Artykuły w czasopismach: „Novel glycolipids”

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Wang, Cindy, Engy A. Mahrous, Richard E. Lee, Martha M. Vestling i Kuni Takayama. "Novel Polyoxyethylene-Containing Glycolipids Are Synthesized inCorynebacterium matruchotiiandMycobacterium smegmatisCultured in the Presence of Tween 80". Journal of Lipids 2011 (2011): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/676535.

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The addition of polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate (Tween 80) to a culture of mycobacteria greatly influences cell permeability and sensitivity to antibiotics but very little is known regarding the underlying mechanism. Here we show thatCorynebacterium matruchotii(surrogate of mycobacteria) converts Tween 80 to a structural series of polyoxyethylenic acids which are then used to form novel series-2A and series-2B glycolipids. Minor series-3 glycolipids were also synthesized. The polyoxyethylenic acids replaced corynomycolic acids in the cell wall. Correspondingly the trehalose dicorynomycolate content was reduced. MALDI mass spectrometry, MS-MS,1H-NMR, and13C-NMR were used to characterize the series-2 glycolipids. Series-2A glycolipid is trehalose 6-C36:2-corynomycolate-6′-polyoxyethylenate and series-2B glycolipid is trehalose 6-C36:2-corynomycolate-6′-furan ring-containing polyoxyethylenate.Mycobacterium smegmatisgrown in the presence of Tween 80 also synthesizes series-2 type glycolipids. The synthesis of these novel glycolipids in corynebacteria and mycobacteria should result in gross changes in the cell wall permeability and drug sensitivity.

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Warabi, Kaoru, William T. Zimmerman, Jingkai Shen, Annick Gauthier, Marilyn Robertson, B. Brett Finlay, Rob van Soest i Raymond J. Andersen. "Pachymoside A A novel glycolipid isolated from the marine sponge Pachymatisma johnstonia". Canadian Journal of Chemistry 82, nr 2 (1.02.2004): 102–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v03-183.

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Crude extracts of the North Sea marine sponge Pachymatisma johnstonia showed promising activity in a new assay for inhibitors of bacterial type III secretion. Bioassay-guided fractionation resulted in the isolation of the pachymosides, a new family of sponge glycolipids. A major part of the structural diversity in this family of glycolipids involves increasing degrees of acetylation and differing positions of acetylation on a common pachymoside glycolipid template. All of the metabolites with these variations in acetylation pattern were converted into the same peracetylpachymoside methyl ester (2) for purification and spectroscopic analysis. Pachymoside A (1) is the component of the mixture that has natural acetylation at the eight galactose hydroxyls and at the C-6 hydroxyls of glucose-B and glucose-D. Chemical degradation and transformation in conjunction with extensive analysis of 800 MHz NMR data was used to elucidate the structure of pachymoside A (1). Key words: Pachymatisma johnstonia, marine sponge, pachymoside, glycolipid.

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Shu, Qin, Hanghang Lou, Tianyu Wei, Xiayu Liu i Qihe Chen. "Contributions of Glycolipid Biosurfactants and Glycolipid-Modified Materials to Antimicrobial Strategy: A Review". Pharmaceutics 13, nr 2 (6.02.2021): 227. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13020227.

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Glycolipid biosurfactants are natural amphiphiles and have gained particular interest recently in their biodegradability, diversity, and bioactivity. Microbial infection has caused severe morbidity and mortality and threatened public health security worldwide. Glycolipids have played an important role in combating many diseases as therapeutic agents depending on the self-assembly property, the anticancer and anti-inflammatory properties, and the antimicrobial properties, including antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral effects. Besides, their role has been highlighted as scavengers in impeding the biofilm formation and rupturing mature biofilm, indicating their utility as suitable anti-adhesive coating agents for medical insertional materials leading to a reduction in vast hospital infections. Notably, glycolipids have been widely applied to the synthesis of novel antimicrobial materials due to their excellent amphipathicity, such as nanoparticles and liposomes. Accordingly, this review will provide various antimicrobial applications of glycolipids as functional ingredients in medical therapy.

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Diercks, Hannah, Adrian Semeniuk, Nicolas Gisch, Hermann Moll, Katarzyna A. Duda i Georg Hölzl. "Accumulation of Novel Glycolipids and Ornithine Lipids in Mesorhizobium loti under Phosphate Deprivation". Journal of Bacteriology 197, nr 3 (17.11.2014): 497–509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.02004-14.

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Glycolipids are found mainly in photosynthetic organisms (plants, algae, and cyanobacteria), Gram-positive bacteria, and a few other bacterial phyla. They serve as membrane lipids and play a role under phosphate deprivation as surrogates for phospholipids.Mesorhizobium lotiaccumulates different di- and triglycosyl diacylglycerols, synthesized by the processive glycosyltransferase Pgt-Ml, and two so far unknown glycolipids, which were identified in this study by mass spectrometry (MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy asO-methyl-digalactosyl diacylglycerol (Me-DGD) and glucuronosyl diacylglycerol (GlcAD). Me-DGD is a novel glycolipid, whose synthesis depends on Pgt-Ml activity and the involvement of an unknown methyltransferase, while GlcAD is formed by a novel glycosyltransferase encoded by the open reading frame (ORF)mlr2668, using UDP-glucuronic acid as a sugar donor. Deletion mutants lacking GlcAD are not impaired in growth. Our data suggest that the different glycolipids inMesorhizobiumcan mutually replace each other. This may be an adaptation mechanism to enhance the competitiveness in natural environments. A further nonphospholipid inMesorhizobiumwas identified as a hydroxylated form of an ornithine lipid with the additional hydroxy group linked to the amide-bound fatty acid, introduced by the hydroxylase OlsD. The presence of this lipid has not been reported for rhizobia yet. The hydroxy group is placed on the C-2 position of the acyl chain as determined by NMR spectroscopy. Furthermore, the isolated ornithine lipids contained up to 80 to 90%d-configured ornithine, a stereoform so far undescribed in bacteria.

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Han, Dong, i Heng-Lin Cui. "Salinibaculum litoreum gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from salted brown alga Laminaria". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 70, nr 4 (1.04.2020): 2879–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijsem.0.004114.

