Rozprawy doktorskie na temat „O. tipuale”

Caenorhabditis elegans est un organisme modèle couramment utilisé pour étudier les processus de développement tels que la formation de la vulve. Ce processus repose sur l'induction précise des cellules qui donnent naissance à la vulve. Les destins cellulaires résultants sont organisés en un motif caractéristique, qui est conservé tout au long du Caenorhabditis et des nématodes rhabditides. En contraste avec cette conservation des cellules vulvaires, ma thèse présente deux axes d'étude qui ont révélé des signatures d'évolution des voies de développement contrôlant l'induction vulvaire. Dans le premier, je présente un changement des motifs cis-régulateurs nécessaires à l'expression cellulaire spécifique de lin-3 (EGF), un gène codant pour la molécule de signalisation qui induit le destin des cellules de la vulve. Les trois sites de liaison aux facteurs de transcription requis pour l'expression de lin-3 chez C. elegans ne sont observés que chez les espèces du groupe Elegans. En utilisant des techniques de FISH à molécule unique et d'édition de génome, je montre que le remplacement des sites endogènes de C. elegans par un fragment de 58 pb contenant un seul site (provenant de C. angaria) produit des niveaux d'ARNm de type sauvage de type lin-3. Je conclus que l'évolution compensatoire pour l'exigence de sites de liaison de C. elegans s'est produite en cis. Dans la deuxième partie de mon étude, j'ai utilisé une approche de cartographie par séquençage et une collection de mutants de la vulve chez Oscheius tipulae, voisin de C. elegans dans le clade rhabditid, afin d'identifier les mutations dans les gènes agissant sur la spécification du modèle de destin des cellules de la vulve. La seule mutation collectée pour rendre les animaux sans vulve correspond à une délétion de la région cis-régulatrice contrôlant l'expression de O. tipulae lin-3, ce que j'ai confirmé par l'édition du génome de CRISPR / Cas9. Les mutants présentant un excès d'induction de la vulve portent des lésions moléculaires dans la voie plexin / semaphorin, un système de signalisation cellulaire qui, selon moi, agit dans le positionnement antéropostérieur des cellules donnant lieu à la vulve par analyse microscopique. Enfin, d’autres animaux d’O. tipulae dont le destin de cellules vulvaires est perturbé présentent des mutations dans des composants de la voie Wnt; pour cette raison, j'ai étudié les profils d'expression des ligands Wnt d'O. tipulae et révélé leur conservation avec C. elegans. Ces deux études mettent en évidence le processus de dérèglement du système de développement (DSD) en tant que processus évolutif qui se produit lors de la formation de la vulve sur des nématodes rhabditides
Caenorhabditis elegans is a model organism commonly used to study developmental processes such as vulva formation. This process relies on the precise fate induction of the cells that give rise to the vulva. The resultant cellular fates are arranged into a characteristic pattern, which is conserved across the vulva development of Caenorhabditis and rhabditid nematodes. In contrast to this extensive conservation of the vulval cell fate pattern, my thesis presents two lines of study that revealed signatures of evolution in developmental pathways controlling vulval induction. In the first one, I present a turnover of cis-regulatory motifs required for the cell-specific expression of lin- 3 (EGF), a gene coding for the signalling molecule which induces vulva cell fates. The three transcription factor binding sites required for lin-3 expression in C. elegans are observed only in species of the Elegans group. Using single-molecule FISH and genome editing techniques, I show that the replacement of the endogenous C. elegans binding sites by a 58 bp fragment containing a single site (coming from C. angaria), produces wild-type mRNA levels of lin-3. I conclude that compensatory evolution for the requirement of C. elegans binding sites occurred in cis. In the second line of study, I used a mapping-bysequencing approach and a collection of vulva mutants in Oscheius tipulae, a neighbour of C. elegans in the rhabditid clade, to identify mutations in genes acting on vulva cell fate pattern specification. The only collected mutation to render animals vulvaless corresponds to a deletion of the cis-regulatory region controlling the expression of O. tipulae lin-3, which I confirmed by CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing. Mutants with an excess of vulva induction carry molecular lesions in the plexin/semaphorin pathway, a cell signalling system which I show to act in the antero-posterior positioning of the cells giving rise to the vulva by microscopic analysis. Finally, other O. tipulae animals with disrupted vulval cell fate pattern hold mutations in components of the Wnt pathway; for this reason, I investigated the expression profiles of Wnt ligands of O. tipulae and revealed their conservation with C. elegans. Both of these studies highlight the process of Developmental System Drift (DSD) as an evolutionary process occurring on vulva formation of rhabditid nematodes

