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Mardani, Mahnaz, Sadegh Rezapour i Fereshteh Hajipour. "Relationship between breastfeeding and obesity in high school girls". Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism 33, nr 8 (27.08.2020): 1003–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jpem-2020-0113.
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AbstractObjectivesSome factors in infancy can play a role in the development of adolescent obesity. Understanding these factors can help prevent early complications in adolescents associated with obesity in adulthood. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of overweight and obesity among high school girls in Khorramabad and its relationship with breastfeeding history.MethodsThis was a cross-sectional study. This study was conducted in 832 high school girls during the academic year 2016–2017. Samples were selected by multi-stage random sampling. General questionnaires, physical activity, and 24-h food questions were completed through interviews with students. Data regarding breastfeeding was obtained by mothers.ResultsThe prevalence of overweight and obesity in the study population was 16.3 and 5.8%, respectively. Overweight and obesity had a significant association with breastfeeding history (p = 0.001), while there was no significant relationship between overweight and obesity with school type, student’s age, parental occupation, education Parents, household size, birth rate, physical activity, and energy intake.ConclusionsThe results of this study showed that breast feeding has a protective effect on overweight and obesity during adolescence. To reduce the incidence of overweight and obesity, necessary education regarding breastfeeding should be provided.
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Nathan, Brandon M., i Antoinette Moran. "Metabolic complications of obesity in childhood and adolescence: more than just diabetes". Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes and Obesity 15, nr 1 (luty 2008): 21–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/med.0b013e3282f43d19.
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Zibima, Soupriye B., Kenneth B. Wasini i Juliet I. Oniso. "Disparities in Urban and Rural Dwelling Adolescents’ Educational Needs for Obesity Prevention in Nigeria". International Journal of Translational Medical Research and Public Health 4, nr 2 (25.09.2020): 146–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.21106/ijtmrph.177.
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Background and Objectives: Obesity has increased in recent times and attained an epidemic status worldwide. Prevalence of obesity rises during adolescence and prevention is advantageous. However, it is unknown whether rural and urban dwelling adolescents in Bayelsa State in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria have the requisite knowledge needed to prevent obesity. The objective of this studywas to determine the educational needs of urban and rural dwelling adolescents for obesity prevention.
Methods: The study was a school-based cross-sectional survey, and employed multistage sampling technique to select six secondary schools across the three senatorial districts of the state. An adapted and validated sub-scaled obesity knowledge questionnaire was used to obtain data from 2,304 secondary school students. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 23.0 was used for data analysis.
Results: The total number of urban male students and rural male students was 576 (25.00%). The total number of urban female residents and rural female residents was also 576 (25.00%). The sample mean age of participants was 16.77 (SD±79), and those aged 16 years 1,043 (45.27%) were more in proportion. Generally, 756 (32.81%) of the participants had good knowledge of obesity. Specifically, subscale analysis showed that 622 (27.00%) participants had good knowledge of risk factors for obesity; 519 (22.53%) had good knowledge of complications of obesity; 659 (28.60%) had good knowledge of prevention for obesity; and 653 (28.34%) had good knowledge of meaning/assessment of obesity. Difference in mean score between urban (M= 3.80, SD = 0.44) and rural residents (M = 3.72, SD = 0.43; t = 4.63, p = 0.00, 2-tailed) was significant.
Conclusion and Implications for Translation: Adolescents’ knowledge regarding obesity is generally inadequate, especially in rural areas. Adolescents need education to acquire fundamental knowledge of the meaning/assessment, risk factors, prevention, and complications of obesity for prevention.
Key words: • Adolescent • Obesity prevention • Bayelsa State • Niger Delta • Nigeria
Copyright © 2020 Zibima et al. Published by Global Health and Education Projects, Inc. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0)which permits unre-stricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work, first published in this journal, is properly cited.
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Leshchenko, O. Ya, i I. V. Zhukovets. "Complications of pregnancy, childbirth and the postpartum period in women with hypothalamic obesity in adolescence". Voprosy ginekologii, akušerstva i perinatologii 20, nr 3 (2021): 28–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.20953/1726-1678-2021-3-28-36.
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Objective. To study the features of the course of pregnancy and to identify the main risk factors for the development of obstetric complications in women with hypothalamic dysfunction (HD) and obesity in medical history. Patients and methods. In this study, 72 women of reproductive age with HD and metabolic disorders in medical history were examined. Results. For women with hypothalamic dysfunction and metabolic disorders in medical history, the following pregnancy complications were identified: threatened miscarriage in 16.7%, spontaneous abortion in 11.1%, pre-eclampsia in 20.3%, edema with proteinuria, gestational diabetes mellitus, intrauterine hypoxia and anemia – 17.2% each, threatened preterm labor in 9.4%, labor disorders in 23.4%; every second postpartum woman had hypogalactia. Conclusion. The risk group for early pregnancy loss should include women with HD and metabolic disorders in medical history who had secondary amenorrhea. The risk group for the development of gestational diabetes mellitus should include women with HD and metabolic disorders in medical history who plan infertility treatment by means of assisted reproductive technologies. Key words: obstetric complications, pregnancy, hypothalamic dysfunction, obesity, puberty, risk factors
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Laddad, Manisha M., Nitin S. Kshirsagar, Gauri P. Shinde i Vaishnavi S. Shivade. "Study of prevalence and determinants of polycystic ovarian syndrome among adolescent girls in rural area: a prospective study". International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology 8, nr 8 (26.07.2019): 3135. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20193524.
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Background: Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is the most frequent endocrinological disorder affecting 5-10% of women in the reproductive age. This prevalence ranging from 2.2% to 26% in adult women from 18-45 year. In a recent study the prevalence of a confirmed diagnosis of PCOS in adolescents aged 10 to 19 years was 5-15%, which increased to 10-22%. When undiagnosed cases with documented symptoms qualifying for PCOS according to NIH (National institute of Health) criteria were included. PCOS is a complex endocrine disorder which is most common in women of reproductive age. PCOS may first present in adolescence, but the incidence of PCOS in adolescence is not known, as diagnostic criteria for PCOS in the adolescent age-group is still not defined, PCOS symptoms tend to overlap with normal pubertal changes making the diagnosis even more challenging. The objective is to study prevalence and symptomatology of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) in adolescent girls.Methods: Prospective Cross sectional study between April 2018 and March 2019. 150 adolescent girls aged 10 to 19 years attending OPD with oligomenorrhea, irregular menstrual cycle, obesity and/or hirsutism were advised for biochemical, hormonal, and ultrasonographic evaluation for diagnosis of PCOS on the basis of Rotterdam's criteria at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences, Deemed University, Karad, Maharashtra, India.Results: Prevalence of PCOS in the study was 17.33% in the study group.Conclusions: PCOS is increasingly encountered during adolescence, although the overall prevalence is low and evaluation of PCOS in adolescents is challenging. At this age, lifestyle modification is imperative to prevent long-term metabolic and reproductive complications.
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Mohammadpour-Ahranjani, B., A. Rashidi, M. Karandish, MR Eshraghian i N. Kalantari. "Prevalence of overweight and obesity in adolescent Tehrani students, 2000–2001: an epidemic health problem". Public Health Nutrition 7, nr 5 (sierpień 2004): 645–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/phn2003593.
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AbstractObjective:Overweight has become a public health problem in most developing countries. Evidence suggests that adolescence is a critical period in determining adulthood obesity and its complications. The present study was carried out to assess the prevalence of overweight and obesity among secondary school students.Design and setting:This descriptive study was conducted in Tehran city, 2000–2001. Body weight and height were measured and body mass index (BMI) values were calculated. Underweight, overweight and obesity were defined as <5th, ≥85th and ≥95th percentile, respectively, of age- and sex-specific BMI values from the National Center for Health Statistics/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2000).Subjects:Using a multistage sampling method, 2321 students (1068 males and 1253 females) aged 11–16 years were assessed in Tehran, the capital city of Iran.Results:The overall prevalences of overweight and obesity were 21.1 and 7.8%, respectively. The prevalence of overweight among girl students (i.e. 23.1%; 95% confidence interval (CI) 20.8–25.4) was significantly higher than that among boys (i.e. 18.8%; 95% CI 16.5–21.1, P = 0.01) even after adjustment for age (odds ratio 1.26, 95% CI 1.03–1.55, P = 0.02). No significant risk of obesity associated with age was found in girls or boys. In both sexes, median values of age-specific BMI in this study were statistically higher than corresponding values collected in Tehrani adolescents 10 years ago (P = 0.03). Similarly, a significant difference was seen between girl students in this study and the reference population (P = 0.03).Conclusion:According to this study, overweight, especially in girls, should be considered an epidemic health problem among adolescent students in Tehran.
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Danasekaran, Raja, Geetha Mani i Kalaivani Annadurai. "Adolescent Hypertension: A Challenge for the Future". Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science 15, nr 1 (11.04.2016): 5–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjms.v15i1.18611.
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Hypertension emerges from a complex interplay of genetic, environmental and behavioral factors. Hypertension in the young which is mostly undiagnosed is increasing in prevalence, with much of the increase being fuelled by the increase in obesity among them. Apart from obesity, factors that have an influence on hypertension are hereditary effects, stress, race and diet. It is well established that blood pressure during childhood and adolescence is a predictor of adult blood pressure, which in turn increases mortality from Cardiovascular, Cerebro vascular and other complications, clearly underscores the importance of identification and treatment of hypertension among them.Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol.15(1) 2016 p.5-9
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Styne, Dennis M., Silva A. Arslanian, Ellen L. Connor, Ismaa Sadaf Farooqi, M. Hassan Murad, Janet H. Silverstein i Jack A. Yanovski. "Pediatric Obesity—Assessment, Treatment, and Prevention: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline". Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 102, nr 3 (31.01.2017): 709–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2016-2573.