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A novel Gram-stain-negative, aerobic and rod-shaped halophilic archaeon, designated HD8-45T, was isolated from the red brine of salted brown alga Laminaria produced at Dalian, PR China. According to the results of 16S rRNA gene and rpoB′ gene sequence comparisons, strain HD8-45T showed the highest sequence similarity to the corresponding genes of Salinirussus salinus YGH44T (95.1 and 85.2 % similarities, respectively), Halovenus aranensis EB27T (91.2 and 86.0 % similarities, respectively). The low sequence similarity and the phylogeny implied the novel generic status of strain HD8-45T. Genomic relatedness analyses showed that strain HD8-45T were clearly distinguished from other species in the order Halobacteriales , with average nucleotide identity, amino acid identity and in silico DNA–DNA hybridization values not more than 75.1, 65.6 and 21.5 %. The polar lipid pattern contained phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol phosphate methyl ester, two major glycolipids and two minor glycolipids. The two major glycolipids and a minor glycolipid were chromatographically identical to disulfated mannosyl glucosyl diether, sulfated mannosyl glucosyl diether and mannosyl glucosyl diether, respectively. The major respiratory quinones were menaquinone MK-8 and MK-8(H2). The DNA G+C content was 62.0 mol% (Tm ) and 61.9 mol% (genome). All these results showed that strain HD8-45T represents a novel species of a new genus in the order Halobacteriales , for which the name Salinibaculum litoreum gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of Salinibaculum litoreum is HD8-45T (=CGMCC 1.15328T=JCM 31107T).

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He, Chengxi, Shang Wang, Meiyan Liu, Chunyan Zhao, Shuanglin Xiang i Youlin Zeng. "Design, synthesis and in vitro evaluation ofd-glucose-based cationic glycolipids for gene delivery". Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry 14, nr 5 (2016): 1611–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ob02107c.

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Aspeslagh, Sandrine, Yali Li, Esther Yu, Tine Decruy, Katrien Van Beneden, Enrico Girardi, Nora Pauwels i in. "Functional and structural characterization of potent Th1 biasing 6′-derivatised α-GalCer iNKT cell agonists, and their superior role in tumor protection. (156.4)". Journal of Immunology 186, nr 1_Supplement (1.04.2011): 156.4. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.186.supp.156.4.

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Abstract Invariant natural killer T cells are known to have marked immunomodulatory capacity due to their ability to produce copious amounts of effector cytokines. In this study, we report the first crystal structures of a novel class of strong Th1 biasing structural analogues of α-galactosylceramide by addition of aromatic structures on the 6-OH position of galactose. They are characterized by marked Th1 polarized cytokine patterns that are highly conserved between mice and men, and marked tumour protection in vivo. The strength of the Th1 response correlates well with enhanced lipid binding to CD1d as a result of an induced fit mechanism that binds the aromatic substitution as a third anchor, in addition to the two lipid chains. This induced fit is in contrast to another Th1 biasing glycolipid, α-C-GalCer, whose CD1d binding follows a conventional key-lock principle. These findings highlight the previously unexploited flexibility of CD1d in accommodating galactose-modified glycolipids and broaden the range of glycolipids that can stimulate iNKT cells. We speculate that glycolipids can be designed that induce a similar fit, thereby leading to superior and more sustained iNKT cell responses in vivo.

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Sabah, Karem, Thorsten Heidelberg i Rauzah Hashim. "Novel crown ethers on glucose based glycolipids". Carbohydrate Research 346, nr 7 (maj 2011): 891–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carres.2011.03.002.

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Redman, C. A., P. Schneider, A. Mehlert i M. A. J. Ferguson. "The glycoinositol-phospholipids of Phytomonas". Biochemical Journal 311, nr 2 (15.10.1995): 495–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj3110495.

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The Phytomonas spp. are trypanosomatid parasites of plants. A polar glycolipid fraction of a Phytomonas sp., isolated from the plant Euphorbia characias and grown in culture, was fractionated into four major glycolipid species (Phy 1-4). The glycolipids were analysed by chemical and enzymic modifications, composition and methylation analyses, electrospray mass spectrometry and microsequencing after HNO2 deamination and NaB3H4 reduction. The water-soluble headgroup of the Phy2 glycolipid was also analysed by 1H NMR. All four glycolipids were shown to be glycoinositol-phospholipids (GIPLs) with phosphatidylinositol (PI) moieties containing the fully saturated alkylacylglycerol lipids 1-O-hexadecyl-2-O-palmitoylglycerol and 1-O-hexadecyl-2-O-stearoylglycerol. The structures of the Phy 1-4 GIPLs are: Man alpha 1-2Man alpha 1-6Man alpha 1-4GlcN alpha 1-6PI, Glc alpha 1-2(NH2-CH2CH2-HPO4-)Man alpha 1-2Man alpha 1-6Man alpha 1-4GlcN alpha 1-6PI, [formula: see text] Glc alpha 1-2(NH2CH2CH2-HPO4-)Man alpha 1-2Man alpha 1-6Man alpha 1-4(NH2-CH2CH2-HPO4-)GlcN alpha 1-6PI [formula: see text] and Glc alpha 1-2Glc alpha 1-2(NH2CH2-CH2-HPO4-)Man alpha 1-2Man alpha 1-6Man alpha 1-4(NH2CH2CH2-HPO4-)-GlcN alpha 1-6PI. [formula: see text] The Phytomonas GIPLs represent a novel series of structures. This is the first description of the chemical structure of cell-surface molecules of this plant pathogen. The Phytomonas GIPLs are compared with those of other trypanosomatid parasites and are discussed with respect to trypanosomatid phylogenetic relationships.

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Omidvar, Ramin, i Winfried Römer. "Glycan-decorated protocells: novel features for rebuilding cellular processes". Interface Focus 9, nr 2 (15.02.2019): 20180084. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsfs.2018.0084.

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In synthetic biology approaches, lipid vesicles are widely used as protocell models. While many compounds have been encapsulated in vesicles (e.g. DNA, cytoskeleton and enzymes), the incorporation of glycocalyx components in the lipid bilayer has attracted much less attention so far. In recent years, glycoconjugates have been integrated in the membrane of giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs). These minimal membrane systems have largely contributed to shed light on the molecular mechanisms of cellular processes. In this review, we first introduce several preparation and biophysical characterization methods of GUVs. Then, we highlight specific applications of protocells investigating glycolipid-mediated endocytosis of toxins, viruses and bacteria. In addition, we delineate how prototissues have been assembled from glycan-decorated protocells by using lectin-mediated cross-linking of opposed glycoreceptors (e.g. glycolipids and glycopeptides). In future applications, glycan-decorated protocells might be useful for investigating cell–cell interactions (e.g. adhesion and communication). We also speculate about the implication of lectin–glycoreceptor interactions in membrane fusion processes.

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Costantino, Valeria, Ernesto Fattorusso, Alfonso Mangoni, Massimo Di Rosa i Angela Ianaro. "Glycolipids from sponges. VII.1 simplexides, novel immunosuppressive glycolipids from the caribbean sponge Plakortis simplex". Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters 9, nr 2 (styczeń 1999): 271–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0960-894x(98)00719-7.

