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Lunney, Daniel. "Ethics and Australian mammalogy: reflections on 15 years (1991 - 2006) on an Animal Ethics Committee". Australian Mammalogy 34, nr 1 (2012): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am10010.
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This essay on field mammalogy and research ethics presents my reflections on 15 years as a researcher sitting on an Animal Ethics Committee in New South Wales. It outlines the community debate on animal welfare and the ethics of research on animals, how government has responded, and how wildlife researchers can move forward in this arena. Three schools are identified within the animal protection movement: ‘animal welfare’ holds that it is legitimate to use animals as a resource, so long as that use is ‘necessary’ and the animal’s suffering ‘minimised’; ‘animal liberationists’ are likely to oppose most animal research; the ‘animal rights’ position is firmly abolitionist. The instruments that regulate research involving animals are examined, in particular the New South Wales Animal Research Act 1985, the Australian code of practice for the care and use of animals for scientific purposes, and Animal Ethics Committees. Examples of ethical dilemmas involving both native and non-native animals are discussed. The debate over animals in research will continue, and it is clear that far more can be gained by engaging in the debate than avoiding it. It is in researchers’ interests to publicly defend the essential role of science in conserving our native fauna, and to conduct our work within a well managed welfare framework.
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Peeler, Edmund J., Birgit C. Oidtmann, Paul J. Midtlyng, Laurence Miossec i Rodolphe E. Gozlan. "Non-native aquatic animals introductions have driven disease emergence in Europe". Biological Invasions 13, nr 6 (26.11.2010): 1291–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10530-010-9890-9.
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Xu, Xinping, Hongbo Chen, Xiaomei Cao i Kunlong Ben. "Efficient infection of tree shrew (Tupaia belangeri) with hepatitis C virus grown in cell culture or from patient plasma". Journal of General Virology 88, nr 9 (1.09.2007): 2504–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.82878-0.
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The generation of a new, cost-effective, non-primate, small-animal model would greatly facilitate research into hepatitis C virus (HCV) pathogenesis and the development of novel therapeutic and preventative technologies to control the increasing HCV threat to public health. Native HCV from patient plasma and HCV grown in cell culture (HCVcc) were used to inoculate adult tree shrews. Each animal was inoculated with one HCV genotype. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels, HCV RNA and viral load were determined in the animals before and after inoculation. For native HCV, 16/18 inoculated tree shrews (89 %) became infected; 12/16 (75 %) of these animals became chronically infected, whilst infection was resolved in the remaining four (25 %). For HCVcc, infection occurred in 10/12 inoculated tree shrews (83 %) and chronic infection was observed in two of these animals. HCVcc from Huh7 cells showed a higher infectivity than that from HeLa cells. The animals inoculated with inadequate amounts of HCV were not infected in either native HCV or HCVcc experiments. Peak viral loads reached 103–105 international units ml−1 in chronically infected animals. ALT level changes reflected the normal fluctuation range in most animals. Thus, tree shrews without immunosuppression can be infected efficiently by native HCV and HCVcc when the animal is inoculated with an adequate amount of single-genotype HCV.
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O’BRIEN, MARY GRANTHAM, i CAROLINE FÉRY. "Dynamic localization in second language English and German". Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 18, nr 3 (8.10.2014): 400–418. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1366728914000182.
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Marking new and given constituents requires speakers to use morphosyntactic and phonological cues within a discourse context. The current study uses a dynamic localization paradigm whereby German and English native speakers, with the other language as a second language (L2), describe constellations of pictures. In each picture a new or reintroduced animal is localized relative to other animals, thereby allowing for control of newness vs. givenness of animals. Participants completed the task in their native language (L1) and L2. English native speakers use predominantly canonical word order and often mark the new object with a falling pitch accent. German native speakers use a given-before-new word order, even when this is non-canonical, and they use a rising pitch accent in non-final position. The results indicate that speakers easily transfer unmarked grammatical structures – both word order and pitch accents – from their L1 to their L2.
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Martin-Albarracin, Valeria L., Martin A. Nuñez i Guillermo C. Amico. "Replacement of native by non-native animal communities assisted by human introduction and management on Isla Victoria, Nahuel Huapi National Park". PeerJ 3 (20.10.2015): e1328. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.1328.
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One of the possible consequences of biological invasions is the decrease of native species abundances or their replacement by non-native species. In Andean Patagonia, southern Argentina and Chile, many non-native animals have been introduced and are currently spreading. On Isla Victoria, Nahuel Huapi National Park, many non-native vertebrates were introduced ca. 1937. Records indicate that several native vertebrates were present before these species were introduced. We hypothesize that seven decades after the introduction of non-native species and without appropriate management to maintain native diversity, non-native vertebrates have displaced native species (given the known invasiveness and impacts of some of the introduced species). We conducted direct censuses in linear transects 500 m long (n= 10) in parallel with camera-trapping (1,253 camera-days) surveys in two regions of the island with different levels of disturbance: high (n= 4) and low (n= 6) to study the community of terrestrial mammals and birds and the relative abundances of native and non-native species. Results show that currently non-native species are dominant across all environments; 60.4% of census records and 99.7% of camera trapping records are of non-native animals. We detected no native large mammals; the assemblage of large vertebrates consisted of five non-native mammals and one non-native bird. Native species detected were one small mammal and one small bird. Species with the highest trapping rate were red and fallow deer, wild boar, silver pheasant (all four species are non-native) and chucao (a native bird). These results suggest that native species are being displaced by non-natives and are currently in very low numbers.
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Moskwa, Emily C. "Tourist Opinions on Animal Culling: A South Australian Example". Australian Journal of Environmental Education 31, nr 2 (3.07.2015): 208–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aee.2015.28.
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AbstractEnvironmental education is commonly used to satisfy the natural curiosity of tourists, increase conservation awareness and strengthen pro-conservation values. Yet it does not always address the more sensitive ecosystem management issues such as animal culling as it may be seen to upset the balance of the positive tourist experience. For this reason, this study compared acceptance and non-acceptance of animal culling from two angles: for tourists either provided or not provided with a brief passage of information regarding why animals may be culled; and tourists’ opinions on the culling of native versus non-native animal species. Conducted in the Flinders Ranges of South Australia where conservation and tourism co-exist within a traditional pastoral setting, 789 self-administered questionnaires were analysed. Results highlighted the differences in tourists’ acceptance levels for the culling of native and non-native species, as well as the possible influence of environmental information on these acceptance levels.
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Carr, Amanda, Michael Milleson, Felipe Hernández, Hunter Merrill, Michael Avery i Samantha Wisely. "Wildlife Management Practices Associated with Pathogen Exposure in Non-Native Wild Pigs in Florida, U.S." Viruses 11, nr 1 (26.12.2018): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v11010014.
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Land use influences disease emergence by changing the ecological dynamics of humans, wildlife, domestic animals, and pathogens. This is a central tenet of One Health, and one that is gaining momentum in wildlife management decision-making in the United States. Using almost 2000 serological samples collected from non-native wild pigs (Sus scrofa) throughout Florida (U.S.), we compared the prevalence and exposure risk of two directly transmitted pathogens, pseudorabies virus (PrV) and Brucella spp., to test the hypothesis that disease emergence would be positively correlated with one of the most basic wildlife management operations: Hunting. The seroprevalence of PrV-Brucella spp. coinfection or PrV alone was higher for wild pigs in land management areas that allowed hunting with dogs than in areas that culled animals using other harvest methods. This pattern did not hold for Brucella alone. The likelihood of exposure to PrV, but not Brucella spp., was also significantly higher among wild pigs at hunted sites than at sites where animals were culled. By failing to consider the impact of dog hunting on the emergence of non-native pathogens, current animal management practices have the potential to affect public health, the commercial livestock industry, and wildlife conservation.
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Kostuch, Lucyna. "Do animals have a homeland? Ancient Greeks on the cultural identity of animals". Humanimalia 9, nr 1 (22.09.2017): 69–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.52537/humanimalia.9614.
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The article aims to answer the following questions: How did the ancient Greeks associate animals with space, geography and their own settlements? Did they attribute nationality and territory to animals? Did they think animals missed their homelands? Could a foreign animal — according to the Greeks — experience a process of cultural integration, namely Hellenization? The Greeks attributed regional identity to animals, defined by the local geography and by the history of a region enclosed by borders. At the same time, the world of animals seemed to be ethnically diversified, for the Hellenes coined the terms: “Hellenic animal” — belonging to the Greek culture; and “barbaric animal” — belonging to a foreign culture. According to the ancient Greeks, each animal had its homeland and customs, and could feel at home in some place on the globe. Additionally, there are some examples of non-native animals who experienced the process of “Hellenization.”
