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Gotowa bibliografia na temat „Non Conventional Energy”

Autor: Grafiati

Data publikacji: 6 września 2023

Data aktualizacji: 7 września 2023

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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Non Conventional Energy"

S. C. Vetrivel, S. C. Vetrivel, i M. Mohanasundari M. Mohanasundari. "Non- Conventional Energy : Sources And Scope". Indian Journal of Applied Research 1, nr 3 (1.10.2011): 102–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/2249555x/dec2011/34.

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Rajbhoj, Pankaj Rajendra, Mayur Prakashchand Jain, Vaibhav Vinod Shah i Prof Bharat R. Patil. "Non Conventional Energy". International Journal of Computer Applications 1, nr 7 (25.02.2010): 47–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5120/163-287.

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Collingridge, D. "Non-conventional energy sources". Endeavour 9, nr 3 (styczeń 1985): 149. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0160-9327(85)90116-4.

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Gilliland, Martha W., i Bing Chen. "Non-conventional energy resources". Resources and Conservation 11, nr 3-4 (marzec 1985): 283–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0166-3097(85)90008-2.

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Withanaarachchi, A. S., L. D. J. F. Nanayakkara i C. Pushpakumara. "Mitigating Climate Change via Non-Conventional Renewable Energy: Case of Sri Lanka". Journal of Clean Energy Technologies 3, nr 5 (2015): 372–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.7763/jocet.2015.v3.226.

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Kumar, Ashish. "Non-Conventional Energy Scenario in India". International Journal of Energy, Information and Communications 10, nr 2 (30.12.2019): 21–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.21742/ijeic.2019.10.2.04.

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Bakthavatsalam, V., i D. Chakravarthy Reddy. "Non-Conventional Energy for Rural Development". SEDME (Small Enterprises Development, Management & Extension Journal): A worldwide window on MSME Studies 13, nr 1-2 (czerwiec 1986): 35–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0970846419860105.

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Naim, Mona M., i Mervat A. Abd El Kawi. "Non-conventional solar stills Part 2. Non-conventional solar stills with energy storage element". Desalination 153, nr 1-3 (luty 2003): 71–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0011-9164(02)01095-0.

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Nayyar, Zeeshan Alam, Nayyer Alam Zaigham i Abdul Qadeer. "Assessment of present conventional and non-conventional energy scenario of Pakistan". Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 31 (marzec 2014): 543–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2013.12.049.

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Udosen, David, Kundanji Kalengo, Udochukwu B. Akuru, Olawale Popoola i Josiah L. Munda. "Non-Conventional, Non-Permanent Magnet Wind Generator Candidates". Wind 2, nr 3 (24.06.2022): 429–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/wind2030023.

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Global industrialization, population explosion and the advent of a technology-enabled society have placed dire constraints on energy resources. Furthermore, evident climatic concerns have placed boundaries on deployable energy options, compounding an already regrettable situation. It becomes apparent for modern renewable energy technologies, including wind generators, to possess qualities of robustness, high efficiency, and cost effectiveness. To this end, direct-drive permanent magnet (PM) wind generators, which eliminate the need for gearboxes and improve wind turbine drivetrain reliability, are trending. Though rare-earth PM-based wind generators possess the highly sought qualities of high-power density and high efficiency for direct-drive wind systems, the limited supply chain and expensive pricing of the vital raw materials, as well as existent demagnetization risks, make them unsustainable. This paper is used to provide an overview on alternative and viable non-conventional wind generators based on the so-called non-PM (wound-field) stator-mounted flux modulation machines, with prospects for competing with PM machine variants currently being used in the niche direct-drive wind power generation industry.

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Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Non Conventional Energy"

Fumo, Nelson. "COOLING, HEATING, AND POWER SYSTEMS ENERGY PERFORMANCE AND NON-CONVENTIONAL EVALUATION BASED ON ENERGY USE". MSSTATE, 2008. http://sun.library.msstate.edu/ETD-db/theses/available/etd-06062008-120919/.

