". Journal of Interpersonal Violence 34, nr 4 (27.04.2016): 741–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260516645813.

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Sexual objectification as a form of sexist discrimination accounts for the higher prevalence of psychological problems among women. More specifically, sexual objectification manifests itself in different ways with different intensities, in turn affecting women’s psychological well-being differently. On one hand, experiences of body evaluation are more subtle and work by perpetuating sexist attitudes among women themselves. On the other hand, more explicit forms of sexual objectification (unwanted explicit sexual advances) are linked to higher levels of anxiety and lower levels of self-esteem. The first study, on a sample of 343 Spanish women, aims to analyze the consequences of different forms of sexual objectification on women’s psychological well-being and the effect of sexism and enjoyment of objectification on these consequences. The second study, on a sample of 144 Spanish women, focuses on analyzing the ideological variables that have an effect on response to acts of sexist discrimination. Both studies reveal the significance of the more subtle experiences of sexual objectification as a mechanism that plays a part in keeping women in a subordinate position, where they end up feeling that this process is positive or pleasing.

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Morris, Kasey Lynn, Jamie Goldenberg i Patrick Boyd. "Women as Animals, Women as Objects: Evidence for Two Forms of Objectification". Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 44, nr 9 (19.04.2018): 1302–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167218765739.

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Women are objectified through overt sexualization and through a focus on physical appearance, but empirical research has not yet made this distinction. In three studies, we found evidence consistent with the hypothesis that although both forms of objectification strip women of their humanness, there are unique dehumanizing signatures associated with each. When women were objectified by a focus on their sexual features or functions ( sexual objectification), they were perceived as lacking uniquely human attributes (i.e., animalistic dehumanization). Conversely, when women were objectified by an emphasis on their beauty or physical appearance ( appearance-focused objectification), they were perceived as lacking human nature (i.e., mechanistic dehumanization). In Study 3, we also examined an outcome associated with women’s risk of harm and found that mechanistic dehumanization, in response to appearance-focused objectification, uniquely promoted the perception that a woman was less capable of feeling pain. Implications for objectification research are discussed.

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Cabras, Cristina, Roberta Tumatis, Marina Mondo i Cristina Sechi. "The influence of sexual objectification on guilt assessment on a sample of Italian graduates". Journal of Criminal Psychology 11, nr 2 (12.07.2021): 116–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jcp-08-2020-0036.

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Purpose The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of sexual objectification on the attribution processes of the guilt of a defendant – and also on the level of guilt. It was also hypothesized that legal expertise could be a protective factor in countering the influence of sexual objectification. Design/methodology/approach Sexual objectification can be defined as the perspective in which a person is evaluated solely in terms of his or her body parts or sexual function. As yet, no studies have assessed the influence of sexual objectification on guilt assessment in the legal system; this paper aims to explore whether sexual objectification has an influence on the attribution processes of a defendant's guilt. Findings The statistical analysis revealed that the sexually objectified defendant received a guilty verdict more often than a non-sexually objectified defendant; additionally, legal experts were more likely to identify the defendant as not guilty than non-legal experts. The findings support the hypothesis that sexual objectification is indeed one of the common stereotypes that lead to discrimination. Originality/value The present study provides novel findings regarding sexual objectification in the forensic context in which the defendant is viewed and evaluated.

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7

SAYLAN, Ezgi, i Vesile SOYYIĞIT. "Self-Objectification and Subjective Well-Being: A Serial Mediation Analysis on the Role of Social Appearance Anxiety and Body Image". Journal of Evidence-Based Psychotherapies 23, nr 2 (1.09.2023): 119–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/jebp.2023.2.13.

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The ideals of beauty and appearance imposed by today’s popular society are becoming increasingly important in all stages of life. Correspondingly, research on the concepts of self-objectification, appearance anxiety, body image, and well-being has increased in recent years. Hence, this study aims to investigate whether social appearance anxiety and body image mediate the relation between self-objectification and subjective well-being in a Turkish sample. The study included 480 participants between the ages of 18 and 30. Participants were assessed using measurement tools for self-objectification, social appearance anxiety, body image, and subjective well-being. According to the serial mediation analysis, self-objectification had a negative effect on subjective well-being that was statistically significant. Additionally, it was concluded that social appearance anxiety and body image play a mediating role in the relationship between self-objectification and subjective well-being. It can be argued that the results obtained have both theoretical and practical importance for the related literature.