Os estudos sobre o clima vêm adquirindo grande importância na área ambiental, principalmente em relação à qualidade do ar (poluição atmosférica), ao conforto térmico (ilhas de calor) e aos impactos pluviais (geradores de inundações urbanas). Nesses últimos, as chuvas causam muitos transtornos para a população e órgãos públicos competentes, devido aos eventos extremos, que estão acontecendo em toda parte do mundo. Esses eventos ocorrem desde uma chuva com muita intensidade, em curto espaço de tempo, até seca prolongada em certos lugares. O fato é preocupante e mesmo com tantas controvérsias sobre o assunto, é necessário um manejo, principalmente no sistema hidrológico, que se adeqüe a cada situação e que os prejuízos causados pelas enchentes não se tornem mais devastadores do que atualmente. Como a arborização pode amenizar tais efeitos impactantes, nesse propósito, foi realizado um estudo no campus da ESALQ/USP, durante o período de janeiro a fevereiro de 2007, para medir a interceptação da água da chuva pelas copas das árvores e verificar como algumas espécies poderiam minimizar enchentes em áreas urbanas. O processo de interceptação da água da chuva foi analisado em duas espécies muito comumente usadas na arborização urbana, visando obter estimativas da quantidade de interceptação (I) ou perda por interceptação, precipitação interna (PI), escoamento pelo tronco (Et) e precipitação total (PT). As espécies escolhidas foram Caesalpinia pluviosa DC. (Fabaceae: Caesalpinoideae), ou sibipiruna, e Tipuana tipu O. Kuntze (Fabaceae: Faboideae), ou tipuana, com mais de 50 anos de idade, sendo três indivíduos isolados e três em grupo de cada espécie. As medições foram feitas por meio de coleta da água não interceptada tanto nas extremidades como no centro da projeção das copas. A PI apresentou alta correlação com a quantidade de PT no centro da copa em tipuana, e na extremidade da copa em sibipiruna. O Et e a I tiveram baixa correlação com a quantidade de PT nas duas espécies. As médias de interceptação foram maiores na extremidade da copa nos indivíduos de sibipiruna, com 60,6%, e no centro da tipuana, com 59,4%. Para precipitações variando de 0 a 2,5 mm, a interceptação média foi de 78,7%, em um indivíduo de sibipiruna, na extremidade da copa e, de 80,9% nos indivíduos de tipuana, em grupo, no centro da copa. Enquanto que, para precipitação de 2,5 a 5,0 mm, a interceptação foi de 53,6% para tipuana em grupo, na extremidade e, de 51,9% na tipuana isolada, no centro da copa. A tipuana apresentou maior porcentagem média de interceptação no centro da copa, principalmente em eventos com mais de 2 horas de duração e com precipitação maior que 20,0 mm, tanto em indivíduos isolados como em grupo. Portanto, as duas espécies demonstraram grande potencial para serem plantadas no ambiente urbano, com capacidade de contribuírem para possíveis reduções das enchentes nas cidades, principalmente a tipuana que mostrou mais predisposta a essa ação.
Climate studies are receiving more attention in the environmental field, especially concerning air quality (atmosphere pollution), thermal comfort (heat islands) and pluvial impacts (urban flood generators). In the latter, the rain causes disturbance of the population and the competent public organ, due the extreme events that are increasing in the whole world. Theses events can come as a precipitation of very intensity in a short period of time, as well as a prolonged drought in a given location. The issue is worrisome and controversial, however a managerial solution is necessary and urgent, particularly about the hydrologic system for each situation so that the losses caused by floods do not become more devastating than now. With these purpose in mind, a study was carried out at the campus of \"Luiz de Queiroz\" College of Agriculture (University of Sao Paulo), Piracicaba, Brazil, from January to February 2007, in order to measure the rainfall interception by the crows of urban trees and estimate the rainfall interception that they provide to potentially minimize urban flood events. The rainfall interception was evaluated in the two commonly used species in forest urban spaces by the measurement of interception (I) or interception losses, throughfall (Th), stemflow (St) and gross precipitation (Pg). The chosen trees were more than 50 year-old specimens of Caesalpinia pluviosa DC. (Fabaceae: Caesalpinoideae) or sibipiruna, and Tipuana tipu O. Kuntze (Fabaceae: Faboideae) or tipuana, both displayed as three isolated individuals and three grouped individuals. Measurements were carried out by collecting the water falling by the edges and in the centre of the canopies. A high correlation of Th with Pg was observed on the centre of the crow of tipuana and by the edges of sibipiruna. St and I had low correlation with Pg for both species. . The rain interception mean was higher by the edges of the crow of sibipiruna individuals, 60.6%, and in the centre of the tipuana crow, 59.40%.The mean of the rainfall interception was 78.73% for one isolated sibipiruna by the edge of the crow and 80.94% for grouped tipuanas in centre of the crow, when the total precipitation ranged between 0 and 2.5 mm. For total precipitation values between 2.5 and 5.0 mm, the interception mean was 53.60% for grouped tipuanas by the edge and 51.89% in isolated tipuanas in the crow center. Thus, both species show a great potential to be planted in urban environmental, especially for the tipuana species, which presented the capacity of contributing better to reduce or minimize floods in cities.

A região N-terminal de OTI-VIT-1 foi expressa e os polipeptídeos recombinantes foram purificados. OTI-VIT-1 pode ser homólogo da vitelina YP170B de C. elegans. Foram identificados um intron na região 5´ e dois na região 3´ do gene Oti-vit-1. Antissoro monoespecífico para PVIT1HisC confirmou que o gene Oti-vit-1 codifica VT1. O polipeptídeo recombinante P40-H, correspondente à região N-terminal da proteína OTI-VIT-6 interage com um polipeptídeo de aproximadamente 100 kDa (P100) presente em extratos proteicos totais de O. tipulae. Estudamos também o papel da Proteína Microssômica Transportadora de Triglicerídeos (MTP) na biossíntese de Vitelogenina do nematoide C. elegans. Ensaios de RNAi em C. elegans, utilizando parte da sequência do gene da MTP (Cel-dsc-4) foram realizados nas linhagens N2 e DH1033. Microscopia de fluorescência de vermes adultos da linhagem DH1033, submetidos a RNAi, mostrou acúmulo de YP170B::GFP no interior dos enterócitos. Este acúmulo sugere a participação da MTP na secreção de VTG. Análise imunológica da vitelogenina nestes mesmos vermes não detectaram alterações no processamento de CEL-VIT-6, sugerindo que o mesmo ocorra não só no pseudoceloma, mas também no interior dos enterócitos.