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Abstract Cosponsoring Associations: The European Society of Endocrinology and the Pediatric Endocrine Society. This guideline was funded by the Endocrine Society. Objective: To formulate clinical practice guidelines for the assessment, treatment, and prevention of pediatric obesity. Participants: The participants include an Endocrine Society–appointed Task Force of 6 experts, a methodologist, and a medical writer. Evidence: This evidence-based guideline was developed using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation approach to describe the strength of recommendations and the quality of evidence. The Task Force commissioned 2 systematic reviews and used the best available evidence from other published systematic reviews and individual studies. Consensus Process: One group meeting, several conference calls, and e-mail communications enabled consensus. Endocrine Society committees and members and co-sponsoring organizations reviewed and commented on preliminary drafts of this guideline. Conclusion: Pediatric obesity remains an ongoing serious international health concern affecting ∼17% of US children and adolescents, threatening their adult health and longevity. Pediatric obesity has its basis in genetic susceptibilities influenced by a permissive environment starting in utero and extending through childhood and adolescence. Endocrine etiologies for obesity are rare and usually are accompanied by attenuated growth patterns. Pediatric comorbidities are common and long-term health complications often result; screening for comorbidities of obesity should be applied in a hierarchal, logical manner for early identification before more serious complications result. Genetic screening for rare syndromes is indicated only in the presence of specific historical or physical features. The psychological toll of pediatric obesity on the individual and family necessitates screening for mental health issues and counseling as indicated. The prevention of pediatric obesity by promoting healthful diet, activity, and environment should be a primary goal, as achieving effective, long-lasting results with lifestyle modification once obesity occurs is difficult. Although some behavioral and pharmacotherapy studies report modest success, additional research into accessible and effective methods for preventing and treating pediatric obesity is needed. The use of weight loss medications during childhood and adolescence should be restricted to clinical trials. Increasing evidence demonstrates the effectiveness of bariatric surgery in the most seriously affected mature teenagers who have failed lifestyle modification, but the use of surgery requires experienced teams with resources for long-term follow-up. Adolescents undergoing lifestyle therapy, medication regimens, or bariatric surgery for obesity will need cohesive planning to help them effectively transition to adult care, with continued necessary monitoring, support, and intervention. Transition programs for obesity are an uncharted area requiring further research for efficacy. Despite a significant increase in research on pediatric obesity since the initial publication of these guidelines 8 years ago, further study is needed of the genetic and biological factors that increase the risk of weight gain and influence the response to therapeutic interventions. Also needed are more studies to better understand the genetic and biological factors that cause an obese individual to manifest one comorbidity vs another or to be free of comorbidities. Furthermore, continued investigation into the most effective methods of preventing and treating obesity and into methods for changing environmental and economic factors that will lead to worldwide cultural changes in diet and activity should be priorities. Particular attention to determining ways to effect systemic changes in food environments and total daily mobility, as well as methods for sustaining healthy body mass index changes, is of importance.
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Smith, Justin D., Emily Fu i Marissa A. Kobayashi. "Prevention and Management of Childhood Obesity and Its Psychological and Health Comorbidities". Annual Review of Clinical Psychology 16, nr 1 (7.05.2020): 351–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-100219-060201.
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Childhood obesity has become a global pandemic in developed countries, leading to a host of medical conditions that contribute to increased morbidity and premature death. The causes of obesity in childhood and adolescence are complex and multifaceted, presenting researchers and clinicians with myriad challenges in preventing and managing the problem. This article reviews the state of the science for understanding the etiology of childhood obesity, the preventive interventions and treatment options for overweight and obesity, and the medical complications and co-occurring psychological conditions that result from excess adiposity, such as hypertension, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and depression. Interventions across the developmental span, varying risk levels, and service contexts (e.g.,community, school, home, health care systems) are reviewed. Future directions for research are offered with an emphasis on translational issues for taking evidence-based interventions to scale in a manner that will reduce the public health burden of the childhood obesity pandemic.
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Lee, Jee Hyun, Sang-Jin Chung i Won Hee Seo. "Association between Self-Reported Sleep Duration and Dietary Nutrients in Korean Adolescents: A Population-Based Study". Children 7, nr 11 (8.11.2020): 221. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/children7110221.
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(1) Background: Adolescence is a transient period from childhood to adulthood, which is characterized by rapid physical growth and psychological changes, including sleep. Because the relationship between insufficient sleep and obesity has been observed in children and adults, the potential links between sleep, dietary intake, and nutrition have received increased attention. We aimed to examine the association of sleep duration with dietary nutrients intake in South Korean adolescents; (2) Methods: This population-based, cross-sectional study analyzed the data obtained from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey between 2013 and 2015. Data related to 1422 adolescents aged 12–18 years (741 males and 681 females) were included in the analysis. Sleep duration was assessed using a self-reported questionnaire. Nutrient intake, including daily total energy intake, was assessed with a 24-h dietary recall questionnaire; (3) Results: Most males (84.4%) and females (86.4%) reported < 9 h of sleep per night. Short sleep duration was inversely associated with body mass index and obesity in both sexes. We found that higher intake of fiber and lower intake of sodium were associated with longer sleep duration (P < 0.05). When comparing the intake above and below the estimated average requirements (EAR), the difference in sleep duration was significant in the group that consumed vitamins B1 and C below EAR; (4) Conclusions: The findings of this study indicate that sleep duration can be associated with intake of some nutrients, which may also be associated with obesity in adolescents. Therefore, it is possible to prevent obesity and its complications by controlling the sleep duration and intake of nutrients of adolescents.
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Beamish, Andrew J., i Thomas Reinehr. "Should bariatric surgery be performed in adolescents?" European Journal of Endocrinology 176, nr 4 (kwiecień 2017): D1—D15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/eje-16-0906.
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Adolescent obesity has markedly increased worldwide in both its extent and prevalence in recent decades and obesity prevention strategies are failing. As a result, effective treatment strategies are urgently needed. As behavioral and pharmacological treatment approaches have only moderate effects in severe obesity, bariatric surgery has begun to emerge as a treatment option. In this debate article, we offer arguments opposing and supporting bariatric surgery in the treatment of severe obesity in adolescents. Bariatric surgery has superior therapeutic outcomes with respect to weight loss and resolution of comorbid diseases over other existing treatments. However, long-term outcomes after bariatric surgery in adolescents are only just beginning to emerge. Furthermore, the procedures are generally considered irreversible, apart from gastric banding. Most importantly, not all adolescents seem to benefit greatly from bariatric surgery and we are not yet able to reliably identify those who stand to gain the greatest benefit. The authors agree that adolescent bariatric surgery should be offered exclusively within formal adolescent obesity programs, delivered by specialist multidisciplinary child/adolescent obesity teams, and within specialist centers, in order to optimize outcomes and minimize potential detrimental effects. Patients and their family/carers must be educated regarding the benefits and risks, potential side effects, expected changes in eating behavior and the lifelong requirement for regular medical follow-up after surgery. Before embarking upon a surgical treatment pathway in adolescents with severe obesity, it may also be beneficial to ensure compliance to treatment is demonstrated, in order to minimize the risk of nutritional deficiencies and associated potential complications.
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FERRAZ, Álvaro Antônio Bandeira, Luciana Teixeira de SIQUEIRA, Clarissa Guedes NORONHA, Danilo Belem Rodrigues de HOLANDA, José Guido Corrêa de ARAÚJO-JÚNIOR i Mariana Gomes MUNIZ. "SURGICAL TREATMENT OF SEVERE OBESITY IN TEENS: LATE RESULTS". ABCD. Arquivos Brasileiros de Cirurgia Digestiva (São Paulo) 28, suppl 1 (2015): 7–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-6720201500s10004.
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Background : In children is estimated that the prevalence of overweight and obesity has increased up to five times in developed countries and up to four in developing countries. In Brazil, the proportion of children and adolescents who are overweight also increased from approximately 4.1% to 13.9%. Aim : To evaluate the surgical results of severe obesity in adolescents. Methods : Retrospective descriptive study of 2737 patients with severe obesity that underwent Roux-en-Y gastric bypass selecting from the total 44 patients with mean age of 18.1 years, 14 males and 30 females, most (37) operated by laparotomy. There was follow-up of 20 patients (45.45%). All were followed preoperatively by a multidisciplinary team and had indication confirmed for surgical unanimous approval of all team members. Results : Among the 20 adolescent, 14 were female. From five teenagers using anti-hypertension or hypoglycemic drugs before surgery, four (80%) had drug discontinuation and one (20%) reduced the dose in 50% postoperatively. The average weight loss was 45.4 kg after a mean follow up of 60 months. There were no deaths or severe postoperative complications. Among those who underwent postoperative follow-up with a multidisciplinary team, 18 were with BMI<30. Conclusions : Adolescents undergoing Roux-en-Y gastric bypass has good response in relation to weight loss and improvement of comorbidities. There was a low rate of complications and no deaths. All patients were satisfied with their personal results.
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Skotnikova, Yu V., A. N. Arkhangel’skaya, K. G. Gurevich, D. A. Pustovalov i M. V. Ivkina. "Methods of physiotherapy in the treatment of obesity". Russian Journal of Physiotherapy, Balneology and Rehabilitation 19, nr 2 (27.12.2020): 132–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/1681-3456-2020-19-2-10.
