Rozprawy doktorskie: „Nucleolus”

1

Jellbauer, Stephan. "The nucleolus". Diss., lmu, 2009. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:19-101704.

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2

Inder, Kerry, i n/a. "The Functional Role of NRAP in the Nucleolus". Griffith University. School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, 2006. http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/public/adt-QGU20070201.133347.

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The nucleolus is the site for rRNA synthesis, a process requiring the recruitment of many proteins involved in ribosomal biogenesis. Nrap is a novel nucleolar protein found to be present in all eukaryotes. Preliminary characterisation of Nrap suggested it was likely to participate in ribosome biogenesis but as with many other nucleolar proteins, the functional role of Nrap is largely unknown. In this study, the role of mammalian Nrap in the nucleolus and in ribosome biogenesis was explored. Initially, a number of tools were generated to investigate Nrap function. This involved raising and purifying a polyclonal antibody against the N-terminal region of Nrap. The anti-Nrap antibody was found to detect two Nrap bands in mouse fibroblast cells, possibly corresponding to the two mouse Nrap isoforms, and . In addition, mammalian expression vectors containing the full Nrap sequence as well as deletion constructs were created. The subcellular localisation of each construct was observed by fluorescent microscopy. It was revealed that recombinant Nrap did not localise to the nucleolus, possibly because it was exported to undergo degradation by the 26S proteasome. Two putative NLSs were found to be responsible for directing Nrap to the nucleus but a region accountable for nucleolar localisation was not identified. The data indicated that multiple domains working together are likely to direct Nrap to the nucleolus. Nrap was also observed to co-localise with nucleolar proteins B23 and p19ARF. Moreover, it was shown by reciprocal immunoprecipitation that these three nucleolar proteins existed in a complex in unsynchronised mouse fibroblast cells. Recent reports demonstrated a complex relationship between B23 and p19ARF although the functional significance remained unclear. Nrap's in vivo association with B23 and p19ARF indicated a specific functional role in the nucleolus. Nrap knockdown using siRNA significantly increased B23 protein levels in a dose-dependent manner and down-regulated p19ARF protein levels at higher siRNA concentration. Preliminary studies also implicated Nrap in cell proliferation through these novel interactions. Both endogenous and recombinant Nrap were found to be highly unstable suggesting that Nrap might regulate B23 and p19ARF through its own tightly regulated stability. Finally, the role of Nrap in rRNA processing was investigated by northern blot analysis. Nrap knockdown was found to affect the levels of 45S, 32S and 28S rRNAs. The changes found may be a consequence of the concurrent perturbation in the levels of B23 and p19ARF caused by Nrap knockdown. As the results were not consistent with previous reports, it was likely that changes to rRNA processing could be contributed to Nrap loss of function. This study demonstrated for the first time a functional role of Nrap in rRNA processing possibly through its association with B23 and p19ARF.

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3

Inder, Kerry. "The Functional Role of NRAP in the Nucleolus". Thesis, Griffith University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/367738.

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The nucleolus is the site for rRNA synthesis, a process requiring the recruitment of many proteins involved in ribosomal biogenesis. Nrap is a novel nucleolar protein found to be present in all eukaryotes. Preliminary characterisation of Nrap suggested it was likely to participate in ribosome biogenesis but as with many other nucleolar proteins, the functional role of Nrap is largely unknown. In this study, the role of mammalian Nrap in the nucleolus and in ribosome biogenesis was explored. Initially, a number of tools were generated to investigate Nrap function. This involved raising and purifying a polyclonal antibody against the N-terminal region of Nrap. The anti-Nrap antibody was found to detect two Nrap bands in mouse fibroblast cells, possibly corresponding to the two mouse Nrap isoforms, and . In addition, mammalian expression vectors containing the full Nrap sequence as well as deletion constructs were created. The subcellular localisation of each construct was observed by fluorescent microscopy. It was revealed that recombinant Nrap did not localise to the nucleolus, possibly because it was exported to undergo degradation by the 26S proteasome. Two putative NLSs were found to be responsible for directing Nrap to the nucleus but a region accountable for nucleolar localisation was not identified. The data indicated that multiple domains working together are likely to direct Nrap to the nucleolus. Nrap was also observed to co-localise with nucleolar proteins B23 and p19ARF. Moreover, it was shown by reciprocal immunoprecipitation that these three nucleolar proteins existed in a complex in unsynchronised mouse fibroblast cells. Recent reports demonstrated a complex relationship between B23 and p19ARF although the functional significance remained unclear. Nrap's in vivo association with B23 and p19ARF indicated a specific functional role in the nucleolus. Nrap knockdown using siRNA significantly increased B23 protein levels in a dose-dependent manner and down-regulated p19ARF protein levels at higher siRNA concentration. Preliminary studies also implicated Nrap in cell proliferation through these novel interactions. Both endogenous and recombinant Nrap were found to be highly unstable suggesting that Nrap might regulate B23 and p19ARF through its own tightly regulated stability. Finally, the role of Nrap in rRNA processing was investigated by northern blot analysis. Nrap knockdown was found to affect the levels of 45S, 32S and 28S rRNAs. The changes found may be a consequence of the concurrent perturbation in the levels of B23 and p19ARF caused by Nrap knockdown. As the results were not consistent with previous reports, it was likely that changes to rRNA processing could be contributed to Nrap loss of function. This study demonstrated for the first time a functional role of Nrap in rRNA processing possibly through its association with B23 and p19ARF.
Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Sciences
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4

Moore, Duncan Alan. "FUS, RNA and the nucleolus". Thesis, University of Sussex, 2016. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/65760/.

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Fused-in-sarcoma (FUS) is an RNA binding protein, thought to be involved in a wide variety of cellular processes, and mutations in FUS are known to be causative for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). The mechanism of pathogenesis for ALS has not been established but it has been proposed that dysfunction in cellular functions involving RNA could be responsible. Investigations into a FUS-ALS patient cell line showed sensitivity to the transcriptional inhibitor camptothecin (CPT) and demonstrated constitutively fragmented nucleoli, a phenotype that has been associated with rRNA dysfunction, as well as a possible defect in ribosomal RNA (rRNA) maturation. In addition a reversible relocalisation of FUS to the nucleolus in response to inhibition of RNA polymerase II was observed in all cell lines examined. This relocalisation appeared to be dependent on the activity of phosphodiesterase 8 (PDE8) and on the presence of rRNA, as pre-inhibition of RNAP I (which produces rRNA) prevented relocalisation of FUS. However treatment of both RNAP I and RNAP II at the same time resulted in FUS relocalisation and the protein remaining in the nucleolus for hours if inhibition was maintained - long after RNA would be depleted at the site were RNAP I inhibited in isolation. These findings suggest that FUS may have a role in protecting pre-rRNA transcripts from degradation during transcriptional stress.

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5

McKeown, Peter. "Chromatin components of the Arabidopsis nucleolus". Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.441526.

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6

Leung, Anthony Kar Lun. "Proteomics and dynamics of the human nucleolus". Thesis, University of Dundee, 2003. https://discovery.dundee.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/46f8836d-a114-4320-b1a8-70622068c68e.

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The nucleolus is the most prominent structure within the eukaryotic cell nucleus and it was established to be the site where the majority of ribosomal RNAs (5.8S, 18S and 28S) are transcribed, processed and assembled with ribosomal proteins to form ribosomal subunits. The sole role of ribosome biogenesis, however, cannot explain the specific nucleolar localisations of tumour suppressors, cell cycle-regulatory factors and viral proteins. Therefore, together with my colleagues in the laboratory of Prof. Angus Lamond, we carried out a proteomic approach with an aim to identify the core components of the human nucleolus isolated from HeLa cell nuclei. My role in this project includes verification of the newly identified components, database construction archiving the primary data and providing links to other related information in the public domain, and subsequent bioinformatics and microscopic analyses. So far, 400 proteins were identified in which -30% represents novel or uncharacterised proteins, partly reflecting the current poor status in the human genome annotation, but also reflecting the unknown complexity of the nucleolus. To facilitate the understanding of the functions of these novel proteins, I used deposited data of their gene activities and homologues across the species to identify in silico those novel proteins that are likely to be involved in ribosomal biogenesis. Like the nucleus, the nucleolus itself is subcompartmentalised into different domains, namely, the fibrillar centre, the dense fibrillar components and the granular components and these structures are disassembled and reassembled during mitosis in human cells. In order to understand the intricate mechanism behind these mitotic dynamics, I have generated a panel of 24 HeLa cell lines stably expressing one or more nucleolar marker to study the inter-relationships between these subnucleolar domains as well as their relationships with the chromosomes. The results suggest that (1) a core subunit of the RNA polymerase I dissociates from the chromosomes between prophase and metaphase and (2) the breakdown and reassembly are dependent on the dissociation and the recruitment of RNA polymerase I to the chromosomes respectively.As part of the follow-up to the nucleolar proteome identified, the study of one uncharacterised factor NHPX led to the discovery of a novel nucleolar targeting pathway that is observed in both primary and transformed cell lines. Although NHPX co-localises with the dense fibrillar component marker fibrillarin, NHPX transiently transits through the splicing speckles prior to the nucleolar accumulation whilst fibrillarin accumulates within the nucleolus immediately after the nuclear entry. The NHPX progression is dependent on pre-mRNA transcription and may link multiple RNA metabolic pathways that occur in distinct subnuclear domains.

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7

Peruquetti, Rita Luiza [UNESP]. "Caracterização do ciclo nucleolar e da formação do corpo cromatóide na espermatogênese de alguns vertebrados". Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/102725.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
O corpo cromatóide (CB) é uma organela citoplasmática que, aparentemente, possui um papel no estoque de RNA e proteínas para a diferenciação final dos espermatozóides. Existem algumas teorias que tentam explicar a origem do material que compõe essa organela. Uma dessas teorias, proposta por alguns autores, sugere que o CB se origine a partir de material nucleolar, que se fragmenta nas etapas iniciais da espermatogênese e, em seguida, migra para o citoplasma. O objetivo do presente estudo foi acompanhar o ciclo nucleolar por meio de análises citoquímicas – hematoxilina-eosina (HE); azul de toluidina (AT); variante da concentração crítica de eletrólitos (CEC); reação de Feulgen; impregnação por íons prata (AgNOR); citogenéticas – impregnação por íons prata (AgNOR), e análises ultra-estruturais – microscopia eletrônica de transmissão (MET), para verificar a relação da fragmentação do material nucleolar com a formação do corpo cromatóide (CB), em algumas espécies de vertebrados: Tilapia rendalli (Teleostei, Cichlidae); Dendropsophus minutus (Amphibia, Anura); Phrynops geoffroanus (Reptilia, Testudines) e coelho albino da raça Nova Zelândia – Oryctolagus cuniculus (Mammalia, Lagomorpha). Por meio das análises citoquímicas foi possível observar que ocorre uma fragmentação do material nucleolar no início da prófase I, em todas as espécies analisadas, e uma posterior reorganização do nucléolo no núcleo de espermátides iniciais, com uma área significantemente menor do que a área do nucléolo das espermatogônias. Três fenômenos podem contribuir para essa diferença significante entre as áreas nucleolar de espermatogônias e espermátides: a) Modificação no estado funcional da célula; b) Diminuição no número de RONs nas espermátides; c) Migração de material nucleolar fragmentado...
The chromatoid body (CB) is a cytoplasmic organelle that has a function related to RNA and protein accumulation and ⁄ or storage for later germ-cell differentiation. Many theories have been postulated in order to explain the origins of the CB material. One of the most accepted theory describes that it originates from a nucleolar material, where it was fragmented in the early spermatogenesis, and finally, this fragmented nucleolar material migrates to cytoplasm. The aims of the present study were: 1) monitoring the nucleolar material distribution by means of cytochemical techniques (hematoxylin–eosin (HE), toluidine blue (TB), modified Critical Electrolyte Concentration for detecting RNA (CEC), silver-ion impregnation (AgNOR) and Feulgen reaction), and by ultrastructural analysis (Transmission Electron Microscopy – TEM); and 2) comparing the nucleolar material distribution with the formation of CB in some vertebrate species: Tilapia rendalli (Teleostei, Cichlidae); Dendropsophus minutus (Amphibia, Anura); Phrynops geoffroanus (Reptilia, Testudines); and Oryctolagus cuniculus (Mammalia, Lagomorpha). For all analyzed species, the cytochemical techniques showed that the nucleolar fragmentation occurred during the beginning of prophase I, and the nucleolus reorganization occurred in the early spermatids nucleus. Statistical tests evidenced that area of the early spermatids nucleolus were smaller than the spermatogonia nucleolus area. Three phenomena can contribute for the statistical difference between the spermatogonia nucleolar area and the early spermatids nucleolar area: a) Modification of cell activity; b) Decrease of the number of NORs in the spermatids; c) Migration of the fragmented nucleolar material from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. This nucleolar material will participate in the CB formation process. The ultrastructural analysis showed an ...(Complete abstract click electronic access below)

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Jacob, Mathieu. "Functional Remodelling of the Nucleolus by Long Noncoding RNA". Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/30288.

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The nucleolus is a plurifunctional organelle in which structure and function are intimately linked. Though it is primarily known as the site of ribosomal biogenesis, the nucleolus is also capable of orchestrating the immobilization of a broad range of proteins under specific environmental conditions. This process, known as nucleolar sequestration, contributes to cell viability under stress. Despite the importance of this post-translational regulatory pathway, very little is known about the mechanisms that govern it. Here, we show that heat shock and acidosis, two physiological stimuli associated with nucleolar sequestration, induce the expression of long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) from stimulus-specific loci of the ribosomal intergenic spacer (IGS). These lncRNAs, in turn, immobilize proteins encoding a nucleolar detention sequence (NoDS) within a compartment of the nucleolus termed the detention centre (DC). The DC is a spatially and dynamically distinct region, characterized by an 8-anilino-1-naphthalenesulfonate (ANS)-positive hydrophobic signature. Its formation is accompanied by a redistribution of nucleolar factors and an arrest in ribosomal biogenesis. Silencing of regulatory IGS lncRNA prevents the creation of this structure and allows the nucleolus to retain its tripartite organization and transcriptional activity. Signal termination causes a decrease in IGS transcript levels and a return to the active nucleolar conformation. We propose that the induction of IGS lncRNA, by environmental signals, operates as a molecular switch that regulates the structure and function of the nucleolus.

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Morral, Martínez Clara 1989. "The Nucleolus : a connection between cell fate and tumorigenesis in colorectal cancer". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/663807.

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El càncer de colon es caracteritza per presentar una composició cel·lular heterogènia en la qual només un subgrup de cèl·lules retenen la capacitat de contribuir en el manteniment i creixement del tumor. L‘investigació duta a terme en aquesta tesis es focalitza en estudiar aquelles funcions biològiques que estan específicament enriquides en aquesta subpoblació tumoral comparat amb altres cèl·lules cancerígenes que no tenen potencial tumoral. A partir de dades obtingudes en analitzar l’expressió genètica de cèl·lules mare normals i tumorals, hem descobert que l’activitat nucleolar està específicament sobre-activada en aquestes dues poblacions. Hem validat aquestes dades utilitzant diferents models in vivo i in vitro que ens permeten reproduir la biologia intestinal. Hem descobert que l’activitat nucleolar està regulada de forma heterogènia en els tumors de colon. Concretament, són les cèl·lules mare del tumor que presenten una major activació d’aquesta funció biològica. Utilitzant tècniques d’edició del genoma (CRISPR-Cas9) hem pogut generar cèl·lules tumorals de colon que expressen la proteïna RNA Polymerasa I fusionada a una molècula fluorescent (EGFP). D’aquesta manera hem pogut aïllar dels tumors de colon cèl·lules tumorals que presenten una elevada activitat nucleolar. Hem descobert que aquestes cèl·lules tenen una elevada capacitat tumoral, mentre que altres cèl·lules tumorals amb baixa activitat nucleolar no són capaces de retenir aquest potencial cancerigen. Finalment també hem obtingut evidències de que aquesta activitat nucleolar podria estar regulada per la via de senyalització de WNT i que el oncogen MYC podria jugar un paper molt important en aquest escenari. Els resultats obtinguts durant aquesta tesis proveeixen nova informació per al que fa a les funcions biològiques que regulen el potencial tumoral de les cèl·lules de càncer de colon. Això en permetrà entendre millor la malaltia i poder desenvolupar noves teràpies més efectives.
Colorectal cancers (CRCs) are amalgams of phenotypically distinct tumor cell populations in which only a subset of cells retain the capacity to sustain tumor growth and propagate the disease. The research in this thesis has focus on the biological functions specifically enriched in this population compared with their differentiated and non-tumorigenic counterparts. Data mining of the expression profiles of normal and cancer stem cells suggested that nucleolar function was enhanced in both types of stem cells. We have validated these in silico observations using different in vitro and in vivo models that allow us to reproduce the intestinal biology and disease. We have discovered that nucleolar activity is heterogeneously regulated in colorectal cancer (CRC) and that high levels of this activity correlate with the undifferentiated state of tumor cells. By means of CRISPR-Cas9 technology we have generated colorectal cancer organoids expressing endogenous RNA Polymerase I (RNA POL I) fused to a EGFP reporter protein. Analysis of tumor cells purified from patient derived xenografts (PDX) expressing high levels of RNA Pol I demonstrated that these cells display elevated rDNA transcriptional activity as well as tumorigenic potential. On the contrary, tumor cells with low levels of RNA Pol I represent a differentiated population with dismal tumor capacity. Furthermore, we also put forward evidence that nucleolar activity is WNT regulated and that the WNT target MYC may be essential in this scenario. Taken together, our data provides new insights on the biology behind the differential tumorigenic behavior and fate of tumor cells in CRCs. Importantly, it also contributes to better understanding cell heterogeneity and may provide the basis for the development of new therapeutic strategies to tackle this disease.

