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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Northern Irish authors"
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Balabanov, Kostyantyn, i Rehina Kussa. "Influence of the Northern Irish factor on BREXIT processes". Bulletin of Mariupol State University. Series: History. Political Studies 10, nr 28-29 (2020): 153–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.34079/2226-2830-2020-10-28-29-153-161.
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The article considers the influence of the Northern Irish factor on Brexit processes. The authors analyze alternants of the UK-Ireland border regime that were initially offered at Brexit: the «electronic» border, the «hard» border, the «mixed» border, the maintaining United Kingdom’s membership of the EU Customs Union. The importance of maintaining the 1998 Belfast Agreement, which provides for a «soft» border between Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland, in the context of maintaining peace in the region, is substantiated. The course of the negotiations between Britain and the European Union on the conditions of the country’s exit from the organization is considered. This process was most complicated by the Northern Irish factor and led to a political crisis in the United Kingdom. The Brexit agreement was only ratified on the fifth attempt after the snap parliamentary elections. The article considers the pros and cons of the final decision to establish a «mixed» border between states, that is conducting border checks not between Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland, but between Northern Ireland and other territories of the United Kingdom. The authors conclude that this solution, on the one hand, is conducive to further maintaining peace in the region, but on the other hand, reduces Northern Ireland’s ties with the United Kingdom and increases it with the Republic of Ireland. In the long run, this may lead to the exercise of the right to hold a referendum on the union of Northern Ireland with the Republic of Ireland, as provided for in the Belfast Agreement.
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Elices Agudo, Juan Francisco. "From aithirne the importunate to Robert McLiam Wilson : a preliminary overview on the Irish satiric tradition". Journal of English Studies 4 (29.05.2004): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.18172/jes.88.
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Among the multiplicity of genres and modes Irish authors have cultivated, it seems that satire has prevailingly flourished throughout the history of Irish literature. From the first invectives of Aithirne the Importunate to the works of contemporary authors such as Robert McLiam Wilson or Colin Bateman, satire has been an indissoluble component of the social, political and religious life of Ireland. It is no wonder, thus, that some of the most prestigious Irish writers -namely Jonathan Swift, Richard Sheridan, Oscar Wilde, George Bernard Shaw, Austin Clarke, or even James Joyce- have been unanimously praised and recognised as satirists. My purpose in this paper will be to trace a preliminary overview on the role satire has played in the Irish literary tradition, focusing on several authors and on how their targets and rhetorical strategies have evolved from Aithirne's early invectives. Therefore, this paper will purport to analyse issues such as the tumultuous relationship between Ireland and Great Britain, the unquestionable authority exerted by the Church, and the way recent novelists envisage the so-called Northern Irish "Troubles".
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Montgomery, Lorna, i Joyce McKee. "Adult safeguarding in Northern Ireland: prevention, protection, partnership". Journal of Adult Protection 19, nr 4 (14.08.2017): 199–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jap-03-2017-0011.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to outline and critique the current model of adult safeguarding in Northern Ireland (NI). Design/methodology/approach The paper offers a critical analysis of adult safeguarding, legislation, policy and practice. Insights are offered from the Regional Adult Safeguarding Officer for NI, and available research evidence is cited. Findings Distinct features of Northern Irish society have shaped its adult safeguarding policy and practice in ways which differ from those in England, Scotland and Wales. The strengths and limitations of the legal and policy framework, and practice systems are discussed. Research limitations/implications The paper offers the viewpoint of the authors, which may not be representative. Practical implications The potential advantages and challenges of the Northern Irish safeguarding systems are presented, and potential future developments are highlighted. Social implications Changes have been highlighted in the way adult safeguarding has been conceptualised. An emphasis on prevention and early intervention activities, with a key role envisaged for community, voluntary and faith sector organisations, have been noted. Originality/value This paper provides an accessible overview of adult safeguarding in NI, which to date has been lacking from the literature.
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Muldoon, Orla T., i Karen Trew. "Social group membership and perceptions of the self in Northern Irish children". International Journal of Behavioral Development 24, nr 3 (wrzesień 2000): 330–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01650250050118312.