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Coelho-dos-Reis, Jordana Grazziela, Xiangming Li i Moriya Tsuji. "Development of a novel mechanism-based glycolipid adjuvant for vaccination". F1000Research 7 (30.05.2018): 676. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.13794.1.

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The inability to elicit strong and durable cellular responses is a major obstacle in the development of successful vaccines, in particular those against malaria. In this regard, the generation of novel adjuvants that will potently boost cell-mediated immunity induced by candidate vaccines is helpful. We and others have found a glycolipid, called α-galactosylceramide (α-GalCer), which could be presented on CD1d expressed by antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and stimulate natural killer T (NKT) cells. This triggers the activation/maturation of APCs, particularly dendritic cells (DCs). By activating NKT cells and subsequently DCs, α-GalCer has been shown to enhance adaptive immune responses, particularly of CD8+ T cells, induced by the vaccines. More recently, we identified an analogue of α-GalCer, which can display a potent adjuvant activity in conjunction with malaria vaccines in mice and non-human primates. It is anticipated that CD1d-binding, NKT cell-stimulating glycolipids will be tested as adjuvants in humans in the near future.

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Gaspar, Helena, Adele Cutignano, Laura Grauso, Nuno Neng, Vasco Cachatra, Angelo Fontana, Joana Xavier, Marta Cerejo, Helena Vieira i Susana Santos. "Erylusamides: Novel Atypical Glycolipids from Erylus cf. deficiens". Marine Drugs 14, nr 10 (11.10.2016): 179. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md14100179.

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Tran, Hai Giang, Tom Desmet, Karen Saerens, Hendrik Waegeman, Stéphanie Vandekerckhove, Matthias D’hooghe, Inge Van Bogaert i Wim Soetaert. "Biocatalytic production of novel glycolipids with cellodextrin phosphorylase". Bioresource Technology 115 (lipiec 2012): 84–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2011.09.085.

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Ruggiero, Fernando M., Natalia Martínez-Koteski, Gerardo D. Fidelio, Aldo A. Vilcaes i Jose L. Daniotti. "Golgi Phosphoprotein 3 Regulates the Physical Association of Glycolipid Glycosyltransferases". International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, nr 18 (8.09.2022): 10354. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms231810354.

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Glycolipid glycosylation is an intricate process that mainly takes place in the Golgi by the complex interplay between glycosyltransferases. Several features such as the organization, stoichiometry and composition of these complexes may modify their sorting properties, sub-Golgi localization, enzymatic activity and in consequence, the pattern of glycosylation at the plasma membrane. In spite of the advance in our comprehension about physiological and pathological cellular states of glycosylation, the molecular basis underlying the metabolism of glycolipids and the players involved in this process remain not fully understood. In the present work, using biochemical and fluorescence microscopy approaches, we demonstrate the existence of a physical association between two ganglioside glycosyltransferases, namely, ST3Gal-II (GD1a synthase) and β3GalT-IV (GM1 synthase) with Golgi phosphoprotein 3 (GOLPH3) in mammalian cultured cells. After GOLPH3 knockdown, the localization of both enzymes was not affected, but the fomation of ST3Gal-II/β3GalT-IV complex was compromised and glycolipid expression pattern changed. Our results suggest a novel control mechanism of glycolipid expression through the regulation of the physical association between glycolipid glycosyltransferases mediated by GOLPH3.

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Costantino, Valeria, Ernesto Fattorusso, Concetta Imperatore i Alfonso Mangoni. "Glycolipids from Sponges. 11.1Isocrasserides, Novel Glycolipids with a Five-Membered Cyclitol Widely Distributed in Marine Sponges". Journal of Natural Products 65, nr 6 (czerwiec 2002): 883–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/np010498y.

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Adu, Simms A., Matthew S. Twigg, Patrick J. Naughton, Roger Marchant i Ibrahim M. Banat. "Biosurfactants as Anticancer Agents: Glycolipids Affect Skin Cells in a Differential Manner Dependent on Chemical Structure". Pharmaceutics 14, nr 2 (4.02.2022): 360. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14020360.

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Melanomas account for 80% of skin cancer deaths. Due to the strong relationship between melanomas and U.V. radiation, sunscreens have been recommended for use as a primary preventative measure. However, there is a need for targeted, less invasive treatment strategies. Glycolipids such as sophorolipids and rhamnolipids are microbially derived biosurfactants possessing bioactive properties such as antimicrobial, immunomodulatory and anticancer effects. This study aimed to ascertain the differing effects of glycolipids on skin cells. Highly purified and fully characterized preparations of sophorolipids and rhamnolipids were used to treat spontaneously transformed human keratinocyte (HaCaT) and the human malignant melanocyte (SK-MEL-28) cell lines. Cell viability and morphological analyses revealed that glycolipids have differential effects on the skin cells dependent on their chemical structure. Lactonic sophorolipids and mono-rhamnolipids were shown to have a significantly detrimental effect on melanoma cell viability compared to healthy human keratinocytes. These glycolipids were shown to induce cell death via necrosis. Additionally, sophorolipids were shown to significantly inhibit SK-MEL-28 cell migration. These findings suggest that glycolipids could be used as bioactive agents with selective inhibitory effects. As such, glycolipids could be a substitute for synthetically derived surfactants in sunscreens to provide additional benefit and have the potential as novel anti-skin-cancer therapies.

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Chen, N., i J. Xie. "Synthesis of glycoaminooxy acid and N-oxyamide-linked glycolipids". Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry 14, nr 3 (2016): 1102–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ob02328a.

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Cox, Timothy M. "Future perspectives for glycolipid research in medicine". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 358, nr 1433 (29.05.2003): 967–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2003.1270.