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Jones, Kegan Romelle, Kavita Ranjeeta Lall i Gary Wayne Garcia. "Endoparasites of Selected Native Non-Domesticated Mammals in the Neotropics (New World Tropics)". Veterinary Sciences 6, nr 4 (30.10.2019): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vetsci6040087.
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In this review, information was summarized on endoparasites found in six non-domesticated neotropical animals. These mammals have the potential to be domesticated. The animals included three rodents, agouti (Dasyprocta leporina), lappe (Agouti paca), and capybara (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris); a marsupial, manicou (Didelphis marsupialis insularis); and an artiodactyl, the collared peccary (Tayassu tajacu/Peccari tajacu) and a ruminant (the red brocket deer, Mazama americana). While there are many descriptions of the parasites present, the majority of publications failed to note the effect of them on the animals. Most information is available on endoparasites of capybara, while the endoparasites of the red brocket deer were the least reported. The manicou was reported to have had the most number of endoparasites, 44 species of parasites were reported, while there were only 24 endoparasites reported in the lappe. The most common parasites found in these neotropical animals were Paraspidodera uncinata, Strongyloides spp., Eimeria spp., Moniezia benedeni, Trichuris spp., Physocephalus spp., and Giardia spp. A large majority of the studies concluded that these animals were reservoirs for parasites that could affect domesticated livestock. Endoparasites of zoonotic significance were Echinoccocus spp., Trichuris spp., Giardia spp., and Cryptosporidium spp.
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Thompson, Tok. "Listening to the Elder Brothers: Animals, Agents, and Posthumanism in Native Versus Non-Native American Myths and Worldviews". Folklore: Electronic Journal of Folklore 77 (grudzień 2019): 159–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.7592/fejf2019.77.thompson.
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Patoka, Jiří, Martin Bláha, Lukáš Kalous i Antonín Kouba. "Irresponsible vendors: Non-native, invasive and threatened animals offered for garden pond stocking". Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 27, nr 3 (29.12.2016): 692–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aqc.2719.
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Litt, Andrea R., i Robert J. Steidl. "Complex demographic responses of a common small mammal to a plant invasion". Wildlife Research 43, nr 4 (2016): 304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr15147.
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Context Invasions by non-native plants can alter the abundance and distribution of resources that can affect habitat quality for native animals. Aims We sought to understand the demographic consequences of a plant invasion on a functionally and numerically important rodent in a grassland ecosystem. Specifically, we evaluated how abundance, survival, reproductive activity and population structure of Arizona cotton rats (Sigmodon arizonae) varied across a gradient of invasion by Eragrostis lehmanniana (Lehmann lovegrass), a bunchgrass native to Africa that has invaded grasslands in North America. Methods Over a four-year period, we used capture–recapture methods to survey small mammals on 54 1-ha plots between 10 and 13 times. We used vegetation data collected each autumn to quantify biomass of non-native grass, total biomass and vegetation heterogeneity to characterise vegetation structure on each plot. Key results We captured 1344 individual cotton rats during 106 560 trap-nights across all sampling periods. In areas dominated by non-native grass, abundance of cotton rats increased 7- to 10-fold and survival increased by 117% relative to areas dominated by native grasses. In contrast, reproductive activity of adults decreased by 62% for females and 28% for males, and the proportion of adults in the population decreased by 20% in these same areas. Conclusions Demography of Arizona cotton rats differed markedly in areas invaded by a non-native plant relative to native grasslands, supporting the long-held idea that life histories can reflect local environmental conditions. Because distributions of many non-native plants are predicted to increase in response to future changes in natural and anthropogenic drivers, the potential breadth of these complex effects on communities of native animal is immense. Implications The complex variation in demographic responses across the invasion gradient suggests that it may be necessary to evaluate a suite of vital rates to fully understand the consequences of plant invasions on animals. This is especially important for species of conservation concern because single demographic parameters, which are used frequently as targets to gauge the success of conservation and management activities, could be misleading.
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Krist, Amy, Lusha Tronstad, Heather Julien i Todd Koel. "Life History in a Copepod (Leptodiaptomus Ashlandi) Following the Invasion of Lake Trout in Yellowstone Lake, Wyoming". UW National Parks Service Research Station Annual Reports 32 (1.01.2009): 107–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.13001/uwnpsrc.2009.3765.
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Introduced, non-native predators often impact native species and ecosystems. These effects can be particularly devastating to native organisms because they are often naïve to the effects of non-native predators (Park 2004, Lockwood et al. 2007). Interestingly, naïve prey are more common in freshwater than in terrestrial ecosystems (Cox and Lima 2006). For example, introduced predators in lakes have caused local extinctions of native animals (e.g., Brooks and Dodson 1965, Witte et al. 1992) and altered food webs (e.g., Witte et al. 1992; Tronstad, Hall, Koel, in review). Because predators eliminate a prey's fitness, predation is an important selective force. Selection on prey can occur directly on morphology, behavior and life-history traits by altering the mean expression of a trait in a population. Selection on prey can also act indirectly, favoring phenotypic plasticity which ameliorates the effects of predation. Thus, among the many impacts of non-native predators in their introduced range, these animals can alter the morphology, behavior and life-history traits of their prey (e.g., Reznick and Endler 1982, Crowl and Covich 1990, Skelly and Werner 1990, Krist 2002).
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Shivambu, Ndivhuwo, Tinyiko C. Shivambu i Colleen T. Downs. "Assessing the potential impacts of non-native small mammals in the South African pet trade". NeoBiota 60 (12.08.2020): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.60.52871.
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The pet trade is one of the most important pathways by which small mammals are introduced to non-native areas. To prevent the introduction and invasion of non-native pets, an impact assessment protocol is useful in understanding which pets might have potential negative impacts should they escape or be released from captivity. In this study, we used the Generic Impact Scoring System (GISS) to assess the potential effects associated with 24 non-native small mammal species sold in the South African pet trade. European rabbits Oryctolagus cuniculus, house mice Mus musculus, Norwegian rats Rattus norvegicus and eastern grey squirrels Sciurus carolinensis had the highest potential impacts for both socio-economic and environmental categories. We found no statistically significant difference between the overall environmental and socio-economic impact scores. Impacts on agricultural and animal production (livestock) were the main mechanisms in the socio-economic category, while the impacts on animals (predation), competition and hybridisation prevailed for environmental impacts. The non-native mammal pet species with high impacts should be strictly regulated to prevent the potential impacts and establishment of feral populations in South Africa.
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Fuhrman, Nicholas E., i Howard Ladewig. "Characteristics of Animals Used in Zoo Interpretation: A Synthesis of Research". Journal of Interpretation Research 13, nr 2 (listopad 2008): 31–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/109258720801300203.
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Most research on the use of animals in zoo interpretation focuses on visitor knowledge and attitude change, with little emphasis on the characteristics of the animals used as interpretive tools. A synthesis of research was conducted to: (a) identify the characteristics of animals used as teaching tools in zoo interpretation and (b) determine the usefulness of such information to zoo and other non-formal interpreters. Most research on the use of animals in zoo interpretation involved large, active, exotic animals. Few studies have evaluated the effectiveness of native, locally relevant species as interpretive tools. When used in zoo interpretation, native species have the potential to help educators address locally relevant conservation issues. However, more research is needed on the use of locally relevant species in interpretation. Information on the effectiveness of native, readily available species would be useful to interpreters lacking the resources of larger zoos and using injured or imprinted local wildlife in education.
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Grice, A. C., i T. G. Martin. "Guest Editorial: Rangelands, weeds and biodiversity". Rangeland Journal 28, nr 1 (2006): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj06000.
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Australian rangelands are important for the diverse assemblages of native plants and animals that they support as well as for the wide variety of products and services that they provide. These assemblages are of national and international, cultural, social, ecological and economic significance. Woinarski (2001) identified several processes that are threatening the biodiversity of Australian rangelands, including grazing pressure, the proliferation of artificial watering points, vegetation clearing, predation by introduced animals and inappropriate fire regimes. His review also highlighted the importance of invasion by non-native plant species, a threatening process for ecosystems in other parts of Australia and around the world. Biological invasions pose a major risk for individual native species, communities and the ecological processes upon which they depend. The papers in this Special Issue of The Rangeland Journal consider non-native plant species in relation to the threats that they pose to the biodiversity of Australian rangelands and how those threats may be managed.