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8

Grey, Melissa J., Terrence G. Horgan, Tiffany A. Long, Noelle K. Herzog i James R. Lindemulder. "Contrasting Objectification and Competence". Journal of Media Psychology 28, nr 2 (kwiecień 2016): 88–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1864-1105/a000159.

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Abstract. Research on priming self-objectification in women frequently implements product-only control groups or nonhuman control images. This study aimed to clarify whether there was a difference in levels of self-objectification among female participants who viewed objectifying images of women, body-competent images of women, or product-only images. A sample of undergraduate females was primed with one of the above image types, after which they completed the Twenty Statements Test (TST) to examine their preoccupation with their own appearance. Results revealed that those who were primed with objectifying images of women exhibited more self-objectification than women who were primed with either body-competent images of women or product-only images. There was also no significant difference between those who only viewed products and those who viewed body-competent images of women. Results are discussed in the context of self-objectification research methods and implications for visual media artists.

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Mustafa, Sarah, i Mariyam Akram. "Self-Consciousness, Self-Objectification, and Social Anxiety as Predictors of Photo Editing Behavior among Emerging Adults". Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies 2022 (28.08.2022): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/6609752.

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This study aims to assess the impact of self-consciousness, self-objectification, and social anxiety on photo editing behavior among emerging adults. Correlational research strategy was used for the present quantitative research, and convenient sampling strategy was used to collect data of 444 university students (135 males and 309 females) with the age range of 18-25 years. The self-consciousness scale, objectified body consciousness scale, photo manipulation scale, and social anxiety scale were used as assessment tools for this study. For data analysis, t -test for independent samples, correlation, and regression analysis were implied. The results revealed that women had higher self-consciousness and social anxiety in contrast to men. Moreover, self-objectification and evaluation anxiety were positively correlated with photo editing behavior. Lastly, overall self-objectification and body shame, one of the three aspects of self-objectification resulted as significant predictors of photo manipulation behavior among emerging adults. This study contributes to the indigenous literature of clinical and social psychology.

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10

Hadler, Oriana Holsbach, Neuza Maria de Fátima Guareschi i Giovana Barbieri Galeano. "The production of delinquency and its objectification by psychology". Athenea Digital. Revista de pensamiento e investigación social 19, nr 1 (2.02.2019): 2230. http://dx.doi.org/10.5565/rev/athenea.2230.

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Gattino, Silvia, Kamila Czepczor-Bernat, Angela Fedi, Anna Brytek-Matera, Mihaela Boza, Jérémy E. Lemoine, Reza N. Sahlan, Emma Wilson, Norma De Piccoli i Chiara Rollero. "Self-objectification and its biological, psychological and social predictors: A cross-cultural study in four European countries and Iran". Europe’s Journal of Psychology 19, nr 1 (28.02.2023): 27–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5964/ejop.6075.

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Although scholars started investigating self-objectification more than twenty years ago, only a few studies focused on men and even fewer have taken into account the cross-cultural dimension. Our study focused on the antecedents of self-objectification paying attention to the role of biological and sociodemographic variables (gender, BMI), psychological characteristics (self-esteem, perfectionism) together with social and cultural factors (internalization of media standards, influence of family and friends). Self-objectification was operationalized as Body Shame and Body Surveillance. A self-reported questionnaire was administered to 2165 adults living in four European countries (UK, Italy, Poland and Romania) and Iran. Ten regression models were performed (2 per country) to analyse the correlates of self-objectification. Overall, self-objectification emerged as a process affected by factors entrenched in psychological, biological, social and cultural domains, partially different for Body Shame and Body Surveillance. Findings showed the key role of self-esteem as a protective factor against Body Shame across countries. On the other hand, the internalization of media standards emerged as risk factor for both Body Shame and Body Surveillance in the five countries. Taken together, these results underline the complexity of self-objectification and the need to deepen research on this topic among non-Western countries.