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Medical interest in glycolipids has been mainly directed to the rare and complex glycosphingolipid storage disorders that are principally caused by unitary deficiencies of lysosomal acid hydrolases. However, glycolipids are critical components of cell membranes and occur within newly described membrane domains known as lipid rafts. Glycolipids are components of important antigen systems and membrane receptors; they participate in intracellular signalling mechanisms and may be presented to the immune system in the context of the novel CD1 molecules present on T lymphocytes. A knowledge of their mechanism of action in the control of cell growth and survival as well as developmental pathways is likely to shed light on the pathogenesis of the glycosphingolipid storage disorders as well as the role of lipid second messengers in controlling cell mobility and in the mobilization of intracellular calcium stores (a biological role widely postulated particularly for the lysosphingolipid metabolite sphingosine 1–phosphate). Other sphingolipid metabolites such as ceramide 1–phosphate may be involved in apoptotic responses and in phagocytosis and synaptic vesicle formation. The extraordinary pharmaceutical success of enzymatic complementation for Gaucher's disease using macrophage–targeted human glucocerebrosidase has focused further commercial interest in other glycolipid storage diseases: the cost of targeted enzyme therapy and its failure to restore lysosomal enzymatic deficiencies in the brain has also stimulated interest in the concept of substrate reduction therapy using diffusible inhibitory molecules. Successful clinical trials of the iminosugar N –butyldeoxynojirimycin in type 1 Gaucher's disease prove the principle of substrate reduction therapy and have attracted attention to this therapeutic method. They will also foster important further experiments into the use of glycolipid synthesis inhibitors for the severe neuronopathic glycosphingolipidoses, for which no definitive treatment is otherwise available. Future glycolipid research in medicine will be directed to experiments that shed light on the role of sphingolipids in signalling pathways, and in the comprehensive characterization and their secretory products in relation to the molecular pathogenesis of the storage disorders; experiments of use to improve the efficiency of complementing enzymatic delivery to the lysosomal compartment of storage cells are also needed. Further systematic screening for inhibitory compounds with specific actions in the pathways of glycosphingolipid biosynthesis will undoubtedly lead to clinical trials in the neuronopathic storage disorders and to wider applications in the fields of immunity and cancer biology.

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LaBell, Rachel Y., Neil E. Jacobsen, Jacquelyn Gervay-Hague i David F. O'Brien. "Synthesis of Novel Glycolipids That Bind HIV-1 Gp120". Bioconjugate Chemistry 13, nr 1 (styczeń 2002): 143–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bc015533r.

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Constantino, Valeria, Ernesto Fattorusso, Alfonso Mangoni, Massimo Di Rosa i Angela Ianaro. "ChemInform Abstract: Glycolipids from Sponges. Part 7. Simplexides, Novel Immunosuppressive Glycolipids from the Caribbean Sponge Plakortis simplex". ChemInform 30, nr 20 (15.06.2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.199920212.

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Yin, Xue-Meng, Xiao-Yan Yang, Jing Hou, Lin Zhu i Heng-Lin Cui. "Natronomonas halophila sp. nov. and Natronomonas salina sp. nov., two novel halophilic archaea". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 70, nr 11 (1.11.2020): 5686–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijsem.0.004463.

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Two halophilic archaeal strains, C90T and YPL13T, were isolated from a salt lake and a salt mine in PR China. The two strains were found to form two clusters (97.5 and 89.5 % similarity between them, respectively) separating them from the three current members of the genus Natronomonas (95.4–97.0 % and 86.6–89.3 % similarity, respectively) on the basis of the 16S rRNA and rpoB′ gene sequence similarities and phylogenetic analysis. Diverse phenotypic characteristics differentiate strains C90T and YPL13T from current Natronomonas members. The polar lipids of strain C90T were phosphatidic acid, phosphatidylglycerol (PG), phosphatidylglycerol phosphate methyl ester (PGP-Me), phosphatidylglycerol sulphate, two unidentified glycolipids, a major glycolipid and a minor glycolipid, while those of strain YPL13T were PG, PGP-Me, two unidentified phospholipids and a glycolipid. The average nucleotide identity (ANI) and in silico DNA–DNA hybridization (isDDH) values between the two strains were 79.8 and 27.1 %, respectively, which were much lower than the threshold values proposed as a species boundaries (ANI 95–96 % and isDDH 70 %), which revealed that the two strains represent two novel species; these values (ANI 76.6–80.0 % and isDDH 21.6–27.0 %) of the strains examined in this study and the current members of Natronomonas are much lower than the recommended threshold values, suggesting that strains C90T and YPL13T represent two genomically different species of Natronomonas . These results showed that strains C90T (=CGMCC 1.13738T=JCM 32961T) and YPL13T (=CGMCC 1.13884T=JCM 31111T) represent two novel species of Natronomonas , for which the names Natronomonas halophila sp. nov. and Natronomonas salina sp. nov. are proposed.

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Mousavifar, Leila, Shuay Abdullayev i René Roy. "Recent Development in the Design of Neoglycoliposomes Bearing Arborescent Architectures". Molecules 26, nr 14 (15.07.2021): 4281. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26144281.

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This brief review highlights systematic progress in the design of synthetic glycolipid (neoglycolipids) analogs evolving from the conventional architectures of natural glycosphingolipids and gangliosides. Given that naturally occurring glycolipids are composed of only one hydrophilic sugar head-group and two hydrophobic lipid tails embedded in the lipid bilayers of the cell membranes, they usually require extraneous lipids (phosphatidylcholine, cholesterol) to confer their stability. In order to obviate the necessity for these additional stabilizing ingredients, recent investigations have merged dendrimer chemistry with that of neoglycolipid syntheses. This singular approach has provided novel glycoarchitectures allowing reconsidering the necessity for the traditional one to two hydrophilic/hydrophobic ratio. An emphasis has been provided in the recent design of modular arborescent neoglycolipid syntheses coined glycodendrimersomes.

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Galili, U., K. Wigglesworth i U. Abdel-Motal. "Xenograft-like destruction of tumors and their conversion into vaccines by intratumoral injection of α-gal glycolipids". Journal of Clinical Oncology 25, nr 18_suppl (20.06.2007): 3074. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2007.25.18_suppl.3074.

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3074 Background: We describe a novel immunotherapy exploiting the natural anti-Gal antibody to destroy tumors and convert them into endogenous vaccines. Anti-Gal constitutes 1% of immunoglobulins in humans and interacts specifically with a-gal epitopes (Gala1- 3Galβ1–4GlcNAc-R) on glycolipids and glycoproteins. a-Gal epitopes are abundant in nonprimate mammals. Binding of anti-Gal to a-gal epitopes on pig cells mediates xenograft rejection. We inject glycolipids carrying a-gal epitopes (a-gal glycolipids) into solid tumors. Methods: a-Gal glycolipids extracted from rabbit RBC have carbohydrate chains capped with a-gal epitopes. Efficacy of treatment was studied in a1,3galactosyltransferase knockout mice bearing B16 melanoma. These mice are unique since they lack a-gal epitopes and can produce anti- Gal, like humans. Also B16 cells lack a-gal epitopes. B16 lesions (∼5 mm) were injected with 1mg a-gal glycolipids. Results: Intratumoral injection of a-gal glycolipids results in local inflammation mediated by anti-Gal binding to the ∼2x1016 a-gal epitopes on these glycolipids, activation of complement and generation of chemotactic factors. a-Gal glycolipids insert spontaneously into tumor cell membranes. Binding of anti-Gal to a-gal epitopes on such tumor cells induces lesion destruction, similar to xenograft rejection. Anti-Gal further opsonizes tumor cells for effective uptake by inflammation recruited dendritic cells (DC), via Fcγ receptors of these APC. The DC transport internalized tumor Ags to draining lymph nodes and present tumor Ag peptides, thus activating tumor specific T cells and eliciting an immune response against micrometastases. Conclusions: Injected a-gal glycolipids effectively destroy lesions and convert them into vaccines. This treatment may be even more effective in humans, since complement activity is much higher than in mice. This treatment may also be considered as neo-adjuvant immunotherapy for converting primary tumor into autologous tumor vaccine that elicits a protective immune response against micrometastases, during the period preceding resection of the tumor. No significant financial relationships to disclose.