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Kaczmarski, Mikołaj, i Krzysztof Kolenda. "Non-native Amphibian Pet Trade via Internet in Poland". European Journal of Ecology 4, nr 1 (28.08.2018): 30–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/eje-2018-0004.
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Abstract Overharvesting and trade in amphibian populations is one of the causes of their global decline. Online trade not only encourages the exploitation of an increasing number of rare and endangered amphibian species from all over the world but also influences the spread of invasive species. The aim of our research was to investigate the amphibian pet trade conducted in online stores and portals in Poland and determine its potential impact on native species. Between November 2013 and October 2014, we regularly (on a monthly basis) checked sale offers on the websites of the 18 biggest pet shops in the country specialised in exotic animals, on a nationwide auction portal and on three exotic pet fan portals. During the study, we reported 486 offers of 112 amphibian species in online stores and on portals. Most of the offers involved one of the four families of amphibians: poison dart frogs (Dendrobatidae), tree frogs (Hylidae), true toads (Bufonidae) and true salamanders (Salamandridae). Our data show increased interest in amphibians as pets in Poland. At least half of the offered species are possible hosts for the chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis. However, only one species, the American bullfrog Lithobates catesbeianus (Shaw, 1802), appears to be a potential invasive species. To summarise, the species offered in Poland that are characterised as threatened are predominantly those that are relatively easy to breed and that are popular as pets. Further studies are required to investigate the real threat to wild amphibian populations caused by the pet trade
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Tobias, Nicholas J., Nana Ama Ammisah, Evans K. Ahortor, John R. Wallace, Anthony Ablordey i Timothy P. Stinear. "Snapshot fecal survey of domestic animals in rural Ghana forMycobacterium ulcerans". PeerJ 4 (1.06.2016): e2065. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2065.
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Identifying the source reservoirs ofMycobacterium ulceransis key to understanding the mode of transmission of this pathogen and controlling the spread of Buruli ulcer (BU). In Australia, the native possum can harborM. ulceransin its gastrointestinal tract and shed high concentrations of the bacteria in its feces. To date, an analogous animal reservoir in Africa has not been identified. Here we tested the hypothesis that common domestic animals in BU endemic villages of Ghana are reservoir species analogous to the Australian possum. Using linear-transects at 10-meter intervals, we performed systematic fecal surveys across four BU endemic villages and one non-endemic village in the Asante Akim North District of Ghana. One hundred and eighty fecal specimens from a single survey event were collected and analyzed by qPCR for theM. ulceransdiagnostic DNA targets IS2404and KR-B. Positive and negative controls performed as expected but all 180 test samples were negative. This structured snapshot survey suggests that common domestic animals living in and around humans do not shedM. ulceransin their feces. We conclude that, unlike the Australian native possum, domestic animals in rural Ghana are unlikely to be major reservoirs ofM. ulcerans.
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Heiniger, Jaime, Skye F. Cameron i Graeme Gillespie. "Evaluation of risks for two native mammal species from feral cat baiting in monsoonal tropical northern Australia". Wildlife Research 45, nr 6 (2018): 518. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr17171.
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Context Feral cats are a significant threat to native wildlife and broad-scale control is required to reduce their impacts. Two toxic baits developed for feral cats, Curiosity® and Hisstory®, have been designed to reduce the risk of baiting to certain non-target species. These baits involve encapsulating the toxin within a hard-shelled delivery vehicle (HSDV) and placing it within a meat attractant. Native animals that chew their food more thoroughly are predicted to avoid poisoning by eating around the HSDV. This prediction has not been tested on wild native mammals in the monsoonal wet–dry tropics of the Northern Territory. Aim The aim of this research was to determine whether northern quolls (Dasyurus hallucatus) and northern brown bandicoots (Isoodon macrourus) would take feral cat baits and ingest the HSDV under natural conditions on Groote Eylandt. Methods We hand-deployed 120 non-toxic baits with a HSDV that contained a biomarker, Rhodamine B, which stains animal whiskers when ingested. The species responsible for bait removal was determined with camera traps, and HSDV ingestion was measured by evaluating Rhodamine B in whiskers removed from animals trapped after baiting. Key results During field trials, 95% of baits were removed within 5 days. Using camera-trap images, we identified the species responsible for taking baits on 65 occasions. All 65 confirmed takes were by native species, with northern quolls taking 42 baits and northern brown bandicoots taking 17. No quolls and only one bandicoot ingested the HSDV. Conclusion The use of the HSDV reduces the potential for quolls and bandicoots to ingest a toxin when they consume feral cat baits. However, high bait uptake by non-target species may reduce the efficacy of cat baiting in some areas. Implications The present study highlighted that in the monsoonal wet–dry tropics, encapsulated baits are likely to minimise poisoning risk to certain native species that would otherwise eat meat baits. However, further research may be required to evaluate risks to other non-target species. Given the threat to biodiversity from feral cats, we see it as critical to continue testing Hisstory® and Curiosity® in live-baiting trials in northern Australia.
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Hodgson, Amanda J., Helene Marsh i Peter J. Corkeron. "Provisioning by tourists affects the behaviour but not the body condition of Mareeba rock-wallabies (Petrogale mareeba)". Wildlife Research 31, nr 4 (2004): 451. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr03083.
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Feeding free-ranging native animals is a form of wildlife-based tourism that is particularly popular in Australia as a result of the cryptic nature of many native species. The colony of Mareeba rock-wallabies (Petrogale mareeba) at 'Granite Gorge', North Queensland, where tourists feed a spatially defined subset of animals daily, was studied to determine the effects of provisioning on their behaviour and body condition. Provisioned P. mareeba had higher activity levels, including higher aggression levels, and spent more time performing contact behaviours (including mutual and non-mutual allogrooming) than did non-provisioned animals. Possible explanations for increased aggression include competition over provisioned food and territorial defence. Increased contact behaviours may serve to reduce tension caused by provisioning. The diurnal activities of the provisioned rock-wallabies were dictated by the activities of tourists. Provisioned rock-wallabies emerged from their shelters to receive food much earlier each afternoon than did the unprovisioned animals. The level of autogrooming exhibited by the provisioned wallabies was much higher than that of the unprovisioned animals, presumably as a thermoregulatory response to the high afternoon temperatures. Although provisioned P. mareeba feed more, their higher activity levels explain the lack of difference in the body condition between the two groups.
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Eggington, AR, TH McCosker i CA Graham. "Intake of lick block supplements by cattle grazing native monsoonal tallgrass pastures in the Northern Territory." Rangeland Journal 12, nr 1 (1990): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj9900007.
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Four supplementation treatments to investigate wet seasons responses were imposed on eight Brahman/Shorthom cross herds totalling 870 animals of all classes (cows and calves, bulls, heifers and steers). They grazed 12,300 ha of native pasture in the Darwin district of the Northern Territory. The treatments were: (i) control (no wet season supplement), (ii) Mineral (Ultraphos - supplementation with 13 minerals during the wet season), (iii) +Protein (Ultrapro-50 - the same 13 minerals plus non-protein nitrogen (WN) and true protein over the wet season), and (iv) Strategic (strategic use of salt, mineral and hTN supplements over the early wet, mid wet and late wet seasons respectively). All treatments received an hTN plus mineral supplement (Uramol) during the dry season. Supplement intakes by the herds were measured monthly for three years. Intake of Salt, Ultraphos and Ultrapro-50 supplements averaged 43, 124 and 149 g/animal/day respectively during the three wet seasons. Losses of the molasses-based block formulations due to rain were small (7%) during the wet season. However, up to one third of each pure salt block was eroded. Intake of Uramol during the three dry seasons averaged 182 g/animal/day across all herds. No urea toxicity problems were noticed over the three years of the supplement programme, despite high intakes during the dry season. All animals consumed some supplement. However, levels of supplement intake: (i) increased with the seasonal decrease in native pasture quality, (ii) decreased with an increase in proportion of paddock burnt, (iii) varied between animal classes, with lactating cows consuming 64% more supplement than non-lactating cows in two of the three years, and (iv) varied between individuals within classes. Individual intake varied widely (from 10 to 835 glanirnallday for lactating cows) with no significant correlation between individual intake and the pregnancy rate or average daily liveweight gain.
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Patel, Krutika, S. Shawn Liu, Sandhya Dasaraju i J. Elliot Carter. "Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae Native Value Endocarditis: A Unique Case Presentation". American Journal of Clinical Pathology 152, Supplement_1 (11.09.2019): S129—S130. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcp/aqz125.004.
