Gotowe bibliografie tematyczne / Norse in Greenland

Gotowa bibliografia na temat „Norse in Greenland”

Autor: Grafiati
Data publikacji: 26 lipca 2024
Data aktualizacji: 27 lipca 2024

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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Norse in Greenland"

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Mikkelsen, Naja, Antoon Kuijpers i Jette Arneborg. "The Norse in Greenland and late Holocene sea-level change". Polar Record 44, nr 1 (styczeń 2008): 45–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247407006948.

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ABSTRACTNorse immigrants from Europe settled in southern Greenland in around AD 985 and managed to create a farming community during the Medieval Warm Period. The Norse vanished after approximately 500 years of existence in Greenland leaving no documentary evidence concerning why their culture foundered. The flooding of fertile grassland caused by late Holocene sea-level changes may be one of the factors that affected the Norse community. Holocene sea-level changes in Greenland are closely connected with the isostatic response of the Earth's crust to the behaviour of the Greenlandic ice sheet. An early Holocene regressive phase in south and west Greenland was reversed during the middle Holocene, and evidence is found for transgression and drowning of early-middle Holocene coast lines. This drowning started between 8 and 7ka BP in southern Greenland and continued during the Norse era to the present. An average late Holocene sea level rise in the order of 2–3 m/1000 years may be one of the factors that negatively affected the life of the Norse Greenlanders, and combined with other both socio-economic and environmental problems, such as increasing wind and sea ice expansion at the transition to the Little Ice Age, may eventually have led to the end of the Norse culture in Greenland.
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Lynnerup, Niels, i Søren Nørby. "The Greenland Norse: bones, graves, computers, and DNA". Polar Record 40, nr 2 (kwiecień 2004): 107–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247402002875.

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The remains of the Greenland Norse provide unique biological anthropological material for the investigation of human and environmental interaction. As a population, they were generally secluded from most of the contemporary European medieval society, and land suitable for their way of life was limited in Greenland. The archaeological and historical record is excellent, clearly establishing the 500-year period of colonisation. In other words, the Greenland Norse represent a relatively isolated population, constrained in both space and time.Living in an environment with very little buffering capacity, ecological changes immediately had repercussions. Ten years of research have shown a direct climatic impact on the humans as well as changing subsistence patterns. It seems that the Norse in Greenland responded to these changes, although inside ‘cultural’ limits. Demographic modelling indicates that emigration may have accounted for the final abandonment of the settlements. A changing ecology thus seems to have pushed the Greenland Norse out of Greenland, because their sedentary way of life, relying on animal husbandry, and probably with a strong cultural sense of identity focused on farmsteads and domestication, became unsustainable. A further step will be clarifying the genetic history of the Norse as well as of the Thule Culture Inuit. These analyses have commenced by examining mtDNA variation and Y-chromosomal diversity among present-day Greenlandic Inuit, and preliminary results appear to provide some information as to the fate of the Norse people.
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Guðmundsdóttir, Lísabet. "Timber imports to Norse Greenland: lifeline or luxury?" Antiquity 97, nr 392 (kwiecień 2023): 454–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.15184/aqy.2023.13.

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The native trees of Greenland are unsuitable for larger construction projects or shipbuilding. Instead, the Norse colonists (AD 985–1450) relied on driftwood and imported timber. The provenance and extent of these imports, however, remain understudied. Here, the author uses microscopic anatomical analyses to determine the taxa and provenance of wood from five Norse Greenlandic sites. The results show that while the needs of most households were met by local woodlands and driftwood, elite farms had access to timber imports from Northern Europe and North America. By demonstrating the range of timber sources used by the Greenland Norse, the results illustrate connectivity across the medieval North Atlantic world.
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Pringle, Heather. "Death in Norse Greenland". Science 275, nr 5302 (14.02.1997): 924–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.275.5302.924.

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Kristjánsdóttir, Steinunn. "Medieval Monasticism in Iceland and Norse Greenland". Religions 12, nr 6 (21.05.2021): 374. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel12060374.