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Galliot, Sonia. "A la recherche de nouvelles AgNORs: une famille de protéines nucléolaires conservées et marqueurs potentiels du cancers". Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210190.

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Comme le nucléole joue un rôle fondamental dans l’expression des protéines, via la synthèse des ARN ribosomiques, il n’est donc pas surprenant que des études aient révélé un lien étroit, entre des dysfonctionnements nucléolaires et l’origine de certaines maladies humaines. La découverte, il y a plusieurs années, d’un taux anormalement élevé de protéines nucléolaires dites argyrophiles ou AgNORs, dans les cellules tumorales, a permis d’envisager leur utilisation comme outil diagnostique ou pronostique du cancer. Détectées, de manière in vitro grâce à leur affinité pour l’argent, l’identification de quelques protéines AgNORs n’a pourtant pas permis d’établir une caractéristique commune à toutes les protéines argyrophiles détectées dans les extraits nucléolaires. Ainsi, bien que le test colorimétrique AgNOR soit utilisé dans de nombreux laboratoires académiques, l’absence d’identification de protéines AgNORs spécifiques du processus de cancérisation, a limité son utilisation en laboratoire clinique. Comme certaines limites technologiques et expérimentales ont limité leur caractérisation chez l’humain, nous avons donc décidé de reprendre les recherches sur ce sujet et de le réactualiser grâce aux avancées technologiques et scientifiques. Les protéines AgNORs étant étroitement liées à la biogenèse des ribosomes, nous avons donc décidé d’amorcer nos recherches chez la levure Saccharomyces cerevisiae, dans laquelle, la voie de biosynthèse des ribosomes a été particulièrement bien décrite. Devant l’intérêt biologique et médical de ces protéines, l’objectif de ce projet a donc été triple :

1-identifier des protéines AgNORs chez la levure

2-caractériser les propriétés physico-fonctionnelles et physico-chimiques de ces protéines AgNORs.

3-utiliser ces caractéristiques physico-chimiques pour rechercher de nouvelles AgNORs humaines, spécifiques de processus de cancérisation et potentiellement utilisables comme marqueurs tumoraux./The nucleolus is a subnuclear compartment that organized around ribosomal gene (rDNA) repeats NORs, which encode for ribosomal RNA. A peculiar group of acidic proteins which are highly argyrophilic are also localized at the same sites as NORs, thus allowing NORs to be very clearly and rapidly visualized by silver nitrate staining procedures. However, if three human argyrophilic proteins, UBF, C23 (nucleolin) and B23 (nucleophosmin), have been associated for staining of NOR, the exact number of AgNOR proteins and their intrinsic biochemical feature are unclear. Here, we have performed an heterologous screen in a genetically tractable eukaryotic organism (budding yeast) for the identification of novel AgNOR proteins and in vitro characterized an intrinsic feature that underlies silver binding and offers a strong predictive value for the identification of novel human AgNOR proteins.
Doctorat en Sciences
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

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Utama, B. "Isolation and characterization of Nrap, a novel nucleolar protein /". [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2001. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe16281.pdf.

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Bizhanova, Aizhan. "Characterization of Nucleolus-Associated Domains in Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells". eScholarship@UMMS, 2020. https://escholarship.umassmed.edu/gsbs_diss/1077.

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In eukaryotic interphase cells, heterochromatin mostly localizes either at the nucleolar periphery or at the nuclear lamina. Genome localization studies are crucial due to evidence that spatial organization of the genome affects gene function. Nucleolus-associated domains (NADs) are mainly heterochromatic regions that have been mapped only in a handful of mouse and human somatic cells, and in plants. The extent to which changes in NAD localization occur during cellular differentiation remains unknown. In this thesis, we characterize a map of genome-wide NADs in F121-9 mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs). We identified NADs by deep sequencing chromatin associated with biochemically purified nucleoli and using NADfinder software to call NAD peaks. F121-9 NADs are mostly comprised of genomic regions with inactive or lowly transcribed genes and overlap extensively with lamina-associated domains (LADs) and regions with late replication timing. Similar to somatic mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs), where NADs have been previously characterized by our laboratory, F121-9 mESCs display abundant “Type I” NADs. This subset of NADs frequently associates with nuclear lamina and nucleolar periphery and resembles constitutive heterochromatin. Compared to MEFs, F121-9 mESCs have fewer “Type II” NADs; this subset of NADs is frequently found at the nucleolar periphery but not at the nuclear lamina. mESC NADs are also less enriched in H3K27me3 modified regions compared to MEF NADs. This suggests that Polycomb complex-mediated facultative vii heterochromatin expansion is part of NAD maturation during cellular differentiation. Comparison of MEF and mESC NADs also revealed enrichment of developmentally regulated genes in NADs specific to these cell types. Together, these data indicate that NADs are a developmentally dynamic component of heterochromatin. Our F121-9 mESC NAD studies identified distinct features of stem cell NADs and will facilitate future studies of genome organization changes during mammalian development.

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Ukil, Leena. "Isolation of copy number suppressors of the nimA1kinase and mitotic regulation of nucleolar structure in Aspergillus nidulans". Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1196234699.

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Bardella, Vanessa Bellini [UNESP]. "Análise citogenética molecular em túbulos seminíferos de triatomíneos (Triatominae, Heteroptera)". Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/92476.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
Os heterópteros apresentam a meiose cística nos túbulos seminíferos. Esses possuem o cisto espermatogonial envolto pelas células císticas, as quais desenvolvem a função de nutrição das células em divisão celular. Quanto às características citogenéticas, esses insetos apresentam cromossomos holocinéticos, baixa variabilidade cariotípica e meiose invertida dos cromossomos sexuais. No presente trabalho foram caracterizadas as células císticas quanto a sua localização, ultraestrutura e citogenética e, também, foram analisados os aspectos citogenéticos de quatro espécies do gênero Triatoma. Foram utilizadas as técnicas de microscopia eletrônica de transmissão, citogenética convencional (orceína e AgNOR), bandamento C CMA3/DAPI e a técnica de hibridização in situ fluorescente (FISH), com sonda de DNAr 45S de Drosophila melanogaster. Os resultados indicaram que a célula cística envolve um cisto espermatogonial e apresenta um grande núcleo com invaginações citoplasmáticas. Em todas as espécies foram observados vários graus de ploidia da célula cística. Triatoma infestans e T. infestans melanosoma apresentaram vários blocos heterocromáticos com a periferia CMA3 + e o interior DAPI+. Associada às bordas dos blocos heterocromáticos foram observados os segmentos de DNAr 45S, além da presença de vários nucléolos em cada núcleo. Triatoma matogrossensis, T. rubrovaria e T. brasiliensis apresentaram apenas um bloco heterocromático com as mesmas características, com exceção de T. brasiliensis, que apresentou em algumas células vários blocos CMA3 + dispersos. Nessas espécies foi observado apenas um nucléolo com similaridade na localização dos sítios de DNAr. Quanto aos aspectos citogenéticos, todas as espécies apresentaram 2n = 20A + XY, com decréscimo do tamanho relativo dos cromossomos. Em T. infestans melanosoma os cromossomos foram...
Heteroptera, or true bugs, exhibit meiosis in their seminiferous tubules. They posses the spermatogonial cysts that are enclosed by cyst cells, which develop the nutritional function of the cells during cell division. In terms of cytogenetic characteristics, these insects possess holokinetic chromosomes, low karyotype variability, and inverted meiosis in the sex chromosomes. In this study, cyst cells from four species of the genus Triatoma were characterized by their location, superstructure, and cytogenetic makeup. Electronic transmission microscopy techniques were used, as well as conventional cytogenetic techniques (Orcein and AgNOR), C-banding with CMA3 and DAPI banding, and Fluorescence in situ Hybridization (FISH) with a 45S DNA probe of Drosophila melanogaster. The results indicated that the the spermatogonial cyst is enclosed by the cyst cell, and that the cyst cell possesses a large nucleus with cytopasmic invaginations. In all species studied, varying degrees of ploidy were observed in the cyst cells. Triatoma infestans and T. infestans melanosoma presented with various heterochromatic blocks, with CMA3 + at the periphery and DAPI+ at the interior. Segments of rDNA 45S were found along the edges of the heterochromatic blocks, along with the presence of various nucleoli in each nucleus. Triatoma matogrossensis, T. rubrovaria and T. brasiliensis presented with only one heterochromatic block with the same characteristics (with the exception of T. brasiliensis, which presented with various dispersed CMA3 + blocks). In these species, only one nucleolus that was similar to the localization of the rDNA sites was found. All species presented with 2n = 20A + XY, with a decrease in size relative to the chromosomes. In the case of T. infestans melanosoma, the chromosomes were split into groups based on their relative sizes. The heterochromatin of this species presented... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

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15

Hillyar, Christopher. "Auger electron radionuclide therapy utilising F3 peptide to target the nucleolus". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:43bb1e8a-6f52-4eac-b742-0a988562e7fc.

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F3 is a 31 amino acid peptide that possesses tumour homing capability and binds to nucleolin (NCL) expressed on the cell surface of malignant cells. Exposure of osteosarcoma (U2OS) cells to F3 peptide was found to shift the distribution of NCL and nucleophosmin (NPM) from the nucleolus to the nucleoplasm, and increase the level of Ki-67 in the nucleoplasm. 111In-labelled F3 (111In-DTPA-F3) was successfully radiosynthesised and was found to be significantly radiotoxic to MCF7, HCT116, MDA-MB-231/H2N, H322 and MDA-MB-435 cells, but not U2OS cells. 111In-DTPA-F3 was shown to be taken up, and to deposit radiation dose, in the nucleolus. The level of cell kill produced by 111In-DTPA-F3 was highly variable (19 fold range in surviving fraction) depending on the malignant cell line, and was correlated with the localisation of cell-bound 111In-DTPA-F3 in the nucleus. The induction of ?H2AX foci by 111In-DTPA-F3 was found to be determined by the volume of the nucleolus. In conclusion, 111In-DTPA-F3 is a promising Auger electron-emitting radiotherapeutic agent that targets the nucleolus, the radiosensitivity of which may vary depending on the malignant cell line.

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Peruquetti, Rita Luiza. "Caracterização do ciclo nucleolar e da formação do corpo cromatóide na espermatogênese de alguns vertebrados /". São José do Rio Preto : [s.n.], 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/102725.

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Orientador: Maria Tercília Vilela de Azeredo Oliveira
Banca: Maria Luiza Silveira Mello
Banca: Reinaldo Azoubel
Banca: Carlos Alberto Vicentini
Banca: Eliana Morielle Versute
Resumo: O corpo cromatóide (CB) é uma organela citoplasmática que, aparentemente, possui um papel no estoque de RNA e proteínas para a diferenciação final dos espermatozóides. Existem algumas teorias que tentam explicar a origem do material que compõe essa organela. Uma dessas teorias, proposta por alguns autores, sugere que o CB se origine a partir de material nucleolar, que se fragmenta nas etapas iniciais da espermatogênese e, em seguida, migra para o citoplasma. O objetivo do presente estudo foi acompanhar o ciclo nucleolar por meio de análises citoquímicas - hematoxilina-eosina (HE); azul de toluidina (AT); variante da concentração crítica de eletrólitos (CEC); reação de Feulgen; impregnação por íons prata (AgNOR); citogenéticas - impregnação por íons prata (AgNOR), e análises ultra-estruturais - microscopia eletrônica de transmissão (MET), para verificar a relação da fragmentação do material nucleolar com a formação do corpo cromatóide (CB), em algumas espécies de vertebrados: Tilapia rendalli (Teleostei, Cichlidae); Dendropsophus minutus (Amphibia, Anura); Phrynops geoffroanus (Reptilia, Testudines) e coelho albino da raça Nova Zelândia - Oryctolagus cuniculus (Mammalia, Lagomorpha). Por meio das análises citoquímicas foi possível observar que ocorre uma fragmentação do material nucleolar no início da prófase I, em todas as espécies analisadas, e uma posterior reorganização do nucléolo no núcleo de espermátides iniciais, com uma área significantemente menor do que a área do nucléolo das espermatogônias. Três fenômenos podem contribuir para essa diferença significante entre as áreas nucleolar de espermatogônias e espermátides: a) Modificação no estado funcional da célula; b) Diminuição no número de RONs nas espermátides; c) Migração de material nucleolar fragmentado ...(Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: The chromatoid body (CB) is a cytoplasmic organelle that has a function related to RNA and protein accumulation and ⁄ or storage for later germ-cell differentiation. Many theories have been postulated in order to explain the origins of the CB material. One of the most accepted theory describes that it originates from a nucleolar material, where it was fragmented in the early spermatogenesis, and finally, this fragmented nucleolar material migrates to cytoplasm. The aims of the present study were: 1) monitoring the nucleolar material distribution by means of cytochemical techniques (hematoxylin-eosin (HE), toluidine blue (TB), modified Critical Electrolyte Concentration for detecting RNA (CEC), silver-ion impregnation (AgNOR) and Feulgen reaction), and by ultrastructural analysis (Transmission Electron Microscopy - TEM); and 2) comparing the nucleolar material distribution with the formation of CB in some vertebrate species: Tilapia rendalli (Teleostei, Cichlidae); Dendropsophus minutus (Amphibia, Anura); Phrynops geoffroanus (Reptilia, Testudines); and Oryctolagus cuniculus (Mammalia, Lagomorpha). For all analyzed species, the cytochemical techniques showed that the nucleolar fragmentation occurred during the beginning of prophase I, and the nucleolus reorganization occurred in the early spermatids nucleus. Statistical tests evidenced that area of the early spermatids nucleolus were smaller than the spermatogonia nucleolus area. Three phenomena can contribute for the statistical difference between the spermatogonia nucleolar area and the early spermatids nucleolar area: a) Modification of cell activity; b) Decrease of the number of NORs in the spermatids; c) Migration of the fragmented nucleolar material from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. This nucleolar material will participate in the CB formation process. The ultrastructural analysis showed an ...(Complete abstract click electronic access below)
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Guillen, Ana Karina Zavala. "Structural and transcriptional polymorphisms of nucleolus organizer regions (NORs) in humans and chimpanzees". 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/145465.

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Quindere, Yeda Rumi Serra Douglas. "Citogenetica de populações e especies de Physalaemus do grupo "cuvieri" (Anura, Leiuperidae)". [s.n.], 2007. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/317680.