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Mehta, Anand S., Baohua Gu, Bertha Conyers, Serguey Ouzounov, Lijuan Wang, Robert M. Moriarty, Raymond A. Dwek i Timothy M. Block. "α-Galactosylceramide and Novel Synthetic Glycolipids Directly Induce the Innate Host Defense Pathway and Have Direct Activity against Hepatitis B and C Viruses". Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 48, nr 6 (czerwiec 2004): 2085–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.48.6.2085-2090.2004.

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ABSTRACT α-Galactosylceramide is a glycolipid derived from marine sponges that is currently in human clinical trials as an anticancer agent. It has also been shown to be effective in reducing the amount of hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA detected in mice that produce HBV constitutively from a transgene. It was assumed that all of the antiviral and antitumor activities associated with α-galactosylceramide were mediated through the activation of NK T cells. However, we report here an additional unpredicted activity of α-galactosylceramide as a direct antiviral agent and inducer of the innate host defense pathway. To exploit this activity, we have developed a new class of smaller, orally available glycolipids that also induce the innate host defense pathway and have direct activity against HBV and hepatitis C virus.

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Elewaut, Dirk, Peggy Jacques, Katrien Van Beneden, Maria Apostolaki, Bart Lambrecht i George Kollias. "TNF driven activation of invariant NKT cells favours regulation of combined gut and joint inflammation. (134.22)". Journal of Immunology 182, nr 1_Supplement (1.04.2009): 134.22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.182.supp.134.22.

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Abstract Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells are a subset of glycolipid reactive T cells, implicated in the protection against microbial pathogens and immune regulation. While the pathways leading to iNKT cell activation in the context of infectious diseases have been uncovered, much less is known how iNKT cells become activated in the context of chronic inflammatory diseases. Here, we unveil a novel mode of iNKT cell activation which occurs during chronic TNF driven inflammation through generation of inflammatory dendritic cells. This in turn, leads to a spontaneous activation of iNKT cells by promoting CD1d mediated presentation of endogenous glycolipids. This mode of activation is capable of attenuating combined Crohn's like ileitis and joint inflammation occurring in TNFΔARE mice, and thus may represent a natural counter regulatory mechanism to dampen TNF driven inflammation.

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Hoffmeister, Karin M. "Novel Glycan Dependent Platelet Clearance Mechanisms". Blood 130, Suppl_1 (7.12.2017): SCI—31—SCI—31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v130.suppl_1.sci-31.sci-31.

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Platelet numbers are intricately regulated to avoid spontaneous bleeding or arterial occlusion and organ damage. The growth factor thrombopoietin (TPO) promotes platelet biogenesis by controlling megakaryocyte maturation and differentiation. Recently, we identified a feedback mechanism by which clearance of aged, desialylated platelets stimulates TPO synthesis by hepatocytes in mice. The Ashwell-Morell receptor (AMR) of hepatocytes, originally termed the hepatic asialoglycoprotein receptor, was the first cellular receptor to be identified and isolated and the first lectin (carbohydrate-binding) to be detected in mammals. Our work showed that the AMR recognizes and removes senescent, sialic acid-depleted platelets (desialylated) under steady state conditions. Desialylated platelets and the AMR are the physiological ligand-receptor pair regulating hepatic TPO mRNA production. The AMR-mediated removal of desialylated platelets regulates hepatic TPO synthesis by recruiting JAK2 and STAT3 to increase thrombopoiesis. Recent genetics studies have revealed that AMR haplodeficiency provides protection from atherosclerosis by regulating plasma glycolipids and platelets. The potential interactions of AMR with LDL receptor may regulate the rate of LDL uptake and as a result may lower plasma non-HDL cholesterol. Taken together, the AMR appears to be a multifaceted receptor, specializing in the clearance of desialylated platelets and plasma glycolipids. Thus, platelet clearance, its biogenesis via TPO, and vascular integrity appear to be regulated by intricately interwoven mechanisms dependent on the AMR. Disclosures Hoffmeister: Amgen: Consultancy.

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Singh, Neena, Li-Nuo Liang, Mark L. Tykocinski i Alan M. Tartakoff. "A Novel Class of Cell Surface Glycolipids of Mammalian Cells". Journal of Biological Chemistry 271, nr 22 (31.05.1996): 12879–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.271.22.12879.

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Matsuzaki, Toshiake, Yasuhiro Shinozaki, Manabu Hagimori, Tetsuya Tobita, Hitoshi Shigematsu i Akira Koiwai. "Novel Glycerolipids and Glycolipids from the Surface Lipids ofNicotiana benthamiana". Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry 56, nr 10 (styczeń 1992): 1565–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1271/bbb.56.1565.

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Uda, Ikuko, Akihiko Sugai, Kazuo Kon, Susumu Ando, Yuko H. Itoh i Toshihiro Itoh. "Isolation and characterization of novel neutral glycolipids from Thermoplasma acidophilum". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids 1439, nr 3 (sierpień 1999): 363–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1388-1981(99)00114-6.

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Stoskopf, M. K., Y. Kishimoto, T. Tanaka, N. Okamura, L. S. Kan, R. Cotter i C. Fenselau. "Characterization of Novel Glycolipids from the Giant Cockroach (Blaberus colosseus)". Journal of Biological Chemistry 264, nr 9 (marzec 1989): 4964–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9258(18)83685-7.

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Yang, Xiaohong, Yi Li, Yanhua Li, Ding Ye, Li Yuan, Yonghua Sun, Danxiang Han i Qiang Hu. "Solid Matrix-Supported Supercritical CO2 Enhances Extraction of γ-Linolenic Acid from the Cyanobacterium Arthrospira (Spirulina) platensis and Bioactivity Evaluation of the Molecule in Zebrafish". Marine Drugs 17, nr 4 (30.03.2019): 203. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md17040203.