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The aim of this paper is to provide an overview of the monastic houses operated on the northernmost periphery of Roman Catholic Europe during the Middle Ages. The intention is to debunk the long-held theory of Iceland and Norse Greenland’s supposed isolation from the rest of the world, as it is clear that medieval monasticism reached both of these societies, just as it reached their counterparts elsewhere in the North Atlantic. During the Middle Ages, fourteen monastic houses were opened in Iceland and two in Norse Greenland, all following the Benedictine or Augustinian Orders.
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Plomp, Kimberly A., Keith Dobney, Hildur Gestsdóttir i Mark Collard. "Mixed ancestry of Europeans who settled Iceland and Greenland: 3D geometric-morphometric analyses of cranial base shape". Antiquity 97, nr 395 (październik 2023): 1249–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.15184/aqy.2023.131.

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Debate surrounds the identity of the Europeans who settled Iceland and Greenland in the early medieval period. Historical sources record settlers travelling from Norway to Iceland and then Greenland, but recent analyses of biological data suggest that some settlers had British and Irish ancestry. Here, the authors test these hypotheses with 3D-shape analyses of human crania from Scandinavia, Britain and Ireland, and one of the Norse colonies in Greenland. Results suggest that some 63 per cent of the ancestry of the Greenlandic individuals can be traced to Britain and Ireland and 37 per cent to Scandinavia. These findings add further weight to the idea that the European settlers who colonised Iceland and later Greenland were of mixed ancestry.
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Nielsen, Flemming A. J., i Thorkild Kjærgaard. "Den første grønlandske bog". Fund og Forskning i Det Kongelige Biblioteks Samlinger 60 (25.01.2022): 73–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/fof.v60i.130495.

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Flemming A. J. Nielsen And Thorkild Kjærgaard:The First Greenlandic Book Ever since the arrival of Norse peasants in south-west Greenland in the second halfof the tenth century there have been links between the immense island (2.2 millionkm2) in the north-eastern corner of the American hemisphere and the Scandinavianworld. At the end of the twelfth century, the ancestors of today’s Inuit, a whale- andseal-hunting people speaking a language of the Eskimo-Aleut group, migrated fromEllesmere Island across the narrow Smith Sound to northern Greenland. Within twoand a half centuries, the Norse peasants had, it seems, been exterminated by the Inuit,but Greenland was never forgotten in Scandinavia. In the European world it was generallyrecognised that Greenland was Norwegian territory. In 1380 Norway enteredinto a union with Denmark, and the dream of restoring connections with Greenlandtherefore became a shared Danish-Norwegian dream, although it seemed less and lesspracticable as time went by and the Davis Strait between Baffin Island and Greenlandbegan to teem with Dutch and British whalers and trading ships.However, in 1721 the course of history changed. A Norwegian priest, Hans Egede(1686‑1758), who had been offering his services for more than a decade, was appointed‘Royal Missionary in Greenland’ and was given the necessary support for an expeditionaiming to re-establish the old connection and to reintroduce Christianity into Greenland.Egede’s Greenlandic adventure succeeded, and over the course of the eighteenthcentury Greenland was reintegrated, bit by bit, into the multicultural, multinationalDanish-Norwegian state and society.In 1814 Norway was divided as a result of the Napoleonic Wars. Mainland Norway(what we know as Norway today) was ceded to Sweden while the remote Norwegianislands in the North Atlantic (Greenland, the Faroe Islands and, until 1944, Iceland)were annexed to the kingdom of Denmark.Being a true officer of the Danish-Norwegian empire, where every child had tobe taught to read and appreciate Luther’s Small Catechism, Egede struggled fromthe outset with the exotic Greenlandic language, not just to learn to speak a vaguelyunderstandable ‘kitchen-Greenlandic’ but also to acquire the deeper understandingof phonetic and grammatical structures that was needed in order to develop a writtenversion of the language.During Egede’s fifteen years in Greenland (1721‑36), all the documents pertainingto the mission were handwritten. This was true also for the basic Christian texts inGreenlandic which Egede and his helpers began to produce and distribute among thegrowing number of converts from as early as 1723. Back in Copenhagen in 1736, Egede founded the so-called Seminarium Groenlandicum. The purpose of this institution wastwofold: to teach basic Greenlandic to new missionaries and catechists before they wentto Greenland, and to produce books printed in Greenlandic in order to have a moremajor and focused impact on Greenlandic society than the sporadic effects obtainablewith handwritten texts that were constantly being altered by being laboriously copiedout by hand again and again.The first book published in Greenlandic as part of this programme was a spellingbook containing reading exercises based on Luther’s Small Catechism in addition to acollection of prayers and eight hymns translated from the Danish, comprising a total offorty pages prepared by Egede and printed in Copenhagen in 1739 to be sent to Greenlandthe same year. As a bridge between written and printed culture in Greenland, thissmall book marked an important milestone in early modern Greenland. Until now it hasbeen known only from uncertain and elusive bibliographical sources – sceptical voiceshave even doubted whether it ever existed, but two copies of the book have recentlybeen located and identified in the holdings of the Royal Library. Our article providesa thorough study of the book: how it came to be forgotten, how it was rediscovered,the nature of its contents and details of its typographical layout.Less than a century after Hans Egede’s arrival in Greenland, almost everybody inwestern Greenland had learned to read and write, and the local vernacular had becomea literary language. Later, in 1861, Greenland’s first newspaper was established.It was written and edited from the outset by Greenlanders eagerly discussing their ownaffairs. As a result of the discussions, scattered groups of individuals throughout theenormous but thinly populated island coalesced into a nation, and, thanks to Egede’sendeavours and those of his many successors throughout the eighteenth and nineteenthcenturies, Greenlandic is today the only native American language that is used for anyand every purpose by its speakers, whether it be literature, pop music, government,church services or legislation.
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Vésteinsson, Orri. "Parishes and Communities in Norse Greenland". Journal of the North Atlantic 201 (styczeń 2009): 138–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3721/037.002.s215.