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Cooling, Heating and Power (CHP) systems have been recognized as a key alternative for thermal energy and electricity generation at or near end-user sites. CHP systems can provide electricity while recovering waste heat to be used for space and water heating, and for space cooling. Although CHP technology seems to be economically feasible, because of the constant fluctuations in energy prices, CHP systems cannot always guarantee economic savings. However, a well-designed CHP system can guarantee energy savings, which makes necessary the quantification of non-conventional benefits from this technology in order to offset any economic weakness that can arise as consequence of energy prices. Some aspects that could be included in a non-conventional evaluation are: building energy rating, emission of pollutants, power reliability, power quality, fuel flexibility, brand and marketing benefits, protection from electric rate hikes, and benefits from promoting energy management practices. This study focuses on two aspects: building energy rating and emission reduction of pollutants, related to CHP system energy performance. Two methodologies have been developed in order to estimate the energy related benefits from CHP technology. To determine the energy performance, a model has been developed and implemented to simulate CHP systems in order to estimate the building-CHP system energy consumption. The developed model includes the relevant variables governing CHP systems such as: type and size of the components, individual component efficiencies, system operating mode, operational strategy, and building demand for power, heating, and cooling. The novelty of this model is the introduction of the Building Primary Energy Ratio (BPER) as a parameter to implement a primary energy operational strategy, which allows obtaining the best energy performance from the building-CHP system. Results show that the BPER operational strategy always guarantees energy savings. On the other hand, results from a cost-oriented operational strategy reveal that for critical design conditions, high economic savings can be obtained with unacceptable increment of energy consumption. For Energy Star Rating and Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) Rating, results show that CHP systems have the ability to improve both ratings.

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Lipana, Catherine H. "When incentives are not enough : a study on how the Philippine government can attract foreign investments in renewable power /". Bergen : Norges Handelshøyskole, 2008. http://bora.nhh.no:8080/bitstream/2330/2118/1/Lipana%202008.pdf.

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Piedrafita, Francos Daniel. "Designing, testing and modelling two innovative non-conventional buckling restrained braces for seismic resistant buildings". Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Girona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/284738.

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In this thesis two all-steel BRB have been designed, manufactured and tested, and both satisfy the testing protocols required by EU and US codes. They are composed of a steel slotted restraining unit which stabilizes the steel core. The first one, the Modular Buckling Restrained Brace (MBRB), is composed by several seriated modules which contain several dissipation units connected in parallel, which yield under shear forces. Although it has good hysteretic response and a high ductility, its core is heavy and expensive to manufacture. The second one,the Slotted Buckling Restraining Brace (SBRB), solves these two shortcomings. It yields under axial forces, like the conventional BRBs, but the usual solid core has been substituted by a perforated plate. The core is a one-piece element composed of two lateral bands, of a nearly uniform section and designed to yield, connected by stabilizing bridges, which behave elastic. The buckling prevention of the lateral bands is done by the restraining unit and the stabilizing bridges. Design expressions have been proposed to design both devices, and a numerical material model have been formulated and implemented in commercial finite element method software to numerically simulate the behavior of the braces, which will reduce the need of full scale tests for its design
En la present tesi, dos BVR totalment metàl·lics s’han dissenyat, fabricat i assajat, satisfent tots dos els requeriments dels protocols definits per les normes europees i americanes. Estan formats per un element de travat ranurat que estabilitza el nucli metàl·lic. El primer d’ells, el Braç de Vinclament Restringit Modular (BVRM), està format per diversos mòduls seriats que a la vegada contenen diverses unitats de dissipació, que plastifiquen sota esforços tallants, connectades en paral·lel. Tot i que té un bon comportament histerètic i una gran ductilitat, el nucli és pesat i difícil de fabricar. El segon braç, anomenat Braç de Vinclament Restringit Ranurat (BVRR), soluciona aquests inconvenients. Plastifica sota esforços axials, de la mateixa manera que els BVR convencionals, però el nucli massís és substituït per una platina perforada. Aquest nucli consisteix en un únic element composat per dos bandes laterals, dissenyades per a plastificar i amb una secció quasi constant, connectades per diversos ponts estabilitzadors que es mantenen sempre en el seu rang elàstic. Aquests ponts, juntament amb l’element de travat, impedeixen el vinclament de les bandes laterals. S’han proposat diverses expressions de disseny pels dos braços. S’ha formulat i implementat, en un programa d’elements finits comercial, un model de material per a simular numèricament el comportament dels braços, reduint així la dependència dels assajos a escala real durant el seu procés de disseny

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De, Silva Tharukara Sudath Priyantha. "Develop strategies to increase the Non Conventional Renewable Energy power generation in Sri Lanka above 10% level by the year 2015". Thesis, KTH, Energi och klimatstudier, ECS, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-109768.