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Kashirsky, Dmitry V., i O. V. Myasnikova. "Phenomenon of Self-Objectification in Women: Analysis of foreign Studies and a View through the Prism of Russian Psychology". National Psychological Journal 40, nr 4 (2020): 61–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.11621/npj.2020.0405.

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Background. At present, self-objectification of females is a very common phenomenon, reflecting the desire of women to meet the standards accepted in the society and manifested in excessive (even pathological) care of achieving the “ideal” appearance. This phenomenon was under study in various foreign psychological concepts and approaches, and especially in the theory of B. Fredrickson and T.E. Roberts. However, despite similar research in Russian psychology, the phenomenon has not been disclosed within Russian psychological methodology. In this regard, it is very important to analyze foreign publications for the subsequent development of an integrative approach to the study of self-objectification in females in the context of Russian psychology. Looking into this phenomenon from the standpoint of Russian psychological methodology would be useful for developing methods of assessment, intervention, and psychotherapeutic assistance for Russian girls and women experiencing psychological problems due to negative self-objectification. The Objective is to conduct a theoretical analysis of the phenomenon of women’s self-objectification in line with the national cultural-historical and activity methodology. Design. The paper provides a review of the publications on self-objectification in females which is analytical in its nature. In the paper, the basic approaches to the study of the phenomenon of self-objectification in females in foreign psychology are determined, and also the ways to understand the phenomenon in the context of the Russian psychological tradition proposed in the works of L.S. Vygotsky, A.N. Leontiev, S.L. Rubinstein developed by their students and the followers are shown. Results. The phenomenon of self-objectification in females is considered within the context of fundamental issues of psychology — the relationship of ‘outer’ and ‘inner’ contents, and particularly, within the framework of the subject-activity approach of S.L. Rubinstein and the activity theory of A.N. Leontiev. The role of the “social situation of the development” (L.S. Vygotsky) in the development self-objectification in females is shown. The mechanism of interiorization as a female’s adoption of the social ideas and attitudes is described. The process of interiorization is considered through three facets: individualization, intimization, and production of consciousness. The phenomenon of self-objectification was interpreted through the lenses of L.S. Vygotsky ideas about the intertwining of two domains of mental development in ontogenesis, i.e. the biological maturation of a person and the processes of mastering culture, and also within the notions of cultural-historical defectology. Conclusion. The research results contribute to expanding the scientific theoretical views of psychologists working within the national methodology to shape the phenomenon of self-objectification in females, which could facilitate further understanding of this theoretical construct and increase the number of empirical works in the research area. Female self-objectification through the prism of the Russian research methodology will contribute to the methodological status of this issue, enriching the idea of female self-objectification primarily at the philosophical (worldview) level and at the general scientific level of methodology (E.G. Yudin). All these will increase the interpretative capabilities of the concept. The materials of the paper can contribute to developing an integrative approach for understanding female self-objectification. The findings can be sufficient for creating methods of psychodiagnostics and psychotherapy for girls and women experiencing psychological problems due to the negative impact of self-objectification.

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Bernard, Philippe, Tiziana Rizzo, Ingrid Hoonhorst, Gaétane Deliens, Sarah J. Gervais, Julia Eberlen, Clémence Bayard, Paul Deltenre, Cécile Colin i Olivier Klein. "The Neural Correlates of Cognitive Objectification". Social Psychological and Personality Science 9, nr 5 (16.08.2017): 550–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1948550617714582.

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At an early stage of visual processing, human faces and bodies are typically associated with larger N170s when presented in an inverted (vs. upright) position, indexing the involvement of configural processing. We challenged this view and hypothesized that sexualized bodies would not be sensitive to inversion, thereby suggesting that they would be processed similarly to objects. Participants saw sexualized male and female bodies, nonsexualized male and female bodies, as well as objects in both upright and inverted positions while we recorded the N170. Results indicated that inverted (vs. upright) nonsexualized male and female bodies were associated with larger N170 amplitudes. In contrast, no N170 amplitude inversion effect emerged for sexualized male and female bodies or objects. These results suggest that sexualized bodies are processed similarly to objects and quite differently than nonsexualized bodies. We discuss the results and their implications in the light of the literatures in person perception and objectification.

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Zheng, Yong, i Qingqing Sun. "Testing objectification theory with Chinese undergraduate women and men". Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 45, nr 4 (7.05.2017): 629–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.5892.