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Lynnerup, Niels. "Endperiod Demographics of the Greenland Norse". Journal of the North Atlantic 7, sp7 (listopad 2014): 18–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3721/037.002.sp702.

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Madsen, Christian Koch. "Marine Shielings in Medieval Norse Greenland". Arctic Anthropology 56, nr 1 (styczeń 2019): 119–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3368/aa.56.1.119.

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Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Norse in Greenland"

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Keller, Christian. "The Eastern Settlement reconsidered : some analyses of Norse Medieval Greenland /". Online version, 1989. http://bibpurl.oclc.org/web/29958.

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Cavicchioli, Karu Kolesnikow. "Issues of Iron and Ice: Norse Iron Use in Medieval Greenland". Thesis, University of Sydney, 2020. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/23746.

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From approximately 985CE, two Norse settlements were founded on the South and South-Western coasts of Greenland. Roughly 500 years later, the final recorded Norse voyage to Greenland marked the end of their contact with the outside world and by around 1500CE, both settlements were devoid of any living Norsemen. Numerous theories regarding the ultimate fate of the settlers have been put forward, with most modern prevailing theories describing issues driven by worsening climate, failing economic and farming prospects and dwindling populations. While resource shortages resulting from diminishing trade with other Nordic areas have been identified as possible contributing factors, little research has been done specifically on their impact on the Norse Greenlanders. This thesis seeks to begin reframing the story of the Norse settlements in Greenland through the lens of iron resource shortages. This issue was investigated through comparative studies of Greenlandic, Norwegian and Icelandic Norse iron tools. The iron items were analysed using two forms of shape analysis (SHAPE v.1.3 and MorphoJ) and comparative dimension and weight analysis. In addition, information on other Norse uses of iron was gathered from archaeological and historical sources. The findings provided evidence for wide-ranging adaptive practices undertaken by the Norse Greenlanders. This implies that the Norse understood the severity of their worsening situation and implemented measures to mitigate the shortage of iron. Ultimately, the Norse appear to have realised that remaining in Greenland would eventually result in a shortage of iron severe enough to render their ways of life unviable and limit their ability to leave Greenland, leading to a decision to abandon their settlements and seek out more liveable locations to colonise.
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Comeau, Laura Elizabeth Lamplugh. "Snow modelling for understanding human ecodynamics in periods of climate change". Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/8012.