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World’s energy needs are increasing day by day and meeting that ever increasing demand by fossil fuels is becoming difficult due to factors like scarcity of the resource, vulnerability of supply due to political unrest of fuel rich countries, and environmental implications of usage. As a result, Usage of renewable energy resources as alternatives is becoming popular and important. Sri Lanka has already committed to achieve 10% of grid connected electricity energy from Non Conventional Renewable Energy sources by the year 2015 and launched many programs to support that initiative. Under this dissertation, a broad study on present and future electricity generation and transmission network of Sri Lanka are carried out referring the most recent CEB publications like Long Term Generation Expansion Plan and Transmission Expansion plans and further using the expert opinions. Special attention is given to calculate present and future (2015) Non Conventional Renewable Energy share of power generation considering the constraints and mentioning the assumptions. Existing policies to promote NCRE power generation are reviewed while discussing the barriers. Wind has identified as the viable potential candidate as future NCRE power generation option even though the near term capacity is limited due to grid constraints and inadequate transmission and distribution network. It is recommended to the government to start an accelerated wind power harness program by addressing the issues pertaining to the technology. The strategies developed under the study are all about to achieve more than 10% target by the year 2015.

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Sehar, Fakeha. "Impact of Ice Storage on Electrical Energy Consumption in Large and Medium-sized Office Buildings in Different Climate Zones". Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/35291.

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Cooling demand constitutes a large portion of total electrical demand for office buildings during peak hours. Deteriorating load factors, increased use of more inefficient and polluting peaking units are the aftermaths of growth in peak demand challenging energy system efficiency and grid reliability. Ice storage technology can help shift this peak cooling demand to off-peak periods. Ice storage reduces or even eliminates chiller operation during peak periods. The objective of the research is to analyze the chiller energy consumption of conventional non-storage and ice storage cooling systems for large and medium-sized office buildings in diverse climate zones. The research also quantifies the peak energy savings as a result of ice storage systems. To accomplish the thesis objectives the Demand Response Quick Assessment Tool (DRQAT) has been used to model and simulate large and medium-sized office buildings in diverse climate zones with non-storage and ice storage cooling systems. Demand Response Quick Assessment Tool (DRQAT) has been developed by LBNLâ s Demand Response Research Center. It is based on the most popular features and capabilities of EnergyPlus and is downloadable from [1]. The construction and weather files in DRQAT have been modified to incorporate construction standards and weather data for the cities representing the diverse climate zones. The ice storage systemâ s operating and control strategies investigated include full storage and partial storage with storage priority and chiller priority. Research findings indicate that chiller energy consumption for non-storage and ice storage systems depends highly on climatic conditions. The climate zones with hot summers as well as small day and night temperature variations show higher chiller energy consumption. The marine climate zone has the lowest chiller energy consumption. The cold/humid climate zone has higher chiller energy consumption than the cold/dry and very cold climate zones. The cold/dry and very cold climate zones have comparable chiller energy consumption. The research findings will help utilities and building owners to quantify the benefits of installing ice storage systems in office buildings located in different climate zones.
Master of Science

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Oliveira, Eduardo Sylvestre Lopes de. "Projeto, construção, simulação, implementação e testes de um gerador a relutância chaveada monofásico". Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18153/tde-08082011-164853/.

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O objetivo do trabalho é apresentar o funcionamento de um gerador a relutância chaveado monofásico. Para isso, foi desenvolvido um modelo computacional em ambiente Matlab Simulink, fazendo-se a comunicação entre diferentes partes do sistema. O comportamento da dinâmica de geração é apresentado para diferentes pontos do sistema, e testes experimentais realizados em um pequeno protótipo confirmam as características funcionais desta máquina. Ensaios realizados comprovam sua funcionalidade e simplicidade de operação, tendo estabilidade de geração para ampla faixa de velocidade de funcionamento, caracterizando uma máquina promissora, robusta e eficiente para aplicações especiais.
This work presents a single-phase switched reluctance machine operating as a generator. For that purpose, a computational model was developed in Matlab Simulink environment, wherein all the system components, such as voltage source, drive and machine model, and load were integrated. The current and voltage behavior for several points of operations are presented. Furthermore, experimental tests were also carried out in a simple prototype to validate its functionality and simplicity of operation, providing a stable power generation over a wide range of speed. The results showed that the single-phase switched reluctance generator can be robust, efficient, and promising for especial applications.