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Currently, there is a significant increase in the prevalence of obesity among children and adolescents of the world population. Overweight and obesity are a global epidemic of humanity. In economically developed countries, including Russia, on average, every third inhabitant has a weight that exceeds the maximum allowed. Russia ranks 15th in the world in the prevalence of overweight and obesity among children and adolescents. Obesity is now considered as a chronic, relapsing disease associated with the development of a number of diseases that reduce life expectancy and reduce its quality. An important factor in demonstrating the urgency of the problem of child and adolescent obesity is its prognostically adverse effect on obesity in adulthood. The lack of targeted detection of overweight and obesity in children and adolescents in Russia accounts for its late diagnosis specialists. Complications of obesity affect the cardio vascular, reproductive, respiratory, nervous system, digestive organs, musculoskeletal system. In connection with the rise of obesity than the early detection of issues and preventive measures to prevent its further progression. Obesity in the early diagnosis and early treatment is a reversible condition. Important role in the treatment of obesity play a non-drug methods - diet, exercise stress, a variety of physical therapy, taking into account individual tolerance and comorbidity. Physiotherapy treatments have not only symptomatic but also the pathogenic effects, eliminating the primary metabolic and neuroendocrine disorders.
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Mushannen, Tasnim, Priscilla Cortez, Fatima Cody Stanford i Vibha Singhal. "Obesity and Hypogonadism—A Narrative Review Highlighting the Need for High-Quality Data in Adolescents". Children 6, nr 5 (1.05.2019): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/children6050063.
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The prevalence of obesity continues to rise in adult and pediatric populations throughout the world. Obesity has a direct impact on all organ systems, including the reproductive system. This review summarizes current knowledge about the effects of obesity on the male reproductive system across age, highlighting the need for more data in children and adolescents. Male hypogonadism is commonly seen in patients with obesity and affects the onset, duration, and progression of puberty. Different pathophysiologic mechanisms include increased peripheral conversion of testosterone to estrone and increased inflammation due to increased fat, both of which lead to suppression of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadotropin (HPG) axis and delayed development of secondary sexual characteristics in adolescent males. Evaluation of the HPG axis in obesity includes a thorough history to exclude other causes of hypogonadism and syndromic associations. Evaluation should also include investigating the complications of low testosterone, including increased visceral fat, decreased bone density, cardiovascular disease risk, and impaired mood and cognition, among others. The mainstay of treatment is weight reduction, but medications such as testosterone and clomiphene citrate used in adults, remain scarcely used in adolescents. Male hypogonadism associated with obesity is common and providers who care for adolescents and young adults with obesity should be aware of its impact and management.
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Patel, Dipal. "Association between obesity and anxiety among an adolescent population of Rajkot district, Gujarat, India: a cross sectional and descriptive study". International Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics 7, nr 3 (25.02.2020): 556. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-3291.ijcp20200679.
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Background: Proper good nutrition are essential for mental development, physical growth, health and wellbeing and survival of adolescents. School based data of India shows a prevalence of obesity is 5.6% to 24.0% among children and adolescents. Psychosocial complications associated with obesity include poor self-image, depression, and difficulties in both social environment and home. This study was carried out with an objective to find out prevalence of malnutrition and associated factors.Methods: A cross sectional study conducted among 1026 school going adolescents from 4 schools of Rajkot, Gujarat, India. Depression and anxiety were measured using Beck Depression Inventory and Beck Anxiety Inventory. Chi-square test was applied as test of significance.Results: Majority of the students (58.1%) were belonged to early adolescent age group. About 67.1% were males. About 16.6% were underweight and 1.2% were obese. Overweight was more prevalent in girls (5.6%) as compared to boys (1.2%). Prevalence of anxiety and depression was 9.9% and 18.5% respectively. Anxiety was frequently found in overweight and obese adolescents (82.0%) as compared to only underweight and normal adolescents (7.1%, p<0.0001).Conclusions: The prevalence rate of overweight and obesity were 9.7% and 4.3%. Girls are more affected with overweight. Significant number of adolescents was suffering from anxiety (9.9%) and depression (18.5%). Anxiety was frequently found in overweight and obese adolescents. There is need of immediate action to prevent adolescent obesity. Assessment of anxiety and depression among students with proper counselling should be carried out at least once a year.
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Halpern, Anna B., Jennifer JG Welch, Priya Hirway i Anjulika Chawla. "Prevalence and Complications of Obesity in Sickle Cell Disease." Blood 112, nr 11 (16.11.2008): 1434. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v112.11.1434.1434.
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Abstract Background: Obesity is associated with major health problems in the pediatric population and is a fundamental risk factor for adult obesity with its concomitant morbidities. Sickle cell disease (SCD) has historically been associated with poor nutritional status rather than obesity. Children with SCD, however, have many general risk-factors and disease-specific characteristics, such as ethnic distribution and sedentary lifestyle, that may increase their risk for obesity. We hypothesized that the prevalence of obesity in children and adolescents with SCD would reflect that of the general pediatric population and that obesity would be associated with demographic and disease-specific variables. Methods: We conducted a retrospective chart review of all pediatric and young adult patients over the age of two in the Hasbro/RIH Sickle Cell clinics from 1980- 2008, collecting cross-sectional and longitudinal demographic and clinical variables. The primary outcome was the prevalence of overweight and obesity in this population. Secondary endpoints included the association of obesity with demographic and clinical variables and longitudinal growth trends. Body mass indices (BMI) were calculated for each subject, who were then categorized as underweight, healthy weight, overweight, or obese based on the International Obesity Task Force guidelines. Chi-square, Fischer exact tests, and T-tests were used to evaluate associations between overweight/obesity and the hypothesized risk factors and morbidities. Odds ratios were then calculated to determine the strength of these associations. This project was approved by the local Institutional Review Board. Results: The analysis included 149 subjects with a mean age of 13.2±6.5 years, 51% male, and a mean hemoglobin of 9.7±1.8. The mean BMI was 20.5±6.3 with a range from 13.1–49.1. Five percent of the subjects were underweight, 70% healthy weight, 12% overweight, and 13% obese. The most common morbidities included acute chest syndrome (44%), frequent (>3/yr) pain crises (34%), asthma (17%), and obstructive sleep apnea (17%). Overweight and obesity were not associated with gender, race, or insurance status in this population. The overweight/obese group was significantly older than the non-overweight group (15.3 years vs. 12.4 years, p=.02). Obesity was associated with sickle cell genotype: subjects with less severe genotypes were more likely to be obese than those with the most severe genotypes (p<.01). Likewise, the mean hemoglobin was higher in the overweight/obese group than the non-obese group (10.3 vs. 9.5, p=.01). Obesity was also associated with a higher risk of certain SCD- and obesity-related morbidities including osteonecrosis (p=.01) and hypertension (p<.01). The overweight/obese group spent more time hospitalized over the past year than the non-overweight group (9.5 days vs. 2.1 days, p<.01). Overweight/obesity did not increase the likelihood of being on hydroxyurea treatment or requiring chronic transfusions, and did not increase the risk of acute chest syndrome, pain crises, asthma, obstructive sleep apnea, priapism, splenic sequestration, stroke, or abnormal transcranial doppler studies. Conclusions: In contrast to traditional thinking, this is the first study to demonstrate a high prevalence of overweight and obesity in pediatric SCD. Indeed, the prevalence of overweight and obesity in our children with SCD parallels that of these conditions in the general pediatric population. In those with SCD, obesity is more common in patients with less severe disease and is more widespread in older children. Additionally, obesity is associated with increased risk of SCD-related morbidities such as osteonecrosis and hypertension and is associated with more hospitalizations.
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Bocharova, O. V., i E. D. Teplyakova. "Children and adolescents’ obesity is the 21st century health problem". Kazan medical journal 101, nr 3 (13.06.2020): 381–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/kmj2020-381.
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The article presents a literature review which devotes to one of the major issues of healthcare today obesity in children and adolescents. The consequences of childhood obesity, methods of determination and pathophysiology of obesity are described in detail. It was considered the influence of genetic factors in the formation of obesity, the effect of intestinal microbiota in the pathogenesis of obesity. The literature search was carried out in the databases of NCBI, PubMed, PubMed Central, eLIBRARY.ru, etc. Obesity in children and adolescents is one of the most important issues for people from most countries in today's world. Worldwide, the prevalence of this pathology has increased over the past three decades. Obesity in children and adolescents is a complex, multifactorial disease in which genetic and non-genetic factors can be identified. Although the vast majority of childhood obesity incidents are exogenous, a small proportion may have endogenous causes. Currently, particular importance is attached to the study of hereditary predictors of obesity and its main complications. Being a complex and inherited trait (disease), obesity is a consequence of the interaction of genetic predisposition, epigenetics, metagenomics, and the environment. Also, recent experimental and clinical data show the importance of intestinal microbiota, which can cause overweight and obesity in some patients. Molecular genetic studies have confirmed changes in intestinal biocenosis with developing obesity in children and adolescents. Obesity, which began in childhood, causes short-term and long-term adverse effects on physical and psychosocial health and largely becomes a risk factor for the development of various metabolic disorders and cardiovascular pathology. Understanding the multifactorial mechanisms involved in the formation of obesity in children and adolescents provides opportunities for the early prevention of obesity and its complications.
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Azcona-Sanjulian, María Cristina. "Telomere Length and Pediatric Obesity: A Review". Genes 12, nr 6 (21.06.2021): 946. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes12060946.
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Obesity is a chronic disease, which needs to be early detected early and treated in order prevent its complications. Changes in telomere length (TL) have been associated with obesity and its complications, such as diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome. Therefore, we conducted a systematic review to summarize results of studies that have measured TL in children and adolescents with obesity. Fourteen studies aiming to assess TL in pediatric patients with either obesity or who were overweight were included in this review. In conclusion, obesity and adiposity parameters are negatively associated with TL. Shorter telomeres are observed in children with obesity compared with their lean counterparts. Factors involved in obesity etiology, such as diet and physical activity, may contribute to maintenance of TL integrity. In the long term, TL change could be used as a biomarker to predict response to obesity treatment.