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This thesis tests and applies a new, physically based snow distribution and melt model at spatial scales of tens of metres and temporal scales of days across sub-arctic landscapes, in order to assess the significance of snow variability in sub-arctic human ecodynamics at resolutions relevant to human activities. A wider goal is to contribute to planning in the face of future climate change. Model tests are undertaken based on original field data collected in Sweden and Norway, and secondary data from Idaho, France and Greenland. Model applications focus on the ‘completed experiment’ of the medieval Norse in Greenland, a comparatively isolated population that relied on a combination of pastoralism and hunting for survival. A combination of local calibration based on contemporary meteorological data, customised climate reconstructions based on GCM data, new archaeological survey and new DEM are used in order to apply the model. This thesis shows, for the first time, the likely range of snow depth and duration experienced across the medieval Norse Greenland landscape as a result of climate and vegetation change. Results show that increases in snow cover could have been significant drivers of transformative change in Norse Greenland, and are therefore likely to be key in understanding the potential impact of future climate changes on similar sub-arctic and relatively marginal communities. Selected model analyses simulate the total spring (April-June) snow cover at the homefields to range from 32% cover lasting 6 days in the most favourable climate to 100% cover lasting 45 days in the most unfavourable climate at key elite inner fjord farms. At the more isolated outer fjord farms, total spring snow cover ranges from 33% cover lasting 10 days in the most favourable climate to 100% cover lasting 60 days in the most unfavourable climate. Increased climate variance and recovery times, as experienced by the Norse, are potential early warning signals of threshold-crossing change. Model results show that these signals could have been masked for the Norse decision making elite because they were located in the most favourable and least snow covered locations. Masking could have been further increased through the intensified seal hunting implemented by the Norse as an adaption strategy, and these actions could have developed into a rigidity trap. When the conjunctures of the 15th century developed in terms of increased sea ice, snow cover, storminess, culture contact, changing trade and sea level rise, it was too late to develop different responses. Whilst current populations have improved technology and knowledge relative to the Norse Greenlanders, there is a risk that adaptations will lack long-term utility, spatially restricted indications of change may be ignored, and rigidity traps develop. This thesis provides an additional tool for understanding a key element of both the past and possible futures of subarctic human ecodynamics.
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Ledger, Paul M. "Norse landnám and its impact on the vegetation of Vatnahverfi, Eastern Settlement, Greenland". Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2013. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=195995.

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McCullough, Jess Angus. "'Death in a dread place' : belief, practice, and marginality in Norse Greenland, ca. 985-1450". Thesis, University of Leicester, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/39873.

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This thesis examines and analyzes the extant archaeological, historical, and literary evidence for the beliefs and practices of the Greenland Norse, their influences, and their evolution over time. By critically examining previously held assumptions about the cultural, climatic, and religious conditions of Greenland during this time the available data is placed in its proper context and reveals the geoconceptual world of the Greenlanders and their place in it. This interdisciplinary approach illustrates the extent to which the physical environment and location of Greenland played a role in the transition from a collective of enterprising colonists to an established Christian community over the course of almost 500 years. Specific questions addressed within include: 1 ­ How does archaeology challenge, support, or augment the historical and literary narrative of Greenland’s transition into a Christian place?; 2 – What are the physical correlates of the Greenlanders’ beliefs and practices, and how have they been interpreted? This thesis finds that the development of Christianity was driven by the Greenlanders’ increasing perception of their place in the world as one of marginality and spiritual danger.
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Ross, Julie Megan. "A paleoethnobotanical investigation of Garden Under Sandet, a waterlogged Norse farm site, Western Settlement, Greenland, Kalaallit Nunaata". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp04/mq22551.pdf.

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Rusk, K. J. "Shall we abide here? : site selection criteria of the eastern settlement of Norse Greenland : a case study of Qorlortup Valley". Thesis, University of York, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.527697.

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Preston, John Ian. "Geomorphology of Viking and medieval harbours in the North Atlantic". Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/31430.