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Kunstmann, Martin. "Comparative LCA of Wood from Conventional Forestry and Wood from Short Rotation Coppice". Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2014. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-135927.

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Worldwide there is an increasing demand of natural resources. In future, non renewable resources get substituted by renewable resources in the energetic sector as well as in the material sector. That implies a stronger usage of renewable resources especially - wood. In 2009 there was a usage of 77 million cubic meters of wood for material applications and a quantity of 55 million cubic meters for energetic applications in Germany alone. Furthermore, there is an increasing demand on wood for energetic purposes. In 2007 this problematic development led to the first supply bottlenecks. To meet the increasing demands of the future, Short Rotation Coppices (SRC) can help to improve the wood provision. An SRC is a planting of fast growing coppice on agricultural areas, which is managed more intensively than usual forestry practices for a quicker production of wooden biomass. With a comparative LCA of conventional wood and wood from SRC the present study evaluates if wood from SRC is reasonable to cover the increasing demand of wood for material and energetic purposes in an environmental friendly way. A comprehensive literature research regarding LCAs of wood and wooden products shows that there are no previous studies comparing the two types of wood. Hence, the present study examines a particleboard production as the material scenario and the combustion of woodchips in a firing system as the energetic scenario to compare the ecological advantages and disadvantages of wood from SRC and conventional wood. The LCA is implemented with the Gabi software designed by PE International. Data is obtained from previous LCA studies evaluating the production of wood, the particleboard production and the combustion of wood. Additionally, data from the Ecoinvent database is used. Functional units are the production of 1m3 particleboard and the production of 1 MJ of thermal energy. The LCIA is implemented with the “Ecoindicator” as endpoint- and “CML 2001” as midpoint approach to cover broad range of environmental issues. Moreover a sensitivity analyses shows the impact of decisive variables on the results of “Ecoindicator” and “CML 2001”. Results reveal that outcomes of the LCIA are dependent of the assessment method and the processed part of trees from conventional forestry. The present study shows, that with an efficient land use, wood from SRC can help to cover the increasing demand of wood for material and energetic purposes in a sustainable way. However, an immediate usage of wood for energetic purposes has to be seen critical. Instead, a cascaded and sustainable utilization of wood is recommendable to counteract climate change and to improve the efficient use of the renew-able resource - “wood”.

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Le, Minh Thong. "Le rôle des gaz conventionnels et non-conventionnels dans la transition énergétique en Asie". Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAE007/document.