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Orientador: Luciana Bolsoni Lourenço
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-09T06:46:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Quindere_YedaRumiSerraDouglas_M.pdf: 8609021 bytes, checksum: 5a91bb6ce1e8fff91e49eb0b18f73d2d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007
Resumo: O gênero Physalaemus é composto por 40 espécies divididas em sete grupos: ¿albifrons¿, ¿cuvieri¿, ¿deimaticus¿, ¿gracilis¿, ¿henselii¿, ¿olfersii¿ e ¿signifer¿. Nove espécies compõem o grupo "cuvieri" e dessas apenas P. cuvieri já teve seu cariótipo descrito com detalhes, tendo apresentado expressiva variação intra e interpopulacional em relação à localização de regiões organizadoras de nucléolo (NOR). Dado que P. Cuvieri apresenta ampla distribuição geográfica e que a variação mencionada foi encontrada em populações do sul e do sudeste do Brasil, no presente trabalho ampliamos seu estudo, com a análise cromossômica de quatro populações da região nordeste, uma da região norte e uma da região sudeste do Brasil. Adicionalmente uma população da Argentina também foi estudada. Com o intuito de comparar cariotipicamente P. cuvieri com outras espécies de Physalaemus, também foram estudados os cariótipos de P. albonotatus, P. centralis, P. cuqui e P. ephippifer, pertencentes ao grupo "cuvieri", P. albifrons, espécie recentemente removida desse grupo, e P. santafecinus atualmente do grupo de P. albifrons. Todas as populações de P. cuvieri aqui estudadas apresentaram cariótipo com 2n=22 cromossomos e grande variação em relação às NORs pôde ser observada. Duas populações de P. cuvieri (Urbano Santos-MA e Crateús-CE) apresentaram as NORs nos pares 8 e 9. No par 8, a NOR, de localização intersticial, mostrou-se adjacente a uma região de heterocromatina, enquanto a NOR presente no par 9 foi coincidente com um bloco heterocromático. Na população de São Pedro da Água Branca (MA), além dos pares 8 e 9, o par 7 foi também portador de NOR. Na população de Palmeiras (BA) e Uberlândia (MG), apenas um par cromossômico (8) foi portador de NOR. Na população mineira, diferenças intra-individuais foram encontradas principalmente em relação ao tamanho da NOR. Já nas populações da Argentina, a NOR intersticialmente localizada no o par cromossômico 8 não foi encontrada. Em todos os exemplares dessas populações argentinas, o par 11 foi portador de NOR e NORs adicionais foram encontradas nos cromossomos 1, 7 ou 8 (em posição pericentromérica) em alguns indivíduos. É interessante notar que o morfo 11 dessa população argentina é muito semelhante ao cromossomo 11 encontrado na população de Santa Maria (RS) analisada anteriormente. Já na população do estado de Tocantins, NORs múltiplas foram visualizadas em pelo menos cinco cromossomos (pertencentes aos pares 1, 3, 4 e 10), padrão que difere bastante daqueles encontrados nas outras populações de P. cuvieri. Também em relação ao padrão de distribuição de bandas heterocromáticas no cariótipo, a população de Tocantins analisada difere das demais, fato que intriga e corrobora a necessidade de uma revisão taxonômica da espécie em questão. A morfologia cariotípica de P. albifrons, P. albonotatus, P. centralis, P. cuqui, P. ephippifer e P. santafecinus foi muito semelhante, principalmente em relação aos primeiros pares cromossômicos, embora em P. albonotatus e P. cuqui a ordenação de alguns pares tenha sido diferente. Todas essas espécies puderam ser diferenciadas pela localização da NOR e em P.ephippifer um interessante heteromorfismo foi observado no par 8 portador de NOR em todas as fêmeas analisadas. Não foi descartada a hipótese de tal heteromorfismo estar relacionado à determinação sexual nessa espécie, no entanto, futuros estudos são necessários para sua comprovação. Exceto no cariótipo dos indivíduos de P. cuvieri de Tocantins, nos cariótipos aqui descritos a principal (ou única) NOR foi encontrada nos últimos pares cromossômicos, alterando a morfologia desses, o que dificultou a inferência de homeologias interespecíficas e dos possíveis rearranjos que envolveram a NOR durante a diferenciação das espécies em análise. Já com o bandamento C, algumas homeologias interespecíficas foram claramente notadas. Uma banda intersticial no braço curto do par 5, outras na região pericentromérica do braço curto dos pares 3 e 7, por exemplo, foram encontradas em P. cuvieri, P. centralis e P. ephippifer, e parecem homeólogas às encontradas nos pares classificados como 3, 5 e 7 no cariótipo de P. albonotatus
Abstract: The genus Physalaemus is composed by 41 species distributed in seven groups: ¿albifrons¿, ¿cuvieri¿, ¿deimaticus¿, ¿gracilis¿, ¿henselii¿, ¿olfersii¿ and ¿signifer¿. Nine species compose the group ¿cuvieri¿ but just P. cuvieri had already been karyotyped in details. Expressive intra and interpopulational variation related to the localization of the nucleolus organizer regions (NOR) was described for this species. Physalaemus cuvieri is widely geographically distributed and NOR variation was described based on populations from Southern and Southeastern Brazil. In the present work we analyzed the cytogenetic of four populations from Northeastern, one from Northern and one from Southeastern Brazil. Additionally, three Argentinian populations were also included. To cytogenetically compare P. cuvieri with other species of Physalaemus, species belonging to P. cuvieri group (i.e. P. albonotatus, P. centralis, P. cuqui and P. ephippifer), P. albifrons, recently removed from this group, and P. santafecinus, currently alocated in P. albifrons group, were also analyzed. All populations of P. cuvieri studied here showed diploid number of 22 chromosomes and high intraspecific variation was observed related to the NORs. Two populations of P. cuvieri (Urbano Santos, state of Maranhão (MA) and Crateús, state of Ceará (CE)) had pairs 8 and 9 as NOR-bearing chromosomes. In pair 8 the interstitial NOR was adjacent to C-bands whereas the NOR at the nineth pair was coincident with a heterochromatic block. In the population from São Pedro da Água Branca, state of Maranhão (MA), besides pairs 8 and 9, the seventh pair was also a NOR-bearing one. The specimens from Palmeiras, state of Bahia (BA) and Uberlândia, state of Minas Gerais (MG) showed only one NOR, which was located at pair 8. In the population from Uberlândia (MG) intraindividual differences was found related to the NOR size. In the populations from Argentina, the interstitial NOR in chromosome pair 8 was not found. In all the specimens of these Argentinean populations, pair 11 was the NOR-bearing chromosome pair and additional NORs were also found in chromosomes 1, 7 or 8 (in a pericentromeric position) in some of the individuals. The morph 11 of specimens from Argentina was very similar to the NOR-bearing eleventh pair described for specimens from Santa Maria (RS) previously analyzed. In contrast, in the population from Porto Nacional, state of Tocantins (TO), multiple NORs were visualized at least at five chromosomes (belonging to pair 1, 3, 4 and 10), a pattern that greatly differed from those found in the others populations of P. cuvieri. Also concerning the C-band distribution, the karyotype found in the population of Tocantins differed from the others. These findings are very interesting and can be useful for future taxonomic studies of this taxon. Regarding to chromosome morphology, P. albifrons, P. albonotatus, P. centralis, P. cuqui, P. ephippifer and P. santafecinus were very similar, specially for the seven first chromosome pairs, although in P. albonotatus and P. cuqui the position of some chromosome pairs was different. All the species could be differentiated by NOR localization and in P. ephippifer an interesting heteromorphism was detected in NOR bearing pair 8 of all the females. We do not discard the hypothesis that such heteromorphism could be related to sex determination in this species, but future studies are necessary to test it. Except for the karyotype of P. cuvieri from Tocantins, the karyotypes described here the principal (or only) NOR was found among the last chromosome pairs, resulting in different chromosome morphologies, what impaired interespecific inferences of homeologies and the recognition of possible rearrengements involving the NOR during the differentiation of the species analyzed. On the other hand, C-banding tecnique permitted to notice some interspecific homeologies. A band at an interstitial region in the short arm of pair 5, and pericentromeric C-bands in the short arm of pairs 3 and 7 were detected in P. cuvieri, P. centralis and P. ephippifer which seemed to be homeologous to C-bands found in pair 3, 5 and 7 of P. albonotatus
Mestrado
Biologia Celular
Mestre em Biologia Celular e Estrutural

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Lobb, Ian Thomas. "The role of nucleolar stress in the anti-tumour activity of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)". Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/17878.

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Overwhelming evidence indicates that aspirin (ASA) and related non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have anti-tumour activity against colorectal cancer (CRC). Although the underlying mechanisms have yet to be fully elucidated, the host laboratory have shown that nucleolar sequestration of the NF-κB component RelA is critical. In the course of these studies, it was noted that alongside effects on the NF- κB pathway, ASA has a profound effect on nucleoli, including a dramatic increase in nucleolar size. These data were particularly interesting as, in addition to its role in ribosome biogenesis, the nucleolus is known to act as a stress sensor and play a key role in the regulation of cell growth and apoptosis. Indeed, this organelle has been identified as a potential target for anti-tumour agents. However, how stress causes changes to nucleolar function, and how these are translated into changes in cell phenotype, remain unclear. Therefore, the aim of my thesis was to fully characterise ASA effects on nucleoli and to determine whether these effects contribute to the anti-tumour activity of this agent. I found that ASA induced an atypical form of nucleolar stress that was associated with enlargement of the organelle, relocalisation of nucleolar markers to the periphery, depletion of the critical component of the Pol I transcription factor complex, TIF-IA, and inhibition of rRNA transcription. These effects were independent of the p38 and JNK2 MAP kinase pathways. However, they were mimicked by inhibition of CDK4, which had previously been shown to lie upstream of ASA effects on the NF-κB pathway. These data describe a novel mechanism by which ASA, and CDK4 inhibition, may inhibit the growth of colon cancer cells. In addition to this candidate approach, I used Stable Isotope Labelling by Amino acids in Cell culture (SILAC) based quantitative proteomics to obtain a global overview of ASA effects on nucleoli of colon cancer cells. Firstly, a protocol was successfully developed to isolate pure nucleoli from SW480 CRC cell lines. This protocol was then applied to SILAC labelled cells treated with ASA for three time-points (0, 6, 10 h). In collaboration with R.T Hay and M. Tatham (University of Dundee), proteomic analysis was then carried out by tandem-mass spectrometry. These data confirmed that ASA has a significant effect on the nucleolar proteome. They also revealed that ASA induces a distinct type of nucleolar stress that is associated with the accumulation of chaperones, translational regulators and members of the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) in this organelle. These data were reminiscent of studies previously published on the effect of proteasome inhibition on nucleoli. I therefore used SILAC-based proteomics to compare ASA effects on nucleoli to those induced by the proteasome inhibitor, MG132. I found that similar sub-groups of proteins accumulate in nucleoli in response to both agents and that ASA induced proteotoxic stress in a similar manner to MG132. Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy in collaboration with R. Duncan and K. Martin (Heriot-Watt University) demonstrated the relative reduction in mobility of nucleolar DsRed-RelA, indicating that, similar to MG132, ASA induces formation of nucleolar aggresomes. Mechanistic studies suggested that blocking ASA-mediated proteotoxic stress blocked the apoptotic effects of the agent. Taken together, these data define a distinct type of nucleolar stress that may be involved in the cells response to proteotoxic stress and be required for the anti-tumour activity of ASA.

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Berdougo, Eli. "Human CDC14 phosphatases are not essential for viability : and do not regulate mitotic exit /". Access full-text from WCMC, 2009. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1692102661&sid=2&Fmt=2&clientId=8424&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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DuRose, Jenny Bratlien. "The unfolded protein response integrating stress signals from the endoplasmic reticulum to the nucleolus /". Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC campuses, 2008. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p3330123.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, San Diego, 2008.
Title from first page of PDF file (viewed November 13, 2008). Available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

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Lackmann, Fredrik. "Nucleolar Ribosome Assembly". Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för molekylär biovetenskap, Wenner-Grens institut, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-145639.

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Ribosomes are macromolecular machines that are responsible for production of every protein in a living cell. Yet we do not know the details about how these machines are formed. The ribosome consists of four RNA strands and roughly 80 proteins that associate with each other in the nucleolus and form pre-ribosomal complexes. Eukaryotes, in contrast to prokaryotes, need more than 200 non-ribosomal factors to assemble ribosomes. These associate with pre-ribosomal complexes at different stages as they travel from the nucleolus to the cytoplasm and are required for pre-rRNA processing. We do however lack knowledge about the molecular function of most of these factors and what enables pre-rRNA processing. Especially, information is missing about how non-ribosomal factors influence folding of the pre-rRNA and to what extent the pre-ribosomal complexes are restructured during their maturation. This thesis aims to obtain a better understanding of the earliest events of ribosome assembly, namely those that take place in the nucleolus. This has been achieved by studying the essential protein Mrd1 by mutational analysis in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae as well as by obtaining structural information of nucleolar pre-ribosomal complexes. Mrd1 has a modular structure consisting of multiple RNA binding domains (RBDs) that we find is conserved throughout eukarya. We show that an evolutionary conserved linker region of Mrd1 is crucial for function of the protein and likely forms an essential module together with adjacent RBDs. By obtaining structural information of pre-ribosomal complexes at different stages, we elucidate what structuring events occur in the nucleolus. We uncover a direct role of Mrd1 in structuring the pre-rRNA in early pre-ribosomal complexes, which provides an explanation for why pre-rRNA cannot be processed in Mrd1 mutants.

At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 3: Manuscript. Paper 4: Manuscript.

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Schmidt, Tracy E. "HIV-1 and the Nucleolus: A Role for Nucleophosmin/NPM1 in Viral Replication: A Dissertation". eScholarship@UMMS, 2013. https://escholarship.umassmed.edu/gsbs_diss/690.

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The nucleolus is a plurifunctional organelle with dynamic protein exchange involved in diverse aspects of cell biology. Additionally, the nucleolus has been shown to have a role in the replication of numerous viruses, which includes HIV-1. Several groups have reported HIV-1 vRNA localization within the nucleolus. Moreover, it has been demonstrated the HIV-1 Rev protein localizes to the nucleolus and interacts with nucleolar proteins, including NPM1. Despite evidence for a nucleolar involvement during replication, a functional link has not been demonstrated. I investigated whether introncontaining vRNAs have a Rev-mediated nucleolar localization step prior to export. Furthermore, I examined whether NPM1 mediates Rev nucleolar localization, participates in Rev function, and/or post-transcriptional events during viral replication. I used coupled RNA fluorescence in situhybridization and indirect immunofluorescence to visualize intron-containing vRNA relative to the nucleolus in the absence or presence of Rev expression. An RNAi-based approach was used to examine the role of NPM1 in Rev function and viral replication in cell lines and primary human macrophages. My research findings support a model for a Rev-independent nucleolar localization step of introncontaining vRNA prior to export. Intriguingly, my results also suggest NPM1 does not participate in Rev nucleolar localization or Rev-mediated vRNA export, as previously proposed. Rather, my findings support a novel role for NPM1, the cytoplasmic localization and utilization of a select class of Rev-dependent vRNAs. Collectively, my findings provide novel insight for a functional role of the nucleolus and NPM1 in HIV-1 replication, which enhances our current understanding of HIV-1 biology.

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Schmidt, Tracy E. "HIV-1 and the Nucleolus: A Role for Nucleophosmin/NPM1 in Viral Replication: A Dissertation". eScholarship@UMMS, 2008. http://escholarship.umassmed.edu/gsbs_diss/690.

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The nucleolus is a plurifunctional organelle with dynamic protein exchange involved in diverse aspects of cell biology. Additionally, the nucleolus has been shown to have a role in the replication of numerous viruses, which includes HIV-1. Several groups have reported HIV-1 vRNA localization within the nucleolus. Moreover, it has been demonstrated the HIV-1 Rev protein localizes to the nucleolus and interacts with nucleolar proteins, including NPM1. Despite evidence for a nucleolar involvement during replication, a functional link has not been demonstrated. I investigated whether introncontaining vRNAs have a Rev-mediated nucleolar localization step prior to export. Furthermore, I examined whether NPM1 mediates Rev nucleolar localization, participates in Rev function, and/or post-transcriptional events during viral replication. I used coupled RNA fluorescence in situhybridization and indirect immunofluorescence to visualize intron-containing vRNA relative to the nucleolus in the absence or presence of Rev expression. An RNAi-based approach was used to examine the role of NPM1 in Rev function and viral replication in cell lines and primary human macrophages. My research findings support a model for a Rev-independent nucleolar localization step of introncontaining vRNA prior to export. Intriguingly, my results also suggest NPM1 does not participate in Rev nucleolar localization or Rev-mediated vRNA export, as previously proposed. Rather, my findings support a novel role for NPM1, the cytoplasmic localization and utilization of a select class of Rev-dependent vRNAs. Collectively, my findings provide novel insight for a functional role of the nucleolus and NPM1 in HIV-1 replication, which enhances our current understanding of HIV-1 biology.

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Lopez, Camacho Cesar. "A new role for Filamin A as a regulator of Runx2 function". Thesis, University of Manchester, 2011. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/a-new-role-for-filamin-a-as-a-regulator-of-runx2-function(88321064-5c82-4f2b-a755-911ed3b42b2e).html.