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The aim of this thesis is to understand the role of geomorphological change in the abandonment of Norse harbours in the North Atlantic. Nodes of maritime activities that were established by Norse settlers during the Scandinavian Viking Age often developed into important towns and cities. Some of these, however, disappeared for unknown reasons. Norse harbours in the North Atlantic varied in scale. They ranged from small landing beaches used by small boats for local use through to much larger anchorages handling considerable trade and being important nodes on the transatlantic trading network. Changes in coastal geomorphology necessitated a response from seafarers. In this thesis, a conceptual framework for the formation, recovery and stability of headland-dominated sandy beaches in high-energy environments is established, based on empirical observation and on the use of the MIKE21 numerical sediment transport model. Under persistent calm climatic conditions, nearshore seabed gradient is a weak control on beach formation and persistence in embayments. However, under persistent stormy conditions, nearshore sea bed gradient becomes the prominent control. Embayments with nearshore gradients of > 0.025 m/m inhibit beach recovery on a sub-annual timescale, while gradients < 0.025 m/m promote beach recovery. These ideas are assessed in the Shetland Islands, using numerical modelling, geomorphology and OSL dating on sand blow deposits. In the late Norse era beach landing sites in Unst became prone to depletion and destruction because of increased storminess. Numerical modelling (MIKE21) supports the idea that the recovery time of different sandy beaches on Unst is dependent on average nearshore slope. The beach at Sandwick has shallow nearshore gradients and recovers quickly in the face of storminess, but beach stability at Lunda Wick is more uncertain, and thus Lunda Wick represents a more problematic landing place. The Norse harbour of The Bishop's seat at Garðar in the Eastern Settlement of Greenland is assessed to evaluate the impacts of gradual long term geomorphological change on coastlines that lack soft-sediment. A high resolution, near shore bathymetric survey shows that, due to relative sea level rise of 1 m/500 years, the landing site became more difficult to access during the later period of Norse settlement and key onshore infrastructure was disrupted. The possible role of terrestrial supplies of sediment in changing the viability of landing places is assessed through an evaluation of the Norse trading centre of Gásir in northern Iceland. Geomorphological mapping and analysis of fluvial connectivity indicate that the delta on which Gásir is located is prone to aggradation from large, irregular pulses of sediment derived from landslides in the catchment. Written sources and geomorphological mapping indicate geomorphological changes around the same time that trade was shifting to the use of boats with a deeper draft. Cultural change and environmental changes would have reinforced each other in rendering the harbour site nonviable. Geomorphological forces acting on varying spatial and temporal scales have the potential to disrupt the use of landing sites. Whether environmental changes led to the abandonment of a landing site was strongly influenced by the seafarers' competence and available technology. Higher levels of competence would enable more problematic landing sites to be used, but there are limits to this adaptation. Technological changes, such as the use of larger and deeper draft boats, would have changed the geomorphic requirements for harbour sites, and thus may have led to a passive abandonment of the site over time rather than active abandonment such as that in the face of a catastrophic change of the shoreline. Coastal geomorphology was a critical factor affecting the use of Norse harbours, as it interacted with the wider cultural and economic developments in the North Atlantic realm. This thesis demonstrates that numerical sediment transport analysis is a powerful tool in coastal archaeological research as it can illuminate processes driving observable changes in the empirical record.
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Lindquist, Ole. "Whales, dolphins and porpoises in the economy and culture of peasant fishermen in Norway, Orkney, Shetland, Faroe Islands and Iceland, ca.900-1900 A.D., and Norse Greenland, ca.1000-1500 A.D". Thesis, University of St Andrews, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/2953.

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By way of introduction the thesis considers Norse whaling history, in general, concepts like 'whaling tradition', 'whaling culture', and describes the approach to the divers studies of cetaceans in Norse peasant fisherman economy and culture and of Norse whaling techniques, ca 900-1900 AD. It is argued that the Icelandic littoral and inshore regime reflects the primordial Norse regime in which property zones on land are 'mirrored' in the littoral and the sea; furthermore, that the Orcadian-Shetlandic Udal ebb limit is not Norse in origin. Norse mediaeval cetology and popular views about real and fictitious whales are studied. Many whales are identified, including the now extinct North Atlantic gray whale is positively identified as previously well-known to, and hunted by, the the Icelanders. It is argued that traditional Norse whale measures in 'ells' are not exaggerated extent measures but often exact appraisement sums, using a unit called *hvalsalin ('whale ell'). Few ritual aspects are found but in West Norway peasant fisherman apparently sustained, into the 19th century, -a tradition of sacrificing whale tails to the old Norse god Njörör. Mediaeval and early modern Norwegian whale traps are discussed and land rise suggested as one reason for their disappearance. A technical and linguistic analysis demonstrates that mediaeval Norse whaling with piercing weapons, rather than being hand harpoon tow whaling, was spear whaling which continued in Norway until 1870 and in Iceland to the mid 1890s. Spear whaling explains the elaborate Icelandic system of registrating whaling shot marks and partly the wide 'driftage zone' of coastal estates there. Spearing and arrowing caused clostridium infection in the whales which usually died in a matter of days after which some were recovered. It is also argued that gaffing of larger cetaceans constitutes a separate whaling method. The Appendix contains numerous calendars and sources in the original, including transcriptions of parts of the 'Icelandic fishlore' by Jon Ölafsson frä Grunnavik, 1737, and the whole treatise by Andreas Christie, 'Account of the whaling in Sotra district', West Norway, from 1785/86, all with tentative English translations and summaries.
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Massa, Charly. "Variabilité climatique holocène et impacts anthropiques historiques en zone subarctique : étude multiparamètre de la séquence sédimentaire du lac d'Igaliku (Groenland)". Thesis, Besançon, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BESA1008/document.

