Rozprawy doktorskie na temat „Norway (Me.)”

Written in first person, NOTHING NORMAL HAPPENS TO ME is a memoir in essays that traces the narrator’s journey from self-destruction to creation. Part one encompasses the narrator’s lost years, after she breaks free from the tyranny of her mentally ill mother and goes to live on her own at 17. Part two provides context for those bad girl years, exploring her childhood when she identified with her histrionic mother. Part three comprises stories about the narrator’s years of awakening when she seeks out transcendence, faith, and a family of her own. The pieces vary tonally and stylistically as they attempt to trace the maturing voice of the narrator. Like SEEKING RAPTURE: SCENES FROM A WOMAN’S LIFE by Kathryn Harrison, this collection centers on a young girl, who without her mother’s love, struggles to love herself. It is both a cautionary tale and a story of redemption.

This thesis examines the social construction of disability in Australian national cinema throughout the 1990s. During that decade, disability was an issue that remained in the background of many film narratives and is (still) under-theorised in academic scholarship. Disability continues to be tangential to many social critiques, particularly in relation to cultural diversity and national identity. When it is foregrounded, as in Liz Ferrier's (2001) work, its theoretical premise is chiefly located in a damaged body, rather than examined through the lens of cultural construction. The growing number of culturally diverse filmmakers in the Australian film industry during the 1990s initiated a critical focus on diversity, multiculturalism and minority group interests. However, an examination of the social construction of disability is conspicuously absent. I argue that a disability identity that focuses attention away from the body and onto society should be incorporated into notions of diversity concerning Australian national cinema. In this thesis I investigate both thematic and stylistic representations of disability with reference to socio-political contexts and influences. A disability identity - as it is included or excluded from Australian national identity - is explored through a variety of close readings of local films. I examine the methods filmmakers employ to problematise diversity in relation to the limitations of dominant representations of disability. This thesis recognises the historical lack of scholarship in relation to disability as a diversity issue in Australian national cinema of the 1990s and is an attempt to open up this field to new modes of criticism.

This thesis examines the social construction of disability in Australian national cinema throughout the 1990s. During that decade, disability was an issue that remained in the background of many film narratives and is (still) under-theorised in academic scholarship. Disability continues to be tangential to many social critiques, particularly in relation to cultural diversity and national identity. When it is foregrounded, as in Liz Ferrier's (2001) work, its theoretical premise is chiefly located in a damaged body, rather than examined through the lens of cultural construction. The growing number of culturally diverse filmmakers in the Australian film industry during the 1990s initiated a critical focus on diversity, multiculturalism and minority group interests. However, an examination of the social construction of disability is conspicuously absent. I argue that a disability identity that focuses attention away from the body and onto society should be incorporated into notions of diversity concerning Australian national cinema. In this thesis I investigate both thematic and stylistic representations of disability with reference to socio-political contexts and influences. A disability identity - as it is included or excluded from Australian national identity - is explored through a variety of close readings of local films. I examine the methods filmmakers employ to problematise diversity in relation to the limitations of dominant representations of disability. This thesis recognises the historical lack of scholarship in relation to disability as a diversity issue in Australian national cinema of the 1990s and is an attempt to open up this field to new modes of criticism.