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Shalitin, Shlomit, Lihi Pertman, Michal Yackobovitch-Gavan, Isaac Yaniv, Yael Lebenthal, Moshe Phillip i Jerry Stein. "Endocrine and Metabolic Disturbances in Survivors of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation in Childhood and Adolescence". Hormone Research in Paediatrics 89, nr 2 (2018): 108–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000486034.
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Background/Aims: The objective was to evaluate endocrine complications in survivors of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) performed during childhood. Methods: Endocrine dysfunction and metabolic syndrome parameters were assessed by chart review of 178 childhood HSCT survivors (median age at evaluation, 15.5 [range: 3.8–29.8] years; median follow-up, 8.5 [range: 2–23.4] years). Results: The following statistically significant associations were identified (p < 0.05 for all): growth hormone deficiency (17.4%) was associated with cranial/craniospinal irradiation, total body irradiation (TBI), allogeneic HSCT, and longer follow-up. Short adult stature (23.3% of patients who had attained adult height) was associated with cranial/craniospinal irradiation and, in females, with younger age at HSCT. Primary gonadal failure was more prevalent in females (52.6 vs. 24.1%), and was associated with TBI in males and with a primary diagnosis of hematological malignancy in females. Hypothyroidism (25.2%) was associated with previous neck/mediastinal irradiation. Metabolic disturbances included obesity (3.9%), type 2 diabetes (2.2%), impaired glucose tolerance (2.8%), and dyslipidemia (18.5%). Dyslipidemia was associated with a primary diagnosis of hematological malignancy, TBI, and a positive family history of dyslipidemia. Endocrine dysfunction was less frequent in patients who had received fludarabine. Conclusions: Patients after HSCT require long-term surveillance for the detection of endocrine and metabolic disorders. Nonmyeloablative conditioning regimens may reduce the incidence of these complications.
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Turi, Bruna Camilo, Jamile Sanches Codogno, Rômulo Araújo Fernandes i Henrique Luiz Monteiro. "Physical activity, adiposity and hypertension among patients of public healthcare system". Revista Brasileira de Epidemiologia 17, nr 4 (grudzień 2014): 925–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1809-4503201400040011.
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INTRODUCTION: Hypertension is a chronic disease that requires special attention in identifying comorbidities or risk factors including inactivity and obesity. Considering that a large proportion of the Brazilian population is hypertensive, obese, and sedentary, the relationship among these variables in the context of the public health system is unclear. OBJECTIVE: To assess the association among physical activity, markers of adiposity, and hypertension in adult users of the public healthcare system in the city of Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil. METHODS: The study was conducted in five Basic Health Units in Bauru, São Paulo, and consisted of 963 patients. Data were collected from habitual physical activity and previous (childhood and adolescence), education, purchasing power and anthropometric markers of overall and abdominal obesity. RESULTS: The incidence of hypertension was 76.8%. Significant associations were found among sedentarism, presence of total and abdominal obesity, with the higher incidence of hypertension. It was also observed that the magnitude of association between hypertension and adiposity increased with decreased involvement in physical activity. CONCLUSION: Further investigations are needed to analyze the occurrence of overweight and obesity in people suffering from chronic diseases in order to prevent future complications.
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Rojo, Marta, Santos Solano, Tatiana Lacruz, José I. Baile, Miriam Blanco, Montserrat Graell i Ana Rosa Sepúlveda. "Linking Psychosocial Stress Events, Psychological Disorders and Childhood Obesity". Children 8, nr 3 (10.03.2021): 211. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/children8030211.
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There is scientific evidence that supports a strong association between early exposure to stressful life events and the presence of health complications throughout adulthood and, to a lesser extent, in adolescence and childhood. The aim of this study was to examine the accumulation of Psychosocial Stress Events (PSE) and the prevalence of mental disorders in children from 8 to 12 years. The association between these factors and child weight measurements was analysed. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 200 children classified by weight status (obesity, overweight and normal-weight). The assessment was carried out in primary care centres and primary schools. An experienced team carried out a structured medical-psychosocial history and a semi-structured interview aimed at identifying an early diagnosis of psychological disorders. Children filled out a questionnaire to evaluate PSE. The obesity group presented the greatest accumulation of PSE and highest prevalence of psychiatric diagnosis, compared to overweight and normal-weight children. To exceed four or more stressful events was positively associated with psychological problems and child body mass index (BMI z-score). A predictive model confirmed the interaction between a larger number of PSE and the occurrence of a psychiatric diagnosis as variables that predispose children by 26.2 times more to increased weight status. In conclusion, the accumulation of PSE in the family, school and social environments of the children was related to greater psychological distress. If not managed, the likelihood of suffering from other health complications, such as excess weight, may increase. It is important to monitor these variables to ensure positive health outcomes while specifically addressing childhood obesity. This is especially relevant for children from a disadvantaged social background and disharmonious family environments.
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Elena, Grechi, Cammarata Bruna, Mariani Benedetta, Di Candia Stefania i Chiumello Giuseppe. "Prader-Willi Syndrome: Clinical Aspects". Journal of Obesity 2012 (2012): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/473941.
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Prader-Willi Syndrome (PWS) is a complex multisystem genetic disorder that shows great variability, with changing clinical features during a patient’s life. The syndrome is due to the loss of expression of several genes encoded on the proximal long arm of chromosome 15 (15q11.2–q13). The complex phenotype is most probably caused by a hypothalamic dysfunction that is responsible for hormonal dysfunctions and for absence of the sense of satiety. For this reason a Prader-Willi (PW) child develops hyperphagia during the initial stage of infancy that can lead to obesity and its complications. During infancy many PW child display a range of behavioural problems that become more noticeable in adolescence and adulthood and interfere mostly with quality of life. Early diagnosis of PWS is important for effective long-term management, and a precocious multidisciplinary approach is fundamental to improve quality of life, prevent complications, and prolong life expectancy.
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Widjaja, Nur Aisiyah, Roedi Irawan, Meity Ardiana, Meta Herdiana Hanindita i Rendi Aji Prihaningtyas. "ENERGI, MAKRONUTRIEN, DAN CAROTID INTIMA-MEDIA THICKNESS (CIMT) PADA REMAJA OBESITAS [Energy, Macronutrients, and Carotid Intima-Media Thickness (CIMT) in Obese Adolescents]". Media Gizi Indonesia 15, nr 1 (2.01.2020): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/mgi.v15i1.22-26.
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Obesity prevalence is increasing in adolescents. Subclinical chronic infl ammation in obesity causes complication, such as atherosclerosis. Cardiovascular disease is one of the complications of obesity that causes premature death. Carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) is a subclinical marker of atherosclerosis which easily performed and noninvasive. Early detection of atherosclerosis can improved outcome. Healthy diet have a negative correlation with CIMT meanwhile high calori diet increase CIMT. This study aimed to examine the eff ect of energy and macronutrients intake on CIMT in obese adolescents. A cross sectional study was conducted on 59 adolescents aged 13-16 years old with obesity in pediatric clinic of Dr. Soetomo General Hospital using consecutive sampling method. Dietary intake was obtained through 1 x 24 hours food recall. Anthropometric measurements include body height and weight. Body Mass Index (BMI) was calculated. Obesity is defi ned as BMI higher than 95th percentile based on age and gender (CDC 2000 curve). CIMT examination was performed using B mode ultrasonography on the neck. Statistical analysis was perfomed using mutiple linear regression to analyze the eff ect of total energy, fat, and carbohydrate on CIMT. There were 59 obese adolescents included in this study, consist of 27 (45.8%) female adolescents and 32 (54.2%) male adolescents. No eff ects of total energy, carbohydrate, and fat on CIMT was found in obese adolescents (p>0.05). Further research with more subjects and at least 2x24 hours food recall are needed to assess the eff ect of calories and macronutrients on CIMT in obese adolescents.
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Peterkova, V. A., i O. V. Vasyukova. "About the new classification of obesity in the children and adolescents". Problems of Endocrinology 61, nr 2 (15.04.2015): 39–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.14341/probl201561239-44.
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This paper concerns classification of obesity in the children and adolescents, one of the debatable issues in modern pediatrics and pediatric endocrinology. The historical sketch of various classifications of obesity in the children and adolescents accepted in this country and abroad is presented with special reference to the advantages and disadvantages of each variant. The authors emphasize the difficulty of developing a unified classification of the multifactor disease being considered. A new classification of obesity in the children and adolescents is proposed that takes into consideration the etiological aspects, complications, co-morbid conditions, and the degree of obesity. The possible variants of diagnosis formulation taking account of the present-day international classification of diseases are discussed.
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Okorokov, Pavel L., Olga V. Vasyukova i Ivan I. Dedov. "Bariatric surgery in the treatment of morbid obesity in adolescents (literature review)". Problems of Endocrinology 62, nr 3 (25.03.2016): 25–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.14341/probl201662325-32.
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Morbid obesity in children is associated with various metabolic complications, often persisting into adulthood and leading to reduced quality and duration of life. Conservative treatment of morbid obesity, often ineffective, and therefore, bariatric surgery in adolescents is becoming more common throughout the world. This review presents an analysis of international clinical guidelines for patient selection for bariatric surgery, assessed the efficiency and safety of different types of bariatric operations and identified the main problems of the widespread use of metabolic surgery as a method of treatment of morbid obesity in adolescents.
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Chiarelli, Francesco, i Maria Loredana Marcovecchio. "Insulin resistance and obesity in childhood". European Journal of Endocrinology 159, suppl_1 (grudzień 2008): S67—S74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/eje-08-0245.