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Social disadvantage and minority group membership are believed to have an adverse effect on the development of the self-concept. However, the exact effects of such factors on children’s self-competence and self-esteem are still subject to debate, with some authors arguing that it is not until later in life that the adverse psychological effects of social disadvantage become apparent. This study therefore examined the relationship between gender, ethnicity, socioeconomic status (SES), and age on self-competence and self-esteem in childhood. Eight- to eleven-year-old children ( N = 689) completed the Harter Self-Perception Profile for Children (Harter, 1985) and the results were analysed using MANOVA. Substantial gender differences in self-perceptions across several domains, including global self-esteem, were evident. The analysis also indicated that children of lower SES and from the Roman Catholic (minority) community in Northern Ireland had significantly less positive self-perceptions than middle SES and Protestant (majority group) children in a range of domains. These differences, however, were generally only evidenced at ages 10 and 11. Discussion of these results highlights the influence of group memberships on children’s social development, particularly at the preadolescent stage, and points to the need to consider the combined effects of psychosocial identities and socioeconomic background on the development of self-perceptions.
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Rice, Cecil A., i Jarlath F. Benson. "Hungering for Revenge: the Irish Famine, the Troubles and Shame-Rage Cycles, and their Role in Group Therapy in Northern Ireland". Group Analysis 38, nr 2 (czerwiec 2005): 219–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0533316405052380.
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The authors assert that one may view intractable political violence as a genre of ‘emplotted’ action in which society enacts, writes and organizes its narratives into a symbolic system and a mode of historical explanation and a configuration of group relations, which have a storytelling capacity of their own. We demonstrate that in Northern Ireland there is a constant making and narrating of history and that this repetitive and reciprocal ritual of reliving history is a means of managing a profound psychic trauma and displacement which engenders and entrenches political violence, that profoundly affects therapists and their group members.
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Browne, Brendan Ciarán, i Ruari-Santiago McBride. "Politically Sensitive Encounters: Ethnography, Access, and the Benefits of “Hanging Out”". Qualitative Sociology Review 11, nr 1 (31.01.2015): 34–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/1733-8077.11.1.02.
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Negotiating politically sensitive research environments requires both a careful consideration of the methods involved and a great deal of personal resolve. In drawing upon two distinct yet comparable fieldwork experiences, this paper champions the benefits of ethnographic methods in seeking to gain positionality and research legitimacy among those identified as future research participants. The authors explore and discuss their use of the ethnographic concept of “hanging out” in politically sensitive environments when seeking to negotiate access to potentially hard to reach participants living in challenging research environments. Through an illustrative examination of their experiences in researching commemorative rituals in Palestine and mental health in a Northern Irish prison, both authors reflect upon their use of “hanging out” when seeking to break down barriers and gain acceptance among their target research participants. Their involvement in a range of activities, not directly related to the overall aims of the research project, highlights a need for qualitative researchers to adopt a flexible research design, one that embraces serendipitous or chance encounters, when seeking to gain access to hard to reach research participants or when issues of researcher legitimacy are particularly pronounced, such as is the case in politically sensitive research environments.
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Hitchens, D. M. W. N., J. E. Birnie, A. McGowan, U. Triebswetter i A. Cottica. "Investigating the Relationship between Company Competitiveness and Environmental Regulation in European Food Processing: Results of a Matched Firm Comparison". Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 30, nr 9 (wrzesień 1998): 1585–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a301585.
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The authors use a method of matched-plant comparisons between food processing firms in Germany, Italy, Northern Ireland, and the Republic of Ireland to investigate the relationship between environmental regulation and company competitiveness across the European Union. Comparative competitiveness was indicated by measures of value-added per employee, physical productivity, export share, and employment growth. The cost of water supply (public or well), effluent treatment (in-plant treatment and/or sewerage system), and disposal of sludge and packaging were also compared. Total environmental costs in Germany, Italy, and Ireland were small: usually less than 1% of turnover. Compared with the Irish firms, German companies had relatively high environmental costs as well as productivity levels. There was, however, a lack of a clear relationship between company competitiveness and the size of regulation costs: in Ireland and Italy environmental costs were similar but German firms had much higher productivity; compared with German counterparts, Italian firms had lower environmental costs but higher productivity.
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Drong, Leszek. "Post-Traumatic Realism: Representations of History in Recent Irish Novels". Colloquia Humanistica, nr 2 (13.06.2015): 19–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.11649/ch.2013.011.