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Context: Operating in different contexts and segments, embedded systems (ESs) are increasingly present in everyday society. The ESs usually operate invisibly to the user but, even so, possible software failures cease to pose risks, causing serious material and financial damage. Taking into consideration the safety of users of ESs, government entities and institutions around the world have studied and created standards development and SEs test to ensure systems that are more robust and free from defects that may cause faults that may endanger the user. However, standards are usually applied at the level of code, which increases substantially the resources to be used if there are defects in the SE. Objective: To present the UL/ME Strategy that addresses the shortcomings described in SEs certification standard, UL 1998 level modeling, more specifically, in the model of Statechart states. The purpose is to anticipate the identification of defects, to generate code that has more chance to meet the standard requirements, preventing rework and therefore improving quality. Methodology: The study was conducted in three stages: first stage identified the defects treated by the standard UL 1998, tabulating these defects, and then, link them to the SEs components. In the second stage were designed generic models for each component and also the ESs models that represents the tests required by the standard for each components, and in the third step, it was created two proposed for use UL/ME Strategy, one for ESs already implemented and other for ESs in development. These proposals were used for evaluation of the strategy using two real ESs, one already implemented and other in development. Results: According to the requirements of UL 1998 standard, the use of Strategy UL/ME helped to correct the defects of the first ES and evaluated the development of the second ES. Conclusion: the use of Strategy UL/ME assisted in the correction of an SE already implemented and modeling of an ES in development.
Contexto: Operando em diferentes contextos e segmentos, os sistemas embarcados (SEs) estão cada vez mais presentes no cotidiano da sociedade. Os SEs geralmente operam de forma invisível ao usuário mas, nem por isso, possíveis falhas de software deixam de oferecer riscos, ocasionando sérios danos materiais e financeiros. Levando em consideração a segurança dos usuários de SEs, entidades governamentais e instituições pelo mundo têm estudado e criado normas de desenvolvimento e de teste de SEs que garantam sistemas mais robustos e livres de defeitos que possam gerar falhas que ponham em risco o usuário. Contudo, as normas são habitualmente aplicadas no nível de código, o que aumenta, substancialmente, os recursos a serem empregados caso haja defeitos no SE. Objetivo: Apresentar a estratégia UL/ME que trata os defeitos descritos na norma de certificação de SEs, a UL 1998, no nível de modelagem, mais especificamente, no modelo de estados Statechart. O propósito é antecipar a identificação dos defeitos, de forma a gerar código com mais chance de atender aos requisitos da norma, evitando retrabalho e, consequentemente, melhorando a qualidade. Método: O trabalho foi realizado em três etapas: na primeira identificaram-se os defeitos tratados pela norma UL 1998, tabulando esses defeitos de forma a associá-los aos componentes de SEs; na segunda etapa foram desenhados modelos genéricos para cada componente e também os modelos de componentes de SEs que representam os testes requeridos pela norma e na terceira etapa, criaram-se duas proposta para utilização da Estratégia UL/ME, uma para SEs já implementados e outra para SEs em desenvolvimento. Essas propostas serviram para avaliação da estratégia utilizando dois SEs reais, um já implementado e outro em desenvolvimento. Resultados: De acordo com os requisitos da norma UL 1998, o uso da Estratégia UL/ME auxiliou a correção dos defeitos do primeiro SE avaliado o desenvolvimento do segundo SE. Conclusão: o uso da Estratégia UL/ME auxiliou na correção de um SE já implementado e na modelagem de um SE em desenvolvimento.

David LaChapelle gör bilder som ofta är ganska provocerande i sitt uttryck eftersom de ofta föreställer mer eller mindre avklädda kvinnor och män i sexuellt laddade situationer. Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka ett par av LaChapelles bilder ur ett genusperspektiv med utgångspunkt i konstvetaren Norman Brysons text “Géricault and ”Masculinity”. I denna text diskuterar Bryson detta med manlig och kvinnlig maskerad genom att bland annat hävda att även männen är utsatta för den manliga betraktarens blick. Detta med framställningen av kvinnligt och manligt är själva grunden för denna uppsats. Med hjälp av Norman Brysons teorier gällande manlig och kvinnlig maskerad undersöker jag hur LaChapelle använder sig av denna maskerad, samt hur han använder sig av stereotypa roller för kvinnor och män. Jag undersöker också vem som är objekt för en betraktares blick och varför. Det jag kommer fram till är att LaChapelle i allra högsta grad använder sig av de stereotypa roller som finns och att han iscensätter en manlig och en kvinnlig maskerad genom att använda kulturellt betingade grepp för vad som anses vara kvinnligt och manligt. LaChapelle överdriver manligt och kvinnligt i sina iscensättningar och tar dem ett steg längre vilket gör dem skämtsamma eller lustfyllda. Hans bilder kan verka vulgära och provocerande vid en första anblick men efter att ha tittat noggrannare uppfattas de som mer humoristiska och med ett mångtydigt innehåll. LaChapelle vill provocera och få betraktaren att tänka till om sexuella normer, utseendemässiga ideal och masskonsumtion. Bilderna är inte enbart en glättig yta utan bär på olika budskap.