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Childhood obesity is a significant health problem that has reached epidemic proportions around the world and is associated with several metabolic and cardiovascular complications. Insulin resistance is a common feature of childhood obesity and is considered to be an important link between adiposity and the associated risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Insulin resistance is also a key component of the metabolic syndrome, and its prevalence in the paediatric population is increasing, particularly among obese children and adolescents. Several factors are implicated in the pathogenesis of obesity-related insulin resistance, such as increased free fatty acids and many hormones and cytokines released by adipose tissue.Valid and reliable methods are essential to assess the presence and the extent of insulin resistance, the associated risk factors and the effect of pharmacological and lifestyle interventions. The two most common tests to assess insulin resistance are the hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp and the frequently sampled i.v. glucose tolerance test utilizing the minimal model. However, both these tests are not easily accomplished, are time consuming, expensive and invasive. Simpler methods to assess insulin resistance based on surrogate markers derived from an oral glucose tolerance test or from fasting insulin and glucose levels have been validated in children and adolescents and widely used.Given the strong association between obesity, insulin resistance and the development of metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease, prevention and treatment of childhood obesity appear to be essential to prevent the development of insulin resistance and the associated complications.
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Volevodz, N. N., I. A. Eremina i T. V. Semicheva. "Early diagnosis of Bardet-Biedl syndrome associated with obesity". Obesity and metabolism 5, nr 1 (15.03.2008): 39–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.14341/omet2008139-43.
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One of the urgent problems of modern health care is the increase in the prevalence of obesity among children and adolescents. Late diagnosis and delayed initiation of treatment lead to serious complications such as hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus. At present there are quite rare syndromes associated with obesity: Prader-Willi syndrome, Bardet-Biedl, Alström. Bardet-Biedl syndrome, - a disease characterized by obesity central origin, retinitis pigmentosa, polydactyly, mental retardation, hypogonadism, and renal dysfunction.
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Mavrogeni, Sophie I., Flora Bacopoulou, George Markousis-Mavrogenis, George Chrousos i Evangelia Charmandari. "Cardiovascular Imaging in Obesity". Nutrients 13, nr 3 (26.02.2021): 744. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13030744.
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Obesity represents one of the most challenging public health problems of our century. It accounts for approximately 5% of deaths worldwide, mostly owing to cardiovascular disease and its associated complications. Cardiovascular noninvasive imaging may provide early accurate information about hypertrophy and ischemia/fibrosis in obese subjects. Echocardiography and nuclear cardiology have serious limitations in obese subjects owing to poor acoustic window and attenuation artifacts, respectively. Coronary computed tomography angiography can provide information about obstructive coronary disease; however, the use of radiation is a serious disadvantage. Finally, cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) holds the promise of an “all in one” examination by combining evaluation of function, wall motion/thickness, stress rest/perfusion, replacement and diffuse fibrosis without radiation. Future studies are required to document the cost/benefit ratio of the CMR in the evaluation of cardiovascular risk in overweight/obese children and adolescents.
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Widjaja, Nur Aisiyah, i Rendi Aji Prihaningtyas. "DETERMINANTS OF FOOD CHOICE IN OBESITY". Indonesian Journal of Public Health 15, nr 1 (6.04.2020): 122. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/ijph.v15i1.2020.122-132.
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ABSTRACTThe prevalence of obesity is increasing at all ages in Indonesia. Obesity does not only cause health complications, such as dyslipidemia, cardiovascular disease, cancer, and osteoarthritis but also has a negative effect on a countr’s socioeconomic conditions. Previous studies have explained that food choices affect the incidence of obesity. This literature review aims to explain the factors that influence the food choice related to obesity. Genetic and environmental factors affect the food choice in individuals that can cause obesity. Environmental factors play a major influence on food choice, including peers, family, economic status education environmental conditions, stress, and sedentary behavior. Detection of environmental factors that influence food choice can be one of the strategies to prevent obesity. Key words : Obesity, Diet, Food Preference, Food Choice, Adolescents
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Rupérez, Francisco J., Gabriel Á. Martos-Moreno, David Chamoso-Sánchez, Coral Barbas i Jesús Argente. "Insulin Resistance in Obese Children: What Can Metabolomics and Adipokine Modelling Contribute?" Nutrients 12, nr 11 (29.10.2020): 3310. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12113310.
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The evolution of obesity and its resulting comorbidities differs depending upon the age of the subject. The dramatic rise in childhood obesity has resulted in specific needs in defining obesity-associated entities with this disease. Indeed, even the definition of obesity differs for pediatric patients from that employed in adults. Regardless of age, one of the earliest metabolic complications observed in obesity involves perturbations in glucose metabolism that can eventually lead to type 2 diabetes. In children, the incidence of type 2 diabetes is infrequent compared to that observed in adults, even with the same degree of obesity. In contrast, insulin resistance is reported to be frequently observed in children and adolescents with obesity. As this condition can be prerequisite to further metabolic complications, identification of biological markers as predictive risk factors would be of tremendous clinical utility. Analysis of obesity-induced modifications of the adipokine profile has been one classic approach in the identification of biomarkers. Recent studies emphasize the utility of metabolomics in the analysis of metabolic characteristics in children with obesity with or without insulin resistance. These studies have been performed with targeted or untargeted approaches, employing different methodologies. This review summarizes some of the advances in this field while emphasizing the importance of the different techniques employed.
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Apperley, Louise J., Lucy Gait, Karen Erlandson-Parry, Peter Laing i Senthil Senniappan. "Liraglutide combined with intense lifestyle modification in the management of obesity in adolescents". Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism 34, nr 5 (7.04.2021): 613–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jpem-2020-0714.
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Abstract Objectives Childhood obesity is a public health concern worldwide, with rates continuing to rise, despite preventive measures. Lifestyle modification remains the mainstay in the treatment of patients with excessive weight, but unfortunately, this is not always successful. Options for medical management of obesity in the paediatric population are limited. Methods Seven adolescents (all girls, mean age 14.9 years) with a body mass index (BMI) above 98th percentile and serious complications secondary to obesity were offered an intense weight management programme. The participants were reviewed by a multidisciplinary team every two weeks for advice and support, and treated with daily subcutaneous injections of liraglutide (dose range 1.2–3.0 mg). Scores for anxiety and depression were evaluated using the Revised Child Anxiety and Depression Scale. Results The results showed a significant weight loss over the three months with an average reduction of 5.4 kg (4.2%; 95% CI 1.93–8.78; p=0.0087). The mean drop in BMI was 2.1 kg/m2, which is statistically significant (95% CI 0.973–3.199; p=0.0037). Resolution of complications (raised intracranial pressure and steatohepatitis) was noted following weight loss. Anxiety and depressive symptoms improved over the three-month intervention course, especially features of separation anxiety disorder. Liraglutide was well tolerated by all patients. Conclusions Liraglutide medication, alongside a dedicated multidisciplinary team guided lifestyle therapy, is effective and safe in the treatment for excessive weight in adolescents, leading to the reversal of the complications related to obesity and improvement in the psychological symptoms.
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Ságodi, László, Béla Lombay, Ildikó Vámosi i László Barkai. "Obesity, hormonal and metabolic abnormalities in adolescent girls with polycystic ovary syndrome". Orvosi Hetilap 154, nr 31 (sierpień 2013): 1226–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/oh.2013.29669.
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Introduction: Polycystic ovary syndrome is associated with metabolic abnormalities, such as dyslipidemia, obesity, glucose intolerance, which are also components of the metabolic syndrome. Central obesity and insulin resistance appear to play an important role in the pathogenesis of polycystic ovary syndrome, perhaps via subsequent steroidogenic dysregulation. Aim: The aim of the authors was to assess metabolic and hormonal abnormalities in adolescent girls with polycystic ovary syndrome. Method: The study included 52 adolescents diagnosed with polycystic ovary syndrome based on the Rotterdam criteria. Anthropometric, hormonal and metabolic parameters were evaluated among all subjects. 20 healthy, age-matched, non-obese, regularly menstruating girls were used as controls. Of the 52 patients, 15 patients were born with low-birth-weight and 37 patients were born with normal birth weight. Oral glucose tolerance test was performed in all patients and controls. The age of patients was 16.8±3.1 years, and the age of controls was 16.95±2.1 years. Results: Among patients with polycystic ovary syndrome the prevalence of overweight and obesity was 35% (n = 18), while impaired fasting glucose occurred in one patient, impaired glucose tolerance in 8 patients, insulin resistance in 25 patients and metabolic syndrome in 12 patients. Serum triglyceride levels in patients and controls were 1.4±0.8 and 0.9±0.3 mmol/l, respectively (p<0.05), while fasting blood glucose, total cholesterol, HDL and LDL cholesterol were not different in the two groups. Metabolic abnormalities and obesity were more severe and more frequent in patients with low-birth-weight compared to those born with normal weight. There was a negative correlation between birth weight and body mass index SDS values and a positive correlation between fasting insulin levels and body mass index SDS (r = 0.37) in patients born with low-birth-weight. Conclusions: Abnormal glucose metabolism is frequently present in adolescents with polycystic ovary syndrome. It is possible that early diagnosis of polycystic ovary syndrome in adolescences may prevent some of the long-term complications associated with this syndrome. Orv. Hetil., 2013, 154, 1226–1234.
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Iancu, Mihaela Adela, Dumitru Matei i Gabriel Cristian Bejan. "The role of family doctor in management of overweight and obese children and adolescents". Romanian Medical Journal 62, nr 2 (30.06.2015): 105–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.37897/rmj.2015.2.4.