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We tested the applicability of objectification theory to the prediction of disordered eating and depressed mood among Chinese undergraduate students. Participants (N = 430) completed measures of body surveillance, body shame, appearance anxiety, level of internal awareness, flow, disordered eating, and depressed mood. Results of structural equation modeling revealed the model of objectification theory provided a poor fit to the data for both genders, but 2 exploratory models with good fit were generated after subsequent modification to the model. For women, body shame and appearance anxiety mediated the relationships among body surveillance, disordered eating, and depressed mood. Furthermore, body surveillance indirectly influenced women's level of internal awareness and flow via body shame and appearance anxiety, which led to disordered eating and depressed mood. This pattern of relationships was similar for men, except for flow, which was not related to the outcome variables. We concluded that objectification theory is applicable to women and men in China.

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Tiggemann, Marika, i Michelle Boundy. "Effect of Environment and Appearance Compliment on College Women's Self-Objectification, Mood, Body Shame, and Cognitive Performance". Psychology of Women Quarterly 32, nr 4 (grudzień 2008): 399–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.2008.00453.x.

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Objectification theory contends that women self-objectify as a result of internalizing an external observer's perspective of their physical selves. Self-objectification has been examined as both a stable enduring trait and as a context dependant state. The present study attempted to trigger state self-objectification by relatively subtle manipulation of the immediate physical and social environment. Participants were 96 female undergraduate students who completed questionnaire measures and cognitive tasks in a 2 (a subtle objectifying environment versus a standard environment) x 2 (an appearance compliment versus no comment) x 2 (high versus low trait self-objectification) design. It was found that, for women high on trait self-objectification, the objectifying physical environment enhanced state self-objectification, and the appearance compliment enhanced body shame. The findings demonstrate that subtle situational factors not requiring women to explicitly focus attention on their own bodies can elicit self-objectification and its proposed consequences, particularly among women high in trait self-objectification.

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De Wilde, Matthias, Annalisa Casini, Philippe Bernard, Robin Wollast, Olivier Klein i Stéphanie Demoulin. "Two Preregistered Direct Replications of “Objects Don’t Object: Evidence That Self-Objectification Disrupts Women’s Social Activism”". Psychological Science 31, nr 2 (21.01.2020): 214–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956797619896273.

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Self-objectification has been claimed to induce numerous detrimental consequences for women at the individual level (e.g., sexual dysfunction, depression, eating disorders). Additionally, at the collective level, it has been proposed that self-objectified women might themselves contribute to the maintenance of the patriarchal status quo, for instance, by participating less in collective action. In 2013, Calogero found a negative link between self-objectification and collective action, which was mediated by the adoption of gender-specific system justification. Here, we report two preregistered direct replications (PDRs) of Calogero’s original study. We conducted these PDRs after three failures to replicate the positive relation between self-objectification and gender-specific system-justification belief in correlational studies. Results of the two PDRs, in which we used a Bayesian approach, supported the null hypothesis. This work has important theoretical implications because it challenges the role attributed to self-objectified women in the maintenance of patriarchy.

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Ramsey, Laura R., Justin A. Marotta i Tiffany Hoyt. "Sexualized, objectified, but not satisfied". Journal of Social and Personal Relationships 34, nr 2 (9.07.2016): 258–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0265407516631157.

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Although the objectification of women is pervasive, it has not been studied extensively in the context of romantic relationships. This is a curious oversight, given that physical appearance is considered a prominent factor in romantic attraction and conceptualizations of objectification tend to involve an exaggerated emphasis on physical appearance. Thus, objectification theory may have interesting implications for romantic relationships. Women who enjoy sexualization may be more likely to have a partner who objectifies them, which could have negative implications for the relationship, as objectification research has generally found that the experience of objectification has negative consequences for women. Across three studies of heterosexual women in relationships ( N = 114, N = 196, and N = 208), results showed that those who enjoyed sexualization tended to feel more objectified by their partner, which in turn related to lowered relationship satisfaction. These findings persisted even when controlling for perceptions of partner’s sexual desire, self-objectification, and objectification from strangers. Furthermore, Study 3 provides preliminary evidence that self-objectification may be a precursor to this mediation in that self-objectification was associated with higher enjoyment of sexualization, which was associated with higher partner-objectification, which in turn was associated with lower relationship satisfaction. This research sheds light on how the objectification of women operates within the context of a heterosexual romantic relationship.