Viktiga komponenter i LaChapelles bilder är själva kompositionen och färgerna, vilket jag undersöker. I min undersökning av färg och komposition, där jag bland annat tar hjälp av konstvetarna/konstteoretikerna Ulf af Hård Segerstad och Rudolf Arnheim, blir resultatet tydligt. Kompositionen och färgerna är viktiga för bildernas uttryck och färgerna är en del av kompositionen. Färgen är en mycket viktig beståndsdel och de hjälper till att bygga upp hans bilder. Utan färger skulle hans bilder te sig tråkiga och inte ha samma spänning som de nu har, de hade också uppfattas som mycket mer hårda i sitt uttryck och inte alls med samma humor eller glädje. Bilderna hade förlorat mycket utav sitt uttryck och inte varit lika intensiva. Kompositionen av de olika delarna i bilderna och färgerna förstärker det mångtydiga innehållet i LaChapelles bilder.

En este interesante y extenso trabajo, el destacado jurista hace un profundo análisis de los actos de violación de normas en el Derecho de Competencia Desleal. Esto es, en qué casos el incumplimiento de una norma por parte de un agente económico –como un instrumento para obtener ventajas en la lucha concurrencial–, es susceptible de ser sancionado en el ámbito de la Competencia Desleal (a través del nuevo Precedente de Observancia Obligatoria contenido en la Resolución 0493-2004/TDC). Además, y en estrecha relación con lo anterior, el autor nos propone un modelo de interacción (o sistematización) entre las áreas del Derecho de Competencia, a partir de su finalidad y valores protegidos.

An investigation into the impact of generalised maximum entropy solutions on the study of queues with or without arrival balking and their applications to congestion management in communication networks Keywords: Queues, Balking, Maximum Entropy (ME) Principle, Global Balance (GB), Queue Length Distribution (QLD), Generalised Geometric (GGeo), Generalised Exponential (GE), Generalised Discrete Half Normal (GdHN), Congestion Management, Packet Dropping Policy (PDP) Generalisations to links between discrete least biased (i.e. maximum entropy (ME)) distribution inferences and Markov chains are conjectured towards the performance modelling, analysis and prediction of general, single server queues with or without arrival balking. New ME solutions, namely the generalised discrete Half Normal (GdHN) and truncated GdHN (GdHNT) distributions are characterised, subject to appropriate mean value constraints, for inferences of stationary discrete state probability distributions. Moreover, a closed form global balance (GB) solution is derived for the queue length distribution (QLD) of the M/GE/1/K queue subject to extended Morse balking, characterised by a Poisson prospective arrival process, i.i.d. generalised exponential (GE) service times and finite capacity, K. In this context, based on comprehensive numerical experimentation, the latter GB solution is conjectured to be a special case of the GdHNT ME distribution. ii Owing to the appropriate operational properties of the M/GE/1/K queue subject to extended Morse balking, this queueing system is applied as an ME performance model of Internet Protocol (IP)-based communication network nodes featuring static or dynamic packet dropping congestion management schemes. A performance evaluation study in terms of the model’s delay is carried out. Subsequently, the QLD’s of the GE/GE/1/K censored queue subject to extended Morse balking under three different composite batch balking and batch blocking policies are solved via the technique of GB. Following comprehensive numerical experimentation, the latter QLD’s are also conjectured to be special cases of the GdHNT. Limitations of this work and open problems which have arisen are included after the conclusions