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Abstract ER is a facultative, non-spore-forming, non-acid-fast, gram-positive bacillus. It is a ubiquitous commensal in wild and domestic animals, birds, and fish and has an enormous economic impact on animal husbandry and marine industry, causing animal erysipelas. Human infections are extremely rare, occupationally acquired zoonosis. Human infections are acquired through wounds, contact with sick animals, and carriers and commonly includes localized or generalized self-limited cutaneous erysipelas. Seldom, systemic infection and septicemia occur. We present here, a case of a 50-year-old immunocompetent retired shipyard welder who enjoyed fishing in his spare time and presented to the emergency room with fever, chest pain, significant weight loss, and dry cough lasting 2 to 3 months. He did not report any bites or injuries, intravenous drug abuse, or travel history. An echocardiogram showed mobile vegetation on aortic valve with severe regurgitation. Blood and tissue cultures grew E rhusiopathiae, identified by MALDI-TOF method. He was treated with empiric vancomycin followed by penicillin and aortic valve replacement with a mechanical valve. Cases of E rhusiopathiae–induced native valve endocarditis and septicemia are extremely infrequent in immunocompetent individuals, especially when occupation-related exposure is not noted. Even after surgery, it may entail fatality rates as high as 40%, higher than endocarditis caused by other bacteria. While some current reports suggest incidences of human infections are declining due to technological advances in animal industry, infection still occurs in specific environments. Additionally, it may be underdiagnosed due to its resemblance to other infections and problems encountered in isolation and identification. The natural resistance of E rhusiopathiae to glycopeptides underlines the importance of a prompt microbiological diagnosis of such an uncommon human infection, especially when presented in an unusual clinical presentation. Clinicians and microbiologists working with exposed population should be aware of this microbe and its manifestations.
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Liyanage, K. L. D. Tharaka D., Anke Wiethoelter, Jasmin Hufschmid i Abdul Jabbar. "Descriptive Comparison of ELISAs for the Detection of Toxoplasma gondii Antibodies in Animals: A Systematic Review". Pathogens 10, nr 5 (15.05.2021): 605. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10050605.
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Toxoplasma gondii is the zoonotic parasite responsible for toxoplasmosis in warm-blooded vertebrates. This systematic review compares and evaluates the available knowledge on enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs), their components, and performance in detecting T. gondii antibodies in animals. Four databases were searched for published scientific studies on T. gondii and ELISA, and 57 articles were included. Overall, indirect (95%) and in-house (67%) ELISAs were the most used types of test among the studies examined, but the ‘ID Screen® Toxoplasmosis Indirect Multi-species’ was common among commercially available tests. Varying diagnostic performance (sensitivity and specificity) and Kappa agreements were observed depending on the type of sample (serum, meat juice, milk), antigen (native, recombinant, chimeric) and antibody-binding reagents used. Combinations of recombinant and chimeric antigens resulted in better performance than native or single recombinant antigens. Protein A/G appeared to be useful in detecting IgG antibodies in a wide range of animal species due to its non-species-specific binding. One study reported cross-reactivity, with Hammondia hammondi and Eimeria spp. This is the first systematic review to descriptively compare ELISAs for the detection of T. gondii antibodies across different animal species.
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Green, Jennah, Emma Coulthard, John Norrey, David Megson i Neil D’Cruze. "Risky Business: Live Non-CITES Wildlife UK Imports and the Potential for Infectious Diseases". Animals 10, nr 9 (11.09.2020): 1632. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10091632.
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International wildlife trade is recognised as a major transmission pathway for the movement of pathogenic organisms around the world. The UK is an active consumer of non-native live wild animals and is therefore subject to the risks posed by pathogen pollution from imported wildlife. Here, we characterise a key yet overlooked portion of the UK wildlife import market. We evaluate the trade in live non-CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species) wild terrestrial animals entering the UK over a 5-year period using data reported by the Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA). Between 2014 and 2018, over 48 million individual animals, across five taxonomic classes and 24 taxonomic orders, were imported into the UK from 90 countries across nine global regions. The largest volumes of wild animals were imported from North America and Asia, and most of the import records were from Europe and Africa. Excluding Columbiformes (pigeons) and Galliformes (‘game birds’), amphibians were the most imported taxonomic class (73%), followed by reptiles (17%), mammals (4%), birds (3%), and arachnids (<1%). The records described herein provide insight into the scope and scale of non-CITES listed wildlife imported in to the UK. We describe the potential for pathogen pollution from these vast and varied wildlife imports and highlight the potential threats they pose to public health. We also draw attention to the lack of detail in the UK wildlife import records, which limits its ability to help prevent and manage introduced infectious diseases. We recommend that improved record keeping and reporting could prove beneficial in this regard.
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Cardilini, Adam P. A., Sarah Micallef, Valerie R. Bishop, Craig D. H. Sherman, Simone L. Meddle i Katherine L. Buchanan. "Environmental Influences on Neuromorphology in the Non-Native Starling Sturnus vulgaris". Brain, Behavior and Evolution 92, nr 1-2 (2018): 63–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000491672.
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Cognitive traits are predicted to be under intense selection in animals moving into new environments and may determine the success, or otherwise, of dispersal and invasions. In particular, spatial information related to resource distribution is an important determinant of neural development. Spatial information is predicted to vary for invasive species encountering novel environments. However, few studies have tested how cognition or neural development varies intraspecifically within an invasive species. In Australia, the non-native common starling Sturnus vulgaris inhabits a range of habitats that vary in seasonal resource availability and distribution. We aimed to identify variations in the brain mass and hippocampus volume of starlings in Australia related to environmental variation across two substantially different habitat types. Specifically, we predicted variation in brain mass and hippocampal volume in relation to environmental conditions, latitude, and climatic variables. To test this, brain mass and volumes of the hippocampus and two control brain regions (telencephalon and tractus septomesencephalicus) were quantified from starling brains gathered from across the species’ range in south eastern Australia. When comparing across an environmental gradient, there was a significant interaction between sex and environment for overall brain mass, with greater sexual dimorphism in brain mass in inland populations compared to those at the coast. There was no significant difference in hippocampal volume in relation to environmental measures (hippocampus volume, n = 17) for either sex. While these data provide no evidence for intraspecific environmental drivers for changes in hippocampus volume in European starlings in Australia, they do suggest that environmental factors contribute to sex differences in brain mass. This study identifies associations between the brain volume of a non-native species and the environment; further work in this area is required to elucidate the mechanisms driving this relationship.
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Bongolan, V. P., J. E. Branzuela i G. M. Torres. "POST-DISASTER RECOLONIZATION OF MANGROVE FORESTS WITH A STOCHASTIC AGENT-BASED MODEL". ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-4/W19 (23.12.2019): 71–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-4-w19-71-2019.
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Abstract. Mangrove forests in the Philippine coastline are susceptible to severe damage due to tropical storms. These mangrove forests provide a home for other plants and animals as well as providing resources for people living in coastal areas. Thus, it is important to promote proper conservation and judicious replanting in areas affected by storms. Since different species vary on their tolerance to physical conditions such as water salinity and soil composition, the appropriate genus must be used in reforestation efforts. This study aims to model the change in soil composition due to the introduction of a non-native species, Rhizophora mucronata, and restoring soil condition to aid recolonization of the existing native species, Avicennia and Sonneratia.The study uses an agent-based model for the prediction of the regenerative behaviour of mangrove stands consisting of the native species and the planted or non-native species in a fragmented habitat, with the use of spatio-temporal coloured noise to simulate stochastic seedling dispersal and subject to storm damage. The model uses Salmo and Juanico’s model for mangrove growth. Stochastic experiments were carried out in a shoreline habitat with an existing native population of varying ages and a larger population of planted, non-native seedlings. The GIS data of Bangrin Marine Protected Area was used to simulate the recovery trajectory of the stand after typhoon Chan-hom of 2009.
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Roshni, Raghunandanan, i Dr Tessy Anthony C. "Anthropomorphic Insights: A study the subaltern hero with reference to Spirit: Stallion of the Cimarron". SMART MOVES JOURNAL IJELLH 6, nr 10 (10.10.2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.24113/ijellh.v6i10.5108.