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Filamin A is a well-characterised cytoskeletal protein which regulates cell shape and migration by cross-linking with actin. Filamin A mutations cause a number of human developmental disorders, many of which exhibit skeletal dysplasia. However, the molecular mechanisms by which Filamin A affects skeletal development are unknown. The transcription factor Runx2 is a master regulator of osteoblast and chondrocyte differentiation. Data presented in this thesis show that Filamin A forms a complex with Runx2 in osteoblastic cell lines. Moreover, it is demonstrated that Filamin A is present in the nucleus in several cell lines, including those of osteoblastic origin. The data presented show that the Filamin A/Runx2 complex suppresses the expression of the gene encoding the matrix-degrading enzyme, matrix metalloproteinase-13 (MMP-13), which is an important osteoblastic differentiation marker. ChIP assays were employed to demonstrate that endogenously expressed Filamin A associates with the promoter of the MMP-13 gene. In addition, Filamin A is not only located in the nucleus but also in the nucleolus, an important nuclear compartment involved in ribosomal RNA (rRNA) transcription. Ribosomal DNA promoter-driven reporter assays, Filamin A-knockdown experiments and exogenous Filamin A transfections demonstrated that Filamin A and Runx2 can repress ribosomal gene expression activity. Importantly, Filamin A is recruited to the human ribosomal DNA promoter, suggesting its direct involvement in the regulation of rRNA transcription. These findings reveal a novel role of Filamin A in the direct regulation of ribosomal gene expression. Finally, by using microarray technology, changes in gene expression were identified when Filamin A was downregulated. Some of the differentially expressed genes were known orchestrators of bone development. The data presented in this thesis strengthen the link between Filamin A and bone development and provide a molecular rationale for how Filamin A, acting as a regulator of gene expression, might influence osteoblastic differentiation.

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26

Busin, Carmen Silvia. "Estudo citogenetico de especies dos generos Pseudis e Lysapsus (Anura, Hylidae, Hylinae)". [s.n.], 2005. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/317977.

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Orientador: Shirlei Maria Recco-Pimentel
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia
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Resumo: A posição taxonômica, as relações filogenéticas, a sinonimização de espécies consideradas distintas, a existência de subespécies e as propostas de agrupamentos intragenéricos dos gêneros Pseudis e Lysapsus sempre foram bastante discutidas entre os herpetólogos. Os gêneros Pseudis e Lysapsus já foram considerados membros da família Pseudidae e também da subfamília de Hylidae. Recentemente, foram alocados na subfamília Hylinae como gêneros distintos. Pseudis paradoxa, P. minuta e Lysapsus limellus, já analisados citogeneticamente por outros autores, apresentam 2n=24 cromossomos e Pseudis sp. (aff. minuta), hoje confirmada citogeneticamente como a recentemente descrita P. cardosoi, apresenta 2n=28 cromossomos, com quatro pares adicionais de cromossomos telocêntricos. No presente trabalho foram analisadas, através de coloração convencional dos cromossomos, padrão de distribuição de heterocromatina, número e localização das regiões organizadoras de nucléolo (NOR), espécies do gênero Pseudis e do gênero Lysapsus, exceto L. laevis, com o objetivo de contribuir com caracteres citogenéticos para a sistemática e para os estudos de filogenia dos dois gêneros, além de buscar evidências para a compreensão dos processos envolvidos na evolução cromossômica nesses grupos. As análises citogenéticas revelaram que o complemento 2n=24 cromossomos é a condição plesiomórfica tanto no gênero Pseudis quanto no gênero Lysapsus e corroboraram a hipótese de que o cariótipo 2n=28 cromossomos tenha uma origem comum ao cariótipo 2n=24 de P. minuta, pois as bandas heterocromáticas marcadoras dos dois cariótipos não foram detectadas em nenhuma das espécies analisadas no presente trabalho. As análises da morfologia cromossômica e do padrão de distribuição de heterocromatina permitiram a separação inter- e intragenérica nos dois gêneros, exceção feita entre as subespécies Pseudis paradoxa paradoxa e P. p. platensis que apresentaram os dados citogenéticos comuns. As diferenças detectadas no padrão de distribuição de heterocromatina além de permitir a separação das espécies de Lysapsus e de Pseudis permitiu, também, sugerir uma reavaliação do status taxonômico das subespécies L. limellus limellus e L. ,. bolivianus, especialmente da população de L. I. bolivianus de Guajará-Mirim, que apresentaram diferenças na morfologia e padrão de bandamento dos cromossomos 7 e 8, também em relação às outras populações da mesma subespécie. A presença da região organizadora de nucléolo (NOR) nos braços longos dos cromossomos do par 7 é o caráter plesiomórfico tanto no gênero Pseudis como no gênero Lysapsus e a posição que a mesma ocupa ao longo do braço é um dado citogenético importante na separação das espécies de Pseudis. A morfometria cromossômica, padrão de bandamento e posição da NOR nos cromossomos 7 permitiram também verificar a presença de cromossomos sexuais heteromórficos no sistema ZZIZW em P. tocantins, com evidências de que mecanismos de inversão e de ganho de heterocromatina tenham ocasionado a diferenciação dos cromossomos Z e W
Abstract: The taxonomic position, phylogenetic relationships, synonymization of species considered to be distinct, existence of subspecies, and the proposals of intrageneric groups of the genera Pseudis and Lysapsus have always been a matter of discussion among herpetologists. The genera Pseudis and Lysapsus have already been included in the family Pseudidae and also in the subfamily Hylidae. Recently, these two genera have been allocated to the subfamily Hylinae as distinct genera. Pseudis paradoxa, P. minuta and Lysapsus limellus, cytogenetically analyzed by other investigators, show a chromosome number of 2n=24, and Pseudis sp. (aff. minuta), now cytogenetically confirmed as the recently described P. cardosoi, has 2n=28 chromosomes, including four additional pairs of telocentric chromosomes. In the present study, we analyzed the pattem of heterochromatin distribution and the number and location of the nucleolar organizer region (NOR) by conventional chromosome staining in species of the genera Pseudis and Lysapsus, except for L. laevis, in order to add cytogenetic traits to the systematics and to the study of the phylogeny of the two genera, in addition to providing evidence for the understanding of the processes involved in the chromosome evolution of these groups. Cytogenetic analysis revealed that the complement of 2n=24 chromosomes is a plesiomorphic condition both in the genus Pseudis and in the genus Lysapsus, and confirmed the hypothesis that the origin of the 2n=28 karyotype is the same as that of the 2n=24 karyotype of P. minuta since the heterochromatic marker bands in the two karyotypes were not detected in any of the species analyzed in the present study. Analysis of the chromosome morphology and the pattem of heterochromatin distribution permitted the inter- and intrageneric separation of the two genera, except for the subspecies Pseudis paradoxa paradoxa and P. p. platensis which presented common cytogenetic data. In addition to permitting the separation of Lysapsus and Pseudis species, the differences detected in the pattem of heterochromatin distribution also suggested the reassessment of the taxonomic status of the subspecies L. limellus limellus and L. I. bolivianus, especially of the L. I. bolivianus population from Guajará-Mirim, which differed in the morphology and banding pattem of chromosomes 7 and 8 in relation to the other populations of the same subspecies. The presence of the NOR on the long arms of the chromosomes of pair 7 was a plesiomorphic trait both in the genus Pseudis and in the genus Lysapsus, and the position the NOR occupies on the long arm is an important cytogenetic characteristic for the separation of Pseudis species. Chromosome morphometry, banding pattern and NOR position on chromosomes 7 also permitted the detection of heteromorphic sex chromosomes in the ZZlZW system of P. tocantins, with evidence that mechanisms of inversion and heterochromatinization caused the differentiation of the Z and W chromosomes
Doutorado
Biologia Celular
Doutor em Biologia Celular e Estrutural

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Bardella, Vanessa Bellini. "Análise citogenética molecular em túbulos seminíferos de triatomíneos (Triatominae, Heteroptera) /". São José do Rio Preto : [s.n.], 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/92476.

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Orientador: Maria Tercília Vilela de Azeredo Oliveira
Banca: Hermione Elly Melara de Campos Bicudo
Banca: Patricia Pasquali Parise Maltempi
Resumo: Os heterópteros apresentam a meiose cística nos túbulos seminíferos. Esses possuem o cisto espermatogonial envolto pelas células císticas, as quais desenvolvem a função de nutrição das células em divisão celular. Quanto às características citogenéticas, esses insetos apresentam cromossomos holocinéticos, baixa variabilidade cariotípica e meiose invertida dos cromossomos sexuais. No presente trabalho foram caracterizadas as células císticas quanto a sua localização, ultraestrutura e citogenética e, também, foram analisados os aspectos citogenéticos de quatro espécies do gênero Triatoma. Foram utilizadas as técnicas de microscopia eletrônica de transmissão, citogenética convencional (orceína e AgNOR), bandamento C CMA3/DAPI e a técnica de hibridização in situ fluorescente (FISH), com sonda de DNAr 45S de Drosophila melanogaster. Os resultados indicaram que a célula cística envolve um cisto espermatogonial e apresenta um grande núcleo com invaginações citoplasmáticas. Em todas as espécies foram observados vários graus de ploidia da célula cística. Triatoma infestans e T. infestans melanosoma apresentaram vários blocos heterocromáticos com a periferia CMA3 + e o interior DAPI+. Associada às bordas dos blocos heterocromáticos foram observados os segmentos de DNAr 45S, além da presença de vários nucléolos em cada núcleo. Triatoma matogrossensis, T. rubrovaria e T. brasiliensis apresentaram apenas um bloco heterocromático com as mesmas características, com exceção de T. brasiliensis, que apresentou em algumas células vários blocos CMA3 + dispersos. Nessas espécies foi observado apenas um nucléolo com similaridade na localização dos sítios de DNAr. Quanto aos aspectos citogenéticos, todas as espécies apresentaram 2n = 20A + XY, com decréscimo do tamanho relativo dos cromossomos. Em T. infestans melanosoma os cromossomos foram... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: Heteroptera, or "true bugs", exhibit meiosis in their seminiferous tubules. They posses the spermatogonial cysts that are enclosed by cyst cells, which develop the nutritional function of the cells during cell division. In terms of cytogenetic characteristics, these insects possess holokinetic chromosomes, low karyotype variability, and inverted meiosis in the sex chromosomes. In this study, cyst cells from four species of the genus Triatoma were characterized by their location, superstructure, and cytogenetic makeup. Electronic transmission microscopy techniques were used, as well as conventional cytogenetic techniques (Orcein and AgNOR), C-banding with CMA3 and DAPI banding, and Fluorescence in situ Hybridization (FISH) with a 45S DNA probe of Drosophila melanogaster. The results indicated that the the spermatogonial cyst is enclosed by the cyst cell, and that the cyst cell possesses a large nucleus with cytopasmic invaginations. In all species studied, varying degrees of ploidy were observed in the cyst cells. Triatoma infestans and T. infestans melanosoma presented with various heterochromatic blocks, with CMA3 + at the periphery and DAPI+ at the interior. Segments of rDNA 45S were found along the edges of the heterochromatic blocks, along with the presence of various nucleoli in each nucleus. Triatoma matogrossensis, T. rubrovaria and T. brasiliensis presented with only one heterochromatic block with the same characteristics (with the exception of T. brasiliensis, which presented with various dispersed CMA3 + blocks). In these species, only one nucleolus that was similar to the localization of the rDNA sites was found. All species presented with 2n = 20A + XY, with a decrease in size relative to the chromosomes. In the case of T. infestans melanosoma, the chromosomes were split into groups based on their relative sizes. The heterochromatin of this species presented... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Mestre

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Todd, Matthew Andrew Melville. "Characterizing the Cellular Role of PHF6". Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/32337.

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Defective chromatin remodeling proteins are associated with both germline and acquired human disease. PHF6 is encoded by an X-linked gene that is predominantly expressed in the brain and thymus. Structurally, PHF6 contains nuclear and nucleolar localization sequences as well as two ZaP domains, which bind dsDNA. Germline mutations in PHF6 are the cause of BFLS, an XLID, while somatic PHF6 mutations have been identified in T-ALL, AML, and CML. Indeed, screening of a pediatric cohort of nine T-ALL patients revealed a novel H329Q mutation. In a further clinical analysis, T-ALL onset occurred in a 9-year old male BFLS patient with an R342X mutation, suggesting that BFLS might be a cancer predisposition syndrome. To better understand its protein function, recombinant PHF6 was co-immunoprecipitated for a mass spectrometry based proteomic screen. Notably, PHF6 co-purified with multiple constituents of the NuRD complex, an important transcriptional regulator during embryogenesis and lineage commitment with particularly well characterized responsibilities during lymphogenesis. PHF6-NuRD localization was restricted to the nucleoplasm, however PHF6 also co-purified with several ribosomal and splicing proteins. When examined further, PHF6 was found to be recruited to the nucleolus by an RNA-mediated interaction and co-localized within the subnucleolar FC and DFC compartments. ChIP-qPCR revealed that PHF6 binds to transcribed regions of rDNA, resulting in the repression of rRNA. These data thus present a model of PHF6 acting as a tumour suppressor by mediating both nucleoplasmic and nucleolar transcriptional events.

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Berger, Axel Bernhard. "Quantitative and functional analysis of chromosome dynamics : influence of the nucleolus on the regulation of gene expression". Paris 11, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA112226.

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Au sein du noyau des cellules eucaryotes, la chromatine, support de l’information génétique, n’est pas distribuée de façon aléatoire. Son organisation spatiale est étroitement liée aux métabolismes nucléaires, tels que la réplication de l’ADN, la réparation ou la transcription. J’ai étudié la protéine Hmo1, une protéine à boîte HMG de la levure. Grâce à un crible génétique, nous avons pu mettre en évidence que Hmo1 est connecté à l’ARN polymérase (Pol) I, aux gènes codant pour des protéines ribosomiques (RPG), ainsi que aux gènes impliqués dans la réponse aux stress. J’ai pu montrer que Hmo1 interagit physiquement avec la région transcrite de l’ADN ribosomique et avec des promoteurs de RPG. De plus, un mutant hmo1-delta perd la capacité de répression de la transcription des RPG après une inhibition de la voie TORC1. Ca indique que Hmo1 est impliquée dans la régulation de la transcription par la Pol I, ainsi que la régulation de l’expression des RPG par des voies de transduction du signal comme la voie TORC1. Hmo1 étant une protéine nucléolaire, nous avons émis l’hypothèse d’une transcription péri-nucléolaire des RPG chez la levure. Après analyse de plusieurs milliers de cellules, nous avons pu démontrer que, au sein d’une population cellulaire, les gènes sont confinés dans des sous-volumes nucléaires appelés ‘territoires géniques’. Ces derniers ne sont pas distribués de façon aléatoire, pour certains gènes au moins, peuvent être remodelés en fonction de l’activité transcriptionnelle. La localisation de gènes nécessaires à la biogenèse du ribosome, tels que les RPG, semble influencée par leur distance génétique au centromère
Chromatin is distributed non-randomly within the cell nucleus. Its spatial organization has been demonstrated to be important for nuclear metabolism such as, DNA replication, reparation or transcription. I studied the budding yeast HMG-box protein Hmo1. A screen demonstrated that this chromatin-associated protein is genetically linked to the RNA polymerase (Pol) I, to genes coding for ribosomal proteins (RPGs) as well as to genes implicated in stress response. I could show that Hmo1 physically interacts with the rRNA coding gene transcribed by Pol I and with a subset of RPG promoters. Global expression analyses showed a clear dependence on Hmo1 for the expression of a sub-set of RPGs. An hmo1 deletion strain is also largely alleviated in repressing RPG transcription after TOR complex 1 inhibition. These results suggested that Hmo1 is implicated in Pol I transcription as well as RPG regulation. Since Hmo1 is a bona fide nucleolar factor, we wanted to test if Pol II transcribed RPGs associated with Hmo1 are localized in the proximity of the nucleolus. We first developed a new method allowing determination of gene localization probabilities with very high accuracy and with respect to the nucleolus. We could demonstrate by analyzing thousands of cells, that genes are confined into sub-nuclear volumes. These ‘gene territories’ show a locus specific size and can be remodeled upon transcriptional activation. Applying this new method to Pol II transcribed genes required for ribosome biogenesis, such as the RPGs, indicates that the localization of the gene on the chromatin fiber has important implications for its three dimensional positioning

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Rai, Urvashi. "Spindle Assembly Checkpoint Stability Depends on Integrity of the Nucleolus and Septins in Saccharomyces cerevisiae". Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1491568383512984.