The N-terminal region of OTI-VIT-1 was expressed and the recombinant polypeptides were purified. OTI-VIT-1 may be homologous to the vitellin YP170B from C. elegans. We identified an intron in the 5 \'region and two in 3\' region from Oti-vit-1. Monospecific antisera to PVIT1HisC confirmed that the gene Oti-vit-1 encodes VT1. The recombinant polypeptide P40-H, corresponding to the N-terminal region of the protein OTI-VIT-6, interacts with a polypeptide of approximately 100 kDa (P100) present in total protein extracts of O. tipulae. The role of microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTP) in the biosynthesis of vitellogenin was studied in the nematode C. elegans. Trials of RNAi in C. elegans, using the sequence of the MTP gene (Cel-dsc-4) were performed in the strains N2 and DH1033. Fluorescence microscopy of adult worms of strain DH1033, subjected to RNAi, showed accumulation of YP170B:: GFP within the enterocytes. This accumulation suggests the involvement of MTP in the secretion of VTG. Analysis using anti-vitellogenin immune serum did not detect changes in the processing of CEL-VIT-6, suggesting that it occurs not only in pseudocoelom but also within the enterocytes.

As árvores desempenham papel fundamental na qualidade ambiental das áreas urbanas. Como a floresta urbana é alvo constante de ações inadequadas de manejo, tais como podas inapropriadas, técnicas que visam avaliar a qualidade dos indivíduos e o risco de queda de árvores são fundamentais para a diminuição de possíveis danos causados aos equipamentos urbanos além de risco aos habitantes das cidades. Os métodos de avaliação visual de árvores desenvolvidos para a identificação de problemas biomecânicos e fitossanitários possibilitaram que avaliações de risco de queda fossem conduzidas. Nesses métodos, inspeções detalhadas a respeito da extensão das lesões presentes no colo e tronco, que podem comprometer sua estabilidade, são recomendadas para os indivíduos. Entre as técnicas utilizadas para o reconhecimento de lesões internas, a tomografia destaca-se por fornecer informações a respeito de toda seção avaliada com apenas uma medição e por gerar uma imagem que permite identificar o posicionamento e a extensão das áreas lesionadas. Por ser um método relativamente novo, são necessários estudos que visem identificar a resposta à tomografia em diferentes espécies, possibilitando desta forma a identificação precisa das áreas lesionadas. O trabalho realizado teve por objetivo testar a confiabilidade das informações geradas pela tomografia de impulso e identificar padrões de resposta em árvores de tipuana (Tipuana tipu (Benth.) O. Kuntze). Trinta e nove indivíduos que apresentaram sinais de injúria, apodrecimento, inclinação ou outros fatores que pudessem prejudicar sua estabilidade ou desenvolvimento foram avaliados por essa técnica. As velocidades de propagação de onda mecânica obtidas pela tomografia de impulso foram comparadas às leituras de resistência à penetração medidas por resistógrafo, objetivando identificar a correlação existente entre a tomografia de impulso e um método amplamente difundido para a quantificação de lesões internas (resistógrafo). As imagens que mostraram sinais nítidos de lesão foram avaliadas estatisticamente, o que possibilitou o reconhecimento de que velocidades de propagação de ondas mecânicas iguais ou inferiores a 729,65 m.s-1 representam tecidos lesionados para a espécie. As áreas periféricas às lesões avaliadas não apresentaram diferenças estatisticamente significativas em relação às velocidades encontradas. Análises estatísticas indicam a existência de forte correlação entre as leituras tomográficas e do resistógrafo. Foi obtido coeficiente de determinação (R²) igual a 0,9977 no modelo adotado. A tomografia de impulso é uma importante ferramenta para a complementação da avaliação visual de árvores, permitindo a identificação e quantificação precisa de lesões internas na seção avaliada.
Trees perform a fundamental role in environmental quality of urban environments. As the urban forest is often exposed to inadequate management actions, such as improperly pruning, techniques to evaluate the quality of individuals and the risk of trees falling are essential to reduce the possible hazard to urban equipment and the risk to city dwellers. The visual tree assessment developed for the identification of biomechanical problems made it possible for hazard assessments to be conducted. In these methods, detailed inspections regarding the extent of the lesions found in the root collar and trunk are recommended for those who had clear signs of injuries that can affect their stability. Among the techniques used for the recognition of internal injuries, tree tomography is noted for providing information regarding an entire cross-section evaluated with only one measurement, generating an image that identifies the position and extent of injured areas. Being a relatively new method, studies aimed to identifying the tomography response in different species are needed, thus to enable an accurate identification of the injured areas. This work aimed to test the reliability of the information generated by the impulse tomography and to identify patterns of response on tipuana trees (Tipuana tipu (Benth.) O. Kuntze). Thirty-nine individuals of tipuana that presented signs of injury, decay, leaning or other factors that could affect its stability or development were evaluated by this technique. The speed of mechanical wave propagation obtained by the impulse tomography was crossed to resistograph measurements readings of resistance to penetration in order to identify the correlation between impulse tomography and a method widely known for the quantification of internal injuries (resistograph). The imagery showing clear signs of injury was evaluated statistically, allowing to identify that mechanical waves propagation with speed equal or lower than 729,65 m.s-1 represents injured tissues for the specie. The peripheral lesion areas evaluated did not show statistically significant differences in the speeds found. Statistical analysis indicates that there was a strong correlation between the readings of impulse tomography and resistograph. The coefficient of determination (R²) equal to 0.9977 was obtained in the adopted model. Impulse tomography is an important tool to complement the visual assessment of trees, allowing the precise identification and quantification of internal injuries in the evaluated cross-section.