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Animal characters have fascinated viewers as well as readers in animated as well non-animated films and in fiction. This unfading interest in animal characters have inspired writers and film makers to use anthropomorphism as a tool for breathing life into flora and fauna. One could observe that films and fiction which are anthropomorphic in nature focus on relations between humans and animals as well as between weaker and stronger animals. A hegemonic relationship could be seen emerging among the characters thus making these perfect for post-colonial study. In post-colonialism the element of the ‘subaltern’ plays a major role. In all of these works the relationship between man and animals as well as stronger and weaker animals can be analysed through this aspect of ‘subalternity’ since the latter becomes the subaltern. While analysing a film or fiction of anthropomorphic nature as a subaltern text we cannot ignore Antonio Gramsci’s theory of the subaltern since he used this term for referring to all of those groups in society who were suppressed by the ruling class. DreamWorks Pictures’ Spirit: Stallion of the Cimarron narrates the story of an anthropomorphic wild stallion who saves his herd from being destroyed by the U.S Cavalry. Spirit witnesses two contradictory sides of humans in the form of the Colonel who commands the cavalry and a Lakota Native American, Little Creek, who has been kept in captivity at the cavalry. While the Colonel tries to suppress Spirit by breaking his inner ‘spirit’ and transforming him into a beast of burden Little Creek teaches him how to harness his unrestricted energy in order to discover his inner strength whereby which he breaks down the supremacy of the Colonel. Thus Spirit symbolises the subaltern hero who ends the oppressive reign of the Colonel and his cavalry upon his herd as well as the Lakota Native settlement.
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Sinclair, K., A. L. Curtis, T. Atkinson i R. B. Hacker. "Public attitudes to animal welfare and landholder resource limitations: implications for total grazing pressure management in the southern rangelands of Australia". Rangeland Journal 41, nr 6 (2019): 477. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj19046.
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Sustainable grazing in the nationally iconic southern rangelands of Australia requires landholders to actively manage the grazing pressure from both domestic livestock and non-domestic herbivores. Landholders have primary responsibility for controlling the non-domestic herbivores. In doing so, they must meet the Australian public’s expectations for resource conservation (mainly a public good) and animal welfare. Governments are also involved in the management of non-domestic herbivores via native and feral animal legislation and control programs. The Australian public will not accept cruelty to animals, perceived or otherwise. In this paper we explore the challenges faced by landholders in their attempts to manage the grazing pressure from native herbivores, particularly kangaroos, feral goats and feral pigs, while meeting the Australian public’s expectations for animal welfare. Landholders typically live on extensive properties and their capacity to manage these is influenced by high climate variability, low labour availability, commodity price fluctuations and limited capital available for investment in new technologies. The additional requirement to reduce the grazing pressure from kangaroos, feral goats and feral pigs is a significant burden on already time-poor landholders. Hence, there is a critical disparity between landholders’ capacity and their responsibility to effectively manage the non-domestic herbivores on their properties. We suggest that current expectations of landholders to deliver public benefits by publicly acceptable practices are unreasonable. Further, we suggest that governments should accept more responsibility for managing non-domestic grazing pressure. The concept of duty of care to land management provides a means by which a more appropriate division of responsibilities between landholders and government could be achieved to ensure that valued attributes of this iconic Australian landscape are retained.
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Pfliegler, Báthori, Wang, Tartally i Haelewaters. "Herpomyces ectoparasitic fungi (Ascomycota, Laboulbeniales) are globally distributed by their invasive cockroach hosts and through the pet trade industry". Mycologia 110, nr 1 (2.01.2018): 39–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00275514.2017.1418567.
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The introduction of non-native animals occasionally results in the co-introduction of their microbial symbionts or parasites. The trade of exotic pets and zoo animals has inadvertently introduced several parasitic species to countries where they are non-native. Both the presence of suitable native hosts and opportunity for dispersal determine whether these non-native species become naturalized. During our studies dealing with species of Herpomyces (Ascomycota, Laboulbeniomycetes), fungi that are exclusively ectoparasitic on cockroaches (Hexapoda, Blattodea), we make use of artificial colonies. Most of our specimens originate from pet stores and laboratory populations. Although they were originally intended for transmission studies, we discovered that some cockroaches from artificial colonies carried fruiting bodies of Herpomyces. We screened a total 292 cockroaches from 11 populations that we maintained after purchase. Sources were different pet stores, a toxicological laboratory, and a biological supply company. In eight populations, we found at least some Herpomyces-infected cockroaches. Parasite prevalence varied between 8.77% and 86.33%. Host associations were Blatta orientalis with Herpomyces stylopygae, Blattella germanica with H. ectobiae, Periplaneta americana with H. periplanetae, Phoetalia pallida with H. leurolestis, and Shelfordella lateralis with an undescribed species of Herpomyces. Apart from the new reports, host associations, and consequences for taxonomy (a new species based on morphological and molecular characters), we started to think about the geographic distributions of these fungi and how we, humans, shape them through spreading hosts and through international pet trade. We reviewed the currently known records of Herpomyces-associated cockroaches and host-parasite relationships. Based on the available data, on a global scale, at least half of the currently known species of Herpomyces are spread by globally invasive host species and through international pet trade. This indicates that the distribution and host range of these obscure and often unnoticed fungi are affected by human activities.
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Randall, John M. "Weed Control for the Preservation of Biological Diversity". Weed Technology 10, nr 2 (czerwiec 1996): 370–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890037x00040124.
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Invasions by non-native plants threaten the preservation of many plant and animal species and communities throughout North America. These pest species compete with and displace native plants and animals and may substantially alter ecosystem functions (e.g., fire occurrence and frequency, nutrient cycling). Awareness of these threats among wildland managers has greatly increased in the last decade. In a recent poll of National Park superintendents, 61% of 246 respondents indicated non-native plant invasions were moderate or major problems at their parks. Likewise, over 60% of Nature Conservancy stewards nationwide polled in 1992 indicated weeds were among their top 10 management problems, listing nearly 200 problem species. Over 12% indicated weeds were their worst problem. Weed control programs are now in place in wildlands across the continent, employing techniques ranging from manual removal, mechanical methods, prescribed fire, judicious use of herbicides, the release of biological control agents, and encouragement of native competitors. The most successful endeavors follow an adaptive management strategy in which plans based on the goals of the preserve are developed, weeds that interfere with those goals are identified and prioritized, and control measures are selected and implemented where appropriate. Emphasis is placed on preventing new weeds from becoming established and on early detection and elimination of incipient infestations. Managers must focus on the vegetation or community desired in place of the weeds and periodically re-evaluate whether their programs are moving them toward this objective. Control of weeds in wildlands poses unusual problems not ordinarily met in other systems which offer challenging research opportunities for weed scientists and ecologists.
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Abrantes, Kátya Gisela, Jeremy Martin Lyle, Peter D. Nichols i Jayson Mark Semmens. "Do exotic salmonids feed on native fauna after escaping from aquaculture cages in Tasmania, Australia?" Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 68, nr 9 (wrzesień 2011): 1539–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f2011-057.
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Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar , and rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss , are farmed in Tasmania, Australia, where fish sometimes escape into the natural environment. If escapees are able to survive and feed on native fauna, it is likely that they will have ecosystem impacts. Stomach content, body condition (muscle lipid content and Fulton’ K), stable isotope, and fatty acid analysis were used to determine if escaped salmonids feed on native fauna. Results indicate that, in general, escaped salmonids do not feed on native fauna. Salmonids loose condition after escaping, and escapee stomachs were mostly empty or contained non-nutritious material or feed pellets. Nevertheless, almost a quarter of rainbow trout stomachs contained native fauna. The majority of escapees had biochemical composition similar to caged animals, indicating that these fish had not switched to feed on local food sources. However, a small fraction of escapees conclusively showed changes in biochemical parameters indicative of a shift to feeding on native fauna. Given the numbers and frequency of escapes, this can have an important impact on native species and on the ecology of Macquarie Harbour.
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Webster, C., M. Massaro, D. R. Michael, D. Bambrick, J. L. Riley i D. G. Nimmo. "Native reptiles alter their foraging in the presence of the olfactory cues of invasive mammalian predators". Royal Society Open Science 5, nr 10 (październik 2018): 180136. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.180136.