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Bruschi, Daniel Pacheco 1987. "Relações inter- e intraespecíficas no grupo de Phyllomedusa hypochondrialis (Anura, Hylidae) = estudo citogenético e de DNA mitocondrial". [s.n.], 2010. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/317992.

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Orientadores: Shirlei Maria Recco-Pimentel, Carmen Sílvia Busin
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia
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Resumo: A taxonomia e as relações de parentesco em Phyllomedusa são temas de constantes discussões. Hipóteses sobre os relacionamentos intra- e interespecíficos desse gênero decorrem basicamente de análises morfológicas e comportamentais, o que não têm sido suficiente para responder alguns dos questionamentos. O grupo de P. hypochondrialis, o maior dentro do gênero, apresenta dificuldades na sua delimitação e, até o momento, não foi observada nenhuma sinapomorfia que possa reunir as espécies atualmente alocadas no grupo, de maneira que outras ferramentas podem ser elucidativas para resolução dessa problemática. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo utilizar dados citogenéticos e de sequências de DNA mitocondrial para o estudo de algumas das espécies do grupo de P. hypochondrialis. Todos os espécimes apresentaram o número diplóide 2n=26 e morfologia dos cromossomos bastante conservada, o que permitiu a inferência de homeologias cromossômicas. Exceto nas populações de Phyllomedusa sp. (aff. azurea) que apresentam o par 7 submetacêntrico, os cariótipos das demais populações analisadas foram constituídos por seis pares metacêntricos (1, 4, 8, 11-13), seis submetacêntricos (2, 3, 5, 6, 9, 10) e um subtelocêntrico (par 7). A diferença detectada no par 7 pode ser atribuída à presença de uma NOR nos braços curtos dos cromossomos 7 submetacêntricos. Pequenas variações na morfologia de alguns pares cromossômicos, incluindo a localização da NOR, foram observadas em P. rohdei de Ilhéus/BA em relação à descrita por outros autores, corroborando a hipótese da provável existência de espécies crípticas sob esse nome. O cariótipo de P. nordestina se diferenciou dos demais principalmente pela grande quantidade de heterocromatina e pela posição da NOR em 9p. A análise de morfologia externa relativa aos dois caracteres indicados para diagnose e separação de P. hypochondrialis e P. azurea, aplicados a todos os espécimes de diferentes localidades brasileiras, mostrou variações intrapopulacionais não acompanhadas de variações citogenéticas e moleculares. Esses dados apontam a necessidade de uma re-avaliação desses caracteres de diagnose e separação para essas espécies. A análise conjunta de dados citogenéticos e moleculares das populações permitiu identificar a população de Belterra/PA como P. hypochondrialis, portadora de NOR intersticial em 8p. Dados moleculares sugerem que as populações de Uberlândia (Minas Gerais), de São Luís, Bacabeira e Urbano Santos (Maranhão) e de Porto Nacional (Tocantins) possivelmente correspondam a um mesmo táxon, P. azurea. Nesse caso, a NOR em 7p nas populações ao Norte (Maranhão e Tocantins) e em 4p ao sudeste (Minas Gerais) corresponderia a variação interpopulacional. Na análise filogenética molecular, os haplótipos de Chapada dos Guimarães + Santa Terezinha (Mato Grosso) formaram um clado e as populações de Laranjal do Jari (Amapá) e de Prainha (Pará) formaram cada uma um ramo independente. Os dados dessas quatro populações (portadoras de NOR pericentromérica em 8q) sugerem que uma revisão minuciosa deva ser realizada para auxiliar no esclarecimento de seus status taxonômicos.
Abstract: Taxonomy and phylogenetic relationships of Phyllomedusa have been subject of continuous discussions. Hypotheses about the intra- and interspecific relationships within this genus have basically arised from morphological and behavioral characteristics, which have not been enough to elucidate the problems as the assigning of species to the P. hypochondrialis group. So, other tools may help to solve this problem. This work aimed to contribute with cytogenetic analysis and mitochondrial DNA sequencing data to the understanding of intra- and interspecific relationships involving the species P. rohdei, P. nordestina, P. hypochondrialis and P. azurea of the P. hypochondrialis group. These species showed the same chromosome number, 2n=26, with a very similar morphology. All populations had karyotypes with six metacentric (1, 4, 8, 11-13), six submetacentric (2, 3, 5, 6, 9, 10) pairs and one subtelocentric pair (7). The populations of Phyllomedusa sp. (aff. azurea) from São Luis, Bacabeira, Urbano Santos (Maranhão state) and Porto Nacional (Tocantins state) had the pair 7 submetacentric. This morphological difference in pair 7 can be attributed to the Nucleolus Organizer Region (NOR) that is located only in the submetacentric pair 7. The karyotype of P. nordestina was distinguished from P. rohdei by the large amount of heterochromatin and by the position of the NOR in chromosome 9p, whereas in P. rohdei it is located in 9q. The karyotype of P. rohdei also differed from that described by other author, suggesting the existence of cryptic species. Brazilian populations of P. azurea, P. hypochondrialis and other populations related to those species were analyzed. Intrapopulational variations in characters of external morphology were not associated with cytogenetic and molecular variations, showing that it is necessary a reevaluation of the diagnosis and separation characters for those species. The combined analysis of molecular and cytogenetic data allowed classifying the population of Belterra/PA as P. hypochondrialis, with NOR in pair 8p. Molecular data suggested that populations from Uberlândia (Minas Gerais), São Luiz, Bacabeira e Urbano Santos (Maranhão) and Porto Nacional (Tocantins) probably correspond to the taxon P. azurea. By comparing the karyotype of specimens from North populations (Maranhão and Tocantins) and from Southeast populations (Minas Gerais) different NOR positions were observed and interpreted as an interpopulational variation. The genetic diversity observed among populations with pericentromeric NOR in 8q (Laranjal do Jari, Prainha and Chapada dos Guimarães + Santa Terezinha; three clades in the molecular phylogenetic analysis) suggests that these populations could be in incipient process of speciation.
Mestrado
Biologia Celular
Mestre em Biologia Celular e Estrutural

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32

Méndez, Vidal Cristina. "Molecular studies of WIG-1, A P53-induced zinc finger protein /". Stockholm, 2003. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2003/91-7349-732-0.

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Liu, Gin-Yun. "Analysis of the effects of Leptomycin B on Cells Exiting Mitosis". The Ohio State University, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1153488860.

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Mehta, Ishita Shailesh. "Chromosome territory position and active relocation in normal and Hutchinson-Gilford progeria fibroblasts". Thesis, Brunel University, 2009. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/4261.

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Radial chromosome positioning in interphase nuclei is non-random and can alter according to developmental, differentiation, proliferation or disease status. The aim of this thesis is to understand how chromosome re-positioning is elicited and to identify the nuclear structures that assist this re-localisation event. By positioning all human chromosomes in primary fibroblasts that have left the proliferative cell cycle, the study within this thesis has demonstrated that in cells made quiescent by reversible growth arrest, chromosome positioning is altered considerably. Upon removal of serum from the culture medium, chromosome re-positioning took less than 15 minutes, required energy and was inhibited by drugs affecting the polymerization of myosin and actin. The nuclear distribution of nuclear myosin 1β was dramatically different in quiescent cells as compared to proliferating cells. If the expression of nuclear myosin 1β was suppressed using interference RNA procedures the movement of chromosomes after 15 minutes in low serum was inhibited. When high serum was restored to the serum starved cultures chromosome repositioning was only evident after 24-36 hours that coincided with a return to a proliferating distribution of nuclear myosin 1β.

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Chen, Jingyu. "Nucleolar stress stimulates the NF-kappaB pathway : mechanism underlying the proapoptotic effects of aspirin". Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/28901.

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The nucleolus is a multifunctional organelle that, in addition to its primary role in ribosome biogenesis, has emerged as a critical stress sensor and coordinator of stress response. However, the molecular nature of how nucleoli sense stress and coordinate downstream cellular consequence remains poorly understood. NF-κB signalling is a critical regulator of stress response. Many cellular stresses that disrupt nucleolar function also stimulate the NF-κB pathway. However, the role of NF-κB as a downstream effector of nucleolar stress has not yet been examined. Aspirin, a known chemopreventative agent, stimulates the NF-κB pathway to mediate apoptosis but the upstream mechanisms are unclear. In this thesis, I identified a novel nucleolar stress response pathway that culminates in activation of NF-κB signalling, and demonstrated the significance of this nucleolar pathway in the anti-tumour effects of aspirin. Using multiple approaches, I made the novel observations that disruption of the Pol I complex activates the cytoplasmic NF-κB signalling pathway. I show that multiple stress stimuli of NF-κB pathway induce degradation of the crucial Pol I complex component, rDNA transcription initiation factor IA (TIF-IA). I identified the tumour suppressor, p14ARF and the Pol I complex component, upstream binding factor (UBF) as mediators of this degradation. I revealed that inhibition of CDK4 activity lies upstream of UBF/p14ARF-facilitated TIF-IA degradation. Furthermore, using different approaches I show that blocking aspirin/CDK4i-mediated degradation of TIF-IA blocks the effects of these agents on nucleolar morphology and NF-κB signalling. Finally, I show this nucleolar stress response pathway, containing a UBF/p14ARF/TIF-IA axis, is utilized by aspirin to kill colon cancer cells. Taken together, this data presented in this thesis advances understanding of nucleolar stress response, and has therapeutic implications with regard to the anti-tumour effects of aspirin.

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Colau, Geoffroy. "La triméthylguanosine synthase (TGS1): implication dans la morphogenèse nucléolaire et caractérisation de son environnement physique et fonctionnel". Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210721.

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La TriméthylGuanosine Synthase 1 de levure (Tgs1) à été identifiée à la suite d’un criblage double hybride en utilisant l’extrémité basique carboxy-terminale de la protéine SmB, cœur des snRNP, comme appât. Il a été également montré que Tgs1 interagit spécifiquement avec le domaine carboxyl-terminal basique KKD/E des protéines Nop58p et Cbf5p, deux composants protéiques du coeur des snoRNP. Le gène TGS1 n’est pas essentiel mais sa délétion confère un phénotype de cryo-sensibilité associé à un léger défaut d’épissage à basse température, associé à la rétention de U1 dans le nucléole. La recherche de substrats pour cette protéine a montré que Tgs1p est capable de méthyler la coiffe monométhylée des snARN et des snoARN transcrits par l’ARN polymérase II. La grande majorité des snoARN joue un rôle dans la sélection des sites de modifications de plusieurs classes d’ARN. Certains, par contre, sont impliqués dans la voie de synthèse des ribosomes, un processus comprenant de multiples étapes de clivages endo- et exoribonucléotidiques et ayant lieu dans le nucléole où les facteurs impliqués dans ces réactions se concentrent en plusieurs domaines distincts. Le point de départ de ce travail de thèse a été de tester un possible rôle de Tgs1p et/ou de la triméthylation dans la biosynthèse du ribosome.

Dans un premier temps, l’analyse du processing des ARN ribosomiques dans la souche délétée pour TGS1 nous a permis de mettre en évidence l’implication de Tgs1 dans la formation de l’ARNr de la petite sous-unité, l’ARNr 18S. Des mutants catalytiques de Tgs1, incapables de reconnaître et de modifier les coiffes m7G, ont été crées. L’analyse de la voie de biogenèse des ribosomes dans ces souches ne présente pas les défauts constatés dans la souche délétée, révélant que c’est la protéine et non sa fonction catalytique qui est requise. De plus, ces mutants sont autant défectueux dans l’épissage des ARN messagers, excluant toute implication du défaut d’épissage dans le ralentissement de la voie de biogenèse des ribosomes observé dans la souche délétée. L’ultrastructure des souches délétées pour TGS1 observée en microscopie électronique nous a permis de mettre en évidence un effet de l’absence de Tgs1 sur la morphologie nucléolaire. En effet, le nucléole dans ces souches ne présente plus de nucléole structuré, bi-compartimenté. Les analyses en microscopie à fluorescence ont confirmé la disparition de la ségrégation des deux compartiments nucléolaires, suggérant que le défaut dans la biogenèse des ribosomes puisse être une conséquence de la perte de cohérence du nucléole.

La caractérisation de l’environnement physique et fonctionnel de Tgs1 a été entreprise afin de mettre à jour des fonctions additionnelles de la protéine. Diverses approches ont été envisagées: la recherche de partenaires physiques par l’emploi d’un allèle de TGS1 étiquetté TAP permettant la purification puis l’analyse de partenaires physiques ainsi que la recherche de partenaires fonctionnels par la méthode du crible synthétique létal. La recherche de partenaires physiques a permis de révéler l’existence d’un grand nombre d’ARN non codants coprécipités avec Tgs1. Certains sont des substrats connus de la protéine mais un grand nombre d’ARN ne possédant pas de coiffes monométhylées. La recherche de partenaires fonctionnels a permis la découverte de candidats synthétiques létaux appartenant à deux groupes, un groupe lié à l’épissage des ARN messagers et un autre groupe constitué de membres du complexe SWR1, complexe impliqué dans la régulation transcriptionnelle par modification de la chromatine. Lors de ce crible de candidats synthétiques létaux, il est apparu que la délétion de TGS1 restaure partiellement le défaut de croissance à chaud induit par la délétion du gène RRP47, dont le produit est impliqué dans la maturation de l’extrémité 3’ de plusieurs types d’ARN non codants. Les travaux préliminaires effectués ne permettent pas encore d’expliquer un tel phénotype.

Au cours de ce travail de thèse, nous avons pu répondre à un certain nombre de questions sur la fonction et le rôle de Tgs1 dans la cellule. La fonction catalytique de Tgs1 dans la méthylation des coiffes m7G est clairement nécessaire à l’efficacité de l’épissage des ARN messagers mais le rôle de la triméthylation de la coiffe des snoARN n’est pas élucidé à ce jour. Le fait que la fonction catalytique de Tgs1 n’est pas impliquée dans le défaut dans la biogenèse des ribosomes et la découverte du rôle de la protéine dans la morphologie nucléolaire, laisse entrevoir l’existence de fonctions additionnelles de Tgs1 dans la cellule. La caractérisation de son environnement physique et fonctionnel abonde justement dans ce sens, mettant à jour plusieurs interactions probablement liées à sa fonction catalytique, notamment dans l’épissage des ARN messagers mais également un grand nombre d’interactions impliquant la participation de Tgs1 dans d’autres voies métaboliques.

Doctorat en Sciences
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

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Pinheiro, Stefania Morisco Tasca. "Corpúsculos de Cajal e nucléolos em células normais e tumorais em cultura e sua associação com proliferação celular e alterações destas estruturas nucleares após o uso de inibidores de síntese de RNA". Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/42/42134/tde-15062009-163448/.