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Post-Traumatic Realism: Representations of History in Recent Irish NovelsThe aim of my essay is to describe major tendencies in contemporary Irish prose writing concerned with historical and political issues. The diversity of the themes and attitudes to the past necessitates a classification of the writings into several various groups of novels whereas my analysis of the modes of representing the intratextual universe paves the way for identifying a single literary convention (post-traumatic realism) which is typical of the works under discussion. Many of the quoted authors subscribe to historical revisionism which undermines the received historical narrative in Ireland and questions its aggressively nationalist model of patriotism. The novels by Sebastian Barry, Robert McLiam Wilson, Edna O’Brien or Julia O’Faolain, to name just a few, contest that model by demonstrating that it leads to violence, cultural stagnation and petrifying political divisions both in the Republic of Ireland and in Northern Ireland. In the age of the epistemological levelling of historiographic discourse and literary fiction the novels discussed in the essay meaningfully contribute to the debate over the Irish nation’s attitude to their own history and the need to conclude the painful chapters of the past connected with the Civil War as well as with the social and religious conflicts of the twentieth century. Realizm posttraumatyczny. Sposoby przedstawiania historii we współczesnych powieściach irlandzkich Celem niniejszego artykułu jest scharakteryzowanie głównych tendencji we współczesnej prozie irlandzkiej podejmującej tematykę historyczną i polityczną. Różnorodność tematów i postaw wobec przeszłości zmusza do wyodrębnienia co najmniej kilku odmiennych grup powieści, natomiast analiza sposobów prezentacji universum wewnątrztekstowego pozwala pokusić się o określenie jednej typowej konwencji literackiej, jaką w przypadku omawianych utworów jest realizm posttraumatyczny. Wielu z przytaczanych autorów wpisuje się także w nurt rewizjonizmu historycznego, który podważa zastaną narrację historyczną i obiegowy, nacechowany agresywnym nacjonalizmem model patriotyzmu. Powieści Sebastiana Barry’ego, Roberta McLiama Wilsona, Edny O’Brien czy Julii O’Faolain kontestują ów model, ukazując, że prowadzi on do przemocy, utrwalania podziałów politycznych i stagnacji kulturowej zarówno w Republice Irlandii, jak i w Irlandii Północnej. W dobie epistemologicznego równouprawnienia dyskursu historiograficznego i fikcji literackiej omawiane w artykule powieści konstruktywnie wpisują się w dyskusję nad stosunkiem narodu irlandzkiego do swojej historii, nad koniecznością zamknięcia raz na zawsze bolesnych rozdziałów związanych z wojną domową początku lat dwudziestych XX wieku i konfliktami na tle społecznym oraz religijnym.
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BARRETT, P. D., A. S. LAIDLAW i C. S. MAYNE. "An evaluation of selected perennial ryegrass growth models for development and integration into a pasture management decision support system". Journal of Agricultural Science 142, nr 3 (czerwiec 2004): 327–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859604004289.
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Four perennial ryegrass growth models were evaluated for their suitability to form the basis of a herbage growth model (HGM) for a decision support system (DSS). The successful candidate had to be suitable for further development to meet the specification of the DSS and following redevelopment it would then be integrated into a pasture management decision support system for dairy production. The models selected for evaluation were the Irish produced Brereton model (Brereton et al. 1996), the LINGRA model (Schapendonk et al. 1998), produced in the Netherlands, and a version of the English Johnson & Thornley (1985) model, developed for field use at the Northern Ireland Plant Testing Station (Laidlaw & Gilliland 2000). The fourth model was a version of the LINGRA model, simplistically adapted by the authors to take account of reproductive growth (LINGRARep). The performance of the models was tested using the mean squared prediction error (MSPE) against a total of 28 seasons' growth data, collected from two sites; i.e. at the former Grassland Research Institute at Hurley, England and the Northern Ireland Plant Testing Station at Crossnacreevy. The Brereton model, when validated against the Hurley dataset, had the lowest MSPE of the four models, but had the highest MSPE against Crossnacreevy data. The PTS model did not perform as well as expected considering its mechanistic basis. Equally, the performance of the LINGRA model was poor at both sites. However, the LINGRARep performed well, having the lowest MSPE at Crossnacreevy and second lowest at Hurley. The LINGRA model was selected for development as the final HGM given that it proved suitable for adaptation and by making even simple adaptations, as in LINGRARep, its performance could be substantially improved. Therefore, it was considered that it possessed the greatest potential for further development.
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Faszcza, Michał Norbert. "Problemy metodologiczne w badaniach nad Celtami i celtyckością". Studia Europaea Gnesnensia, nr 11 (1.01.2015): 55–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/seg.2015.11.3.