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Invasive mammalian predators are linked to terrestrial vertebrate extinctions worldwide. Prey naïveté may explain the large impact invasive predators have on native prey; prey may fail to detect and react appropriately to the cues of novel predators, which results in high levels of depredation. In Australia, the feral cat ( Felis catus ) and the red fox ( Vulpes vulpes ) are implicated in more than 30 animal extinctions and the naïveté of native prey is often used to explain this high extinction rate. Reptiles are one group of animals that are heavily preyed upon by F. catus and V. vulpes . However, very few studies have examined whether reptiles are naive to their cues. In this study, we examine the ability of two native reptile species ( Morethia boulengeri and Christinus marmoratus ) to detect and distinguish between the chemical cues of two invasive predators ( V. vulpes and F. catus ) and three native predators (spotted-tailed quoll, Dasyurus maculatus; dingo, Canis lupus dingo ; eastern brown snake, Pseudonaja textilis ), as well as two non-predator controls (eastern grey kangaroo, Macropus giganteus and water). We conducted experiments to quantify the effects of predator scents on lizard foraging (the amount of food eaten) during 1 h trials within Y-maze arenas. We found both study species reduced the amount they consumed when exposed to predator scents—both native and invasive—indicating that these species are not naive to invasive predators. An evolved generalized predator-recognition system, rapid evolution or learned behaviour could each explain the lack of naïveté in some native Australian reptiles towards invasive predators.
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J. Worthington, David, Ann P. Marshall, Gary J. Wiles i Curt C. Kessler. "Abundance and management of Mariana Fruit Bats and feral ungulates on Anatahan, Mariana Islands". Pacific Conservation Biology 7, nr 2 (2001): 134. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc010134.
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A survey of Mariana Fruit Bats Pteropus mariannus and feral ungulates was conducted on Anatahan, Mariana Islands, in July 1995. We estimated that a population of 1 902-2 136 bats persists on the island, based on a combination of direct colony counts, departure counts, and station counts of non-colonial animals. Our data suggest that bat numbers have declined since the last surveys were made in 1983 and 1984. We located seven colonies, which held approximately 85-92% of the total population. Most colonies and foraging animals were associated with native forest or isolated native trees in other habitats. Bats fed on five species of plants, with the fruit of Pandanus tectorius eaten most frequently. Anatahan supports a very large Feral Goat Capra hircus population estimated at roughly 5 000-6 000 animals. Feral Pigs Sus scrofa are less common. Both species cause severe damage to plant communities of the island. We recommend that a legal hunting programme for fruit bats be deferred until 1) population censuses on neighbouring islands are completed and it is determined that bat populations can sustain harvesting, 2) habitat degradation is reversed through the control of feral animals, and 3) illegal hunting is curtailed.
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Pelletier, Julie, Hervé Agonsanou, Fabiana Manica, Elise G. Lavoie, Mabrouka Salem, Patrick Luyindula, Romuald Brice Babou Kammoe i Jean Sévigny. "A Simple and Efficient Genetic Immunization Protocol for the Production of Highly Specific Polyclonal and Monoclonal Antibodies against the Native Form of Mammalian Proteins". International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, nr 19 (25.09.2020): 7074. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21197074.
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We have generated polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies by genetic immunization over the last two decades. In this paper, we present our most successful methodology acquired over these years and present the animals in which we obtained the highest rates of success. The technique presented is convenient, easy, affordable, and generates antibodies against mammalian proteins in their native form. This protocol requires neither expensive equipment, such as a gene gun, nor sophisticated techniques such as the conjugation of gold microspheres, electroporation, or surgery to inject in lymph nodes. The protocol presented uses simply the purified plasmid expressing the protein of interest under a strong promoter, which is injected at intramuscular and intradermal sites. This technique was tested in five species. Guinea pigs were the animals of choice for the production of polyclonal antibodies. Monoclonal antibodies could be generated in mice by giving, as a last injection, a suspension of transfected cells. The antibodies detected their antigens in their native forms. They were highly specific with very low non-specific background levels, as assessed by immune-blots, immunocytochemistry, immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry. We present herein a detailed and simple procedure to successfully raise specific antibodies against native proteins.
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Marraffini, M. L., i J. B. Geller. "Species richness and interacting factors control invasibility of a marine community". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 282, nr 1812 (7.08.2015): 20150439. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2015.0439.
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Anthropogenic vectors have moved marine species around the world leading to increased invasions and expanded species' ranges. The biotic resistance hypothesis of Elton (in The ecology of invasions by animals and plants , 1958) predicts that more diverse communities should have greater resistance to invasions, but experiments have been equivocal. We hypothesized that species richness interacts with other factors to determine experimental outcomes. We manipulated species richness, species composition (native and introduced) and availability of bare space in invertebrate assemblages in a marina in Monterey, CA. Increased species richness significantly interacted with both initial cover of native species and of all organisms to collectively decrease recruitment. Although native species decreased recruitment, introduced species had a similar effect, and we concluded that biotic resistance is conferred by total species richness. We suggest that contradictory conclusions in previous studies about the role of diversity in regulating invasions reflect uncontrolled variables in those experiments that modified the effect of species richness. Our results suggest that patches of low diversity and abundance may facilitate invasions, and that such patches, once colonized by non-indigenous species, can resist both native and non-indigenous species recruitment.
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Hussain, Khder Jassiem, Maab Ibrahim Al-Farwachi i Sadam Dhahir Hassan. "Seroprevalence and risk factors of bovine respiratory syncytial virus in cattle in the Nineveh Governorate, Iraq". November-2019 12, nr 11 (listopad 2019): 1862–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2019.1862-1865.
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Background and Aim: Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) is one of the main causes of severe pneumonia, interstitial edema, and emphysema in cattle. The current study investigated the prevalence and risk factors of BRSV in cattle in the Nineveh Province, Iraq. Materials and Methods: Between September 2017 and September 2018, 450 serum samples were collected from non-vaccinated cattle of different ages and breeds for BRSV testing. The epidemiological information of the animals was recorded. The prevalence of the disease was determined using an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit. Results: The prevalence of BRSV was 83.11%, and it was significantly (p<0.05) higher in cattle aged greater than 7 months-1.5 years than in older animals; in imported cattle than in Native animals; and in animals originating from large herds (100 animals) than in those from smaller herds (40 animals). There was no significant difference between BRSV prevalence in male and female animals. When samples from different regions of the Nineveh Governorate were compared, the northern region was associated with the highest prevalence of the disease. Samples harvested in the winter displayed the highest BRSV titer, compared to those collected during the other seasons. Conclusion: BRSV is prevalent in cattle from the Nineveh Governorate. Risk factors such as animal age, origin, herd size, and the herd's geographical location are associated with an increased prevalence of the disease in this region. Routine vaccination programs should be adopted to reduce the prevalence of BRSV.
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Cox, Felicity, Warwick B. Badgery, David R. Kemp i Gaye Krebs. "Seasonal diet selection by ewes grazing within contrasting grazing systems". Animal Production Science 57, nr 9 (2017): 1824. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an16722.
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Grazing management systems seek to control the relationship among animals, plants and soil by regulating the number of animals and the duration and location of animals. A greater understanding of the diet selection and activity of livestock within grazing systems will assist producers to make informed management decisions about their management within complex pastures. In the present paper, differences in the diet quality, selection and activity of ewes managed within contrasting systems (continuous-grazing (CG) and an intensive (20-paddock) rotational-grazing (RG) system) within a native pasture in the Central Tablelands of New South Wales, using non-invasive methodologies, are described. During two time periods (late spring and early autumn), the animals grazing within the CG system consumed a diet of higher quality and spent less time active than did those within the RG system. These differences resulted in higher individual animal production of CG animals that were able to maintain the herbage of preferred areas in a vegetative and highly nutritious state. The grazing animals selected the green herbage of higher quality than the average pasture and adjusted their selection seasonally. An underlying mechanism driving selection is the green : dead ratio of the herbage. Practically the results indicated that the green : dead ratio (or greenness) of herbage may provide a management trigger to enhance the production of animals grazing within a RG system, in particular during periods of higher requirement.
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Ziller, Sílvia R., Michele de Sá Dechoum, Raphaela Aparecida Duarte Silveira, Hugo Marques da Rosa, Marcelo Souza Motta, Leonardo Filipe da Silva, Beatriz Cunha Mello Oliveira i Rafael D. Zenni. "A priority-setting scheme for the management of invasive non-native species in protected areas". NeoBiota 62 (15.10.2020): 591–606. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.62.52633.