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O núcleo é uma estrutura organizada e possui verdadeiras organelas nucleares. Entre elas, estão os nucléolos e os corpúsculos de Cajal (CBs). Estes compartimentos nucleares são estruturas dinâmicas, mantidos pela associação de macromoléculas envolvidas na expressão gênica que interagem entre si delimitando-as. A principal proteína encontrada nos CBs é a p-80-coilin e, portanto, o principal epítopo capaz de marcar essas estruturas. Suas funções específicas ainda tem sido alvo de estudo. Existe uma proteína em comum a ambas as estruturas, a fibrilarina que participa no processamento de rRNA. Estes corpúsculos já foram descritos na periferia dos nucléolos ou mesmo fisicamente ligados a ele. Acredita-se que os corpúsculos de Cajal participem da síntese de rRNA, maturação, transporte e associação das subunidades ribossômicas.Diante esta relação, este trabalho visa estudar a inter-relação entre estas estruturas em células normais e as respectivas linhagens de células tumorais em cultura antes e após tratamentos com actinomicina D. Esta droga se usada em baixas concentrações, bloqueia a transcrição dos genes que foram decodificados pela RNA polimerase I e II, e -amanitin, por sua vez bloqueia a transcrição de genes decodificado pela RNA polimerase II . Além disso, também visa investigar uma relação entre a proliferação das linhagens estudadas e freqüência dos corpúsculos de Cajal nas células controle e tratadas. O microscópio confocal de varredura a laser permitiu o estudo dessas estruturas em preparações imunofluorescência fornecendo uma análise tridimensional destas estruturas quando utilizados anticorpos específicos. Linhagens de células que apresentaram um crescimento mais lento foram aquelas que tinham uma maior freqüência de corpúsculos por núcleo. Por outro lado, aquelas que apresentaram um crescimento mais intenso, foram aquelas que apresentaram maior variação no número de corpúsculos por núcleo. Após o tratamento com inibidores de síntese de RNA, tanto os corpúsculos de Cajal quanto os nucléolos, apresentaram alterações morfológicas, às vezes apresentando um grande acúmulo na região dos corpúsculos ou desorganizando os nucléolos. Mudanças no tamanho e forma também puderam ser destacadas.
The nucleus is a structure that has sub-compartments which can be called nuclear organelles. Among them, may be cited the nucleoli and the Cajal bodies (CBs). These nuclear compartments are dynamic structures, maintained by association and stock of macromolecules involved in gene expression. The main protein found in the CB is a p-80-coilin and therefore the main epitope able to label these structures. Their functions are still to be clarified. There is a protein in common to the nucleolus and Cajal bodies, the fibrillarin that takes part in the processing of rRNA. The CBs can be found at the periphery of the nucleoli or even physically connected to them. It is believed that the CBs may have role in the synthesis of rRNA and maturation, transport and association of ribosome subunits. In view of this relationship between Cajal bodies and nucleoli, this work aims to study the interrelationship between these structures in normal cells and their respective tumor cell line in culture before and after treatments with actinomycin D, which in low concentrations, blocks the transcription of genes that were decoded by the RNA polymerase I and II and -amanitin, which is responsible for blocking the transcription of genes decoded by the RNA polymerase II and find out a relationship between cell proliferation and Cajal bodies frequencies in control and treated cells. The confocal microscope of laser scanning enabled the study of these structures in preparations immunofluorescent providing a three-dimensional analysis of these structures when used specific antibodies before and after treatment. Cell lines that shown low cell grow, appears to have lass CB/ nucleus in the other hand, cell lines that have fastest grow shown nuclei with more Cajal bodies frequencies and more variation in the number of Cajal/nucleus After treatment with inhibitors, both Cajal bodies as nucleoli, made quite clear morphological changes, sometimes giving large accumulation of proteins in organelles and sometimes appeared disorganized in the nucleoplasm. Changes in the size and shape were also highlighted. The tumor cell lines also showed changes compared to their normal cell type.

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Cong, Rong. "Functional analysis of nucleolin-chromatin interaction in vivo". Thesis, Lyon, École normale supérieure, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011ENSL0636.

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La nucléoline, une des protéines non-ribosomique les plus abondantes du nucléole, semble être impliquée dans de nombreux aspects du métabolisme de l'ADN en plus de son rôle dans la régulation de la transcription par l'ARN polymérase I, la maturation du pré-ARNr et l’assemblage des ribosomes. L'objectif de cette thèse est d'étudier l'interaction de la nucléoline avec la chromatine, et de déchiffrer la fonction de la nucléoline dans la régulation de l’expression génique. Il a été rapporté que la nucléoline est nécessaire pour la transcription des gènes codant pour l'ADN ribosomal in vivo, mais le mécanisme par lequel la nucléoline module la transcription d’ARN polymérase I (Pol I) est inconnue. Dans cette thèse, je montre que l’inhibition de l’expression de la nucléoline par siRNAconduit dans les gènes de l’ADNr à une augmentation de la marque hétérochromatine et une diminution des marques caractéristiques de l’euchromatine. La nucléoline est associée à des gènes ADNr non méthylés et ChIP-seq montrent un fort enrichissement de la nucléoline dans le promoteur et la région codante de l'ADNr. La nucléoline est capable d'interférer avec la liaison de TTF-1 sur le terminateur T0 proches du promoteur inhibant ainsi le recrutement du sous-unité NoRC TIP5 et HDAC1 et la création d'un état répressif hétérochromatine. Cette invasion de macroH2A1 dans le nucléole joue un rôle majeur dans l'inhibition de la transcription par la RNA Polymérase I en l'absence de la nucléoline. Ces résultats révèlent l'importance de la nucléoline pour le maintien de l'état euchromatien de l'ADNr et le rôle de macroH2A1 dans la régulation de la transcription de l'ADNr
Besides the well-known role of the nucleolus in ribosome biogenesis, nucleoli play important roles in the regulation of many fundamental cellular processes, including cell cycle regulation, apoptosis, telomerase production, RNA processing and therefore it is not surprising that many nucleolar proteins appear to be multifunctional proteins. Nucleolin, one of the most abundant non-ribosomal proteins of the nucleolus, has been the focus of many studies since it was first described 35 years ago. It seems to be involved in many aspects of DNA metabolism, chromatin regulation and appeared to be a good pharmacological target for drug development in addition to its role in RNA polymerase I transcription and pre-ribosomal processing and assembly in pre-ribosomes. In eukaryotic cells, DNA is packed into nucleosomes to form chromatin in the nucleus. The cells develop a variety of strategies to overcome the nucleosomal barriers. These strategies include DNA methylation, histone post-translational modifications, incorporation of histone variants and ATP dependent chromatin remodeling. The aim of this thesis is to study the interaction of nucleolin with chromatin, and to decipher the mechanism of nucleolin in gene regulation. It was reported that nucleolin possesses a histone chaperone activity, helps the transcription through nucleosomes, and it is required for ribosomal DNA gene (rDNA) transcription in vivo, but the mechanism by which nucleolin modulates RNA polymerase I (Pol I) transcription is unknown. In the thesis it is shown that nucleolin knockdown results in an increase of the heterochromatin mark H3K9me2 and a decrease of H4K12Ac and H3K4me3 euchromatin histone marks in rDNA genes. Nucleolin is associated with unmethylated rDNA genes and ChIP-seq experiments identified a strong enrichment of nucleolin in the promoter and coding regions of rDNA. Nucleolin is able to interfere with the binding of TTF-1 on the promoter-proximal terminator T0 thus inhibiting the recruitment of the nucleolar remodeling complex (NoRC) subunit TIP5 and HDAC1 and the establishment of a repressive heterochromatin state. In addition, in absence of nucleolin or after inhibition of Pol I by actinomycin D, a strong relocalization of the histone variant macroH2A1 to the nucleolus and on the rDNA genes was observed. This invasion of macroH2A1 in the nucleolus plays a major role in the inhibition of Pol I transcription in absence of nucleolin, as knockdown of macroH2A1 eliminates the repressive effect of nucleolin depletion. These results reveal the importance of nucleolin for the maintenance of the euchromatin state of rDNA required for an efficient production of ribosomal RNAs and the role of macroH2A1 in rDNA transcription

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Dillinger, Stefan [Verfasser], i Attila [Akademischer Betreuer] Németh. "Characterization of nucleolus-associated chromatin domains during cellular aging and upon genetic inactivation of the Upstream Binding Factor protein / Stefan Dillinger. Betreuer: Attila Németh". Regensburg : Universitätsbibliothek Regensburg, 2016. http://d-nb.info/109675164X/34.

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Silva, Natalia de Sousa Teixeira e. "Dinâmica nucleolar e a herança epigenética dos genes ribossomais". Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11137/tde-11082014-174129/.

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O nucléolo é uma organela subnuclear formada pela atividade transcricional dos genes ribossomais 18S-5.8S-26S (rDNA 45S) e consequente biogênese dos ribossomos. A atividade destes genes resulta na região organizadora do nucléolo (NOR), na forma de uma constrição secundária em cromossomos metafásicos. As constrições secundárias se condensam progressivamente durante a mitose e se descondensam ao final da telófase quando a reestruturação do nucléolo se inicia. Genomas que apresentam mais de um locus de rDNA 45S deve apresentar, obrigatoriamente, pelo menos um par de NORs, enquanto os demais loci poderão ou não serem expressos. O controle da expressão dos genes ribossomais e a formação da cromatina nucleolar são modulados por eventos epigenéticos. Embora alguns pontos sobre o funcionamento dos genes ribossomais e a formação do nucléolo estejam bem estabelecidos, questões como o padrão de condensação da cromatina nucleolar durante a mitose, o padrão de funcionamento de sítios adicionais de genes ribossomais, o papel das modificações epigenéticas na dinâmica da cromatina nucleolar e na expressão do rDNA 45S e o mecanismo de herança dos genes ativos, permanecem abertas. A espécie Crotalaria juncea (Leguminosae-Papilionoideae), com 2n=2x=16 cromossomos, que possui um locus de rDNA 45S no braço curto do cromossomo 1, que sempre forma constrição secundária, e um sítio adicional com atividade facultativa no braço curto do cromossomo 4, é um excelente modelo para o estudo destas questões. No contexto apresentado, foram estudadas a dinâmica de condensação das NORs durante o ciclo celular e sua correlação com a atividade dos genes ribossomais, incluindo o locus adicional, e ainda o papel da metilação da citosina do DNA durante estes processos. Os resultados demonstram que a cromatina da região organizadora do nucléolo segrega em um estado descondensado durante a mitose, na forma de constrição secundária, ou seja, tal estrutura não se condensa durante a metáfase e não volta a se distender no início da telófase. Aparentemente, o que causa correlações equivocadas entre a atividade nucleolar e a observação morfológica da constrição secundária na metáfase é a contração forçada da cromatina da NOR causada por agentes antimitogênicos. Este modelo de segregação em um estado aberto pode ser explicado pela descrição de diversas proteínas que permanecem diretamente ligadas ou indiretamente associadas à região da NOR durante a mitose, funcionando como uma barreira física para a compactação. Ambos os sítios, principais e adicionais, do rDNA 45S presentes em Crotalaria juncea apresentam atividade transcricional, embora o locus do cromossomo 4 mostre atividade facultativa. Ao contrário do que foi anteriormente proposto, uma vez ativo, o locus adicional permanece descondensado durante todo o ciclo mitótico, seguindo o mesmo comportamento dos sítios principais. As constrições secundárias e a cromatina nucleolar são hipermetiladas em nível citológico, independentemente de sua atividade. A aparente hipometilação observada no rDNA 45S em cromossomos mitóticos e núcleos interfásicos se deve ao menor grau de compactação da região organizadora do nucléolo e, consequentemente, à baixa densidade de cromatina.
The nucleolus is a subnuclear organelle formed as a result of transcriptional activity of ribosomal RNA genes 18S-5.8S-26S (45S rDNA) and subsequent ribosome biogenesis. This activity forms the nucleolar organizing region (NOR) as a secondary constriction in metaphase chromosomes. The secondary constrictions progressively condense during mitosis and decondense at the end of telophase, when nucleoli start to reassemble. Genomes presenting more than one 45S rDNA locus must have at least one pair of NOR bearing chromosomes, while other loci may be expressed or not. Ribosomal gene expression and nucleolar chromatin assembly are modulated by specific epigenetic events. Although some topics related to rDNA gene activity and nucleolus formation are well understood, questions such as the behavior of nucleolar chromatin condensation during mitosis, standard functions associated with rDNA additional sites, role of epigenetic modifications in nucleolar chromatin and 45S rDNA expression processes, and inheritance mechanism of active genes, remain to be solved. Crotalaria juncea (Leguminosae - Papilionoideae) has 2n=2x=16 chromosomes and carries a 45S rDNA locus at the short arm of chromosome 1, always presenting a secondary constriction, and an additional site with facultative activity at the short arm of chromosome 4, being an excellent model to resolve these questions. Thus, this study aimed to study NOR condensation dynamics during the cell cycle and its correlation with ribosomal gene activity, including the additional locus, while analyzing the role of rDNA cytosine methylation during this process. The results show that NOR chromatin segregate in a decondensed way throughout mitosis, as a secondary constriction. In other words, this structure does not condense during metaphase and the NOR is not reassembled at the beginning of telophase. Misinterpretations relating nucleolar activity with morphological observations of secondary constrictions, appear to be induced by the artificial contraction of NOR chromatin caused by antimitotic drugs. This segregation model in an open state may be supported by strong diversity of proteins that are maintained attached to NORs during mitosis, serving as a physic barrier for condensation. Both principal and additional 45S rDNA sites of C. juncea are transcriptionally active, although the additional locus in chromosome 4 presented facultative activity depending upon ribosomal request. Unlike what was previously proposed, once the additional site is activated, it remains in an open configuration throughout the cell cycle, similarly to principal site behavior. Secondary constrictions and nucleolar chromatin are hypermethylated at cytological level, regardless of their activity. The seeming hipomethylated state of 45S rDNA in interphase nucleus and mitotic chromosomes is due to a lower compaction level of nucleolar organizing regions and subsequent low chromatin density.

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Gueiderikh, Anna. "Liens entre dommages de l’ADN et stress nucléolaire dans les insuffisances médullaires héréditaires : le cas de l’anémie de Fanconi". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLS413.

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Les insuffisances médullaires héréditaires (IMH) réunissent quatre syndromes principaux : le syndrome de Shwachman-Diamond, la Dyskératose Congénitale, l’anémie de Diamond Blackfan et l'anémie de Fanconi (FA) qui est le syndrome le plus fréquent. Alors que l'étiologie des autres IMH est reliée à des défauts de biogenèse des ribosomes ou d'homéostasie du nucléole, l'étiologie de la FA est considérée comme reposant principalement sur des défauts de réparation de l'ADN.La FA est un syndrome autosomique récessif rare qui inclut des défauts de développement, une prédisposition au cancer et des défauts hématologiques progressifs. Les patients présentent une pancytopénie précoce associée à une myélodysplasie qui les prédispose à la leucémie myéloïde aiguë. La sensibilité cellulaire aux agents pontants de l'ADN est la principale caractéristique qui distingue ce syndrome des autres IMH. La maladie est causée par des mutations homozygotes de la voie FANC-BRCA, qui réunit plus de vingt protéines nécessaires pour la réparation des pontages interbrins de l'ADN ainsi que pour la gestion du stress réplicatif et des conflits entre transcription et réplication. Parmi ces protéines, FANCA est retrouvée mutée chez 60% des patients atteints de FA.Dans ce travail, nous avons cherché à investiguer si la voie FANC ou la protéine FANCA étaient impliquées dans le fonctionnement du nucléole ou dans la biogenèse des ribosomes.Nous avons observé que les cellules déficientes en protéine FANCA ont une homéostasie nucléolaire altérée ainsi qu'une synthèse et une maturation des ARNr ralenties. Ces caractéristiques sont indépendantes de la signalisation des dommages de l'ADN mais sont à mettre en lien avec la présence de conflits entre la transcription et la réplication dans le nucléole. Nous avons montré que la déstructuration du nucléole mène à la stabilisation de la protéine p21 par la protéine nucléolaire NPM1. Egalement, nous avons montré que les ribosomes des cellules déficientes en protéine FANCA présentent un déséquilibre de Facteurs Eucaryotes d'Initiation de la traduction (EIFs) et de certaines isoformes de protéines ribosomales, telle que l'augmentation de la protéine RPL22L1, entrainant une baisse de la traduction.En conclusion, ce travail montre que le stress nucléolaire est impliqué dans l'étiologie de la FA, ce qui relie la FA aux autres IMH. Cette observation incite à étudier les relations entre la réponse aux dommages de l'ADN et le stress nucléolaire dans l'apparition de l'insuffisance médullaire
Inherited bone marrow failure syndromes (iBMFs) group four main syndromes: Shwachman-Diamond syndrome, Dyskeratosis Congenita, Diamond Blackfan anemia and Fanconi anemia (FA), which is the most frequent one. Whereas the pathogenesis of the other iBMFs is linked to ribosomal biogenesis and nucleolar abnormalities, the pathogenesis of FA is considered to be mainly due to misrepaired DNA damage.The FA syndrome is a rare autosomic recessive disorder, which includes developmental defects, cancer predisposition and evolutive haematological alterations. The patients present an early pancytopenia associated with a progressive myelodysplasia that eventually predisposes them to acute myeloid leukemia. Cellular hypersensitivity to crosslinking agents is the main difference between this syndrome and other iBMFs. The pathology is due to homozygous mutations in the FANC-BRCA pathway, that groups more than twenty proteins necessary for interstrand crosslinks (ICls) repair, replication stress response and managing of conflicts between replication and transcription. Among them, the FANCA protein is mutated in 60% of the FA patients.In this work, we asked whether the FANC pathway or the FANCA protein might be involved in the nucleolar homeostasy or in ribosomal biogenesis.We observed that FANCA defective cells have an altered nucleolar homeostasy and a slowed ribosomal rRNA synthesis and processing, independently from DNA damage signalling but related to conflicts between replication and transcription in the nucleolus. We show that the destructuration of the nucleolus can lead to p21 stabilisation by the nucleolar protein NPM1. Also, we show that ribosomes in FANCA deficient cells present a misbalance of Eukaryotic translation Initiation Factors (EIFs), and of some ribosomal proteins isoforms, such as the increase of RPL22L1, leading to a translation slowdown.In conclusion, this study shows that nucleolar stress is involved in FA pathogenesis, which links FA to other iBMFs. This paves the way for the investigation of interplays between DNA damage and nucleolar stress in bone marrow failure onset

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42

Akudugu, John Mbabuni. "Examination of irradiated neuroblastoma and neuroepithelial cell lines for the interrelationship between cell survival, micronucleation, apoptosis and DNA repair". Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/51755.