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Les problématiques de l’énergie et de l’environnement sont un des principaux défis pour l’humanité au XXIème siècle. La croissance mondiale de la demande d’énergie est confrontée aux préoccupations environnementales (y compris la pollution, le réchauffement climatique et la réduction des émissions de CO2), en particulier dans les régions en croissance économique rapide comme l’Asie. Le transfert de l’utilisation des sources d’énergies traditionnelles comme le charbon, le pétrole, vers les sources d’énergie plus propres et des énergies renouvelables est une tendance inévitable à l’avenir. Dans le contexte actuel, le gaz naturel est considéré comme une source d’énergie propre qui jouera un rôle important dans le processus de transition énergétique vers une économie bas-carbone. Les conséquences pour les marchés de gaz naturel peuvent être considérables. La condition d’une telle évolution est de disposer d’une offre en gaz naturel importante. Le développement du gaz non conventionnel, en particulier le gaz de schiste, fournit une opportunité d’expansion de l’approvisionnement gazier mondial comme le montre la « révolution du gaz de schiste » aux États- Unis. Celle-ci a profondément modifié les marchés gaziers régionaux. Toutefois, cette « révolution » n’est guère reproductible à d’autres régions du monde. Cette thèse démontre en particulier qu’en dehors des facteurs géologiques, des conditions institutionnelles (fiscalité, droits de propriété), économiques (prix, technologies) et organisationnelles (libéralisation des marchés) sont nécessaires pour assurer un développement à grande échelle des ressources non conventionnelles. Cette thèse montre que ces conditions ne sont pour la plupart pas réunies ni en Europe ni en Asie (notamment en Chine). Dès lors, une transition par le gaz pour répondre aux enjeux climatiques en Asie se fera par la voie des importations et non par une production propre à la région. A partir de trois scénarios du modèle POLES basés sur des hypothèses de politique climatique, de développement du gaz de schiste et d’augmentation rapide de la demande de gaz dans le mix énergétique, en particulier en Asie, deux principales conclusions émergent. Tout d’abord, l’importance du développement des gaz de schistes aux USA, leur bas coût de production induisent au niveau mondial une offre de gaz abondante et compétitive par rapport à d’autres énergies notamment par rapport au charbon. Par conséquent, même sans politique climatique, les conditions sont réunies pour que la part du gaz naturel puisse croître dans le mix énergétique. Deuxièmement, une politique climatique affirmée a des effets contradictoires quant à l’importance du gaz naturel dans les mix énergétiques des pays asiatiques. D’un côté elle permet une pénétration plus importante du gaz naturel dans leur mix énergétique. Mais dans le même temps, limitant la demande d’énergie, les volumes de gaz naturel demandés ne sont que légèrement plus importants que dans des scénarios sans politique climatique
Energy and environmental issues are one of the main challenges for humanity in the 21st century. Global growth in energy demand links to environmental concerns including pollution, global warming and reduction of CO2 emissions. In particular, it is an urgent request in rapidly growing developing regions such as Asian countries. Using cleaner energy sources, renewable energy instead of traditional energy sources like coal and oil is an inevitable option in the future. In the current context, natural gas is seen as a clean energy source which plays a major role in the energy transition process towards a low-carbon economy. The consequences for natural gas markets are significant and the condition of this change is an abundant supply of natural gas. The development of unconventional gas, particularly shale gas, provides an opportunity to expand the global gas supply. This is illustrated by the “shale gas revolution” in US which has profoundly changed the regional gas markets. However, this "revolution" is hardly reproducible in other regions of the world. This thesis demonstrates particularly that apart from geological, institutional conditions (taxation, property rights), economic (prices, technologies) and organizational (free markets) are necessary for a large scale development of unconventional resources. This research also shows that most of these conditions are not met in Europe or Asia (especially in China). Therefore, an energy transition by natural gas to meet climate challenges in Asia will be solved through imports, rather than through regional production. From three scenarios of the POLES model based on assumptions about climate policy, shale gas development and rapid increase of demand for gas in the energy mix (particularly in Asia), two main conclusions emerge. The developments of shale gas with low cost in the USA make the global gas supply abundant and more competitive than other energies, particularly coal. Therefore, even without climate policy, the conditions are ripe for the increaseof natural gas proportion in the energy mix. Secondly, a strong climate policy has contradictory effects on the relative share of natural gas in the Asian energy mix. On the one hand, it allows natural gas larger penetration into the energy mix of Asia. But at the same time, with limitation of energy demand, requested natural gas volumes are only slightly higher than in scenarios without climate policy

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McRae, Peter. "Unaccountable Soldiers: Private Military Companies and the Law of Armed Conflict". Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/20580.

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The use of Private Military Companies (PMCs) has become an increasingly common feature of contemporary armed conflict. Because of their autonomous contractual status, PMCs have presented governments with problems of accountability on several levels, including violations of international human rights and humanitarian law (IHL) standards. This thesis argues that PMCs should be considered to be non-state actors (NSAs), subject to international law from both an International Relations Theory and a Legal Theory perspective. This conclusion is linked to the issue of whether individual PMC employees can be treated as legitimate combatants according to IHL. State practice has not led to a clear understanding of the definition of combatant, a problem which has been compounded by a lack of government policy on the use of PMCs. Using Canadian experience as a case study, the thesis concludes that IHL suggests two options for regularizing the status of PMCs which would both strengthen accountability and uphold the rule of law.

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El, Jadie Amna. "L'énergie nucléaire et le droit international public". Thesis, Tours, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOUR1006/document.