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The children and adolescents obesity is one of the most important public health problems. The prevalence of obesity among children and adolescents is increasing in our country as in other European countries. Overweight and obese children are likely to stay obese into adulthood and more likely to develop cardiovascular diseases or diabetes. The majority of the overweight and obese children can be diagnosed, monitored and treated by the family doctors. Our intended purpose is to help family doctors with practical tools for the identification and management of overweight and obese children. The most recent recommendations regarding prevention of childhood obesity focus on increased exercise and improved diet to prevent childhood obesity. Intensive lifestyle modification remains the primary treatment of the children obesity. The family doctors must know how to prevent the development of overweight and obese complications.
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Hokken-Koelega, Anita, Aart-Jan van der Lely, Berthold Hauffa, Gabriele Häusler, Gudmundur Johannsson, Mohamad Maghnie, Jesús Argente i in. "Bridging the gap: metabolic and endocrine care of patients during transition". Endocrine Connections 5, nr 6 (listopad 2016): R44—R54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/ec-16-0028.
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Objective Seamless transition of endocrine patients from the paediatric to adult setting is still suboptimal, especially in patients with complex disorders, i.e., small for gestational age, Turner or Prader–Willi syndromes; Childhood Cancer Survivors, and those with childhood-onset growth hormone deficiency. Methods An expert panel meeting comprised of European paediatric and adult endocrinologists was convened to explore the current gaps in managing the healthcare of patients with endocrine diseases during transition from paediatric to adult care settings. Results While a consensus was reached that a team approach is best, discussions revealed that a ‘one size fits all’ model for transition is largely unsuccessful in these patients. They need more tailored care during adolescence to prevent complications like failure to achieve target adult height, reduced bone mineral density, morbid obesity, metabolic perturbations (obesity and body composition), inappropriate/inadequate puberty, compromised fertility, diminished quality of life and failure to adapt to the demands of adult life. Sometimes it is difficult for young people to detach emotionally from their paediatric endocrinologist and/or the abrupt change from an environment of parental responsibility to one of autonomy. Discussions about impending transition and healthcare autonomy should begin in early adolescence and continue throughout young adulthood to ensure seamless continuum of care and optimal treatment outcomes. Conclusions Even amongst a group of healthcare professionals with a great interest in improving transition services for patients with endocrine diseases, there is still much work to be done to improve the quality of healthcare for transition patients.
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K., Divya Krishnan, Shyna K. P., Urmila K. V. i Anand K. V. "A study on correlation of waist indices with body mass index among school children in North Kerala". International Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics 8, nr 1 (23.12.2020): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-3291.ijcp20205428.
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Background: Childhood obesity is a serious problem worldwide. Body mass index (BMI) has been the widely used tool to detect obesity. Central adiposity detected by waist indices is a better predictor of obesity related complications like metabolic syndrome. Objective of this study was to analyze the correlation of waist indices with BMI as indicators of overweight (OW)/obesity in school going children.Methods: This study was done in 880 adolescents from two schools in Kerala. Anthropometric measurements including waist circumference (WC) were taken according to guidelines and BMI, waist hip ratio (WHR), waist height ratio (WHtR) calculated. We categorized children as normal, OW/obese according to BMI charts by centers for disease control and prevention (CDC). A cutoff 70th centile in WC charts by Khadilkar et al, WHR of more than 0.85 in girls and 0.9 in boys, WHtR >0.5 were taken as central obesity.Results: The prevalence of overweight/obesity (BMI >85th centile) was estimated to be 26.3%. Prevalence of central obesity was 12.3% when measured by WC, 22.8% measured by WHR, 14.8% measured by WHtR. All three waist indices showed statistically significant correlation with OW/obesity and BMI (p<0.001). Multivariate regression showed association of OW/obesity with urban school, acanthosis nigricans, hypertension, WHtR (p<0.001) and with WC (p=0.004).Conclusions: The prevalence of overweight and obesity is alarmingly high in adolescent children. Waist height ratio was best correlated with Body mass index and overweight/obesity, followed by Waist circumference. We recommend waist height ratio as a screening tool to predict obesity in school going children.
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Frihauf, Jennifer B., Éva M. Fekete, Tim R. Nagy, Barry E. Levin i Eric P. Zorrilla. "Maternal Western diet increases adiposity even in male offspring of obesity-resistant rat dams: early endocrine risk markers". American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 311, nr 6 (1.12.2016): R1045—R1059. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00023.2016.
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Maternal overnutrition or associated complications putatively mediate the obesogenic effects of perinatal high-fat diet on developing offspring. Here, we tested the hypothesis that a Western diet developmental environment increases adiposity not only in male offspring from obesity-prone (DIO) mothers, but also in those from obesity-resistant (DR) dams, implicating a deleterious role for the Western diet per se. Selectively bred DIO and DR female rats were fed chow (17% kcal fat) or Western diet (32%) for 54 days before mating and, thereafter, through weaning. As intended, despite chow-like caloric intake, Western diet increased prepregnancy weight gain and circulating leptin levels in DIO, but not DR, dams. Yet, in both genotypes, maternal Western diet increased the weight and adiposity of preweanlings, as early as in DR offspring, and increased plasma leptin, insulin, and adiponectin of weanlings. Although body weight normalized with chow feeding during adolescence, young adult Western diet offspring subsequently showed decreased energy expenditure and, in DR offspring, decreased lipid utilization as a fuel substrate. By mid-adulthood, maternal Western diet DR offspring ate more chow, weighed more, and were fatter than controls. Thus, maternal Western diet covertly programmed increased adiposity in childhood and adulthood, disrupted relations of energy regulatory hormones with body fat, and decreased energy expenditure in offspring of lean, genetically obesity-resistant mothers. Maternal Western diet exposure alone, without maternal obesity or overnutrition, can promote offspring weight gain.
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Laving, Ahmed R., Syeda Ra’ana Hussain i Daisy O. Atieno. "Overnutrition: Does Complementary Feeding Play a Role?" Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism 73, Suppl. 1 (2018): 15–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000490088.
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Globally, obesity is considered an epidemic due to an increase in its prevalence and severity especially among young children and adolescents. This nutritional disorder is not limited to affluent countries as it is becoming increasingly prevalent in developing countries. Obesity is associated not only with cardiovascular, endocrine, gastrointestinal, orthopedic, and respiratory diseases, but also with psychological complications, implying a problem of far-reaching consequences for health and health services. Recently, evidence-based studies have shown that the duration of exclusive breastfeeding and the type of complementary feeds during the weaning period of an infant may have an effect on overnutrition later on in life. Thus, stemming the tide of obesity early on in life would potentially decrease the prevalence and complications of adult obesity, which could have significant implications for health care and the economy at large. This review explores the role of complementary feeding in obesity and approaches to prevention and treatment of childhood obesity by summarizing key systematic reviews. In conclusion, we found that although the relationship between complementary feeding and childhood obesity has been suspected for a long time, specific risk parameters are not as firmly established. Early introduction of complementary feeds (before the 4th month of life), high protein and energy content of feeds, and nonadherence to feeding guidelines may be associated with overweight and obesity later in life.
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T. Ajit Kumar, Dr. Vineeta Pande, Dr. Sharad Agarkhedkar i Dr. Mayank Surana. "Cardiac Functions & Lipid Profile In Obese Children & Adolescents". VIMS Health Science Journal 7, nr 1 (6.03.2020): 13–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.46858/vimshsj.7104.
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Background: Obesity is a disease which results from genetic or lifestyle factors. Such diseases are called Non communicable diseases. The epidemic of obesity among youth is spreading at an alarming rate due to lack of physical activity, dietary habits. The percentage of youths who are at risk of becoming overweight continues to increase. National data indicates that 16% of children aged six to nineteen years are overweight.(1) Considering the high prevalence of obesity among children and adolescents and its associated cardiovascular complications like hypertension, left ventricular hypertrophy, increased left ventricular mass, decreased left ventricular ejection fraction, the present study was planned to assess cardiac functions and lipid profile in obese children and adolescents. Early detection and intervention can help in reducing the complications associated with obesity. Objective: Primary objective is to assess cardiac functions and lipid profile in obese children and adolescents. Methodology: 100 obese children and adolescents in the age group 6-18 years were taken after excluding obese children with evidence of endocrine disease, malformation syndromes and iatrogenic obesity (drug treatments). Results: In the present study 7% subjects were hypertensive while 8% were prehypertensive. 71.43% children with hypertension were performing physical activity for < 30 min in 1-3 days/week while 49.11% normotensive children were performing physical activity for > 30 min per day. 3% obese children were having abnormal LVEF on 2DECHO .All the 3 obese children with abnormal LVEF were having physical activity less than 30 min in 1-3 days /week and the difference was statistically significant. All the three children with abnormal LVEF were hypertensive and the difference was statistically significant. 6% children were having raised serum cholesterol >190mg/dl. Serum triglyceride >150mg/dl was observed in 17% obese children. HDL level <20mg/dl was observed in 7% children while LDL above 130mg/dl was observed in 6% children. The proportion among male and female children was comparable. Conclusion: Cardiovascular complications of adulthood in obese children and adolescents may be prevented by early identification and intervention in the form of healthy life style, dietary intake and physical activity.
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Strahan, Brandy E., i Jennifer H. Elder. "Video Game Playing Effects on Obesity in an Adolescent with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Case Study". Autism Research and Treatment 2015 (2015): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/128365.