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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Stellenbosch University, 2000.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Predictive assays are of key importance in clinical radiotherapy, chemotherapy and toxicology. Prior to exposing malignant tissues to irradiation or drugs in the clinic, a good understanding of the damage response to the cytotoxic agent is required. Such information is necessary for effective planning and treatment. Regrettably however the methods which detect DNA damage, namely micronucleus, apoptosis and DNA repair assays do not rank cells according to their intrinsic survival response to cytotoxic agents. The application of predictive assays based on micronuclei and apoptosis in the clinic therefore remains unreliable. Using a panel of 7 neuroblastoma and 6 neuroepithelial cell lines, it is shown that damage assays also do not rank cell lines according to cell survival. However, radiosensitivity can be reconstructed from micronuclei formation and apoptosis, and a new parameter, cell death due to small deletions, chromosome aberrations and misrepair. The interrelationships between radiation-induced micronuclei, apoptosis and repair is complex and varies between cell lines. Micronuclei formation and apoptosis are exponentially interrelated. This suggests that these cell inactivation pathways are strongly correlated. Evidence exists to show that the expression of apoptosis and micronuclei is influenced by the extent of DNA double-strand break repair within the first 2 hours after irradiation. Cell lines which repair more damage in the first 2 hours express more micronuclei and less apoptosis. Micronuclei formation and apoptosis and are not significantly correlated with the 20 hours slow repair component. There is however a strong correlation between 20 hours of repair and radiosensitivity, with the more radioresistant cell lines being more repair proficient. This suggests that the 2 hours (fast) DNA repair component is more error prone, and that cells lines repairing more damage late after irradiation tend to show better survival. In conclusion, micronuclei formation, apoptosis and DNA repair are strictly cell type specific and are not suitable for predicting radiosensitivity in terms of cell survival. However, these assays are very useful for studies on the influences of dose modifying agents i.e. oxygen tension, radiation modality, pH, cytotoxic sensitisers and radiation protectors which alter cellular responses and provide insight into damage mechanisms.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Toetse wat kliniese gevolge kan voorspel is van uiterse beking in stralingsterapie, chemoterapie en toksikologie. Voordat kwaadaardige weefsels aan bestraling of chemise middels blootgestel can word in die kliniek, moet daar 'n goeie begrip van die skade weerstand wees van die selgiftige middel. Hierdie inligting is noodsaaklik vir effektiewe beplanning en behandeling. Ongelukkig stem die metodes wat ONS skade, apoptose en ONS hersteltoetse, nie ooreen met die selle se inherente straling sensitiwiteit nie. Die aanwending van voorspelbare toetse gebaseer op mikrokerne en apoptose in die kliniek bly dus onbetroubaar. Deur gebruik te maak van 'n paneel van 13 neurologiese sellyne, is daar bewys dat ONS skade toetse nie sellyne rangskik volgens seloorlewing nie. Radiosensitiwiteit kan herbou word deur 'n neiging om mikrokerne te vorm, apoptose, en sel sterftes weens klein vermiste ONS volgordes, chromosoom aberrasies en verkeerd herstelde ONS. Die verhouding tussen straling-geïnduseerde mikrokerne, apoptose en selgenees is kompleks en varieer tussen sellyne. Die ontstaan van mikrokerne en apoptose is eksponensiel verbind. Dit dui aan dat hierdie seltraagheidsbane streng gekorreleer word. Daar is bewys dat die uitdrukking van apoptose en mikrokerne deur die mate van herstel van die ONS dubbelstring-breuke binne die eerste 2 ure na bestraling beïnvloed is. Daar is gevind dat sellyne wat meer skade herstel binne die eerste 2 ure meer mikrokerne en minder apoptose toon. Die ontstaan van mikrokerne en apoptose is nie betekenisvol gekorreleer met die 20-uur stadige herstel komponent nie. Daar is inderdaad 'n sterk korrelasie tussen die 20-uur herstel komponent en radiosensitiwiteit, en die meer radioweerstandbiedende sellyne net In hoër herstel bekwaamheid. Dit laat mens dink dat die 2 uur (vinnige) DNS herstel komponent meer geneig is om foutief te wees, en dat sellyne wat meer skade, laat na bestraling herstel, beter oorlewing toon. Ten slotte, die ontstaan van mikrokerne, apoptose en DNS herstel is strenggesproke seltipe spesifiek en is nie toepaslik om radiosensitiviteit, in terme van seloorlewing, te voorspel nie. Hierdie toetse is nuttig vir studies waar die invloed van dosismodifiseringsagente, soos suurstof-spanning, straling-tipe, pH, sitotoksieke sensiteerders en stralingsbeskermers, wat sellulêre gevoeligheid verander en insig gee tot skade meganismes.

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Albert, Benjamin. "Étude de l'organisation spatiale de la transcription des gènes d'ADN ribosomiques". Toulouse 3, 2011. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1630/.

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La production des ARN ribosomaux (ARNr) est une étape fondamentale dans la biogenèse des ribosomes et la croissance cellulaire. Elle représente près de 60% de l'activité transcriptionnelle. Cette activité a lieu au sein du nucléole qui est une structure dynamique variant de volume selon la croissance, et conservée dans le monde eucaryote. La production des ARNr et la formation du nucléole sont entièrement dépendantes de l'activité d'un unique complexe multiprotéique : l'ARN polymérase I (ARN pol I). Au cours de ma thèse nous avons étudié le fonctionnement de l'ARN pol I chez la levure de bière S. Cerevisiae à différents niveaux allant du rôle des sous unités composant ce complexe multiprotéiques, à sa matrice d'ADN jusqu'à l'influence des gènes d'ADNr dans l'organisation tridimensionnelle du génome. Concernant l'étude des sous-unités de l'ARN pol I, nous avons focalisé notre attention sur le rôle de deux protéines qui sont spécifiques de l'ARN Pol I, c'est à dire qui n'ont pas d'équivalent dans les autres ARN pol eucaryote. Il s'agit de Rpa34 et de Rpa49. Le travail de Beckouet et al. En 2007, auquel nous avons participé, a permis de montrer que ces protéines forment un hétérodimère essentiel pour le bon fonctionnement de l'ARN pol I. Par la suite, nos donnés nous ont permis de montrer l'existence de contacts entre les ARN pol I en cours de transcription qui seraient abolis en absence de ces deux sous unités spécifiques. Ces contacts seraient déterminants pour assurer le bon fonctionnement de l'ARN pol I au cours de l'élongation et l'intégrité du nucléole. D'autre part, pour améliorer notre compréhension de la transcription par l'ARN pol I, nous avons également étudié les gènes d'ADN ribosomiques constituant la matrice ADN de l'ARN pol I. Nous avons centré notre étude autour de la fonction d'une protéine HMG retrouvée sur ces régions. Ainsi, nous avons proposé que cette protéine Hmo1 serait un facteur d'élongation de l'ARN polymérase I conservé chez les eucaryotes qui permettrait de modifier la structure chromatinienne des gènes d'ADNr sous une forme favorable à la transcription. De plus, nous avons apporté de nouveaux éléments concernant la structure et la composition protéique des gènes d'ADNr qui ont été discutés dans une revue publiée au cours de cette thèse. Enfin, nous avons essayé de comprendre comment s'organise le chromosome qui contient ces régions les plus transcrites du génome, les gènes d'ADNr. Ainsi, nous avons étudié l'organisation du chromosome XII de levure S. Cerevisiae qui porte l'ensemble des répétitions des gènes d'ADNr. Pour comprendre et caractériser cette organisation, il a fallu prendre en compte la nature fondamentalement dynamique de l'architecture chromatinienne. En raison du caractère stochastique de ces mouvements, les paramètres appropriés à la description de la chromatine sont des grandeurs statistiques. Dans ce sens, grâce à des approches quantitatives d'analyse d'image, nous avons obtenu in vivo une carte de l'organisation spatiale du chromosome XII au sein du volume nucléaire. Ces donnés contribuent directement à la compréhension de l'organisation tri-dimensionnelle des génomes eucaryotes et renforcent l'idée que la physique des polymères est au centre des lois régissant cette organisation. Ce dernier point, a été spécifiquement détaillé dans une deuxième revue rédigée dans le cadre de cette thèse
Pol I is the most active and abundant RNA polymerase in eukaryotes. Its enormous transcriptional output can best be visualized using the DNA spread method previously developed by Miller et al. (1969), where the 35S rRNA genes (rDNA) adopt a "Christmas tree" conformation. Pol I activity is associated with the largest nuclear body, the nucleolus, where all earlier steps of ribosome biogenesis take place. In this work, we studied transcription by pol I at different level. At level of the organization of rDNA genes in the nuclear volume, and at molecular level, we studied both function of specific subunits of pol I and role of HMGB proteins on transcription of rDNA. In part, we studied spatial organization of chromosome XII which contains all rDNA genes. Focusing on chromosome XII, we could sample positions of loci distributed on chromosome arms, and extrapolate gene territories determination of the entire chromosome. We could show that the nucleolus is a major determinant of the organization of genome of S. Cerevisiae. Moreover, we have also speculated about spatial organization of rDNA gene in the nucleolus. We have also shown that the Rpa49 and Rpa34 Pol I subunits, which do not have counterparts in Pol II and Pol III complexes, are functionally conserved. Statistical analysis of Miller spreads in the absence of Rpa49 demonstrates a fourfold decrease in Pol I loading rate per gene and decreased contact between adjacent Pol I complexes. We have suggested that Rpa34 and Rpa49 Pol I-specific subunits are essential for nucleolar assembly and for the High polymerase loading rate associated with frequent contact between adjacent enzymes. Moreover, we shown that Pol I activation is achieved by a conserved Pol I transcription factor containing an HMG-B box motif, called HMG-P protein. We could identify three interchangeable HMG-P by heterospecific complementation assay in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Hmo1 in budding yeast, UBF1, the major regulator of rRNAs transcription in human and a newly characterize fission yeast Sp-Hmo1. We have proposed that stimulation is achieved by maintaining active genes competent for productive elongation

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Gouzil, Julie. "Etude du facteur de virulence NSs du virus Schmallenberg". Thesis, Paris Est, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PESC0079.

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Introduction : En 2011, un arbovirus émergent appelé virus Schmallenberg (SBV) et appartenant à la famille des Bunyaviridae a été identifié en Allemagne et s’est répandu en Europe. Le SBV infecte les ruminants domestiques et sauvages. Chez l’adulte, la virémie est transitoire et l’infection est souvent inapparente. En revanche, chez les femelles gestantes, le SBV peut franchir la barrière transplacentaire et infecter le fœtus, pouvant provoquer des avortements et des malformations du système nerveux central. Parmi les protéines virales synthétisées par le SBV, la protéine non-structurale NSs est un facteur de virulence majeur. Elle entraîne notamment la dégradation de sa sous-unité Rpb1 de l’ARN polymérase II pour inhiber la transcription cellulaire. Ce travail a pour but d’étudier les propriétés biochimiques et fonctionnelles de NSs et d’identifier les déterminants moléculaires régissant ses principales activités.Méthodes et résultats: L’analyse in silico de la séquence peptidique de NSs réalisée à l’aide d’algorithmes de prédiction a permis de designer plusieurs de mutants de délétion de la protéine. L’observation de la localisation cellulaire des mutants dans plusieurs modèles humains et ovins confirme la prédiction d’une distribution principalement nucléaire pour NSs. De façon intéressante, une séquence interne à la protéine (33-51) sert de motif d’adressage spécifique au niveau des nucléoles (NoLS) et nous avons pu démontrer la co-localisation de NSs avec plusieurs protéines nucléolaires. De plus, l’infection de cellules humaines et ovines par le SBV entraîne la translocation de protéines nucléolaires (B23 et fibrillarine) vers le nucléoplasme, témoignant d’un stress nucléolaire viro-induit. Pour évaluer l’impact de la localisation nucléolaire de NSs sur ce phénomène, un virus recombinant dont NSs a été délétée de son motif d’adressage nucléolaire (SBVΔNoLS) a été produit par génétique inverse. Le SBVΔNoLS n’induit plus de redistribution de B23 confirmant le rôle de NSs dans l’induction d’un stress nucléolaire au cours de l’infection. Ces résultats ont été confirmés dans des cellules souches neurales humaines, qui constituent un modèle pertinent par rapport aux lésions provoquées par le SBV dans le système nerveux.En parallèle de ce travail, nous avons recherché des partenaires cellulaires de NSs par la méthode du double-hybride en levures. Huit partenaires cellulaires de NSs ont été découverts, dont la chaîne légère de la dynéine de type 1 (Tctex-1) et la Major Vault Protein (MVP), qui sont toutes les deux impliquées dans le transport de protéines grâce à leur association aux microtubules. Une des hypothèses avancées est que ces protéines pourraient servir de cargos pour promouvoir le transport nucléo-cytoplasmique de NSs.Conclusions et perspectives : Ce travail de thèse a permis de démontrer que la protéine NSs du SBV est localisée principalement dans le noyau cellulaire et dans les nucléoles, grâce à une séquence d’adressage spécifique. L’infection virale induit un stress nucléolaire dépendant de NSs, qui a pu être reproduit dans un modèle de cellules souches neurales humaines. Les perturbations nucléolaires induites par NSs pourraient contribuer au blocage de la transcription cellulaire observé au cours de l’infection et, de manière subséquente, moduler la réponse antivirale de la cellule et/ou induire la mort cellulaire en lien avec la pathogenèse virale. Ainsi, ces perturbations des nucléoles pourraient être à l’origine d’une dégénérescence des neurones et des anomalies développementales observées chez les fœtus infectés. Au niveau moléculaire, nous souhaitons préciser l’implication de la protéine nucléolaire B23, relocalisée vers le nucléoplasme en cours d’infection, et/ou d’autres composants du nucléole dans l’initiation de ce processus. Enfin, l’hypothèse d’un transport rétrograde actif de NSs du cytoplasme vers le noyau médié par son interaction avec MVP ou Tctex1 est en cours d’investigation
Introduction: In 2011, an emerging arbovirus named Schmallenberg virus (SBV), and belonging to the Bunyaviridae family, was discovered in Germany. Then, SBV has rapidly spread to Europe infecting wild and domestic ruminants. Adult infection is basically mild and associated with a short viremia (2-5 days). However, in case of pregnant females’ infection, SBV has the ability to cross the placental barrier to infect the foetuses, which can lead to stillbirth and central nervous system developmental abnormalities (arthrogyposis, hydranencephaly). Among bunyavirus-encoded proteins, the non-structural protein NSs has been shown to be an important virulence factor. Indeed, it is able to degrade the Rpb1 subunit of RNA polymerase II, leading to the inhibition of cellular transcription. The work of my thesis aimed to study biochemical and functional properties of NSs and to identify the molecular patterns ruling its main activities.Methods and results: An in silico amino acids sequence analysis was used to predict some common features of NSs and to help the design of several NSs mutants. As predicted by several algorithms, NSs and its mutants are mainly localised to cell nucleus in different cell types (from human and ovine origin). Interestingly, we highlighted an internal sequence (residues 33 to 51) containing a nucleolar localisation signal (NoLS), and have shown that NSs co-localises with several nucleolar proteins. Moreover, infections of human and ovine cell lines with SBV lead to re-localisation of nucleolar proteins to nucleoplasm (B23 and fibrillarin), demonstrating a viral-induced nucleolar stress. To assess the role of the NSs nucleolar localisation in this phenomenon, a recombinant virus, with a mutated version of NSs devoid of its NolS motif (SBVΔNoLS), was constructed by reverse genetic. Infection with SBVΔNoLS does not induce nucleolar stress, suggesting that the nucleolar stress induced by SBV occurs only if NSs is addressed to the nucleolus. Moreover, these results have been confirmed in human neural stem cells, which coud be a more relevant cellular model to mimic SBV infection in foetuses.Another way to study NSs functions was to identify its cellular partners by means of a yeast-two hybrid screen and using NSs as bait. Eight putative interactors of NSs have been discovered, including the dynein light chain type 1 (Tctex-1) and the Major Vault protein (MVP). These proteins are involved in cellular protein transport, notably by their associations with the microtubules network. Thus, NSs might interact with Tctex-1 and MVP to favour its shuttling from cell cytoplasm to the nucleus.Conclusions and perspectives: Altogether, these data indicate that SBV-NSs protein is mainly localised into cell nucleus and nucleolus, by means of its internal NoLS contained in the 33-51 NSs domain. SBV infection induces a nucleolar stress, particularly in human neural stem cells. NSs-induced nucleolar disruption could promote NSs inhibitory function on cellular transcription, and subsequently modulate cellular antiviral state and/or induce cell death. Regarding the pathogenesis in SBV-infected foetuses, nucleolar stress could be responsible for neurons degeneration and subsequent developmental abnormalities. At molecular level, our aim is to define the role of nucleolar protein B23 on viral replication, which is strongly relocalised to the nucleoplasm during SBV infection. Finally, hypothesis of NSs retrograde transport from cell cytoplasm to nucleus and the possible contributions of MVP and/or Tctex-1 needs to be further investigate

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Fremerey, Julia [Verfasser], Arndt [Gutachter] Borkhardt i Holger [Gutachter] Schwender. "Nucleolin: a nucleolar rna-binding protein involved in ribosome biogenesis / Julia Fremerey ; Gutachter: Arndt Borkhardt, Holger Schwender". Düsseldorf : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek der Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1123197792/34.