An investigation into the impact of generalised maximum entropy solutions on the study of queues with or without arrival balking and their applications to congestion management in communication networks Keywords: Queues, Balking, Maximum Entropy (ME) Principle, Global Balance (GB), Queue Length Distribution (QLD), Generalised Geometric (GGeo), Generalised Exponential (GE), Generalised Discrete Half Normal (GdHN), Congestion Management, Packet Dropping Policy (PDP) Generalisations to links between discrete least biased (i.e. maximum entropy (ME)) distribution inferences and Markov chains are conjectured towards the performance modelling, analysis and prediction of general, single server queues with or without arrival balking. New ME solutions, namely the generalised discrete Half Normal (GdHN) and truncated GdHN (GdHNT) distributions are characterised, subject to appropriate mean value constraints, for inferences of stationary discrete state probability distributions. Moreover, a closed form global balance (GB) solution is derived for the queue length distribution (QLD) of the M/GE/1/K queue subject to extended Morse balking, characterised by a Poisson prospective arrival process, i.i.d. generalised exponential (GE) service times and finite capacity, K. In this context, based on comprehensive numerical experimentation, the latter GB solution is conjectured to be a special case of the GdHNT ME distribution. ii Owing to the appropriate operational properties of the M/GE/1/K queue subject to extended Morse balking, this queueing system is applied as an ME performance model of Internet Protocol (IP)-based communication network nodes featuring static or dynamic packet dropping congestion management schemes. A performance evaluation study in terms of the model’s delay is carried out. Subsequently, the QLD’s of the GE/GE/1/K censored queue subject to extended Morse balking under three different composite batch balking and batch blocking policies are solved via the technique of GB. Following comprehensive numerical experimentation, the latter QLD’s are also conjectured to be special cases of the GdHNT. Limitations of this work and open problems which have arisen are included after the conclusions.

This study offers a comparative analysis of Rosario Castellanos' Balún-Canán and Rudolfo Anaya's Bless Me, Ultima, novels that provide examples on how children construct their identity in hybrid communities in southeastern Mexico and the U.S. southwest. The protagonists grow and develop in a context where they need to build bridges between their European and Amerindian roots in the middle of external influences that complicate the construction of a new mestizo consciousness. In order to attain that consciousness and free themselves from their divided selves, these children receive the aid of an indigenous mentor who teaches them how to establish a dialogue with their past, nature, and their social reality. The protagonists undertake that negotiation by transgressing the rituals of a society immersed in colonial dual thinking. They also create mechanisms to re-interpret their past and tradition in order to create an image of themselves that is not imposed by the status quo. In both novels, the protagonists have to undergo similar processes to overcome their identity crises, including transculturation, the creation of sites of memory, and a transition from orality to writing. Each of them resorts to creative writing and becomes a sort of shaman who pulls together the "spirits" from the past, selects them, and organizes them in a narration of childhood that is undertaken from adulthood. The results of this enterprise are completely different in the cases of both protagonists because the historical and social contexts vary. The boy in Bless Me, Ultima can harmoniously gather the elements to construct his identity, while the girl in Balún-Canán fails because of the pressures of a male-centered and highly racist society.

Traditionally South African Schools are characterised by the hierarchical nature of their management structures. The principal is the head of the school and is accountable to the Department of Education. Post 1994 school management teams are in place in schools and membership includes the principal, deputy principal and HOD‟s who hold the formal management positions. Teachers who are not formally appointed to leadership positions are categorized as level-one teachers. Hence, this dissertation works from the premise that these teachers play an important role as leaders, albeit in an informal capacity. These teachers play an important role as leaders, albeit in an informal capacity. Teacher leadership enactment is prevalent in South African Schools, but to varying degrees. Every teacher is a potential teacher leader and therefore every school has an immense wealth of expertise in terms of teacher leadership. However, within the context of their environments, human resources are utilized to varying degrees in the different schools. The research questions which guided this study included: “How is teacher leadership enacted in an urban primary school?” and “What factors promote or hinder this enactment?” The study was designed as a case study which was conducted within the interpretive paradigm and was mainly qualitative in nature. Data were gathered by means of survey questionnaires, semi-structured interviews, a focus group interview, journal entries and observation schedules. The case study was of an urban primary school in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Data were predominantly qualitative and were analysed using thematic content analysis. Findings of the study were that teacher leadership enactment occurred across all four zones, mostly in zone one (in the classroom) and zone two (working with other teachers and learners outside the classroom in curricular and extra-curricular activities). Teacher leadership enactment was very restricted in zone three (outside the classroom in whole school development). Enhancing factors included that there was shared decision-making, a collaborative learning environment and delegation of duties from an informal position. 4 The main barriers were a lack of dialogic space, an overemphasis on control by the SMT and lack of time to enact teacher leadership.
Thesis (M.Ed.) - University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2010.