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Wollast, Robin, Elisa Puvia, Philippe Bernard, Passagorn Tevichapong i Olivier Klein. "How Sexual Objectification Generates Dehumanization in Western and Eastern Cultures". Swiss Journal of Psychology 77, nr 2 (1.03.2018): 69–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/1421-0185/a000209.

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Abstract. Ever since Fredrickson and Roberts (1997) proposed objectification theory, research on self-objectification and – by extension – other-objectification has experienced a considerable expansion. However, most of the studies on sexual objectification have been conducted solely in Western populations. This study investigates whether the effect of target sexualization on social perception differs as a function of culture (Western vs. Eastern). Specifically, we asked a Western sample (Belgian, N = 62) and a Southeast Asian sample (Thai, N = 98) to rate sexualized versus nonsexualized targets. We found that sexual objectification results in dehumanization in both Western (Belgium) and Eastern (Thailand) cultures. Specifically, participants from both countries attributed less competence and less agency to sexualized than to nonsexualized targets, and they reported that they would administer more intense pain to sexualized than to nonsexualized targets. Thus, building on past research, this study suggests that the effect of target sexualization on dehumanization is a more general rather than a culture-specific phenomenon.

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Valtorta, Roberta Rosa, i Maria Grazia Monaci. "When workers feel like objects: A field study on self-objectification and affective organizational commitment". Europe’s Journal of Psychology 19, nr 1 (28.02.2023): 15–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5964/ejop.5549.

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Objectification is a form of dehumanization that implies the perception of others as mere objects. The present study aimed to expand research on objectification in the work domain by exploring the relationships between objectifying job features, self-objectification, and affective organizational commitment within a real work setting. Building on previous literature, we hypothesized that the execution of objectifying work activities would be positively related to workers’ tendency to objectify themselves. Further, we expected a decrease in affective organizational commitment as the outcome of these perceptions. A study involving 142 Italian supermarket clerks (75 females) supported our hypotheses. Workers with a low-status job role (i.e., cashiers and salespeople vs. managers) perceived their activities as more objectifying. In turn, this perception heightened their self-objectification, which decreased workers’ commitment towards the organization. Our results enrich the understanding of workplace objectification by also providing relevant insights into the link between social-psychological and organizational processes.

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Seekis, Veya, Graham L. Bradley i Amanda L. Duffy. "Appearance-Related Social Networking Sites and Body Image in Young Women: Testing an Objectification-Social Comparison Model". Psychology of Women Quarterly 44, nr 3 (11.05.2020): 377–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361684320920826.

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In this study, we drew on an integrated model of objectification and social comparison theories to test the associations between young women’s use of social networking sites and their body image concerns. A sample of 338 undergraduate women, aged 17–25 years, completed online questionnaire measures of engagement in three social networking site activities (browsing or following celebrity, fashion, and beauty sites, browsing or following fitspiration-related content, and placing importance on online “likes” and comments). Also assessed were upward appearance comparison, body surveillance, social appearance anxiety, and two indices of body image concerns (drive for thinness and body dissatisfaction). Structural equation modeling was used to test two competing models, both of which posited social appearance anxiety as the immediate precursor to body image concerns. In line with the integrated objectification-social comparison model, results supported a serial mediation model that comprised significant paths from two of the social networking site activities (browsing or following celebrity, fashion, and beauty sites, and placing importance on online “likes” and comments) through, in turn, upward appearance comparison, body surveillance, and social appearance anxiety, to drive for thinness and body dissatisfaction. Viewing fitspiration-related content was associated with body image concerns directly, rather than indirectly. Findings highlight objectification and appearance comparison factors as targets for future interventions regarding appearance-related social networking site use.

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Szymanski, Dawn M., i Stacy L. Henning. "The Role of Self-objectification in Women’s Depression: A Test of Objectification Theory". Sex Roles 56, nr 1-2 (29.12.2006): 45–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11199-006-9147-3.