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Marine cyanobacteria represent a large untapped source of functional glycolipids enriched with polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) for human health. However, advanced methods for scalable isolation of diverse species containing high-purity PUFA-rich glycolipids will have to be developed and their possible pharmaceutical and nutraceutical functions identified. This paper introduces a novel solid matrix-supported supercritical CO2 extraction method for scalable isolation of the PUFA γ-linolenic acid (GLA)-enriched glycolipids from the cyanobacterium Arthrospira (Spirulina) platensis, which has been the most widely used among microalgae in the nutraceutical and pharmaceutical industries. Of various porous materials studied, diatomite was the best to facilitate extraction of GLA-rich glycolipids, resulting in an extraction efficiency of 98%. Gamma-linolenic acid made up 35% of total fatty acids (TFAs) in the extracts, which was considerably greater than that obtained with ethanol (26%), Bligh and Dyer (24%), and in situ transesterification (24%) methods, respectively. Lipidomics analysis revealed that GLA was exclusively associated with galactolipids. Pharmaceutical functions of GLA-rich galactolipids were investigated on a zebrafish caudal fin regeneration model. The results suggested that GLA extracted from A. platensis possessed anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, and anti-allergic activities, which acted in a concerted manner to promote post-injury regeneration of zebrafish.

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Shmul, Guy, Yehuda Benayahu i Yoel Kashman. "Abruptoside A, A Novel Glycolipid from the Kenyan Soft Coral Sinularia Abrupta". Natural Product Communications 2, nr 1 (styczeń 2007): 1934578X0700200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x0700200110.

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Two homologue glycolipids, abruptosides A and B were isolated from the Kenyan soft coral Sinularia abrupta. Their structures are composed of a tetrasubstituted diarabinosyl carbohydrate carrying two acetates, a 3-hydroxybutanoate and a 4Z-dodec-4-en-1-ol or 4Z-tridec-4-en-1-ol group. The structures were determined by MS and 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy.

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MUCHA, Ján, Jiří DOMLATIL, Günter LOCHNIT, Dubravko RENDIĆ, Katharina PASCHINGER, Georg HINTERKÖRNER, Andreas HOFINGER, Paul KOSMA i Iain B. H. WILSON. "The Drosophila melanogaster homologue of the human histo-blood group Pk gene encodes a glycolipid-modifying α1,4-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase". Biochemical Journal 382, nr 1 (10.08.2004): 67–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj20040535.

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Insects express arthro-series glycosphingolipids, which contain an α1,4-linked GalNAc residue. To determine the genetic basis for this linkage, we cloned a cDNA (CG17223) from Drosophila melanogaster encoding a protein with homology to mammalian α1,4-glycosyltransferases and expressed it in the yeast Pichia pastoris. Culture supernatants from the transformed yeast were found to display a novel UDP-GalNAc:GalNAcβ1,4GlcNAcβ1-R α-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase activity when using either a glycolipid, p-nitrophenylglycoside or an N-glycan carrying one or two terminal β-N-acetylgalactosamine residues. NMR and MS in combination with glycosidase digestion and methylation analysis indicate that the cloned cDNA encodes an α1,4-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase. We hypothesize that this enzyme and its orthologues in other insects are required for the biosynthesis of the N5a and subsequent members of the arthro-series of glycolipids as well as of N-glycan receptors for Bacillus thuringiensis crystal toxin Cry1Ac.

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Sinninghe Damsté, Jaap S., Bart E. van Dongen, W. Irene C. Rijpstra, Stefan Schouten, John K. Volkman i Jan A. J. Geenevasen. "Novel intact glycolipids in sediments from an Antarctic lake (Ace Lake)". Organic Geochemistry 32, nr 2 (luty 2001): 321–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0146-6380(00)00165-0.

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Shimane, Yasuhiro, Shuhei Nagaoka, Hiroaki Minegishi, Masahiro Kamekura, Akinobu Echigo, Yuji Hatada, Takashi Ito i Ron Usami. "Natronoarchaeum philippinense sp. nov., a haloarchaeon isolated from commercial solar salt". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 63, Pt_3 (1.03.2013): 920–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.042549-0.

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A Gram-staining-negative, pleomorphic, aerobic, halophilic archaeon, designated strain 294-194-5T, was isolated in Japan from commercial solar salt imported from the Philippines. Colonies of strain 294-194-5T were translucent and red. Strain 294-194-5T was able to grow at 20–50 °C (optimum, 37–45 °C), with 14–30 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 18 %), and at pH 6.5–8.5 (optimum, pH 8.0). MgCl2 was not required for growth. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities showed that strain 294-194-5T was most closely related to Natronoarchaeum mannanilyticum YSM-123T (96.8–97.1 % sequence similarities). The major polar lipids of the novel strain were the C20C20 and C20C25 derivatives of phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylglycerol phosphate methyl ester and the same glycolipids (disulfated diglycosyl diether and one unidentified glycolipid) as detected in N. mannanilyticum YSM-123T. The DNA G+C content of strain 294-194-5T was 63.0 mol%. The DNA–DNA relatedness values between the novel strain and N. mannanilyticum YSM-123Twere 46.5 % and 48.5 % (reciprocal). Based on these data, strain 294-194-5T represents a novel species of the genus Natronoarchaeum , for which the name Natronoarchaeum philippinense sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 294-194-5T ( = JCM 16593T = CECT 7630T).

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Chang, Lan-Yi, Elin Teppa, Maxence Noel, Pierre-André Gilormini, Mathieu Decloquement, Cédric Lion, Christophe Biot i in. "Novel Zebrafish Mono-α2,8-sialyltransferase (ST8Sia VIII): An Evolutionary Perspective of α2,8-Sialylation". International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, nr 3 (31.01.2019): 622. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20030622.

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The mammalian mono-α2,8-sialyltransferase ST8Sia VI has been shown to catalyze the transfer of a unique sialic acid residues onto core 1 O-glycans leading to the formation of di-sialylated O-glycosylproteins and to a lesser extent to diSia motifs onto glycolipids like GD1a. Previous studies also reported the identification of an orthologue of the ST8SIA6 gene in the zebrafish genome. Trying to get insights into the biosynthesis and function of the oligo-sialylated glycoproteins during zebrafish development, we cloned and studied this fish α2,8-sialyltransferase homologue. In situ hybridization experiments demonstrate that expression of this gene is always detectable during zebrafish development both in the central nervous system and in non-neuronal tissues. Intriguingly, using biochemical approaches and the newly developed in vitro MicroPlate Sialyltransferase Assay (MPSA), we found that the zebrafish recombinant enzyme does not synthetize diSia motifs on glycoproteins or glycolipids as the human homologue does. Using comparative genomics and molecular phylogeny approaches, we show in this work that the human ST8Sia VI orthologue has disappeared in the ray-finned fish and that the homologue described in fish correspond to a new subfamily of α2,8-sialyltransferase named ST8Sia VIII that was not maintained in Chondrichtyes and Sarcopterygii.