Nos últimos anos têm sido produzidas inúmeras leis para promover a eficiência energética (ADENE, 2012). Estas leis só virão a ser eficazes se se tornarem também normas informais de regulação com valor social positivo (Castro, 2012; Fernández-Dols, 2012; Stern, 2000). Neste contexto, é importante perceber se as normas sociais de conservação de energia são socialmente valorizadas. De acordo com a abordagem sócio-cogntiva das normas sociais (Dubois & Beauvois, 2005) e também com a literatura de gestão de impressões (Sadalla & Krull, 1995) é possível saber o valor social de uma norma através da análise da forma como as pessoas se auto-apresentam e julgam os outros em função dessa norma. Neste trabalho, propusemo-nos estudar a forma como as pessoas julgam os outros em função de crenças e comportamentos de eficiência energética. Para isso, recorremos ao paradigma do hetero-julgamento (Gilibert & Cambon, 2003), aplicado a dois grupos distintos: jovens e adultos. As avaliações foram expressas através das dimensões competência e cordialidade (Fiske, Cuddy & Glick, 2007). Os resultados demonstraram que as normas de eficiência energética tem valor social positivo. No entanto, verificou-se que essa valorização não é absoluta. Uma vez que se observa uma tolerância para com os alvos inconsistentes, com crenças pró e comportamentos anti-conservação, sobretudo entre os adultos. O estudo permitiu também observar que existe um efeito moderador da identidade ecológica e da preocupação com as alterações climáticas no julgamento de alvos com crenças e comportamentos de eficiência energética. No entanto, esse efeito não se reflete em todas as dimensões avaliadas, nem de forma igual entre jovens e adultos.
In the last years many laws have been issued to promote energy efficiency (ADENE, 2012). These laws only will become fully effective if they become also informal norms with positive social value (Castro, 2012; Fernández-Dols, 2012; Stern, 2000). In this context, it is important to understand if social norms in energy conservation are socially valued. According to the sociocognitive approach to social norms (Dubois & Beauvois, 2005) and also the literature concerning impression management (Sadalla & Krull, 1995) it is possible to know the value of a social norm by analyzing the way people present themselves and judge others according to this norm. In this work, we proposed to study how people judge others on the basis of beliefs and behaviors of energy efficiency. For that, we turn to the paradigm of hetero-judgment (Gilibert & Cambon, 2003), applied to two distinct groups: young students and adults. The evaluations were expressed through the two dimensions of competence and warmth (Fiske, Cuddy & Glick, 2007). Results showed that the energy efficiency norms have positive social value. However, it was also found that this value is not absolute. A tolerance towards inconsistent targets, with pro-conservation beliefs and anti-conservation behaviors, was observed, especially among adults. The study also observed that there is a moderating effect of ecological identity and concerns with climate change in the judgment of other’s beliefs and behaviors of energy efficiency. However, this effect is not reflected in all evaluated dimensions, and neither equally between youth and adults.