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La colonisation médiévale scandinave au Groenland (986 – 1450 AD) et la reconquête agricole récente de la région sud-groenlandaise, favorisée par le réchauffement climatique en cours, constituent un modèle de référence particulièrement adapté à l’étude des relations entre une communauté humaine et son environnement. Dans cette perspective, une étude sédimentologique multiparamètre a été réalisée sur la séquence sédimentaire du lac d’Igaliku (N61°00’22”, W45°26’28”), situé au cœur de la principale implantation médiévale et du secteur agro-pastoral contemporain. Quatre mètres de sédiments, couvrant la totalité de l’évolution holocène du lac (~10000 ans), ont été étudiés à haute résolution temporelle. L’analyse comprend une caractérisation physico-chimique (densité, susceptibilité magnétique, diagraphie XRF, imagerie rayon-X, granulométrie laser, dosages carbone, azote et souffre, ICP-AES, isotopie δ13C et δ15N de la matière organique) et biologique (pollen, microfossiles non polliniques, diatomées) du sédiment. Vingt-huit datations radiocarbones, ainsi que la mesure l’activité du 210Pb et du 137Cs, permettent d’interpréter le signal sédimentaire dans un cadre chronologique très précis et de reconstruire l’évolution postglaciaire du lac et de son bassin versant, soumis aux contraintes glacio-isostatiques, aux forçages climatiques et aux impacts anthropiques. La première phase d’évolution du système lacustre est principalement sous contrôle isostatique avec une transition rapide d’un environnement marin pro-glaciaire vers un environnement lacustre après émersion du bassin, il y a 9500 ans. Par la suite, la séquence témoigne de l’évolution paléoclimatique de la région. Les paramètres limnologiques et terrestres suggèrent un réchauffement précoce, probablement interrompu par une période froide, sèche et venteuse entre 8600 et 8100 ans cal BP. Un second événement sec et venteux, de 5300 à 4800 ans cal BP, précède la transition néoglaciaire, qui se caractérise, à Igaliku, par une évolution vers un climat plus humide et peut-être plus froid à partir de 4800 cal BP, provoquant une mutation majeure des conditions écologiques terrestres et aquatiques. La diminution des flux de grains de pollen indique un refroidissement notable à partir de 3000 cal BP. Vers l’an 1000, suite à l’arrivée des colons scandinaves, le système lacustre passe sous un contrôle anthropique dominant. Le défrichement et l’introduction d’herbivores domestiques dans le bassin versant du lac produisent un doublement du taux d’érosion des sols (de 4 mm/siècle à 8 mm/siècle vers 1200 AD) et une modification de la qualité des influx organiques. Pour autant, les assemblages de diatomées indiquent que l’écologie du lac n’a été que faiblement affectée par l’agriculture médiévale. A partir de 1325 AD et jusqu’à la fin de la colonie scandinave, vers la moitié du XVe siècle, la végétation présente des signes de résilience et l’érosion des sols régresse. Cette déprise agro-pastorale, probablement en relation avec les prémices du Petit Âge Glaciaire, est en phase avec une importante mutation des pratiques de subsistance attestée par l’archéologie. Le retour du pastoralisme au début du XXe siècle marque une reprise des processus d’érosion, similaires, en intensité, à ceux engendrés par les colons scandinaves. En revanche, l’intensification et la modernisation des pratiques agricoles dans les années 1980 est responsable d’une érosion des sols spectaculaire (~21 mm/siècle) et d’une mutation de l’écosystème lacustre (eutrophisation) sans précédent depuis la formation du lac, il y a 9500 ans. Les effets combinés de l’agriculture et du réchauffement climatique en cours (amorcé dans les années 1920 à Igaliku) aura des conséquences environnementales difficiles à prévoir pour l’avenir de la région