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Albert, Richard A., Daniel Zitomer, Michael Dollhopf, A. E. Schauer-Gimenez, Craig Struble, Michael King, Sona Son, Stefan Langer i Hans-Jürgen Busse. "Proposal of Vibrionimonas magnilacihabitans gen. nov., sp. nov., a curved Gram-stain-negative bacterium isolated from lake water". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 64, Pt_2 (1.02.2014): 613–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.056663-0.

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A mesophilic bacterium appearing as curved rod-shaped cells was isolated from Lake Michigan water. It exhibited highest similarities with Sediminibacterium ginsengisoli DCY13T (94.4 %); Sediminibacterium salmoneum NJ-44T (93.6 %) and Hydrotalea flava CCUG 51397 T (93.1 %) while similarities with other recognized species were <92.0 %. The primary polar lipid was phosphatidylethanolamine, with moderate amounts of two unidentified glycolipids, three unknown polar lipids, one unknown aminophospholipid and one aminolipid. The primary respiratory quinone was MK-7 and sym-homospermidine was the primary polyamine. The major cellular fatty acids were iso-C15 : 1G, iso-C15 : 0, iso-C16 : 0 3-OH and iso-C17 : 0 3-OH, with moderate amounts of iso-C16 : 0. The presence of glycolipids differentiated the novel strains from related genera. The DNA mol% G+C content of the type strain MU-2T was 45.2. Results for other phenotypic and molecular analyses indicated that strain MU-2T is a representative of a novel genus and species for which the name Vibrionimonas magnilacihabitans is proposed. The type strain is MU-2T ( = NRRL B-59231 = DSM 22423).

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Piazza, Matteo, Clara Rossini, Silvia Della Fiorentina, Chiara Pozzi, Francesca Comelli, Isabella Bettoni, Paola Fusi, Barbara Costa i Francesco Peri. "Glycolipids and Benzylammonium Lipids as Novel Antisepsis Agents: Synthesis and Biological Characterization". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 52, nr 4 (26.02.2009): 1209–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jm801333m.

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Tima, Hermann Giresse, Juma''a Raheem Al Dulayymi, Olivier Denis, Pauline Lehebel, Klarah Sherzad Baols, Mohsin Omar Mohammed, Laurent L'Homme i in. "Inflammatory Properties and Adjuvant Potential of Synthetic Glycolipids Homologous to Mycolate Esters of the Cell Wall of Mycobacterium tuberculosis". Journal of Innate Immunity 9, nr 2 (18.11.2016): 162–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000450955.

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The cell wall of mycobacteria is characterised by glycolipids composed of different classes of mycolic acids (MAs; alpha-, keto-, and methoxy-) and sugars (trehalose, glucose, and arabinose). Studies using mutant Mtb strains have shown that the structure of MAs influences the inflammatory potential of these glycolipids. As mutant Mtb strains possess a complex mixture of glycolipids, we analysed the inflammatory potential of single classes of mycolate esters of the Mtb cell wall using 38 different synthetic analogues. Our results show that synthetic trehalose dimycolate (TDM) and trehalose, glucose, and arabinose monomycolates (TMM, GMM, and AraMM) activate bone marrow-derived dendritic cells in terms of the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and TNF-α) and reactive oxygen species, upregulation of costimulatory molecules, and activation of NLRP3 inflammasome by a mechanism dependent on Mincle. These findings demonstrate that Mincle receptor can also recognise pentose esters and seem to contradict the hypothesis that production of GMM is an escape mechanism used by pathogenic mycobacteria to avoid recognition by the innate immune system. Finally, our experiments indicate that TMM and GMM, as well as TDM, can promote Th1 and Th17 responses in mice in an OVA immunisation model, and that further analysis of their potential as novel adjuvants for subunit vaccines is warranted.

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Giri, Sib Sankar, Hyoun Joong Kim, Sang Guen Kim, Sang Wha Kim, Jun Kwon, Sung Bin Lee i Se Chang Park. "Immunomodulatory Role of Microbial Surfactants, with Special Emphasis on Fish". International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, nr 19 (23.09.2020): 7004. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21197004.

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Microbial surfactants (biosurfactants) are a broad category of surface-active biomolecules with multifunctional properties. They self-assemble in aqueous solutions and are adsorbed on various interfaces, causing a decrease in surface tension, as well as interfacial tension, solubilization of hydrophobic compounds, and low critical micellization concentrations. Microbial biosurfactants have been investigated and applied in several fields, including bioremediation, biodegradation, food industry, and cosmetics. Biosurfactants also exhibit anti-microbial, anti-biofilm, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, wound healing, and immunomodulatory activities. Recently, it has been reported that biosurfactants can increase the immune responses and disease resistance of fish. Among various microbial surfactants, lipopeptides, glycolipids, and phospholipids are predominantly investigated. This review presents the various immunological activities of biosurfactants, mainly glycolipids and lipopeptides. The applications of biosurfactants in aquaculture, as well as their immunomodulatory activities, that make them novel therapeutic candidates have been also discussed in this review.

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42

Paul, Katuri J. V., i Duraikkannu Loganathan. "Synthesis of novel glycolipids derived from glycopyranosyl azides and N-(β-glycopyranosyl)azidoacetamides". Tetrahedron Letters 49, nr 44 (październik 2008): 6356–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tetlet.2008.08.073.

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Bhunia, Debabrata, Preethi M. C. Pallavi, Srinivasa Reddy Bonam, Sandeep A. Reddy, Yogesh Verma i M. Sampath Kumar Halmuthur. "Design, Synthesis, and Evaluation of Novel 1,2,3-Triazole-Tethered Glycolipids as Vaccine Adjuvants". Archiv der Pharmazie 348, nr 10 (2.09.2015): 689–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ardp.201500143.

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McConville, M. J., S. W. Homans, J. E. Thomas-Oates, A. Dell i A. Bacic. "Structures of the glycoinositolphospholipids from Leishmania major. A family of novel galactofuranose-containing glycolipids." Journal of Biological Chemistry 265, nr 13 (maj 1990): 7385–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9258(19)39125-2.

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45

Kurzchalia, Teymuras, Hans-Joachim Knölker, Ulrike Pässler, Margit Gruner i Sider Penkov. "Synthesis of Ten Members of the Maradolipid Family; Novel Diacyltrehalose Glycolipids from Caenorhabditis elegans". Synlett 2011, nr 17 (19.09.2011): 2482–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0030-1260318.

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Sava, Irina G., Fuming Zhang, Ioana Toma, Christian Theilacker, Boyangzhi Li, Thomas F. Baumert, Otto Holst, Robert J. Linhardt i Johannes Huebner. "Novel Interactions of Glycosaminoglycans and Bacterial Glycolipids Mediate Binding of Enterococci to Human Cells". Journal of Biological Chemistry 284, nr 27 (23.04.2009): 18194–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.m901460200.