O abuso de álcool está relacionado com várias consequências negativas para o indivíduo, os outros e a sociedade em geral. Atualmente, uma das tendências mais preocupantes é o aumento do consumo de álcool entre os jovens e, particularmente, entre os estudantes universitários. A investigação tem procurado compreender os determinados do consumo de álcool entre os estudantes universitários de modo a preveni-lo e combatê-lo. Os resultados obtidos apontam para que as normas sociais (descritivas e prescritivas) sejam um dos maiores preditores do consumo entre os estudantes universitários. Adicionalmente, uma nova linha de pesquisa tem demonstrado que o impacto das normas sociais no consumo é moderado pela identificação com o grupo de referência. Neste sentido, espera-se que as normas sociais percebidas tenham impacto no consumo, na medida em que quanto mais os participantes perceberem que os outros consomem e aprovam o consumo, mais eles consumirão também. Porém, espera-se também que a identificação com o grupo de referência modere a relação entre as normas percebidas e o consumo, na medida em que o impacto das normas neste será tão mais forte quanto mais os participantes se identificarem com o grupo. Além disso, espera-se que a avaliação que os participantes fazem de um determinado personagem varie consoante o padrão de consumo desse personagem (baixo vs. elevado). Por fim, espera-se que o consumo e as normas descritivas percebidas diminuam ao longo do tempo. Foi realizado um estudo longitudinal com 287 participantes no tempo 1, divididos pelas Condições Personagem com Padrão de Consumo Baixo vs. Personagem com Padrão de Consumo Elevado; e 124 participantes no tempo 2. Não foram encontrados quaisquer decréscimos no consumo nem nas normas descritivas entre os 2 tempos de avaliação. Encontraram-se diferenças significativas entre os dias de semana e o fim-de-semana no que respeita ao consumo e às normas. Os resultados demonstram em geral um maior poder preditivo das normas descritivas do que das prescritivas no consumo. Foi também demonstrado que a identificação com o grupo de referência modera a relação entre as normas e o consumo. Contudo, os resultados dependem do grupo de referência considerado. Adicionalmente, os participantes avaliam ambos os personagens de forma positiva, mas o personagem com padrão de consumo baixo é avaliado de forma significativamente mais positiva que o outro. Os resultados são discutidos de acordo com o enquadramento teórico, bem como as limitações, os caminhos para a pesquisa futura e as implicações práticas.
Alcohol abuse is associated with several negative consequences for the individual, the others and society in general. Currently, one of the most disturbing trends is the increase in alcohol use among young people, and particularly among college students. Research has sought to find out the determinants of alcohol use among college students, in order to prevent and fight it. Results suggest that social norms (descriptive and injunctive) are one of the major predictors of alcohol use among college students. Additionally, a new line of research has shown that the impact of social norms on alcohol use is moderated by identification with the reference group. It is expected that perceived social norms have an impact on alcohol use, since the more participants perceive that others consume and approve alcohol use, the more they consume too. However, it is also expected identification with the reference group to moderate the relationship between perceived norms and alcohol use, since the impact of norms will be stronger for the participants who identify more with the group. Furthermore, it is expected that the evaluation participants make of a certain character varies depending on the pattern of consumption adopted by that character (low vs. high alcohol use). Finally, it is expected that alcohol use and perceived descriptive norms decrease over time. We conducted a longitudinal study with 287 participants at time 1, distributed by the Conditions: Character with a low pattern of alcohol consumption vs. Character with a high pattern of alcohol consumption ; and 124 participants at time 2. We did not find any decrease in consumption, nor in the perceived descriptive norms. There were significant differences between week days and weekend with respect to consumption and perceived social norms. The results demonstrate the existence of differences in the impacts that different types of norms (descriptive and injunctive) have in alcohol use. It was also shown that identification with the reference group moderates the relationship between perceived social norms and alcohol use. However, the results depend on the reference group that is considered . Additionally, participants evaluate both characters in a positive way, but the character with the norms of low alcohol use is rated as significantly more positive than the other. The results are discussed according to the theoretical framework as well as the limitations, future research and practical implications.