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Invasion by non-native species is one of the major threats to the conservation of biodiversity and to the provision of ecosystem services by protected areas. Invasive species often co-occur in protected areas, represented by sparse, isolated individuals or populations in different stages in the process of invasion. Species invasiveness, habitat invasibility and impact also differ between ecosystems, so the risk of invasion varies. Besides, prioritization is required due to constraints on time, financial and other resources. Priority-setting is therefore key to help protected area managers invest efforts on biological invasions that offer the best chances of producing large-scale positive results at the lowest cost possible. A priority-setting scheme for the control of invasive non-native species in natural areas is presented in this paper. The scheme, based on field observations of species occurrences, was applied to the Itatiaia National Park (Brazil). Priorities are calculated from a combination of three criteria attributed to each occurrence: species risk of invasion considering local ecosystems, invasion stage, and species frequency. Data collected in the field in the Itatiaia National Park were used to calculate priorities for 50 non-native species (six animals and 44 plants) in four locations in the Park. The highest priorities were attributed to species of high risk in an early stage of invasion occurring in one site, whereas a few widespread species of low risk were given lower priority. The scheme has proven functional for setting priorities for the control of non-native species in the Itatiaia National Park and in many other protected areas in Brazil.
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Ali, Asep Indra Munawar, Sofia Sandi, Riswandi Riswandi i Muhakka Muhakka. "Seasonal influence on mineral concentration of forages on flooded pastures in South Sumatra, Indonesia". Tropical Grasslands-Forrajes Tropicales 7, nr 5 (30.11.2019): 527–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.17138/tgft(7)527-532.
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This study was conducted to evaluate macro- and micro-mineral concentrations in forages growing on seasonally flooded native pastures in non-tidal swamps of South Sumatra, Indonesia and grazed by buffalo. The upper part of native forage plants from 5 species of Poaceae, 4 species of Leguminosae, 3 species of Cyperaceae and 1 species of Onagraceae were sampled by hand-plucking during flooded and dry seasons. The results showed that mineral concentrations of forages varied greatly between seasons. In general concentrations of most minerals were adequate to supply the dietary needs of grazing ruminants in both wet and dry seasons. Phosphorus (P) concentrations were low in all species in both wet and dry seasons but growing animals should select a diet adequate in P, while lactating females could benefit from P supplementation. In cut-and-carry situations, animals would probably respond to additional P in the diet. These hypotheses need testing in the field.
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Švara, Tanja, Mitja Gombač, Alessandro Poli, Jožko Račnik i Marko Zadravec. "Spontaneous Tumors and Non-Neoplastic Proliferative Lesions in Pet Degus (Octodon degus)". Veterinary Sciences 7, nr 1 (13.03.2020): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vetsci7010032.
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In recent years, degus (Octodon degus), rodents native to South America, have been becoming increasingly popular as pet animals. Data about neoplastic diseases in this species are still sparse and mainly limited to single-case reports. The aim of this study was to present neoplastic and non-neoplastic proliferative changes in 16/100 pet degus examined at the Veterinary Faculty University of Ljubljana from 2010 to 2015 and to describe the clinic-pathological features of these lesions. Twenty different lesions of the integumentary, musculoskeletal, genitourinary and gastrointestinal systems were diagnosed: amongst these were 13 malignant tumors, six benign tumors, and one non-neoplastic lesion. Cutaneous fibrosarcoma was the most common tumor (7/16 degus). It was detected more often in females (6/7 degus) and lesions were located mainly in hind limbs. The gastrointestinal tract was frequently affected, namely with two malignant neoplasms - an intestinal lymphoma and a mesenteric mesothelioma, four benign tumors – two biliary cystadenomas, an oral squamous papilloma and a hepatocellular adenoma, and a single non-neoplastic proliferative lesion. In one animal, two organic systems were involved in neoplastic lesions.
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Marková, Jana, Rikho Jerikho, Yusli Wardiatno, Mohammad Mukhlis Kamal, André Lincoln Barosso Magalhães, Lucie Bohatá, Lukáš Kalous i Jiří Patoka. "Conservation paradox of giant arapaima Arapaima gigas (Schinz, 1822) (Pisces: Arapaimidae): endangered in its native range in Brazil and invasive in Indonesia". Knowledge & Management of Aquatic Ecosystems, nr 421 (2020): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/kmae/2020039.
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Ornamental aquaculture is known to be one of the main sources of non-native species and Indonesia has been identified as one of the leading suppliers of these organisms worldwide. Released or escaped ornamental aquatic animals can establish new populations and become invasive. On the other hand, some invasive species can be also endangered in their native range, which is called the “Biodiversity Conservation Paradox”. This is true for Arapaima gigas, one of the popular ornamental creatures and the largest bony fish of all, which is threatened in its native range in parts of Amazonia and which has been found to occur in various localities in Java and Sumatra in Indonesia. Based on climate matching we found the vast majority of Indonesian territory to be suitable for this species establishment. Keeping in mind the size and predatory behaviour of A. gigas, we discussed possible consequences of its spread and impacts on native biota in Indonesia.
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Yudin, N. S., N. M. Belonogova i D. M. Larkin. "Genes related to the white face colour pattern in eight Russian cattle breeds". Vavilov Journal of Genetics and Breeding 22, nr 2 (8.04.2018): 217–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.18699/vj18.350.
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One of the major effects of domestication is change of animal coat colour to up to complete white colour of the whole body. It is possible that white colour of livestock animals had aesthetic significance for humans as well. The first step towards detection of genes and mutations controlling white colouring in animals is the genome-wide association studies. These studies, however, have not been done for the cattle breeds native to the Russian Federation. The aim of this study was therefore to identify genomic intervals and candidate genes that could be responsible for white face colouring in eight Russian cattle breeds. The data on genome-wide genotyping of 131,709 high-quality single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on 148 animas have been used in the program EMMAX. Association analysis has been performed using two related phenotypes: a) the white face with the rest of the body of any colour and b) white face with the rest of the body of different (non-white) colour. In the first case, the only statistically significant marker found was the SNP BovineHD0500019319 located on cattle chromosome (BTA) 5. The same SNP was the most significant within the cluster of three SNPs on BTA5: 68,803,879–69,365,854 associated also with the second phenotype. Five genes were found within this interval in the cattle genome, out of which the most likely functional candidate was SLC41A2, with the SNP BovineHD0500019319 found within its intronic sequence. SLC41A2 encodes a magnesium transporter protein. However, the function of this gene is not well established. Other members of this gene family are the key genes controlling differences in human skin and animal coat colour. Additional significant association signals with the second phenotype have been detected in BTA 1–4, 6–15, 18, 19, 24, 27, and 29. Overall, 37 genomic intervals have been detected associated with white face colouring in eight Russian native cattle breeds.
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Hussain, Riaz, M. Tariq Javed, Iahtasham Khan, Abu Baker Siddique, Bilal Aslam, Abdul Ghaffar, Narmeen Tariq, Abdul Qayyum i Gamal Wareth. "Pathological and clinical investigations of an outbreak of Blackleg disease due to C. chauvoei in cattle in Punjab, Pakistan". Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 13, nr 09 (30.09.2019): 786–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3855/jidc.11635.
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Introduction: Clostridium chauvoei (C. chauvoei) is an anaerobic, histotoxic Gram-positive, bacterium causing fatal myonecrosis in livestock with high mortalities. The disease is common in dairy animals, but little is known about the pathophysiology of the disease in exotic (non-native) animals kept under local conditions in Pakistan.
Methodology: Diagnosis of blackleg was made based on hematological and serum biochemical analysis, PCR, necropsy and histopathology.
Results: Clinically sick animals exhibited fever, lameness, subcutaneous gaseous swelling and edema particularly in hindquarter and front legs. Hematological analysis showed increases in erythrocyte sedimentation rate and reduces in number of red blood cells, packed cell volume, leukocytes and differential leukocyte count. Serum aspartate aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphates, alanine aminotransferase, urea, creatinine, creatine kinase, and creatinine phosphokinase were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in the infected animals. At necropsy, swelling areas contained straw-colored fluid with gas bubbles. The muscles were swollen, dark to black and exhibited crepitation sounds at the time of incisions with a rancid odor. Severe pulmonary edema, myocarditis along with petechial hemorrhages, as well as enlargement and congestion of liver and spleen have been observed. Microscopic examination revealed severe inflammatory reaction, edema, and disruption of the myofibrils. Examination of heart, spleen, liver, kidneys, intestine, and lungs showed congestion, severe inflammatory changes with neutrophilic infiltration and necrosis accompanied by dissociation of the normal tissue structure. PCR confirmed C. chauvoei in exudates and different samples of muscles.
Conclusion: The pathophysiology should be considered in diagnosis of blackleg. The disease is exist in the non-native cattle farms and biosecurity measures have to be elevated.
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van Schooten, Jelle, Marlies M. van Haaren, Hui Li, Laura E. McCoy, Colin Havenar-Daughton, Christopher A. Cottrell, Judith A. Burger i in. "Antibody responses induced by SHIV infection are more focused than those induced by soluble native HIV-1 envelope trimers in non-human primates". PLOS Pathogens 17, nr 8 (25.08.2021): e1009736. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1009736.