Os objetivos do presente trabalho foram: avaliar o processo de biodeterioração do lenho das árvores de tipuana na cidade de São Paulo e relacionar as alterações da sua estrutura anatômica e propriedades físico-mecânicas com o seu risco de queda. Nos passeios públicos de regiões selecionadas da cidade, 1109 árvores de tipuana foram caracterizadas quanto às condições de entorno, estado geral, variáveis dendrométricas, biodeterioração externa e interna e o risco de queda, estimado com modelo de cálculo estrutural desenvolvido pelo IPT. A biodeterioração e os mecanismos de resistência das árvores foram avaliados ao nível macroscópico e microscópico. As alterações nas propriedades do lenho de tipuana foram analisadas por densitometria de raios X e pelos ensaios físico-mecânicos (densidade de massa aparente; resistência à flexão) e aplicado o método de elementos finitos para análise da distribuição de tensões no lenho. As árvores de tipuana de elevada idade não apresentaram sinais de declínio, embora com estado geral considerado como crítico, pelo plantio em locais indequados, manejo inapropriado e/ou ocorrência de injúrias. O lenho foi deteriorado por fungos apodrecedores, cupins-subterrâneos e brocas-de-madeira, sendo os fungos e cupins os principais organismos xilófagos, afetando a região do cerne; a associção entre os fungos, os cupins, as variáveis dendrométricas e o risco de queda foram estatisticamente significantes ao nível de 5 %. O cupim-subterrâneo Coptotermes gestroi ocorreu em elevados níveis de infestação nas árvores, sendo considerado, no entanto, como um organismo-praga secundário, fortemente associado com lenho previamente apodrecido por Ganoderma sp.. Os fungos apodrecedores ocorrentes foram classificados como de podridão branca e mole, sendo a primeira mais comum no cerne das árvores. Como mecanismo de resistência à biodeterioração observou-se a compartimentalização do lenho, caracterizada pelo acúmulo de extrativos nas células. Os fungos xilófagos causaram reduções significativas na densidade de massa aparente, tensão de ruptura à flexão estática e módulo de elasticidade em estágios incipiente e intenso de apodrecimento do lenho. Ruptura do tronco e o risco de queda das árvores de tipuana relacionaram-se, principalmente, com a intensidade da deterioração do lenho e com a sua dendrometria. A alteração da distribuição das tensões no lenho foi analisada em relação ao estágio, tamanho e localização da deterioração no tronco das árvores de tipuana.
The objectives of the present work were to evaluate the process of biodeterioration in the wood of tipuana trees in the city of São Paulo and to relate the alterations in the anatomical structures and physical and mechanical properties with there falling risk. In the sidewalks of selected regions of the city, 1109 trees were characterized taking into consideration aspects as surroundings, general conditions, dendrometric variables, external and internal biodeterioration and falling risk estimated by using a structural model developed by IPT. The biodeterioration and the resistance mechanisms of the trees were evaluated at a macro and microscopic levels. The alterations on the wood properties were analysed by X-rays densitometry and by performing physical and mechanical tests (specific gravity; bending resistance); the tension distribution in the wood was analyze by finite-elements method. The old aged trees encountered, did not show any sign of decline, eventhough, the general aspect of their surroundings was critical by the inadequate places they were planted; inappropriate management and/or occurrence of injuries. The trees had their trunks deteriorated by xylophagous organisms, mainly fungi and subterranean-termites, and some wood borer beetle too, which affected the heartwood. The association between the presence of the first two organinsms, the dendrometric variables and the risk of falling, was statistically significant at the 5% level. The infestation of the trees by the subterranean-termite Coptotermes gestroi was at high levels, however, it was considered as a secundary plague-organism, because its attack was strongly associated with the previously decayed heartwood by Ganoderma sp.. The decaying fungi observed were classified as white rot and soft rot, being the white rot more common in the heartwood of the trees. As a resistance mechanism of the trees against biodeterioration, it was observed the compartimentalization of the wood characterized by the accumulation of extractives in the cells. Decaying fungi caused significant reductions in the following wood properties: specific gravity, rupture strength to bending and modulus of elasticity either in incipient or intense decay. Trees trunk rupture and falling risk were associated mainly to biodeterioration intensity and dendrometric variables. The alteration of tension distribution in the wood was analyzed in relation to the stage, size and position of the deterioration in the wood of the trees.