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Shim, Jae Woong, Mahnwoo Kwon i Hong-In Cheng. "Analysis of Representation of Sexuality on Women's and Men's Pornographic Websites". Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 43, nr 1 (7.02.2015): 53–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2015.43.1.53.

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We investigated how the sexuality of men and women is represented on pornographic websites aimed at women and pornographic websites aimed at men. We analyzed 200 pornographic images randomly selected from 4 websites (2 aimed at women and 2 aimed at men). The criteria for comparison were based on concepts of sexual inequality and sexual objectification that have been commonly used in the literature on analyses of pornography content. The findings showed that websites containing pornography aimed at men were more likely than the websites aimed at women to include content with elements of sexual inequality, whereas websites aimed at women were more likely than the websites aimed at men to include content with elements of sexual objectification.

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Daniels, Elizabeth A. "Does Objectification on Social Media Cost Young Men?" Emerging Adulthood 8, nr 3 (8.10.2018): 226–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2167696818804051.

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Using an experimental methodology, the present study assessed college students’ perceptions of a male peer who presented himself on Facebook in either an objectified or nonobjectified manner. One hundred eighty-nine college students ( n = 111 women, n = 78 men) viewed a Facebook profile with either an objectified or a nonobjectified profile photo of the same young man and then evaluated the profile owner. They also reported on the desirability of dating the profile owner. Results indicated that the objectified profile owner was considered less competent but not less socially appealing or physically attractive. Participants liked the nonobjectified profile and profile photo better than the objectified profile and profile photo. There was also more interest in a committed dating relationship with the nonobjectified profile owner than the objectified profile owner. Findings suggest that using an objectified profile photo on Facebook may come with some costs for young men.

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Beckwith, J. B. "TERMINOLOGY AND SOCIAL RELEVANCE IN PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH ON GENDER". Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 22, nr 4 (1.01.1994): 329–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.1994.22.4.329.

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While the feminization of psychology seems remote, socially relevant research is relatively achievable. In the present paper, terminology is initially reviewed, and distinctions are drawn between concepts of sex, gender, and sexuality. Traditional areas of psychological activity in relation to gender differences, gender identity, gender stereotypes, gender and sexuality are noted, and issues of social relevance are highlighted. Possibilities for socially relevant research include investigation of power differences, the subjective experience of oppression, objectification of women's bodies, and the pattern of connections and disconnections between sex, gender, sexuality, and position on feminism.

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Rollero, Chiara, Silvia Gattino, Piccoli de i Angela Fedi. "Protective versus risk factors for self-objectification in different age and gender cohorts". Psihologija 51, nr 1 (2018): 17–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/psi161222008r.

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The harmful effects of objectification and self-objectification have been widely investigated, but few studies have examined factors that may predict self-objectification. This research intends to assess the protective versus risk role of sociodemographic and physical characteristics (age, BMI), psychosocial variables (self-esteem; self-oriented perfectionism and socially prescribed perfectionism), and social factors (influence of family and friends; internalization of media standards) on self-objectification in men and women. The selfobjectification was assessed with two subscales of the Objectified Body Consciousness Scale: Body Shame and Body Surveillance. Participants were 812 Italian adults of different age cohorts (age range 21?60 years; 50.7% females) recruited via a quota sampling method. Two regression models separately for males and females were performed. Results showed that mass media influence was the strongest predictor for body surveillance and body shame in both men and women, whereas gender-related patterns emerged for physical, psychological, and relational variables with age as moderator.

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Chen, Changkai. "NO moral qualms about transactional sex? Materialism and objectification". Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 44, nr 11 (7.12.2016): 1803–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2016.44.11.1803.

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I explored the psychological mechanism underlying the exchanging of sex for tangible benefits such as drugs, money, and career opportunities, that is, transactional sex. I conducted an experiment with 58 undergraduate students at a university in China. I found that objectification (i.e., viewing human beings and objects as alike) moderated the effect of materialism on their attitudes toward transactional sex. When primed with materialistic images, individuals who saw a larger overlap between the attributes of human beings and objects, and those who perceived themselves as more object-like, felt more positive toward transactional sex than did those less prone to objectify the self and others. This study contributes to understanding of transactional sex, which temporarily satisfies individuals' material needs yet may have disastrous consequences in multiple life domains. Therefore, in addition to advancing knowledge about materialism and objectification, an understanding of the psychological mechanism underlying transactional sex may potentially contribute to the well-being of those who are most likely to participate in transactional sex.