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The development of an effective human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) vaccine is a high global health priority. Soluble native-like HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein trimers (Env), including those based on the SOSIP design, have shown promise as vaccine candidates by inducing neutralizing antibody responses against the autologous virus in animal models. However, to overcome HIV-1’s extreme diversity a vaccine needs to induce broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs). Such bNAbs can protect non-human primates (NHPs) and humans from infection. The prototypic BG505 SOSIP.664 immunogen is based on the BG505 env sequence isolated from an HIV-1-infected infant from Kenya who developed a bNAb response. Studying bNAb development during natural HIV-1 infection can inform vaccine design, however, it is unclear to what extent vaccine-induced antibody responses to Env are comparable to those induced by natural infection. Here, we compared Env antibody responses in BG505 SOSIP-immunized NHPs with those in BG505 SHIV-infected NHPs, by analyzing monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). We observed three major differences between BG505 SOSIP immunization and BG505 SHIV infection. First, SHIV infection resulted in more clonal expansion and less antibody diversity compared to SOSIP immunization, likely because of higher and/or prolonged antigenic stimulation and increased antigen diversity during infection. Second, while we retrieved comparatively fewer neutralizing mAbs (NAbs) from SOSIP-immunized animals, these NAbs targeted more diverse epitopes compared to NAbs from SHIV-infected animals. However, none of the NAbs, either elicited by vaccination or infection, showed any breadth. Finally, SOSIP immunization elicited antibodies against the base of the trimer, while infection did not, consistent with the base being placed onto the virus membrane in the latter setting. Together these data provide new insights into the antibody response against BG505 Env during infection and immunization and limitations that need to be overcome to induce better responses after vaccination.
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Anderson, Robert M., i Amy M. Lambert. "Endangered Butterflies and their Non-Native Host Plants: Examining Shifting Values of Belonging in Restoration". Case Studies in the Environment 3, nr 1 (31.12.2019): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/cse.2019.002147.
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The island marble butterfly (Euchloe ausonides insulanus), thought to be extinct throughout the 20th century until re-discovered on a single remote island in Puget Sound in 1998, has become the focus of a concerted protection effort to prevent its extinction. However, efforts to “restore” island marble habitat conflict with efforts to “restore” the prairie ecosystem where it lives, because of the butterfly’s use of a non-native “weedy” host plant. Through a case study of the island marble project, we examine the practice of ecological restoration as the enactment of particular norms that define which species are understood to belong in the place being restored. We contextualize this case study within ongoing debates over the value of “native” species, indicative of deep-seated uncertainties and anxieties about the role of human intervention to alter or manage landscapes and ecosystems, in the time commonly described as the “Anthropocene.” We interpret the question of “what plants and animals belong in a particular place?” as not a question of scientific truth, but a value-laden construct of environmental management in practice, and we argue for deeper reflexivity on the part of environmental scientists and managers about the social values that inform ecological restoration.
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Matysik-Pejas, Renata. "SHORT FOOD SUPPLY CHAINS AND THEIR IMPACT ON IMPROVING FARM PERFORMANCE AS PERCEIVED BY FARMERS KEEPING NATIVE BREEDS". Annals of the Polish Association of Agricultural and Agribusiness Economists XXII, nr 1 (5.02.2020): 232–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.7954.
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The main aim of the research was to assess the possibility of improving the functioning of farms as a result of using short food supply chains to offer products obtained from native breeds of animals. The study was conducted in 2017 and involved 144 farms selected on purpose, with animals of native breeds such as cattle, sheep and pigs. The territorial scope of the research covered the Lubelskie, Małopolskie and Podkarpackie province. The method of direct interview (PAPI) was used to obtain information. The use of short supply chains for the sale of farm produced food has positive effects. Farmers see the greatest benefits in improving farm functioning in such business areas like profitability, integration with other participants of the local market and image change. As food of animal origin on farms is produced and offered to consumers, a transition from the sale of agricultural raw materials to higher added value food products takes place. For farmers, another important area of farm functioning, which benefit from selling food in short supply chains, is the integration links between the farm and other local market players. The integration of actors involved in the production and distribution of food is one of the success factors of such undertakings and contributes to the relationships between sectors of the local economy. The image of the farm belongs to non-material elements which build trust and links with customers and, consequently, decide about the prosperity of the business.
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Nolan, Margaret B., Henk J. Bertschinger, Robyn Roth, Michael Crampton, Isabela S. Martins, Geoffrey T. Fosgate, Tom A. Stout i Martin L. Schulman. "Ovarian function following immunocontraceptive vaccination of mares using native porcine and recombinant zona pellucida vaccines formulated with a non-Freund's adjuvant and anti-GnRH vaccines". Theriogenology 120 (październik 2018): 111–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2018.07.044.
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Heath, Daniel D., Paul D. Rawson i Thomas J. Hilbish. "PCR-based nuclear markers identify alien blue mussel (Mytilus spp.) genotypes on the west coast of Canada". Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 52, nr 12 (1.12.1995): 2621–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f95-851.
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Two blue mussel sibling species, Mytilus edulis and Mytilus galloprovincialis, have been imported to Pacific northwest waters in separate attempts to circumvent early mortality experienced by the native species (Mytilus trossulus) when cultured. Here we describe two novel markers based on the polymerase chain reaction that discriminate the two non-native, or alien, mussel species from the native species. The two markers are inherited in a Mendelian fashion, show no evidence of close linkage, and are highly diagnostic. To screen British Columbian mussel populations for the presence of the alien species, we assayed genotypes at the two marker loci in 482 subtidal mussels collected at 12 sites. Animals with at least one alien allele were present at 9 of 12 sampling sites with an overall frequency of 6.2%. The distribution of alien alleles at the two marker loci differed among sampling sites, suggesting differential introgression. The widespread incidence of alien alleles, combined with evidence of extensive hybridization between the alien and native species, indicates that the introduced alleles will probably persist in British Columbia mussels for some time.
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HÉRITIER, LAURENT, OLIVIER VERNEAU, GREGORY BREUIL i ANNE-LEILA MEISTERTZHEIM. "The high resolution melting analysis (HRM) as a molecular tool for monitoring parasites of the wildlife". Parasitology 144, nr 5 (12.12.2016): 563–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182016002183.
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SUMMARYIn an interconnected world, the international pet trade on wild animals is becoming increasingly important. As a consequence, non-native parasite species are introduced, which affect the health of wildlife and contribute to the loss of biodiversity. Because the investigation of parasite diversity within vulnerable host species implies the molecular identification of large samples of parasite eggs, the sequencing of DNA barcodes is time-consuming and costly. Thereby, the objectives of our study were to apply the high resolution melting (HRM) approach for species determination from pools of parasite eggs. Molecular assays were validated on flatworm parasites (polystomes) infecting the Mediterranean pond turtleMauremys leprosaand the invasive red-eared sliderTrachemys scripta elegansin French natural environments. HRM analysis results indicated that double or multiple parasitic infections could be detected from wild animal populations. They also showed that the cycle of parasite eggs production was not regular over time and may depend on several factors, among which the ecological niche and the target species. Thereby, monitoring parasites from wild endangered animals implies periodic parasitological surveys to avoid false negative diagnostics, based solely on eggs production.
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Watson, Alison A., Ana L. Winters, Sarah A. Corbet, Catherine Tiley i Robert J. Nash. "Selective Metabolism of Glycosidase Inhibitors by a Specialized Moth Feeding on Hyacinthoides non-scripta Flowers". Natural Product Communications 3, nr 1 (styczeń 2008): 1934578X0800300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x0800300109.
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The British moth Eana incanana (Tortricidae) has been found to selectively metabolize the glycosidase inhibitor 2 R, 3 R, 4 R, 5 R-2,5-dihydroxymethyl-3,4-dihydroxypyrrolidine (DMDP), whereas it excretes related alkaloids from Hyacinthoides non-scripta (Hyacinthaceae). Very few native animals feed on H. non-scripta, but the larvae of E. incanana are specialized herbivores feeding just on the buds and flowers destroying the ovary. DMDP is the major glucosidase inhibitor of H. non-scripta and the moth may overcome inhibition of digestive glucosidases by metabolizing the DMDP. The glucosidase enzymes of the caterpillar are inhibited by DMDP. The caterpillar excretes the other glycosidase inhibitors produced by this plant and the frass has increased concentrations of these alkaloids.