This study investigated the ecology of a boreo-alpine crane-fly, Tipula montana Curtis (Diptera: Tipulidae), on a Scottish mountain summit. It explored adaptation to the upland environment, placing emphasis on sources of variation in growth, abundance, and low temperature tolerance. The development stages of larvae were reliably identified from measurements of the spiracular disc diameter. The sex of larvae were distinguished by the bimodal frequency distribution of weights in the 4^th instar. Larvae were sampled by hand searching and collecting off snow patches, between 1994 and 1996. The timing and size of development stages indicated that the population possessed a 2-year life cycle, supported by evidence from adult emergence. However, by rearing larvae of known developmental stage at the field site, it was shown experimentally that microhabitat could affect growth, and that it was likely to be related to temperature. In the laboratory, pre-pupal development was shown to be temperature dependent. 2^nd instar larvae were reared on single bryophyte diets, from a range of genera. They were all capable of growth and moulting, although final weights differed by a factor of 2. A pair-wise preference experiment, using 4^th instars, showed the individuals broadly chose bryophyte foods as expected from their quality, although the sedge Carex bigelowii was preferred over all mosses. No intersexual difference was detected. The observational method of assessing preference, compared to faecal pellet analysis, showed a bias towards some species, perhaps because they acted as a refuge. The pellet contents of a small number of larvae from the field were largely unidentifiable. Larval cold tolerance was investigated in the laboratory. The supercooling points of 3 different species (T. montana, T. varipennis & T. confusa), from upland and montane habitats, were very similar in autumn and spring, ranging from means of -4.5 to -6.0^oC.

La tipule européenne (Tipula paludosa Meigen) est un insecte ravageur de nombreuses espèces de plantes fourragères et ornementales qui a récemment fait son apparition sur les terrains de golf de la région de Québec. Ce projet de recherche visait à développer les connaissances sur la tipule européenne au Québec afin d’élaborer des stratégies de gestion des populations sur les terrains de golf de façon à réduire l’utilisation d’insecticides. Le dépistage a été effectué sur quatre terrains de golf afin de caractériser le complexe d’espèces de Tipuloidea, le cycle saisonnier de la tipule européenne et la distribution spatiale des larves sur un terrain de golf. Une grande diversité d’espèces de Tipuloidea a été observée sur les terrains de golf malgré la nette dominance de la tipule européenne. La tipule européenne a complété une génération par année sur les terrains de golf visités dans la région de Québec. Enfin, les larves étaient plus abondantes dans les zones d’herbes longues ainsi que dans les pourtours du vert et départs.

Bryophytes are rarely used as a food source by any animal species, but the genus Tipula (Diptera, Tipulidae) contains some of the few insect species able to feed, and complete their life-cycle, on bryophytes. Vegetation particle volumes ingested by larvae of eleven Tipula species increased only marginally between instars and not to the extent expected from the rate of growth of body mass. Early and late instars within a species frequently ingested similar sized particles. The overall efficiency of digestion of vegetation particles was low and similar between the four instars of each of the eleven species. Generally, the only method by which later larval instars can obtain a higher proportion of nutrients is by feeding on a larger number of smaller vegetation particles and not by ingesting large particles. In feeding choice experiments, Tipula confusa preferred moss species from woodland habitats, whereas Tipula subnodicornis did not show an overall preference for either woodland or moorland moss species. Tipula subnodicornis also showed a less extensive hierachical preference/avoidance than Tipula confusa for the ten moss species investigated. The moss species Campylopus paradoxus and Sphagnum papillosum accumulated Pb(^2+) ions and Zn(^2+) ions to high concentrations. There was some evidence that Tipula subnodicornis larvae were deterred from feeding on these mosses with high levels of introduced heavy metal ions. Tipula montana was able to thrive and complete its life-cycle in Britain at lower altitudes than had been previously thought. Individuals of this species show a combination of one-year and two-year life-cycles at Waskerley Common. The feeding methods employed by Tipula species can explain why some of them have remained as consumers of bryophytes.

The aim of this thesis is to undertake a theoretical analysis of the dynamics of change in pre-Ngāi Tahu and Ngāti Māmoe oral traditions of Te Waipounamu to gain a deeper understanding of their nature, function, evolution and meaning. For the purposes of this thesis a framework will be established to classify changes to encompass different types of alterations made pre-contact and post-contact to authentic and un-authentic oral traditions. This model will analyse the continuum of change and will be applied in later chapters to pre-Ngāi Tahu and Ngāti Māmoe traditions to gain an understanding of the dynamics, evolution and construction of the oral traditions of Te Waipounamu. This study of the morphology of tradition will demonstrate they were never fixed but evolved alongside their communities as they adapted to ensure tribal identity and mana was firmly entrenched in their local landscape. A major component of this thesis will be analysis of Waitaha traditions centring upon three key questions; firstly who were Waitaha peoples, secondly, where were they from, and thirdly, were they, and do they continue to be separate social units? This thesis will contribute to this discussion by analysing literature concerning pre-Ngāi Tahu and Ngāti Māmoe tribal identities to ascertain not just who they were and where they were from but how their identities have been constructed and modified over time. Analysis will examine the role of oral tradition in establishing tribal identity and how Waitaha traditions were changed both pre and post-contact to suit the cultural, political and ideological imperatives of the time, providing an insight into how our ancestors perceived, recollected and constructed the past to suit the needs of the present.