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Zhang, Wei-Yan, Ying-Yi Huo, Xin-Qi Zhang, Xu-Fen Zhu i Min Wu. "Halolamina salifodinae sp. nov. and Halolamina salina sp. nov., two extremely halophilic archaea isolated from a salt mine". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 63, Pt_12 (1.12.2013): 4380–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.050864-0.

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Two strictly aerobic, extremely halophilic archaea, strains WSY15-H1T and WSY15-H3T, were isolated from a salt mine in Wensu county, Xinjiang province, China. Cells of the two strains were Gram-stain-negative, non-motile and pleomorphic. Colonies were pink- and red-pigmented, respectively. Strain WSY15-H1T grew at 20–45 °C (optimum 37–42 °C), 1.6–5.4 M NaCl (optimum 3.4–3.9 M), 0–2.0 M MgCl2 (optimum 0.1–0.5 M) and pH 6.0–9.0 (optimum 7.0), whereas strain WSY15-H3T grew at 20–50 °C (optimum 37 °C), 1.9–5.4 M NaCl (optimum 3.4 M), 0.02–2.5 M MgCl2 (optimum 0.5-1.0 M) and pH 6.0–7.5 (optimum 6.5). The minimal NaCl concentrations to prevent cell lysis were 9 % (w/v) for strain WSY15-H1T and 8 % (w/v) for strain WSY15-H3T. The major polar lipids of the two isolates were phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol phosphate methyl ester and phosphatidylglycerol sulfate, as well as nine glycolipids for strain WSY15-H1T and seven glycolipids for strain WSY15-H3T; two of these glycolipids (GL1 and GL3) were chromatographically identical to bis-sulfated diglycosyl diether (S2-DGD-1) and sulfated diglycosyl diether (S-DGD-1), respectively. The genomic DNA G+C contents of strains WSY15-H1T and WSY15-H3T were 65.4 and 66.2 mol%. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, strains WSY15-H1T and WSY15-H3T shared 97.0 % similarity with each other and showed respectively 98.4 and 97.6 % sequence similarity to Halolamina pelagica TBN21T, which was the only type strain that had higher than 91 % sequence similarity with the two isolates. Analysis of phylogenetic relationships and DNA–DNA relatedness indicated that strains WSY15-H1T and WSY15-H3T represent two novel lineages with closest affinity to H. pelagica TBN21T. Based on phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and genotypic characteristics, two novel species of the genus Halolamina are proposed, Halolamina salifodinae sp. nov. (type strain WSY15-H1T = JCM 18548T = GCMCC 1.12371T) and Halolamina salina sp. nov. (type strain WSY15-H3T = JCM 18549T = GCMCC 1.12285T).

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Kornspan, Jonathan D., i Shlomo Rottem. "The Phospholipid Profile of Mycoplasmas". Journal of Lipids 2012 (2012): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/640762.

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Thede novosynthesized polar lipids ofMycoplasmaspecies are rather simple, comprising primarily of the acidic glycerophospholipids PG and CL. In addition, when grown in a medium containing serum, significant amounts of PC and SPM are incorporated into the mycoplasma cell membrane although these lipids are very uncommon in wall-covered bacteria. The exogenous lipids are either incorporated unchanged or the PC incorporated is modified by a deacylation-acylation enzymatic cycle to form disaturated PC. Although their small genome, in someMycoplasmaspecies, other genes involved in lipid biosynthesis were detected, resulting in the synthesis of a variety of glycolipis, phosphoglycolipids and ether lipids. We suggest that analyses and comparisons of mycoplasma polar lipids may serve as a novel and useful tool for classification. Nonetheless, to evaluate the importance of polar lipids in mycoplasma, further systematic and extensive studies on moreMycoplasmaspecies are needed. While studies are needed to elucidate the role of lipids in the mechanisms governing the interaction of mycoplasmas with host eukaryotic cells, the finding that a terminal phosphocholine containing glycolipids ofM. fermentansserves both as a major immune determinants and as a trigger of the inflammatory responses, and the findings that the fusogenicity ofM. fermentanswith host cells is markedly stimulated by lyso-ether lipids, are important steps toward understanding the molecular mechanisms ofM. fermentanspathogenicity.

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Mitsumori, Rie, Tomohisa Kato i Kenichi Hatanaka. "γ-Cyclodextrin Increases Hydrolysis of Gangliosides by Sialidase from Arthrobacter ureafaciens: Hydrolysis of Gangliosides". International Journal of Carbohydrate Chemistry 2009 (2.02.2009): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2009/398284.

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Sialidase is a ubiquitous enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolytic removal of terminal sialic acid residues from oligosaccharides in glycolipids and glycoproteins. Ganglioside GM1 has been usually found to be resistant to various sialidases. Arthrobacter ureafaciens sialidase has been reported to remove sialyl residues of ganglioside GM1 in the presence of bile salts. However, bile salts are difficult to be removed, and disturb HPTLC analysis. Using γ-cyclodextrin (γ-CD) as a novel additive agent, ganglioside GM1 was efficiently hydrolyzed to asialo-GM1 by A. ureafaciens sialidase.

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Cui, Heng-Lin, i Wen-Jiao Zhang. "Salinigranum rubrum gen. nov., sp. nov., a member of the family Halobacteriaceae isolated from a marine solar saltern". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 64, Pt_6 (1.06.2014): 2029–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.061606-0.

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Halophilic archaeal strain GX10T was isolated from the Gangxi marine solar saltern in China. Strain GX10T was observed to have pleomorphic cells that lysed in distilled water, stained Gram-negative and produced red-pigmented colonies. Strain GX10T was able to grow at 20–50 °C (optimum 37 °C), with 1.4–4.8 M NaCl (optimum 3.1 M NaCl), with 0–0.7 M MgCl2 (optimum 0.05 M MgCl2) and at pH 5.0–9.0 (optimum pH 7.0). The major polar lipids of strain GX10T were identified as phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol phosphate methyl ester, two major glycolipids chromatographically identical to sulfated mannosyl glucosyl diether and mannosyl glucosyl diether, and five unidentified glycolipids. Phylogenetic tree reconstructions based on 16S rRNA gene and rpoB′ sequences revealed that strain GX10T was distinct from the related genera, Halogranum , Haloferax , Halopelagius , Halogeometricum , Halobellus , Haloplanus and Halorubrum . The DNA G+C content of strain GX10T was 62.9 mol%. The phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic properties suggested that strain GX10T represents a novel species of a new genus within the family Halobacteriaceae , for which the name Salinigranum rubrum gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of the type species is GX10T ( = CGMCC 1.10385T = JCM 17116T).

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