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Adolescent obesity has tripled in the past two decades, and adolescents with disabilities, specifically autism spectrum disorders (ASD), may be at greater risk for obesity due to the behavioral, physical, and psychosocial complications related to their disorder. This case study reports the effects of video game playing on an obese adolescent with ASD and illustrates the use of a multiple baseline single subject design. Over 12 weeks, the participant played inactive (6 weeks) and active video games (6 weeks) on the Wii console. Physiological data were evaluated weekly at home. Stress and anxiety were measured via the Stress Survey Schedule for Individuals with Autism and Other Pervasive Non-Developmental Disorders (SSS) and the Behavior Assessment System for Children Second Edition (BASC-2) pre- and postintervention. The Therapy Attitude Inventory (TAI) was used to determine parental perception of video game playing as a socially valid intervention to reduce stress and anxiety. Results demonstrated that active video game playing slowed and/or reduced weight and BMI with minimal changes to waist-to-hip ratios, triceps skinfolds, and stress and anxiety. This study demonstrates how alternative methods for physical activity may be used to improve health outcomes of overweight/obese adolescents with ASD and suggests directions for future research.
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Macías-Cortés, Emma, Saraí Arellano-Álvarez, Sandra Vega-Monroy, Violeta Vera-Pérez, Lidia Llanes-González, Pilar Sánchez-Navarrete i Dolores Enciso-González. "Efficacy of Homeopathy in Addition to a Multidisciplinary Intervention for Overweight or Obesity in Mexican Adolescents: Study Protocol for a Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial". Homeopathy 109, nr 02 (20.01.2020): 087–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1697927.
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Abstract Background Current recommendations for treating obesity in adolescence include a comprehensive approach (nutritional, behavioral, and exercise). Calcarea carbonica ostrearum (CCO) is a homeopathic medicine usually prescribed in obese individuals, but its effects on weight and body fat are not completely known. Objective The aim of this study will be to evaluate the efficacy of homeopathic CCO, in addition to a multidisciplinary intervention (diet, motivational support, and exercise program), on body fat and weight in obese adolescents. Methods/Design A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, parallel-group, superiority trial with 3-month study duration will be undertaken. The study will be conducted in a public research hospital in Mexico City, Hospital Juárez de México, in the outpatient services of homeopathy and sports medicine. Eighty non-diabetic adolescents, 12 to 19 years old, who are overweight or obese, will be included. The primary outcome: change in body fat percentage at week 12. The secondary outcomes: change in mean total weight, total body mass index, fat mass index, waist–hip ratio, lean muscle mass, fasting glucose, insulin, insulin resistance, lipid profile, score of Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale Revised (CESD-R) and score of Screen for Child Anxiety-Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED) at week 12. Efficacy data will be analyzed in the intention-to-treat sample. To determine the difference in the outcomes between groups at baseline and week 12, data will be analyzed using Student's t-test. Discussion This is the first randomized controlled trial aimed to determine the fat-reducing efficacy in obese adolescents of a homeopathic medicine, CCO, given in addition to a multidisciplinary intervention, compared with placebo plus the same intervention. It is an attempt to support scientific evidence in homeopathy for one of the most common chronic diseases, which causes high mortality due to its complications. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03945396 https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03945396?term=homeopathy+for+obesity+in+Mexican+adolescents&rank=1
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Rychkova, Lyubov V., Zhanna G. Ajurova i Anna V. Pogodina. "Obesity and associated risk factors in adolescents in rural areas of Buryatia, Russia". Obesity and metabolism 15, nr 3 (23.11.2018): 42–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.14341/omet9532.
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Background: According to WHO forecasts, childhood obesity can soon become equally dangerous to public health as malnutrition and infectious diseases. Elimination of modifiable risk factors is important for the disease and disease-associated complications prevention. At the same time it is shown that the risk factors can vary widely not only from country to country but also from area to area within one country.
Aim: To establish risk factors associated with obesity in adolescents in rural areas of Buryatia, Russia.
Materials and methods: The cross-sectional study included 1117 year old adolescents with normal weight (BMI 2575 percentile) and obesity (BMI 95 percentile). We assessed anthropometric measures of adolescents and their parents, sociodemographic characteristics, early-life exposures, eating and lifestyle patterns.
Results: The study included 128 adolescents with normal weight and 72 adolescents with obesity. Both groups were comparable by sex, age and ethnicity. Factors, associated with obesity in rural adolescents, were: parents obesity (odds ratio (OR) 3.63 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.926.87); the mothers body mass index (OR 1.17 (95% CI 1.11.25)); duration of breast-feeding less than 4 months (OR 2.42 (95% CI 1.145.13)); disturbed dietary pattern (OR 2.54 (95% CI 1.15.88)). Factors showing protective effect were total breast-feeding duration (OR 0.94 (95% CI 0.890.99)) and mothers employment as a skilled worker (OR 0.51 (95% CI 0.270.96)).
Conclusions: Characteristics of family (obesity in parents, mothers BMI), breast-feeding less than 4 months and the disturbed dietary pattern are the risk factors associated with obesity in adolescents living in rural areas of Buryatia which are worth considering when local obesity prevention programs are being developed.
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LeClair, Cédée-Anne, Marie Marquis, Lita Villalon i Irene Strychar. "Exploring Adolescents’ Awareness of Diabetes: Using the Free Association Technique". Canadian Journal of Dietetic Practice and Research 71, nr 3 (wrzesień 2010): 150–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3148/71.3.2010.150.
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Purpose: Healthy adolescents’ awareness of diabetes was explored, and gender and grade-level differences in understanding were determined. Methods: Adolescents without diabetes in grades five, eight, and 10 (n=128) at four New Brunswick schools wrote down all words/expressions that came to mind when they heard the word “diabetes” (i.e., they used the free association technique). Answers were classified into categories using content analysis. Results: Eighty-eight girls and 40 boys completed the activity (n=44, 52, and 32 in grades five, eight, and 10, respectively). Nine principal categories were identified: 66% of the adolescents cited sugar (e.g., eating too much sugar, not enough sugar), 48% treatment (e.g., needles, injections), 45% the nature of diabetes (e.g., a disease, types of diabetes, heredity), 41% nutrition (e.g., diet, sugar-containing foods, other foods), 38% blood (e.g., too much/not enough sugar in blood), 18% complications (e.g., death), 11% physiological manifestations/ symptoms (e.g., fainting), 6% obesity, and 6% physical activity. No differences were found in category citation frequency between boys and girls and grade levels, except that grade 10 students more frequently cited the categories of treatment, blood, and obesity (p≤0.05). Conclusions: Students thought of diabetes in terms of sugar and injections. Words related to obesity, prevention, and complications were cited infrequently.
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Tonhajzerova, Ingrid, Andrea Mestanikova, Alexander Jurko, Marian Grendar, Peter Langer, Igor Ondrejka, Tomas Jurko, Igor Hrtanek, Dana Cesnekova i Michal Mestanik. "Arterial stiffness and haemodynamic regulation in adolescent anorexia nervosa versus obesity". Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 45, nr 1 (styczeń 2020): 81–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2018-0867.
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Cardiovascular complications contribute to higher morbidity and mortality in patients with anorexia nervosa. We aimed to study biomarkers of cardiovascular risk in anorexic, normal-weight, and obese adolescents with focus on complex cardiovascular autonomic regulation and early arteriosclerotic damage. We examined 20 adolescent girls with anorexia nervosa, 20 obese girls, and 20 healthy normal-weight controls. Collected data: body composition analysis, 5 min recordings of R–R intervals and beat-to-beat blood pressure (BP), and arterial stiffness evaluated using cardio-ankle vascular index (CAVI). Evaluated parameters: beat-to-beat heart rate and BP variability, haemodynamic parameters (total peripheral resistance (TPR) cardiac output), CAVI, and anthropometric indices, including novel body roundness index (BRI). Adolescents with anorexia nervosa had increased CAVI associated with lower arterial constriction indexed by low-frequency band of BP variability compared with normal-weight peers (p = 0.03, p = 0.04, respectively) and obese adolescents (p < 0.01, p = 0.01, respectively). After normalization of CAVI and TPR by BRI, the relationship between CAVI and TPR was significant for all groups with the highest slope in the anorexia nervosa group (R2 = 0.724, p < 0.01). This is the first study revealing early arteriosclerotic damage in anorexic girls with increased CAVI. Complex analysis of cardiovascular autonomic regulation, and early arteriosclerotic, hemodynamic, and anthropometric changes in spectrum anorexia nervosa, normal weight, and obesity could help to understand the mechanisms of increased cardiovascular risk in malnutrition. Novelty Girls with anorexia nervosa showed signs of early arteriosclerotic damage indexed by CAVI. Insufficient sympathetic cardiovascular control was found already in adolescents with anorexia nervosa. The effect of body composition on CAVI was best predicted by novel body roundness index.
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San Giovanni, Christine B., Brooke Sweeney, Joseph A. Skelton, Megan M. Kelsey i Aaron S. Kelly. "Aversion to Off-label Prescribing in Clinical Pediatric Weight Management: The Quintessential Double Standard". Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 106, nr 7 (26.04.2021): 2103–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/clinem/dgab276.
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Abstract Context Pediatric obesity is now recognized as a chronic disease; yet few treatment options exist besides lifestyle modification therapy and bariatric surgery. We describe the limited availability of United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA)–approved antiobesity medications for adolescents and compare this to what is available for adults. We offer a rationale for off-label prescribing to assist with lifestyle modification therapy. We also highlight the need for more pharmacotherapy options and additional research into novel treatments for pediatric obesity. Case Description We describe a patient who is struggling with managing her weight and starting to develop complications of obesity. We offer a framework in which off-label prescribing may be beneficial to patients who have been engaging in lifestyle modification therapy yet fail to see improvement. Conclusion Lifestyle modification therapy is necessary but often insufficient in stimulating clinically meaningful weight loss when used alone in children and adolescents who struggle with weight management. Until more FDA-approved antiobesity medications are available, pediatricians may be able to help more patients achieve weight reduction goals by familiarizing themselves with the responsible use of off-label medications and implementing these tools to improve clinical outcomes. There is a critical need for more pharmacotherapy options to help pediatric patients in managing their weight and preventing or improving the insidious complications resulting from untreated obesity.