Nos últimos anos, o consumo elevado de açúcar tem sido alvo de bastante preocupação. Estudos anteriores demonstram que este pode ser influenciado pelas normas sociais (i.e., perceções do que é o comportamento típico ou aprovado). O desejo de ter aprovação social e fazer parte de um grupo (i.e., necessidade de afiliação) pode modelar o comportamento alimentar, ou seja, este desejo de pertencer ao grupo fará com que as pessoas tentem reproduzir o comportamento dos outros. Este trabalho tem como objetivos analisar o impacto de normas sociais descritivas e injuntivas de pares no consumo de açúcar, e investigar o efeito moderador da necessidade de afiliação aos pares e autoconceito social na conformidade com tais normas. Com um total de 241 participantes (MIdade = 22.99; 88% mulheres), realizámos um estudo no qual os participantes foram expostos a mensagens de normas sociais, distribuídos por três condições (norma injuntiva, norma descrita, controlo), e avaliado o seu impacto na intenção de reduzir o consumo de açúcar. Foram avaliadas a necessidade de afiliação aos pares e o autoconceito social. Ainda que as mensagens da redução de consumo de açúcar tenham sido percebidas como relevantes e credíveis, não se verificou o impacto esperado na intenção de redução do consumo de açúcar. Os resultados também não confirmaram o efeito moderador da necessidade de afiliação e autoconceito social. Esta investigação contribui para uma melhor compreensão das intervenções com normas sociais, explorando a potencialidade da necessidade de afiliação e autoconceito social como variáveis que afetem o impacto das normas sociais.
In recent years, the high consumption of sugar has been the subject of considerable concern. Previous studies demonstrate that this can be influenced by social norms (i.e., perceptions of what is typical or approved behavior). The desire to have social approval and to be part of a group (i.e., need for affiliation) can shape eating behavior, that is, this desire to belong to the group will make people try to reproduce the behavior of others. This paper aims to analyze the impact of descriptive and injunctive peer social norms on sugar consumption, and to investigate the moderating effect of the need for peer affiliation and social self-concept in complying with such norms. With a total of 241 participants (MAge = 22.99; 88% women), we carried out a study in which participants were exposed to social norms messages, distributed over three conditions (injunctive norm, descriptive norm, control), and evaluated their impact in the intention of reducing sugar consumption. The need for affiliation with peers and social self-concept were assessed. Although the messages of reducing sugar consumption were perceived as relevant and credible, the expected impact on the intention to reduce sugar consumption was not verified. The results also did not confirm the moderating effect of the need for affiliation and social self-concept. This investigation contributes to a better understanding of interventions with social norms, exploring the potential of the need for affiliation and social self-concept as variables that affect the impact of social norms.

Este caso pedagógico que se pretende apresentar, será um caso simulado de uma empresa que atua na Promoção Imobiliária, que se irá chamar de Wish Green House, LDA., e que pretende construir uma Moradia Unifamiliar na Cidade do Funchal para venda. Para realizar o seu projeto de investimento, a empresa recorrerá a capital próprio e capital alheio, o capital alheio será obtido através de empréstimos bancários. Este capital originará gastos, pela via de pagamento de juros, e este caso pedagógico irá incidir sobre o seu efeito contabilístico. Iremos ver estes efeitos contabilísticos entre a opção da empresa escolher a categoria de Microentidade ou de pequena empresa. O objetivo deste caso terá por base o enquadramento da Norma Contabilística das Microentidades e a Norma Contabilística e de Relato Financeiro 10 do Sistema de Normalização Contabilística, que prescreve o tratamento dos custos de empréstimos obtidos. A Norma Contabilística e de Relato Financeiro n.º 10 é adaptada da norma Internacional de Contabilidade n.º 23 – IAS 23 Borrowing Costs. A empresa sendo uma Microentidade ou uma pequena empresa irá resultar em diferentes resultados nas demonstrações financeiras da empresa como também os principais indicadores económicos e financeiros da empresa.
This pedagogic case that we intended to present, will be a simulation case of a company that works in real estate development, and will be named Wish Green House, LDA., she intends to build a Single Family House in the City of Funchal for sale. To realize is investment, the company will resort to is own company capitaland foreign capital, the foreign capital will be obtained through bank loans. This capital will generate expenses, through the payment of interest, and this pedagogic case will focus on its accounting effect. We will see these accounting effects on the option of the company to choose the category type of company in between Micro Company or Small Company. The objective of this case will be based on the framework of the Accounting Norm of Micro Company and Accounting and Financial Reporting Standard 10 of the Accounting Standardization System, which prescribes the treatment of borrowing costs. The Accounting and Financial Reporting Standard number 10, from the system of accounting standardization in Portugalis an adaption of International Accounting Standard N.º 23 - IAS 23 Borrowing Costs. The same company, with the option of being a Micro Company or a Small Company will result in different results in the financial statements of the company as well as the main economic and financial indicators of the company.