Orientador: Silvana Moreira
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Química
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Resumo: Os metais podem ser introduzidos no ambiente naturalmente pelo intemperismo dos minerais e por fontes não naturais como fertilizantes, pesticidas, combustão de carvão e óleo, emissões veiculares, mineração, fundição, refinamento e incineração de resíduos urbanos e industriais. Atualmente muitos estudos utilizam os bioindicadores, plantas ou animais capazes de apresentar respostas qualitativas e/ou quantitativas, quando expostas a substâncias poluentes. As árvores registram e incorporam no seu lenho, desenvolvido ano após ano, as impressões do meio abiótico, tornando possível o estudo das diferentes alterações ambientais, entre elas a poluição, ocorridas ao longo da vida dessas árvores. A possibilidade de datação dos anéis de crescimento do lenho das árvores, aliada à aplicação das informações registradas em sua estrutura para estudos ambientais e históricos deu início à ciência chamada de dendrocronologia. A espécie selecionada para o estudo foi a Tipuana tipu. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo principal a determinação do teor de metais tóxicos em amostras de anéis de crescimento de árvores da espécie Tipuana tipu, previamente datados, coletadas nas regiões da Lapa, Pompéia, Sumaré, Butantã na cidade de São Paulo, através da técnica de Fluorescência de Raios X por Reflexão Total com Radiação Síncrotron. Foram realizadas coletas de anéis também no Campus da ESALQ/USP em Piracicaba (SP), local de pouco acesso e com baixo fluxo de veículos. Foram encontrados os seguintes elementos: K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Ba e Pb. Alguns elementos traços apresentaram concentrações acima das consideradas normais em determinados períodos. Na cidade de São Paulo, a amostra 2 do Campus do IPT no Butantã foi a que apresentou maior toxicidade, com concentrações acima do limite tolerável para os seguintes elementos: Ti, Cr, Fe, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr e Pb. Para as amostras coletadas no Campus da ESALQ em Piracicaba, a amostra 2 apresentou concentrações mais elevadas para a maioria dos elementos quando comparada as outras quatro amostras coletadas no mesmo local, ultrapassando os limites de toxicidade para: Cr, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Sr e Pb. Pelos resultados obtidos podemos considerar que os anéis de árvore de crescimento da espécie Tipuana tipu podem ser utilizados como bioindicadores da contaminação ambiental
Abstract: Metals can be introduced in the environment naturally by the weathering of the minerals and by no natural sources as fertilizers, pesticides, oil and coal combustions, vehicular emissions, mining, foundry, refinement and incineration of urban and industrial wastes. Nowadays many studies use the bio-indicators, plants or animals capable to present qualitative and/or quantitative answers, when exposed to substances pollutant. Trees record and incorporate in their log, developed year after year, the impressions of the environment, becoming possible the study of the different environmental changes, including contamination, that have occurred over the life of these trees. The possibility to date the growth rings, combining with the information recorded in its structure to environmental and historical studies began to science called dendrochronology. The selected species, Tipuana tipu, of the Leguminosae family, is native of Argentina and Bolivia and was introduced in Brazil as ornamental. It is one of the most common trees in urban landscaping in Sao Paulo city. The present project has as main objective the determination of the content of heavy metals in samples of growth tree rings of Tipuana tipu, previously dated, collected in strategically locations of São Paulo, using Total Reflection X-Ray Fluorescence with Synchrotron Radiation (SR-TXRF). Samples were collected also in the Campus of ESALQ/USP, in Piracicaba (SP), local of little access and small flow traffic. The following elements were determined: K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Ba, Pb. Some trace elements present concentrations higher than considered as normal in some periods. In São Paulo city, sample 2 collected in IPT Campus, Butantã, showed the highest toxicity, with concentration above the tolerable limit for the elements: Ti, Cr, Fe, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr and Pb. For the samples collected in the ESALQ Campus, Piracicaba city, the sample 2 present highest concentrations for the majority of the elements when compared to the others four samples collected at the same place, exceeding the toxicity limits for: Cr, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Sr and Pb. By the results obtained we can considerate that growth tree rings of Tipuana tipu specie can be used as bioindicators of environmental contamination
Mestrado
Saneamento e Ambiente
Mestre em Engenharia Civil

Studies were carried out to investigate the development of Tipula oleracea as a pest of winter cereals in north-east Scotland. Oilseed rape was identified as an important contributing factor to the appearance of this species in winter cereals. Laboratory experiments showed that T. oleracea preferred to egg-lay into oilseed rape crops rather than winter cereals. Field surveys established that larvae were present during the winter within the oilseed rape. Further experimentation showed that larvae reared on diets of oilseed rape, out-performed those fed on winter cereals, in terms of growth, successful development, and subsequent fecundity of emerging females. Studies on behaviour showed that adults emerging from within the oilseed rape in June were trapped by the oilseed rape canopy and that 'normal' dispersal was restricted. Flies could, however, move between plant stalks underneath the canopy, suggesting that mating and egg-laying could continue. It was confirmed that T.oleracea, usually had two flight periods in north-east Scotland, in June, and again in August-September. Population studies determined that adult emergence was variable, suggesting a useful survival strategy, should peak emergence coincide with poor conditions for larval survival. Studies on growth established that the life-cycle of T. oleracea was responsive to temperature and field studies showed that two generations could be completed during the summer months within the oilseed rape crop. It was also shown that T. oleracea had a high egg-laying capacity and had no requirement for a larval diapause. The population dynamics of this species are suited to the exploitation of short term habitats, such as those created within one year arable rotations.