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Johnston-Robledo, Ingrid, i Victoria Fred. "Self-Objectification and Lower Income Pregnant Women's Breastfeeding Attitudes1". Journal of Applied Social Psychology 38, nr 1 (20.12.2007): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2008.00293.x.

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Grabe, Shelly, i Janet Shibley Hyde. "Body Objectification, MTV, and Psychological Outcomes Among Female Adolescents1". Journal of Applied Social Psychology 39, nr 12 (grudzień 2009): 2840–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2009.00552.x.

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Bell, Beth T., Jennifer A. Cassarly i Lucy Dunbar. "Selfie-Objectification: Self-Objectification and Positive Feedback (“Likes”) are Associated with Frequency of Posting Sexually Objectifying Self-Images on Social Media". Body Image 26 (wrzesień 2018): 83–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2018.06.005.

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Miner-Rubino, Kathi, Jean M. Twenge i Barbara L. Fredrickson. "Trait Self-Objectification in Women: Affective and Personality Correlates". Journal of Research in Personality 36, nr 2 (kwiecień 2002): 147–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jrpe.2001.2343.

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Bareket, Orly, i Nurit Shnabel. "Domination and Objectification: Men’s Motivation for Dominance Over Women Affects Their Tendency to Sexually Objectify Women". Psychology of Women Quarterly 44, nr 1 (8.09.2019): 28–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361684319871913.

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In the present research, we examined the association between heterosexual men’s motivation for dominance over women and their sexual objectification of women. We found that men’s social dominance orientation (SDO) correlated with their tendency to sexually objectify women (Study 1). Inducing threat to men’s dominance over women by assigning men to work under the supervision of women bosses—versus jointly with women partners (Study 2a) or under men bosses (Study 3)—led to increased sexual objectification of women among high-SDO participants. These results persisted when controlling for mood. Examining the corresponding effects among heterosexual women revealed that the correlation between SDO and the sexual objectification of men was non-significant (Study 1) and that working under men bosses did not affect women’s sexual objectification of men (Study 2b). These findings support feminist theorizing that men (re)assert their dominance over women by sexually objectifying them. Increased awareness of the motivations underlying women’s sexual objectification can help professionals plan useful interventions to reduce this phenomenon, hopefully limiting its negative effects on women’s well-being.

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Greenleaf, Christy. "Self-Objectification Among Physically Active Women". Sex Roles 52, nr 1-2 (styczeń 2005): 51–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11199-005-1193-8.

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Sanchez, Diana T., i Tara L. Broccoli. "The Romance of Self-objectification: Does Priming Romantic Relationships Induce States of Self-objectification Among Women?" Sex Roles 59, nr 7-8 (2.05.2008): 545–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11199-008-9451-1.

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Sáez, Gemma, Abigail R. Riemer, Rebecca L. Brock i Sarah J. Gervais. "Objectification in Heterosexual Romantic Relationships: Examining Relationship Satisfaction of Female Objectification Recipients and Male Objectifying Perpetrators". Sex Roles 81, nr 5-6 (5.01.2019): 370–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11199-018-0990-9.

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Ko, Stacy Y., i Meifen Wei. "A Culturally Modified Application of Objectification Theory to Asian and Asian-American Women". Counseling Psychologist 48, nr 7 (22.07.2020): 1048–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011000020938872.

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In the current study we sought to find support for a culturally modified application of objectification theory to Asian and Asian American women. The positive association between socialization experiences (i.e., racial teasing and appearance-focused social pressure) and the outcome variable (i.e., consideration of cosmetic surgery) was hypothesized to be mediated by self-objectification processes (i.e., internalization of beauty standards, body surveillance, and lower body esteem). Results using path analysis showed that culturally dominant (United States) and culturally specific (Asian) internalization of beauty standards, culturally dominant (United States) and culturally specific (Asian) body surveillance, and lower body esteem were significant mediators between socialization experiences and consideration of cosmetic surgery. A multiple-group analysis demonstrated equivalence of the model for Asian international and Asian American female students, showing that both dominant and culturally specific beauty standards may contribute to self-objectification processes for this population.