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In the studies devoted to Celts so far, researchers have tried to define “Celticness” based on two criteria: their material culture and language. Another element which tended to be employed was the argument of terminology used by antique authors. At present, we know that the sense of ethnic identification may have been independent of those factors. This led to a genuine “scientific revolution”, which resulted in the exclusion of Ireland and northern Britain from the circle of Celtic culture. Consequently, the question in which cases one can speak of “Celticness” has become relevant yet again. The author is of the opinion that decisive significance should be attributed to self-identification of given tribes, although sources rarely provide information in that respect. Depending on the remaining criteria tends to be greatly unreliable, given that they were are a modern concept and as such are subject to manipulation. A comfortable, though exceedingly rare situation is their joint occurrence. For this reason the author is inclined to give priority to the language criterion, yet only when the faulty terminology relation to the so-called Q-Celtic and P-Celtic languages is abandoned. Despite the fact that Irish civilisation has been demonstrated to have been non-Celtic, the obsolete terminology is still in use, as a result of which the linguistic criterion cannot perform its function effectively.
Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Northern Irish authors"
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Macbeth, Georgia School of Theatre Film & Dance UNSW. "A Plurality of Identities: Ulster Protestantism in Contemporary Northern Irish Drama". Awarded by:University of New South Wales. School of Theatre, Film and Dance, 1999. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/33257.
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This thesis examines the ways in which Ulster Protestant identity has been explored in contemporary Northern Irish drama. The insecurity of the political and cultural status of Ulster Protestants from the Home Rule Crises up until Partition led to the construction and maintenance of a distinct and unified Ulster Protestant identity. This identity was defined by concepts such as loyalty, industriousness and ???Britishness???. It was also defined by a perceived opposite ??? the Catholicism, disloyalty and ???Irishness??? of the Republic. When the Orange State began to fragment in the late 1960s and early 1970s, so did notions of this singular Ulster Protestant identity. With the onset of the Troubles in 1969 came a parallel questioning and subversion of this identity in Northern Irish drama. This was a process which started with Sam Thompson???s Over the Bridge in 1960, but which began in earnest with Stewart Parker???s Spokesong in 1975. This thesis examines Parker???s approach and subsequent approaches by other dramatists to the question of Ulster Protestant identity. It begins with the antithetical pronouncements of Field Day Theatre Company, which were based in an inherently Northern Nationalist ideology. Here, the Ulster Protestant community was largely ignored or essentialised. Against this Northern Nationalist ideology represented by Field Day have come broadly revisionist approaches, reflecting the broader cultural context of this thesis. Ulster Protestant identity has been explored through issues of history and myth, ethnicity, class, gender and sexuality. More recent explorations of Ulster Protestantism have also added to this diversity by presenting the little acknowledged viewpoint of extreme loyalism. Dramatists examined in this thesis include Stewart Parker, Christina Reid, Frank McGuinness, Bill Morrison, Ron Hutchinson, Marie Jones, Graham Reid, Robin Glendinning and Gary Mitchell. The work of Charabanc Theatre Company is also discussed. What results from their efforts is a diverse and complex Ulster Protestant community. This thesis argues that the concept of a singular Ulster Protestant identity, defined by its loyalty and Britishness, is fragmented, leading to a plurality of Ulster Protestant identities.
Książki na temat "Northern Irish authors"
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Michael, Parker. Northern Irish literature, 1975-2006. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007.
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Ruth, Hooley, red. The Female line: Northern Irish women writers. Belfast: Northern Ireland Women's Rights Movement, 1985.
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Michael, Parker. Northern Irish literature, 1956-1975. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007.
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Robert Frost and Northern Irish poetry. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004.
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Bill, Lazenblatt, i University of Ulster, red. Northern narratives. Newtonabbey, Co. Antrim: University of Ulster at Jordanstown, 1999.
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Buxton, Rachel. Robert Frost and Northern Irish poetry. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2004.
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Improprieties: Politics and sexuality in Northern Irish poetry. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1993.
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Chris, Agee, red. The new North: Contemporary poetry from Northern Ireland. Winston-Salem, N.C: Wake Forest University Press, 2008.
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1885-1967, Johnston Anthony, i Johnston Tessa, red. Sound images: Poems written by three generations of the Johnston family, Derry, between 1882-1986. (Derry): Imago, 1986.
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1947-, Ormsby Frank, red. A rage for order: Poetry of the Northern Ireland troubles. Belfast: Blackstaff Press, 1992.