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Tous les États sans discrimination ont un droit inaliénable de développer les utilisations de l'énergie nucléaire à des fins civiles, à condition de ne pas détourner ces utilisations pacifiques vers des armes nucléaires. Cependant, il est accordé à cinq pays le droit de posséder ces armes, à savoir les États-Unis, la France, la Russie, la Chine et le Royaume-Uni. Autour de cette position, un vif débat à la fois juridique et éthique a été soulevé. En effet, pour ses opposants, le nucléaire représente un risque durable et non maîtrisable par la science. Les accidents nucléaires majeurs, les déchets radioactifs et le détournement du nucléaire à des fins militaires sont des risques ingérables et d‟une gravité exceptionnelle. En revanche, les défenseurs de cette énergie la présentent comme sûre, voire partie prenante du développement durable. Selon eux, le nucléaire est un moyen fiable de lutter contre le réchauffement climatique et aussi une solution à la pénurie énergétique à laquelle le monde est confronté. En examinant et analysant la fiabilité et la crédibilité de tous les arguments allant à l‟encontre et en faveur de cette industrie, on constate que la licéité et la légitimité du recours à l'énergie nucléaire sont mal fondées. Par conséquent, nous estimons qu‟il est nécessaire de dépasser le nucléaire par la conclusion d'une convention internationale posant l'interdiction progressive mais complète du nucléaire
All states without discrimination have an inalienable right to develop the uses of nuclear energy for civilian purposes, provided they do not divert these peaceful uses to nuclear weapons. However, five states have been granted the right to possess these weapons, that is : United-States, France, Russia, China and United-Kingdom. Around this position a fierce debate, both legal and ethical, has been raised. Indeed for its opponents nuclear represents a persistent risk that is non controllable by science. Major nuclear accidents, radioactive wastes and the use of nuclear for military purposes are unmanageable risks of exceptionnal serious gravity. On the other hand, the proponents of this energy present it as safe, even as part of sustainable development. According to them, nuclear is a reliable means to fight global warming and is also a solution to the energy shortage the world is facing. When analyzing the reliability and the credibility of all arguments for and against this industry, it can be noticed that the lawfulness and legitimacy of the use of nuclear energy are ill-founded. Therefore, we believe there is a need to go beyond nuclear with the conclusion of an international convention dealing with the progressive but comprehensive nuclear ban

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Książki na temat "Non Conventional Energy"

R, Bhalero A., i Trivedy R. K, red. Non-conventional energy sources: State of art. Agra: Current Publications, 2007.

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Technology Information, Forecasting and Assessment Council (India), red. A report on non-conventional energy sources. New Delhi: Technology Information, Forecasting & Assessment Council, Dept. of Science & Technology, 1996.

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Āshṭīkara, Madhukara. Non-conventional sources of energy in the Vedas. Delhi: Dharam Hinduja International Centre of Indic Research, Delhi, 1995.

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Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry., red. Energy-power, hydrocarbon and non conventional energy sources: An industry report. New Delhi: Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce & industry, 1996.

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UNCTAD/GATT, International Trade Centre, red. Power-generating and transforming equipment for non-conventional energy. Geneva: International Trade Centre UNCTAD/GATT, 1986.

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Negrete, Plinio. Research and development in non conventional energies: Bases of a program. Caracas: Fundación para el Desarrollo Social de la Región Capital, 1986.

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Joshi, Sanket J., Ramkrishna Sen, Atul Sharma i P. Abdul Salam, red. Status and Future Challenges for Non-conventional Energy Sources Volume 2. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-4509-9.

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Joshi, Sanket J., Ramkrishna Sen, Atul Sharma i P. Abdul Salam, red. Status and Future Challenges for Non-conventional Energy Sources Volume 1. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-4505-1.

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Tomar, S. S. Energy agriculture and environment: With special reference to non-conventional energy sources in development of rural areas. New Delhi, India: Mittal Publications, 1995.

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1935-, Furlan G., Mancini N. A, Sayigh A. A. M i International Conference and Summer Workshop on the Physics of Non Conventional Energy Sources (1983 : Miramare, Italy), red. A 1983 view of non-conventional energy sources: Miramare--Trieste, Italy, June 1983. Singapore: World Scientific, 1985.

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Części książek na temat "Non Conventional Energy"

Agrahari, Gunjan Kumar, i Sudha Agrahari. "Shale Gas: A Futuristic Non-conventional Energy Resource". W Low Carbon Energy Supply, 413–30. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-7326-7_19.