The medieval Norse colonization of Greenland (986-1450 AD) and the subsequent reestablishment of agriculture in south Greenland, aided by recent climate warming, constitute a conceptual model that is particularly well adapted to understanding the relations between a community and its environment. In this perspective, a multi-parameter sedimentological study was undertaken on the sedimentary sequence of Lake Igaliku (N61°00’22”, W45°26’28”), situated in the heart of the medieval and current agricultural sector. The 4 m long sequence, covering the entire Holocene evolution of the lake (~10 000 years), was studied at high temporal resolution. The analyses included the physico-chemical characterization of the sediments (density, magnetic susceptibility, XRF, X-ray imaging, grain size, carbon, nitrogen, and sulphur content, ICP-AES, δ13C and δ15N isotopic ratios) as well as the biological components of the sediment (pollen, non-pollen palynomorphs, diatoms). 28 radiocarbon dates as well as 210Pb and 137Cs measurements created a precise temporal framework with which to reconstruct the postglacial evolution of the lake and its catchment in terms of isostatic constraints, climatic forcing and anthropogenic impacts. The first phase of basin evolution is primarily controlled by isostasy, with the rapid transition from glaciomarine conditions to a freshwater lake as the basin emerged from the fjord 9500 yr BP. Afterwards, the sedimentary sequence records the paleoclimatic evolution of the region. Paleolimnological and terrestrial proxies suggest an early warm phase likely interrupted by a cold, windy, dry period between 8600 yr BP and 8100 yr BP. A second dry, windy period between 5300 yr BP and 4800 yr BP predated the transition to neoglacial cooling, which is characterised at Igaliku by a switch to humid and perhaps cooler conditions after 4800 BP, and which caused a major shift in both aquatic and terrestrial ecology. Approximately 1000 AD, after the arrival of Norse settlers, the lacustrine system became anthropogenically dominated. Land clearing and domestic herbivores introduction in the lake catchment doubled the rate of soil erosion (from 4 mm century-1 to 8 mm century-1 by 1200 AD) and caused a major modification of the organic carbon influx. On the other hand, diatom assemblages demonstrate that the lake ecology was not strongly impacted by medieval agriculture at this site. After 1325 AD, until the end of the Norse tenure in the mid-15th century, terrestrial vegetation showed signs of rebound and soil erosion decreased. This agricultural diminishment, probably in relation to the beginning of the Little Ice Age, is consistent with an important change in subsistence patterns evidenced by archaeology in this region. The reestablishment of agriculture at the beginning of the 20th century marks the reinvigoration of erosional processes that are similar in intensity to that of the Norse settlement. On the other hand, the intensification and modernization of farming practices during the 1980s is responsible for marked soil erosion (21 mm century-1) and a shift in lake ecology (eutrophication) that is unprecedented in the 9500 yr history of the lake. The combined effects of agriculture and climate warming already underway (initiated in the 1920s at Igaliku) will have large environmental consequences for the future of this region
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Książki na temat "Norse in Greenland"