Znajdź pełny tekst źródłaCzęści książek na temat "Northern Irish authors"
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Dudai, Ron, i Kevin Hearty. "Informing, Intelligence, and Public Policy in Northern Ireland: Some Overlooked Negative Consequences of Deploying Informers against Political Violence". W Collaboration in Authoritarian and Armed Conflict Settings, 157–78. British Academy, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5871/bacad/9780197267059.003.0008.
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Ron Dudai and Kevin Hearty reconstruct and challenge the narrative according to which the work of informers was of the greatest importance to the peace in Northern Ireland. By infiltrating the Irish Republican Army and the smaller Irish National Liberation Army, so the narrative goes, informers and their handlers from the Royal Ulster Constabulary Special Branch saved lives and ‘defeated’ Republican groups, leaving them no alternative but peace negotiations, ultimately contributing to the abatement of violence. The authors argue that the narrative of ‘heroification’ of informers overlooks the negative consequences of informing, which include the production of what it intended to curb, namely violence. The systematic recruitment of informers has the durable effect of sustaining opposition to peace processes, negatively impacting transitional justice efforts.
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Garden, Alison. "The traitor and the hero". W The Literary Afterlives of Roger Casement, 1899-2016, 129–54. Liverpool University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781789621815.003.0006.
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In the years immediately prior to, and of, the Second World War textual glimmers of an unnamed Roger Casement can be detected in a preoccupation with the ghostly return of Irish history. As Ireland grappled with what role she could or should play in the (impending) war, a role complicated immeasurably by the precarious border and new Northern statelet, numerous authors grappled with an Irish history compromised by unclear allegiances and betrayal. This chapter uses a collection of mid-twentieth century texts – James Joyce’s Finnegans Wake (1939), Jorge Luis Borges’ ‘The Theme of the Traitor and the Hero’ (1944) and Elizabeth Bowe’s The Heat of the Day (1948) – to map how the interlinking preoccupations of espionage, betrayal and, frequently, sexual intimacy, are deeply connected, implicitly or explicitly, to the haunting spectre of Casement.
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Chapman, Jane, Kate Allison, Andrew Kerr i John Cafferkey. "Cartoons". W The Edinburgh History of the British and Irish Press, Volume 3, 414–33. Edinburgh University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474424929.003.0021.
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Throughout the 20th century, cartoons relentlessly appeared in all sorts of newspapers, evidence of the immense cultural impact of illustrative satire long before the era of television. Many events were recorded in print, such as the Great War, the 1916 Easter Rising, women’s suffrage, the Second World War, and the Cold War. This chapter uses Gombrich’s ‘6 point filter’ for cartoon analysis to present both case studies and longer- term trends. Case studies include pioneering Irish satire in The Lepracaun, and British football cartoons used to present the perspectives of the working - class British soldier from 1914 to 1918. The authors analyse several trends over time, including increased ‘creative acerbity’, for instance during ‘The Troubles’ in Northern Ireland, through to a greater personalisation of issues and use of a celebrity approach, often as propaganda during the Cold War and Vietnam. Findings from the analysis of over a thousand images point to an increase in derivative amateur cartoons, which is construed as a democratic tool for expression.
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Hennessey, Thomas, Máire Braniff, James W. McAuley, Jonathan Tonge i Sophie A. Whiting. "Introduction". W The Ulster Unionist Party, 1–8. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198794387.003.0001.
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The Ulster Unionist Party (UUP) was the dominant party in Northern Ireland from the 1920s until the end of the twentieth century. The twenty-first century has been much more of a struggle. The UUP was punished, not rewarded, by many in the Protestant Unionist British community for conceding too much to Irish nationalists in the 1998 Belfast/Good Friday Agreement. Those concerned about the deal defected to the more militant Democratic Unionist Party (DUP). The story of the UUP during the peace process and in the decades since the 1998 Agreement is examined in subsequent chapters. The volume draws upon the first-ever dataset on UUP members constructed by the authors to examine who belongs to the UUP, explore what they think of their party and others, and assess their views on the political changes which have seen their party come under pressure.
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Kennedy, Liam. "Two Ulsters". W Ireland and Partition, 97–118. Liverpool University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781949979879.003.0006.