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Mitchell, Laura. "Swimming against the tide or a fish out of water? A reflection on gender, sexism and student life". Psychology of Women Section Review 17, nr 1 (2015): 66–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.53841/bpspow.2015.17.1.66.

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The Agora section features a reflective piece by a current undergraduate psychology student and their experience of studying in different countries. She considers the difficult tensions young women encounter in current university life: in embracing femininity while challenging sexism and objectification; enjoying the social aspects of university, but confronting restrictive norms and expectations of gender conformity.

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Fea, Courtney J., i Laura A. Brannon. "Self-objectification and compliment type: Effects on negative mood". Body Image 3, nr 2 (czerwiec 2006): 183–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2006.01.005.

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Prichard, Ivanka, i Marika Tiggemann. "Objectification in Fitness Centers: Self-Objectification, Body Dissatisfaction, and Disordered Eating in Aerobic Instructors and Aerobic Participants". Sex Roles 53, nr 1-2 (lipiec 2005): 19–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11199-005-4270-0.

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Poon, Kai-Tak, Zhansheng Chen, Fei Teng i Wing-Yan Wong. "The effect of objectification on aggression". Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 87 (marzec 2020): 103940. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2019.103940.

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Smolak, Linda, i Sarah K. Murnen. "Gender, Self-Objectification and Pubic Hair Removal". Sex Roles 65, nr 7-8 (8.01.2011): 506–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11199-010-9922-z.

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Flores, Mirella J., Laurel B. Watson, Luke R. Allen, Mudiwa Ford, Christine R. Serpe, Ping Ying Choo i Michelle Farrell. "Transgender people of color’s experiences of sexual objectification: Locating sexual objectification within a matrix of domination." Journal of Counseling Psychology 65, nr 3 (kwiecień 2018): 308–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/cou0000279.

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Oehlhof, Marissa E. Wagner, Dara R. Musher-Eizenman, Jennie M. Neufeld i Jessica C. Hauser. "Self-objectification and ideal body shape for men and women". Body Image 6, nr 4 (wrzesień 2009): 308–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2009.05.002.

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Daniels, Elizabeth A., Eileen L. Zurbriggen i L. Monique Ward. "Becoming an object: A review of self-objectification in girls". Body Image 33 (czerwiec 2020): 278–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2020.02.016.

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Holland, Elise, Peter Koval, Michelle Stratemeyer, Fiona Thomson i Nick Haslam. "Sexual objectification in women's daily lives: A smartphone ecological momentary assessment study". British Journal of Social Psychology 56, nr 2 (2.08.2016): 314–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bjso.12152.

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Baldissarri, Cristina, Luca Andrighetto, Alessandro Gabbiadini i Chiara Volpato. "Work and freedom? Working self-objectification and belief in personal free will". British Journal of Social Psychology 56, nr 2 (12.11.2016): 250–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bjso.12172.

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Takasuna, Miki. "Proliferation of Western Methodological Thought in Psychology in Japan: Ways of Objectification". Integrative Psychological and Behavioral Science 41, nr 1 (27.06.2007): 83–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12124-007-9006-y.

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Papp, Leanna J., i Mindy J. Erchull. "Objectification and System Justification Impact Rape Avoidance Behaviors". Sex Roles 76, nr 1-2 (1.08.2016): 110–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11199-016-0660-8.

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Fasoli, Fabio, Federica Durante, Silvia Mari, Cristina Zogmaister i Chiara Volpato. "Shades of Sexualization: When Sexualization Becomes Sexual Objectification". Sex Roles 78, nr 5-6 (15.07.2017): 338–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11199-017-0808-1.

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Mercurio, Andrea E., i Laura J. Landry. "Self-objectification and Well-being: The Impact of Self-objectification on Women’s Overall Sense of Self-worth and Life Satisfaction". Sex Roles 58, nr 7-8 (3.01.2008): 458–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11199-007-9357-3.

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Szymanski, Dawn M., i Erika R. Carr. "Underscoring the Need for Social Justice Initiatives Concerning the Sexual Objectification of Women". Counseling Psychologist 39, nr 1 (17.11.2010): 164–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011000010384512.

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