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Lynnerup, Niels. The Greenland Norse: A biological-anthropological study. Copenhagen: Committee for Scientific Research in Greenland, 1998.

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Østergård, Else. Woven into the earth: Textiles from Norse Greenland. Aarhus: Aarhus University Press, 2004.

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Østergaard, Else. Woven into the earth: Textiles from Norse Greenland. Aarhus: Aarhus University Press, 2003.

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Østergård, Else. Woven into the earth: Textiles from Norse Greenland. Aarhus: Aarhus University Press, 2004.

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Bergersen, Robert. Vinland bibliography: Writings relating to the Norse in Greenland and America. Tromsø: Universitetsbiblioteket i Tromso, 1997.

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Jones, Gwyn. The Norse Atlantic saga: Being the Norse voyages of discovery and settlement to Iceland, Greenland, and North America. Wyd. 2. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986.

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Jones, Gwyn. The Norse Atlantic saga: Being the Norse voyages of discovery and settlement to Iceland, Greenland, and North America. Wyd. 2. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986.

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Jones, Gwyn. The Norse Atlantic saga: Being the Norse voyages of discovery and settlement to Iceland, Greenland, and North America. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986.

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Vinding, Niels. The Viking discovery of America, 985 to 1008: The Greenland Norse and their voyages to Newfoundland. Lewiston, NY: Edwin Mellen Press, 2006.

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Sadler, Jonathan Paul. The analysis of insect remains from Norse sites in the former western settlement of Greenland. Birmingham: University of Birmingham, 1987.

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Części książek na temat "Norse in Greenland"

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Arneborg, Jette. "Greenland: Approaches to Historical Norse Archaeology". W Encyclopedia of Global Archaeology, 4776–86. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-30018-0_1371.

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Arneborg, Jette. "Greenland: Approaches to Historical Norse Archaeology". W Encyclopedia of Global Archaeology, 1–11. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-51726-1_1371-2.

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Arneborg, Jette. "Greenland: Approaches to Historical Norse Archaeology". W Encyclopedia of Global Archaeology, 3162–69. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0465-2_1371.

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Kurin, Danielle Shawn. "Ecocide in Norse Greenland, 15th Century". W The Bioarchaeology of Disaster, 33–42. New York: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003229209-4.

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Arneborg, Jette. "Norse Greenland: Reflections on Settlement and Depopulation". W Studies in the Early Middle Ages, 163–81. Turnhout: Brepols Publishers, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1484/m.sem-eb.3.3835.

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Jackson, Rowan, Jette Arneborg, Andrew Dugmore, Ramona Harrison, Steven Hartman, Christian Madsen, Astrid Ogilvie, Ian Simpson, Konrad Smiarowski i Thomas H. McGovern. "Success and Failure in the Norse North Atlantic: Origins, Pathway Divergence, Extinction and Survival". W Perspectives on Public Policy in Societal-Environmental Crises, 247–72. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-94137-6_17.

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AbstractIn this chapter, we examine the iconic disappearance of the Medieval Norse Greenlanders and use qualitative scenarios and counterfactual analysis to produce lessons for policymakers. We stress the role that archaeologists and historians have in adding context to contemporary social and environmental challenges and use human-environmental histories as ‘natural experiments’ with which to test scenarios. Rather than drawing direct analogies with discrete historical case studies such as Norse Greenland, such cases form complete experiments with which to ask ‘what if’ questions and learn from a range of real (retrofactual) and alternative (counterfactual) scenarios. By testing a range of scenarios associated with climate impacts and adaptive strategies, evidence from the past might be used to learn from unanticipated changes and build a better understanding of theory and concepts, including adaptation and vulnerability, and their application to the present. The Norse Greenland case study illustrates an important lesson for climate change adaptation scenarios; even a highly adaptive society can, over the course of several centuries, reach limits to adaptation when exposed to unanticipated social and environmental change.
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Nedkvitne, Arnved. "Introduction". W Norse Greenland: Viking Peasants in the Arctic, 1–13. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2019.: Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781351259606-1.

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Nedkvitne, Arnved. "The initial settlement in ad 985/6". W Norse Greenland: Viking Peasants in the Arctic, 14–40. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2019.: Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781351259606-2.

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Nedkvitne, Arnved. "Political organisation". W Norse Greenland: Viking Peasants in the Arctic, 42–80. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2019.: Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781351259606-3.

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Nedkvitne, Arnved. "Church and religion". W Norse Greenland: Viking Peasants in the Arctic, 81–160. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2019.: Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781351259606-4.

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Streszczenia konferencji na temat "Norse in Greenland"

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Brush, Jared, Andrew P. Dewet, Gregory de Wet, Raymond S. Bradley i Boyang Zhao. "SPATIAL ANALYSIS OF WATERSHEDS ASSOCIATED WITH THE EASTERN NORSE SETTLEMENT OF GREENLAND". W 53rd Annual GSA Northeastern Section Meeting - 2018. Geological Society of America, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2018ne-311060.

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Swanson, Theodore D., i Glen A. Robertson. "Space Exploration and the Greenland Norse; A Comparative Study on the Application of Technology for Exploration". W SPACE, PROPULSION & ENERGY SCIENCES INTERNATIONAL FORUM: SPESIF-2009. AIP, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3115547.

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Rasmussen, R., i C. Andersen. "Combined Multiple Removal and Noise Filtering - a Cas Study from Offshore West Greenland". W 62nd EAGE Conference & Exhibition. European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609-pdb.28.p134.

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