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In a society riven by ethno-religious and ethno-national divisions, relative population numbers assume a vital significance. Northern Ireland exemplifies the politics of demography in extreme form. More than three decades ago the author published a short book, Two Ulsters, which advocated a more politically-sensitive repartition of Ireland along nationalist and unionist lines. The proposal was born of despair at the polarisation of Northern Irish society in the wake of the Hunger Strikes of the early 1980s and the continuing insurgency of the Provisional IRA. In this chapter he revisits the proposal, noting long-run partitionist tendencies within Irish society. A reconstructing of Catholic and Protestant numbers, and hence power balances at both regional and local level, forms the middle part of the study. The final section peers into possible futures for Northern Ireland by considering some alternative political scenarios, including the ‘end game’ of Irish unity. The conclusion reached is that ‘not unlike the weather most days in Ireland, the future seems far from settled’. Indeed, the future may well lie with those best adapted to living with constitutional uncertainty.
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O’Leary, Brendan. "Overlooked by the Tall Kingdom before Dying of Political Economy". W A Treatise on Northern Ireland, Volume I, 217–62. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199243341.003.0004.
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This chapter examines Ireland’s political experience during the first half of the Union. Among the subjects surveyed are the long delay in Catholic emancipation, the continuation of administrative colonialism, and the emergence of fiscal dependence and highly uneven economic development that culminated in the Great Famine. The latter’s significance is assessed. The author argues that, just as manslaughter should be distinguished from homicide, so “geno-slaughter” better accounts for what occurred than genocide. The limitations of efforts to make Ireland British are assessed, and the development of state–church relations critically evaluated. Protestant Ulster’s resistance to O’Connell’s movement for Repeal of the Union is assessed, as is the return of Presbyterians toward a pan-Protestant coalition against reenergized Irish Catholicism.
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Roberts, Keith Daniel. "Introduction". W Liverpool Sectarianism. Liverpool University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5949/liverpool/9781786940100.003.0001.
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The introduction provides a brief background on the Liverpool born author, as well as explaining how he became interested in the topic. It also indicates some similarities, while acknowledging the differences, between similar variants of sectarianism, specifically in Northern Ireland and in the west of Scotland, highlighting the Irish lineage of all three areas. Most importantly, the introduction offers a relatively substantial definition of the term sectarianism, something too often neglected by academics and politicians, alike; before offering a more specific delineation Liverpool’s own brand of sectarian antagonism.
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Bolton, David. "The Omagh bombing and the community’s response". W Conflict, Peace and Mental Health. Manchester University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.7228/manchester/9780719090998.003.0002.
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In this Chapter the author describes the circumstances and impact of the Omagh bombing which occurred in Northern Ireland in August 1998, just as the peace process was beginning to see political progress and violence had significantly reduced. The impact on casualties and their families in Omagh, Buncrana in the Irish Republic, and in Madrid, Spain, is described, as are the distress and traumatic consequences for the wider community. The responses of neighbours and friends, the wider Omagh community, its medical, education, not-for-profit and civic services, are described. The contribution of commemorative and arts based events is demonstrated. The risk to the developing peace process and the Belfast Agreement is outlined and how this impacted upon the development of therapeutic services for the local community. The role of politics and politicians in ensuring services were developed, is described.
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Dudai, Ron. "The IRA and Informers". W Penality in the Underground, 48—C2.N75. Oxford University PressOxford, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198759409.003.0003.
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Abstract Informing plays a central role in Irish Republican consciousness and history. Informers featured in numerous rebellions—foiling plots, facilitating arrests, assisting prosecutions, setting ambushes—and became a powerful weapon of the British state during the decades of the recent conflict. They were recruited from within the ranks of the IRA, as well as from its support networks and the communities where it was based; some volunteered their services yet most were blackmailed or tempted by British authorities. Informers have long been identified in the literature as a common target for violence and hostility, but this chapter provides a more complex and thicker account of rebel attitudes to informers, identifying three main themes. The first is fear: an instrumental rational response to the threat informers represent, with the specific dread generated by secrecy; as one ex-IRA member told the author, the fear was powerful because ‘you didn’t know who the informer is. A sinister figure out in the dark’. The second theme is a culturally embedded hatred of informers, who have been treated as ‘folk devils’, a situation described by one interviewee as ‘almost like the brand of Satan, the witch thing, it pushes you completely outside the pale’. Yet a third theme is normalisation—a grudging acceptance of informing as a ‘fact of life’ and an ‘occupational hazard’ of underground life, which has to be approached realistically and pragmatically. The complex and dynamic interactions between fear, loathing and normalisation shaped responses to informing during the Northern Ireland conflict and in its aftermath.