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Vitebskaya, A. V., i A. V. Popovich. "Impairment of carbohydrate metabolism in children and adolescents with obesity". Meditsinskiy sovet = Medical Council, nr 11 (12.08.2021): 174–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.21518/2079-701x-2021-11-174-182.
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Obesity is one of the socially significant diseases of our time and is a generally recognized risk factor for the development of carbohydrate metabolism disorders, including type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM), the prevalence of which in the pediatric population is rapidly increasing.Aim of the study. To demonstrate the most frequent types of carbohydrate metabolism disorders in children and adolescents with obesity.Materials and methods. 123 obese patients under 18 years old were examined and the structure of obesity complications was analyzed.Results. Carbohydrate metabolism disorders were identified in 24 patients (19%): impaired fasting glycemia (IFG) (8 girls, 6 boys (11%)), type 2 DM (6 girls, 3 boys (7%)), and type 1 DM (1 boy (1%)). Descriptions of 4 clinical cases are given: 1) patient, 17 years old, with constitutional-exogenous obesity of 3rd degree, arterial hypertension (AH), dyslipidemia and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and a history of transient IFG; 2) patient, 16 years old, with morbid obesity, NAFLD, AH, polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), type 2 DM, compensated on metformin therapy; 3) patient, 17 years old, with constitutional-exogenous obesity of the 3rd degree, AH, dyslipidemia, NAFLD, type 2 DM (on insulin pump therapy), complicated by diabetic nephropathy and diabetic polyneuropathy; 4) patient, 12 years old, with type 1 DM, manifested against the background of obesity.Conclusion. When screening for obesity complications in children and adolescents, carbohydrate metabolism disorders may be detected in one in five patients. Prediabetes in childhood can be transient. When a child with obesity is identified, differential diagnosis of type 1 and type 2 DM should be made. It is necessary to teach patients with type 2 DM the skills of self-monitoring on a par with patients with type 1 DM and motivate them to control glycemia regularly at home.
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Mohsin, Faizoa, Tahmina Begum, Kishwar Azad i Nazmun Nahar. "An Overview of Childhood Obesity". BIRDEM Medical Journal 2, nr 2 (22.10.2012): 93–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/birdem.v2i2.12323.
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The prevalence of childhood obesity has increased greatly during the past two to three decades in developed countries. With industrialization and urbanization, obesity is now becoming widely prevalent in developing countries as well. Childhood obesity is the result of persistent adverse changes in food intake, life style and energy expenditure. Although less common, there may be some underlying pathological conditions as well. Obese children and adolescents are at increased risk of having type 2 diabetes or impaired glucose tolerance, mixed features of type 1 and type 2 diabetes, hypertension, dislipidaemia, fatty liver disease, metabolic syndrome, psychosocial complications, obstructive sleep apnoea, orthopaedic problems, polycystic ovarian syndrome etc. Management of obesity need lifestyle intervention and the benefits are most likely to be achieved when diet and exercise programmes are coordinated with individual and family counseling and behaviour modification. A coordinated approach is needed involving families, school authorities, communities, healthcare providers and government to provide a continuum of population based interventions.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/birdem.v2i2.12323 (Birdem Med J 2012; 2(2): 93-98)
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Minchenko, Dmytro O. "Insulin resistance in obese adolescents affects the expression of genes associated with immune response". Endocrine Regulations 53, nr 2 (1.04.2019): 71–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/enr-2019-0009.
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AbstractObjective. The development of obesity and its metabolic complications is associated with dysregulation of various intrinsic mechanisms, which control basic metabolic processes through changes in the expression of numerous regulatory genes.Methods. The expression level of HLA-DRA, HLA-DRB1, HLA-G, HLA-F, and NFX1 genes as well as miR-190b was measured in the blood of obese adolescents without signs of resistance to insulin and with insulin resistance in comparison with the group of relative healthy control individuals without signs of obesity.Results. It was shown that obesity without signs of insulin resistance is associated with upregulation of the expression level of HLA-DRA and HLA-DRB1 genes, but with down-regulation of HLA-G gene expression in the blood as compared to control group of relative healthy adolescents. At the same time, no significant changes were observed in the expression level of HLA-F and NFX1 genes in the blood of this group of obese adolescents. Development of insulin resistance in obese individuals leads to significant down-regulation of HLA-DRA, HLA-DRB1, HLA-G, and HLA-F gene expressions as well as to up-regulation of NFX1 gene as well as microRNA miR-190b in the blood as compared to obese patients without signs of insulin resistance.Conclusions. Results of this study provide evidence that obesity affects the expression of the subset of genes related to immune response in the blood and that development of insulin resistance in obese adolescents is associated with strong down-regulation of the expressions of HLA-DRA, HLA-DRB1, HLA-F, and HLA-G genes, which may be contribute to the development of obesity complications. It is possible that transcription factor NFX1 and miR-190b participate in downregulation of HLA-DRA gene expression in the blood of obese adolescents with insulin resistance.
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De Peppo, Francesco, Romina Caccamo, Ottavio Adorisio, Emanuela Ceriati, Paola Marchetti, Antonio Contursi, Arianna Alterio, Claudia Della Corte, Malnia Manco i Valerio Nobili. "The Obalon swallowable intragastric balloon in pediatric and adolescent morbid obesity". Endoscopy International Open 05, nr 01 (styczeń 2017): E59—E63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0042-120413.
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Abstract Background and study aims Incidence of morbid obesity has grown dramatically in the last half century and this phenomenon affects with particular severity the pediatric population. Dietary restrictions and careful programs to improve lifestyle are often ineffective to manage this particular group of patients, due to poor compliance typical of the adolescence. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a new intragastric balloon for treatment of morbidly obese children. Patients and methods A new swallowable intragastric balloon (Obalon) has been used for the first time in 17 obese children in order to assess its safety and effectiveness in terms of reduction in excess weight. In 9 of 17 children a second balloon was placed 30 to 40 days after the first insertion. All devices were endoscopically removed after a mean time of 18 weeks. Results In the group of 16 patients who completed the study (1 patient still under treatment) mean weight decreased from 95.8 ± 18.4 Kg to 83.6 ± 27.1 (P < 0.05). Mean body mass index (BMI) decreased from 35.27± 5.89 (range 30.4 – 48) to 32.25 ± 7.1 (range 23.5 – 45.7) (P > 0.05); mean excess weight, calculated according to Cole’s curves for pediatric populations, decreased from 36.2 ± 15.9 to 29.4 ± 18.3 Kg (P = 0.14), with an %EWL of 20.1 ± 9.8 (range 2.3 – 35.1). Waist circumference decreased from 109 ± 12.3 cm to 99 ± 10.5 cm (P < 0.05). Conclusions Obalon can be administered easily without complications, inducing an appreciable weight loss with a statistically significant reduction in BMI and an improvement in associated comorbidities.
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Xu, Shaopeng, Bin Yu, Jiayong Zepei, Hong Chang, Juan Guo, Bin Li i Zheng Wan. "School performance affects adolescent blood pressure". Cardiology in the Young 24, nr 3 (14.06.2013): 459–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1047951113000619.
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AbstractHypertension is a risk factor in many cardiovascular or cerebrovascular diseases. Adolescent hypertension may develop into adult hypertension. Examining the aetiologic factors of adolescent hypertension is crucial in its prevention and in managing its possible complications. The predominant view of aetiologic factors includes heredity, overweight/obesity, insulin resistance, gestational hypertension, diet, and intrauterine growth retardation. This article reported that children's academic grades in schools were positively correlated with adolescent blood pressure.
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Maligianni, Ioanna, Christos Yapijakis, Flora Bacopoulou i George Chrousos. "The Potential Role of Exosomes in Child and Adolescent Obesity". Children 8, nr 3 (6.03.2021): 196. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/children8030196.
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Child and adolescent obesity constitute one of the greatest contemporary public health menaces. The enduring disproportion between calorie intake and energy consumption, determined by a complex interaction of genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors, finally leads to the development of overweight and obesity. Child and adolescent overweight/obesity promotes smoldering systemic inflammation (“para-inflammation”) and increases the likelihood of later metabolic and cardiovascular complications, including metabolic syndrome and its components, which progressively deteriorate during adulthood. Exosomes are endosome-derived extracellular vesicles that are secreted by a variety of cells, are naturally taken-up by target cells, and may be involved in many physiological and pathological processes. Over the last decade, intensive research has been conducted regarding the special role of exosomes and the non-coding (nc) RNAs they contain (primarily micro (mi) RNAs, long (l) non-coding RNAs, messenger (m) RNAs and other molecules) in inter-cellular communications. Through their action as communication mediators, exosomes may contribute to the pathogenesis of obesity and associated disorders. There is increasing evidence that exosomal miRNAs and lncRNAs are involved in pivotal processes of adipocyte biology and that, possibly, play important roles in gene regulation linked to human obesity. This review aims to improve our understanding of the roles of exosomes and their cargo in the development of obesity and related metabolic and inflammatory disorders. We examined their potential roles in adipose tissue physiology and reviewed the scarce data regarding the altered patterns of circulating miRNAs and lncRNAs observed in obese children and adolescents, compared them to the equivalent, more abundant existing findings of adult studies, and speculated on their proposed mechanisms of action. Exosomal miRNAs and lncRNAs could be applied as cardiometabolic risk biomarkers, useful in the early diagnosis and prevention of obesity. Furthermore, the targeting of crucial circulating exosomal cargo to tissues involved in the pathogenesis and maintenance of obesity could provide a novel therapeutic approach to this devastating and management-resistant pandemic.