Les préoccupations actuelles concernant l'exploitation sécuritaire des centrales nucléaires existantes et la conception d’architectures spéciales envisagées pour la quatrième génération de réacteurs nucléaires se combinent avec l’intérêt plus prononcé pour l'efficacité et la fiabilité de l'équipement d'un système énergétique. Cela fait que dans un souci de meilleure compréhension et optimisation basée sur des moyens modernes de conception assistée par l’ordinateur, l'étude de différentes parties de ces systèmes fait de plus en plus l’objet de recherches approfondies. . Parmi les types proposés pour la quatrième génération de réacteurs nucléaires font partie ceux ayant comme agent de refroidissement les sels fondus, respectivement le sodium fondu. En raison de leurs propriétés physiques, les sels fondus et le sodium liquide ont le potentiel d'être déplacés par les pompes électromagnétiques. Cet ouvrage est à la fois une étude approfondie des phénomènes qui se produisent en raison de l'écoulement du fluide dans le champ électromagnétique d’une pompe électromagnétique - interaction magnétohydrodynamique - et un rapport sur les capacités et les avantages des outils informatiques modernes pour faciliter la conception et l'optimisation des pompes électromagnétiques. Afin d’atteindre l'objectif principal de la thèse, notamment une meilleure compréhension des phénomènes interdépendants spécifique à l’opération des pompes électromagnétiques, deux objectifs secondaires ont été considérés. Le premier objectif concerne la pleine exploitation des modèles électromagnétiques numériques en éléments finis afin d'obtenir autant d'informations que possible sur le comportement des pompes électromagnétiques, dans l’hypothèse où on ne tient pas compte de l'écoulement des fluides. Le deuxième objectif était la construction des modèles numériques qui réunissent l’électromagnétisme et la dynamique des fluides, respectivement des modèles numériques qui regroupent les deux phénomènes caractérisant l’écoulement magnétohydrodynamique dans les canaux des pompes électromagnétiques. Dans l'étude dédiée au pompage électromagnétique de sels fondus, la thèse met en évidence des problèmes spécifiques liés à la génération de forces électromagnétiques dans les fluides faibles conducteurs d'électricité et fournit des résultats sur les applications où le pompage électromagnétique de sels fondus peut être efficace. À l’aide des modèles électromagnétiques nous avons obtenu des informations importantes sur l'influence du nombre de pôles électromagnétiques et de la fréquence d’alimentation sur la caractéristique Pression - Vitesse des pompes annulaires à induction. Ils ont été analysés le phénomène de blindage créé par les parois métalliques - avec des répercussions négatives sur les performances de la pompe, les effets de freinage exercés à l'entrée et à la sortie du canal de la pompe et la relation entre la capacité de surcharge hydrodynamique et la caractéristique Pression - Vitesse des pompes à induction. Une section spéciale a été consacrée à l'analyse de la dépendance de la force électromagnétique du temps et de l’espace et à l’étude de non-uniformitées des quantités de nature électromagnétique en direction azimutale dans les pompes annulaires à induction.Dans le chapitre qui traite de l'interaction magnétohydrodynamique à base de modèles couplés, ils sont proposés deux modèles qui couplent l'électromagnétisme et l’écoulement. Ils sont présentés les avantages des modèles couplés, en matière de la précision des résultats, par rapport aux modèles électromagnétiques. Il est également présenté l'évolution des profils de vitesse, de densité de force et de courant sous l'influence du champ électromagnétique et de l’écoulement de sodium à vitesses différentes. Les contributions de la thèse sont complétées par des observations importantes sur les méthodes de travail et les logiciels utilisés tout au long de l'étude
The actual concerns with respect to safe operation of existing nuclear plants and to designing special architectures envisaged for the fourth generation of nuclear reactors, corroborated with the increasing interest for efficiency and reliability of any equipment belonging to an energetic system, make that more and more research endeavors to be devoted to the study of various parts of these systems for a better understanding and optimization based on modern techniques of computer aided design. Among the types proposed for the fourth generation of nuclear reactors belong those that have as cooling agent molten salts, respectively liquid sodium. Many reactors of previous generations use mechanical pumps of special design for driving the coolants. Molten salts and liquid sodium, thanks to their physical properties, have the potential to be driven using electromagnetic pumps. Although the technology of electromagnetic pumping of electroconductive fluids was developed since the first half of the last century, currently it undergoes a revival due to the reconsideration of its multiple technological and security advantages. This work is both an intimate study of the phenomena that occur as a result of the electroconductive fluids flow in the electromagnetic field of an electromagnetic pump – magnetohydrodynamic interaction - and a report on the capabilities and advantages of modern computational tools to facilitate design and optimization of electromagnetic pumps.To achieve the principal goal of deeper understanding of the interdependent phenomena specific to electromagnetic pumps operation, two auxiliary objectives were considered. The first is related to the full exploitation of electromagnetic finite element models in order to retrieve as much information as possible about electromagnetic pumps behavior in a simplifying hypothesis that does not take into account the fluid dynamics. The second auxiliary objective is to build numerical models that couple the electromagnetism and the fluid dynamics, namely the two interdependent