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Osička, Ondřej. "Využití teorie her v odpadovém hospodářství". Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-254425.

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V této práci je vytvořen model rozhodovací situace v odpadovém hospodářství využívající metody teorie her. Model tvoří nekooperativní hra pro reprezentaci konfliktu zpracovatelů odpadu a kooperativní hra pro reprezentaci konfliktu producentů odpadu. Pro konflikt zpracovatelů odpadu je k nalezení strategií při volbě cen na bráně využit koncept Nashovy rovnováhy, takto nalezené stabilní strategie mohou sloužit jako předpověď budoucí situace. Pro zpřesnění množin strategií jsou určeny dolní a horní meze. Pro konflikt producentů odpadu se uvažuje spolupráce všech producentů a určuje se pro ni přerozdělení nákladů pomocí Shapleyho hodnoty a nucleolu. Pro konflikt více producentů jsou vyvinuty aproximační algoritmy pro Shapleyho hodnotu i nucleolus. Tyto algoritmy jsou založeny na předpokladu, že se vzdálení hráči vzájemně neovlivňují. Model je aplikován na situaci v České republice. Pro konflikt zpracovatelů odpadu je nalezen jeden bod Nashovy rovnováhy. Pro konflikt producentů odpadu jsou určeni někteří producenti s vysokým kooperativním potenciálem.

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Montacié, Charlotte. "Le protéasome et le fer : rôles et/ou régulations dans le nucléole d’Arabidopsis thaliana". Thesis, Perpignan, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PERP0002/document.

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Dans cette thèse, j’ai cherché à étudier l’impact du contenu et de la structure du nucléole sur les fonctions nucléolaires chez A. thaliana. Pour cela je me suis appuyée sur deux cas concrets : 1- J’ai réalisé le protéome du nucléole et caractérisé une de ces activités non-ribosomales / 2- J’ai étudié l’impact du fer nucléolaire dans la biogenèse des ribosomes.D’une part, le protéome nucléolaire d’A. thaliana m’a permis d’identifier des protéines nucléolaires dont les fonctions connues sont extra-ribosomales. Ainsi j’ai démontré que l’activité du protéasome 26S peut être régulée par le nucléole. Plus précisément l’activité du protéasome diminue lors d’une déstructuration du nucléole. De plus, j’ai constaté que le protéasome 26S, conjointement avec la protéine Nucléoline, pourrait avoir un rôle dans la transcription et/ou la maturation des ARNr.D’autre part, j’ai démontré que l’absence de fer nucléolaire (chez des plantes mutantes nas1,2,4) provoque une augmentation des structures nucléolaires propices à la transcription (les centres fibrillaires). Cette observation est corrélée à la transcription de l’ADNr du NOR2, normalement réprimé. Et, de manière inattendue, est liée avec l’hyperméthylation des promoteurs des ADNr en contexte CHH. Il se peut alors que le fer régule des facteurs impliqués dans les mécanismes épigénétiques responsables de la répression ou de l’activation des ADNr
The aim of this thesis work is to highlight the impact of both nucleolus content and structure on nucleolar functions in A. thaliana. For this I followed two approaches: 1- I performed nucleolus proteome and characterized one of its non-ribosomal activity / 2- I studied nucleolar iron impact on ribosomes biogenesis.Firstly, the A. thaliana nucleolar proteome allowed me to identify nucleolar proteins with non-ribosomal functions. Among these, I showed that 26S proteasome activity can be regulated by nucleolus. More precisely, proteasome activity decreases with nucleolus disorganization. Moreover, I also showed that 26S proteasome, together with Nucleolin, might play a role in ribosomal RNA transcription and/or maturation.Secondly, I proved that loss of nucleolar iron (in nas1,2,4 mutant plants) induces an increase of nucleolar transcriptional structures (fibrillar centers). This observation is correlated with the transcription of normally silenced rDNA from NOR2 and, interestingly, with hypermethylation of rDNA promoters in CHH context. And so, iron might regulate factors implicated in epigenetic pathways responsible of either rDNA transcription or repression

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Arabi, Azadeh. "Regulation of the ribosomal RNA transcription by c-MYC oncoprotein /". Stockholm, 2006. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2006/91-7140-947-5/.

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Perrin, Aurélien. "Caenorhabditis elegans un modèle d’étude des différents compartiments du noyau : de l’étude d’un stress du nucléole par inhibition de la voie de neddylation à la mesure de la compaction de la chromatine in vivo". Thesis, Montpellier, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018MONTT049/document.

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NEDD8, molécule de la famille de l’ubiquitine est essentielle au développement, à la croissance et à la viabilité d’un organisme, de plus c’est une cible prometteuse en thérapeutique. Nous avons découvert que l’inhibiteur spécifique de la NEDDylation, MLN4924 altère la morphologie sans fragmentation et augmente la surface du nucléole de cellules humaines et de noyaux de la lignée germinale de Caenorhabditis elegans. Une approche de protéomique quantitative (SILAC) combiné à l’analyse de la production des ARNr et des ribosomes montrent que MLN4924 change la composition protéique du nucléole sans affecter l’activité transcriptionnelle de l’ARN pol I. Notre analyse montre que MLN4924 active p53 par la voie RPL11/RPL5-Mdm2 caractéristique d’un stress du nucléole. Cette étude identifie le nucléole comme une cible intéressante dans l’utilisation d’inhibiteurs de la NEDDylation et apporte un nouveau mécanisme d’activation de p53 par inhibition de la voie NEDD8.Dans une seconde étude nous avons adapté la méthode de FLIM-FRET (« Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging Microscopy – Förster Resonance Energy Transfer ») à l’étude de la compaction de la chromatine à l’échelle du nanomètre dans un organisme vivant. Le nématode Caenorhabditis elegans s’est révélé être un modèle de choix. Au sein des chromosomes méiotiques, nous avons identifié différentes régions de compaction, de niveau variable par mesure du FRET entre histones fusionnées à des protéines fluorescentes. Par une approche originale d’ARN interférence et injection d’un « extra-chromosome » nous avons défini l’architecture à une nano-échelle de différents états de l’hétérochromatine et montré que cette organisation est contrôlée par les protéines HP1 « Heterochromatin Protein 1 » et SETDB1, une protéine « H3-Lysine 9 methyl transferase ». Nous avons également montré que la compaction de l’hétérochromatine est dépendante des condensines I et II et plus particulièrement la condensine I contrôle l’état faiblement compacté de la chromatine.Nos travaux ont confirmé que C. elegans est un modèle d’intérêt majeur pour l’étude des compartiments nucléaires et parfaitement adapté pour des études pré-clinique
The ubiquitin-like molecule NEDD8 is conserved and essential for viability, growth and development; its activation pathway is a promising target for therapeutic intervention. We found that the small molecule inhibitor of NEDDylation, MLN4924, alters the morphology and increases the surface size of the nucleolus in human cells and Caenorhabditis elegans germ cells in the absence of nucleolar fragmentation. Through SILAC proteomic analysis and rRNA production, processing and ribosome profiling, we show that MLN4924 changes the composition of the nucleolar proteome but does not inhibit RNA Pol I transcription. Further analysis demonstrates that MLN4924 activates the p53 tumour suppressor through the RPL11/RPL5-Mdm2 pathway, with characteristics of nucleolar stress. The study identifies the nucleolus as a target of the NEDDylation pathway and provides a mechanism for p53 activation upon NEDD8 inhibition.Then we adapted a quantitative FRET (Förster resonance energy transfer)-based fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) approach to assay the nano-scale chromatin compaction in a living organism, the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. By measuring FRET between histone-tagged fluorescent proteins, we visualized distinct chromosomal regions and quantified the different levels of nanoscale compaction in meiotic cells. Using RNAi and repetitive extrachromosomal array approaches, we defined the heterochromatin state and showed that its architecture presents a nanoscale-compacted organization controlled by Heterochromatin Protein-1 (HP1) and SETDB1 H3-lysine-9 methyl-transferase homologs in vivo. Next, we functionally explored condensin complexes. We found that condensin I and condensin II are essential for heterochromatin compaction and that condensin I additionally controls lowly compacted regions. Our data show that, in living animals, nanoscale chromatin compaction is controlled not only by histone modifiers and readers but also by condensin complexes.We confirm that C. elegans is an interesting model to study nuclear signalling and perfectly adapt to be a platform for pre-clinical studies

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Andrade, Larissa Mara de. "Arquitetura da cromatina na região organizadora do nucléolo e o seu papel no controle da expressão dos genes ribossomais". Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11137/tde-19102011-085333/.

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O nucléolo é uma organela nuclear responsável pela produção dos ribossomos, através das Regiões Organizadoras do Nucléolo (NORs). Espécies que possuem mais de um par de cromossomos contendo NORs terão, obrigatoriamente, pelo menos um par ativo, sendo as demais NORs funcionais de acordo com a demanda celular. O mecanismo de compensação de dose é visualizado e bem estabelecido em híbridos interespecíficos, conhecido como dominância nucleolar, com a inativação de NORs de um dos parentais por outras homeólogas ativas que as dominam. A arquitetura da cromatina nas NORs e o controle da sua expressão foram estudados com o objetivo de se entender os mecanismos envolvidos no fenômeno da dominância nucleolar em espécies diplóides que possuem múltiplas NORs. A espécie modelo utilizada neste estudo foi Crotalaria juncea (Leguminosae-Papilionoideae), caracterizada por conter 2n=2x=16, e NORs no braço curto do cromossomo 1, sendo este o principal organizador do nucléolo, e no braço longo do cromossomo 4 adjacente à heterocromatina centromérica, sendo este um sítio adicional (sítio menor) e de expressão facultativa, previamente determinada. Nas raízes de C. juncea sincronizadas, observou-se que a nucleologênese tem seu início durante o final da telófase, em que os 4 sítios de genes ribossomais podem ter atividade e formar até 4 nucléolos, os quais tendem a se fundir durante a interfase. A Hibridação in situ fluorescente (FISH) permitiu estudos da arquitetura da cromatina, com a visualização dos territórios cromossômicos, onde a cromatina não está organizada de forma aleatória dentro do núcleo, e consequentemente o rDNA 45S dentro do nucléolo. Observou-se também que todos os sítios de rDNA 45S possuem diferença no tamanho do arranjo repetitivo. Assim sendo, a hierarquia de dominância está de acordo com o tamanho de cada arranjo (sítio), e estes são ativados de acordo com a demanda celular. As análises das modificações nas histonas mostraram que a H3K9Met1 apresentou marcas fracas no nucléolo, enquanto no restante da cromatina nuclear sua marcação foi intensa. Já a H3K9Met2 apresentou marcação fortemente associada à cromatina presente no nucléolo, com alguns pequenos pontos heterocromáticos dispersos no núcleo. Pela observação entende-se que ambas metilações controlam diferentes tipos de heterocromatinas, ou seja, a H3K9Met2 controla principalmente heterocromatinas associadas aos genes ribossomais, e a H3K9Met controla heterocromatinas não associadas ao rDNA. O rDNA é hiperacetilado dentro do nucléolo para a H3K14. Não foi observada marcação nucleolar para H4K8ac, mas pôde ser observadas regiões hiperacetiladas em outras regiões da cromatina. A metilação do DNA esteve diretamente associada à diferentes níveis de organização da cromatina das NORs. As heterocromatinas adjacentes ao nucléolo apareceram fortemente metiladas, enquanto a cromatina distendida dentro do nucléolo apresentou marcação dispersa, com algumas regiões mais fortemente marcadas, onde a cromatina apresentava-se mais condensada e provavelmente não associados com a cromatina ativa. As fibras estendidas permitiram uma análise de alta resolução, onde foi possível observar que regiões não metiladas apareciam intercaladas entre grandes regiões fortemente metiladas, sugerindo que estas regiões hipometiladas estão, possivelmente, associadas com as alças de transcrição dentro do nucléolo. 12 Esses resultados contribuem para o entendimento sobre o controle genético e epigenético na arquitetura da cromatina ribossomal, bem como seu controle na expressão dos genes ribossomais no genoma das plantas.
The nucleolus is a nuclear organelle responsible for the ribosomes production, by Nucleolus Organizer Regions (NORs). Species presenting more than one chromosome pair with NORs should present, one pair expressing the genes, at least; while the other pairs expressing their genes accordingly to cellular demand. Dosage compensation mechanism is visualized and well established of interspecific hybrids as a well-described phenomena named nucleolar dominance, where a NOR from one parental could lead to inactivation of a NOR from the other parental which is dominated. The chromatin architecture and expression of the NORs were studied to address the mechanism involved in the nucleolar dominance of diploid species containing multiple sites of 45S rDNA. The model species used in the present study was the crop Crotalaria juncea (Leguminosae-Papilionoideae) characterized by 2n=2x=16 chromosomes, being the main NOR mapped into chromosome 1 short arm and presenting an additional site (minor site) in the chromosome 4 long arm adjacent to a centromeric heterochromatin and facultatively expressed. Synchronized meristematic root tip cells determined to nucleologenesis starts during the late-telophase, often expressing every ribosomal gene sites, when up to four nucleoli could be observed and these become merged during interphases. FISH allowed nucleolar chromatin architecture be accessed revealing distinct chromosomal domains (territories), suggesting a non-random distribution of the 45S rDNA, even between homologous chromosomes, into the nucleolus. The 45S rDNA sites from both chromosome pairs 1 and 4 of C. juncea showed differences in their array sizes. The differences in the 45S rDNA array sizes and the order of loci expression suggest a hierarchy of dominance, a feature of nucleolar dominance; being the small RONs activated only on demand. Immunodetection of histone modifications showed different patterns to methylation distribution across the chromatin as a whole; where H3K9Met1 was found mainly distributed along the nuclear chromatin without an evident signal into nucleolus, while H3K9Met2 was detected as conspicuous dots in the nuclear chromatin and highly accumulated into the nucleolus. The results indicate different control on heterochromatin establishment and maintenance, being the modifications specific to certain chromosomal regions. Indeed, H3K9Met is a key component in the nucleolus chromatin architecture and expression. The chromatin inside the nucleolus showed a high accumulation of H3K14ac, with a weak fluorescent signal along the nucleus; on the other hand H4K8ac showed a strong signal homogenously distributed across the nuclear chromatin, but without evident signals inside the nucleolus. DNA methylation was directly associated with different levels of chromatin organization of the NORs. The heterochromatic regions associated to RON are highly methylated, while the chromatin inside the nucleolus showed weaker signals, with some bright spots probably in condensed regions and related to chromatin inactivity. Extended DNA fiber allowed a higher resolution mapping that revealed long methylated regions intermingled by nomethylated ones, being the last probably associated to transcriptional loops of rRNA genes into the nucleolus. The results presented herein contributes to a better understand about the nucleolar chromatin architecture and the genetic and epigenetic control of the ribosomal genes expression on plant genomes.

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