physics that govern the magnetohydrodynamic flow through channels of electromagnetic pumps.In the section dealing with the study of electromagnetic pumping of molten salts, the thesis highlights specific problems related the generation of electromagnetic forces in fluids with low electrical conductivity and provides results with respect to applications where electromagnetic pumping of molten salts can be effective. With the electromagnetic numerical models were obtained important data about the influence of the number of electromagnetic poles and supply frequency on the Pressure – Velocity characteristic of annular linear induction pumps. Were analyzed the shielding effect generated by the metallic walls - with negative repercussions on pumps performances, braking effects exerted at pump inlet and pump outlet and the connection between the overload capacity and Pressure – Velocity characteristic of induction pumps. A special portion was devoted to the analysis of the time and space dependence of the electromagnetic force and to the study of the non-uniformities of electromagnetic quantities in azimuth direction of annular linear induction pumps.In the chapter devoted to the magnetohydrodynamic interaction through coupled models, the thesis proposes two models that couple the electromagnetism and the fluid flow, one realized using multiphysic software and the second by coupling two different softwares. There are presented the advantages of the coupled models with respect to the results accuracy in comparison with electromagnetic models. It is presented the evolution of velocity, force and current densities profiles under the influence of the electromagnetic field and of different sodium mean velocities.The contributions of the thesis are completed with significant observations related to the study methods and software tools used along the study process
Preocupările actuale în legătură cu exploatarea în siguranță a centralelor nucleare existente și în legătură cu proiectarea arhitecturilor speciale de reactoare nucleare pentru generația a patra,coroborate cu interesul tot mai pronunțat pentru eficiența și fiabilitatea oricărui echipament dintr-un sistem energetic, fac ca tot mai multe demersuri de cercetare să se îndrepte spre studiul diverselor subansamble ale acestor sisteme pentru o mai buna înțelegere și optimizare pe baza mijloacelor moderne de proiectare asistată de calculator. Din rândul tipurilor propuse pentru generația a patra de reactoare nucleare fac parte și cele care au ca agent de răcire săruri topite, respectiv sodiu topit. Multe reactoare nucleare de generație anterioară folosesc ca mijloc de antrenare a fluidelor de răcire pompe mecanice de construcție specială. Sărurile topite ăi sodiul lichid, datorită proprietăților fizice,au potențialul de a fi recirculate cu ajutorul pompelor electromagnetice. Deși tehnologia pompării electromagnetice a fluidelor electroconductoare a fost dezvoltată încă din prima parte a secolului trecut, în prezent cunoaște o renaștere datorită reconsiderării multiplelor avantaje tehnologice și de securitate în exploatare. Lucrarea de față este atât un studiu al fenomenelor intime ce au loc ca urmare a curgerii fluidelor electroconductoare în câmpul electromagnetic al pompelor electromagnetice – interacțiune magnetohidrodinamică - cât și un raport despre capabilitățile și avantajele uneltelor moderne de calcul de a înlesni proiectarea și optimizarea pompelor electromagnetice. Pentru a atinge scopul principal al tezei, și anume o înțelegere mai adâncă a fenomenelor interdependente specifice funcționării pompelor electromagnetice, au fost considerate două obiective secundare. Primul obiectiv se referă la exploatarea la maximum a modelelor electromagnetice numerice în element finit cu scopul de a obține cât mai multe informații cu putință despre comportamentul pompelor electromagnetice în ipoteza care nu ia în considerare curgerea fluidelor. Al doilea obiectiv a fost construirea unor modele numerice care cuplează electromagnetismul și curgerea, respectiv, cuplează modelele numerice ale celor două fenomene ce caracterizează curgerea magnetohidrodinamică din canalele pompelor electromagnetice. În partea dedicată studiului pompării electromagnetice a sărurilor topite, teza evidențiază problemele specifice legate de generarea forțelor electromagnetice în fluide slab conductoare electric și oferă rezultate cu privire la aplicațiile unde pomparea electromagnetică a sărurilor topite poate fi eficientă. Cu ajutorul modelelor electromagnetice s-au obținut date importante despre influența numărului de poli electromagnetici și frecvența de alimentare asupra caracteristicii Presiune – Viteză a pompelor electromagnetice inelare de inducție. Au fost analizate fenomenul de ecranare creat de peretii metalici – cu repercursiuni negative asupra performanțelor pompelor, efectele de frânare exercitate la intrarea și la ieșirea din canalul de pompare și legătura dintre capacitatea de suprasarcină hidrodinamică și caracteristica Presiune – Viteză a pompelor de inducție. O secțiune specială a fost consacrată analizei dependenței de timp și a variației de la punct la punct a forței electromagnetice, precum și studiului neuniformităților mărimilor de natură electromagnetic în direcție azimutală în pompele inelare de inducție. În capitolul despre interacțiunea magnetohidrodinamică pe baza modelelor cuplate, se propun două modele ce cuplează electromagnetismul și curgerea fluidelor, unul realizat cu ajutorul unui singur software și al doilea realizat prin cuplarea a două software-uri diferite. Sunt prezentate avantajele modelelor cuplate din punctul de vedere al acurateței rezultatelor în comparație cu modelele electromagnetice …

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Georgia, 2005.
Directed by Joy B. Peterson. Includes an article submitted to International journal of systematic and evolutionary microbiology. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 73-79).