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Ngo, Huu Hao, Mohd Atiqueuzzaman Khan, Wenshan Guo, Ashok Pandey i Duu-Jong Lee. "Non-conventional Anaerobic Bioreactors for Sustainable Wastewater Treatment". W Energy, Environment, and Sustainability, 265–95. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-3259-3_13.

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Coppye, J., E. Demesmaeker, H. E. Elgamel, J. Szlufcik, M. Ghannam, J. Nijs, R. Mertens i in. "Non-Conventional Emitters for Polycrystalline Silicon Solar Cells". W Tenth E.C. Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, 657–60. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3622-8_168.

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Vepa, Ranjan. "Non-Conventional Energy Generation: Solar, Wave, and Tidal Energy Generation". W Lecture Notes in Energy, 349–73. London: Springer London, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-5400-6_8.

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Vashisth, Rashmi, Rahul Verma, Lakshay Gupta, Harsh Bansal i Vishal Kharbanda. "Non-conventional Energy Source-Based Home Automation System". W Mobile Radio Communications and 5G Networks, 419–27. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-7130-5_33.

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Subhashini i Tarak Mondal. "Non-conventional Catalytic Materials for Refining and Petrochemicals". W Catalysis for Clean Energy and Environmental Sustainability, 377–99. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-65021-6_11.

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Sajish, Sagia, Surender Singh i Lata Nain. "Yeasts for Single Cell Oil Production from Non-conventional Bioresources". W Clean Energy Production Technologies, 337–64. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-3852-7_13.

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Cigolotti, Viviana. "Market and Feasibility Analysis of Non-conventional Technologies". W Fuel Cells in the Waste-to-Energy Chain, 207–18. London: Springer London, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-2369-9_13.

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Ambrosetti, Matteo, Riccardo Balzarotti, Laura Fratalocchi, Mauro Bracconi, Gianpiero Groppi i Enrico Tronconi. "CHAPTER 11. Structured Catalysts and Non-conventional Reactor Designs for Energy Applications". W Energy and Environment Series, 361–96. Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/9781788019576-00361.

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Srivastava, Vijit, i P. N. Gupta. "Harmonic Issues in Non-conventional Energy Supply and Its Remedy". W Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 39–47. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-5313-4_5.

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Streszczenia konferencji na temat "Non Conventional Energy"

Banerjee, Alomoy, Arka Majumder, Akanistha Banerjee, Sourav Sarkar i Debdut Bosu. "Harnessing non conventional solar energy through Conventional thermal power sytems". W 2015 International Conference and Workshop on Computing and Communication (IEMCON). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iemcon.2015.7344434.

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"Low-Energy Walling for Low-Income Housing in East Africa". W Non-Conventional Materials and Technologies. Materials Research Forum LLC, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.21741/9781945291838-14.

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Kazim, Ayoub, Pierre Forges i H. T. Liu. "ANALYSIS OF THE PEM FUEL CELLS WITH CONVENTIONAL AND NON-CONVENTIONAL FLOW-FIELDS". W Energy and the Environment, 1998. Connecticut: Begellhouse, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/1-56700-127-0.1060.

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"Cumulative Impact Energy Absorption of Sandwich Panels with Foam Cores and Flax FRP Facings". W Non-Conventional Materials and Technologies. Materials Research Forum LLC, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.21741/9781945291838-25.

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"Rural School in Santiago Del Estero- Argentina, Bioclimatic Conditioning and Evaluation of Thermal, Energy and Economic Efficiency". W Non-Conventional Materials and Technologies. Materials Research Forum LLC, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.21741/9781945291838-21.

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Kumar, Anil, Santosh Kumar Gupta, Amit Kumar, Satyavir Singh i Neeraj Kumar. "Automatic Power Management System by Integration of Conventional and Non-Conventional Energy Resources". W 2021 4th International Conference on Recent Trends in Computer Science and Technology (ICRTCST). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icrtcst54752.2022.9781885.

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Gupta, R. "Economic impact on a conventional utility of non-utility generation producing energy from a non-conventional source". W APSCOM-97. International Conference on Advances in Power System Control, Operation and Management. IEE, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/cp:19971840.

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Furlan, G., D. Nobili, A. A. M. Sayigh i B. O. Seraphin. "Materials Science and Physics of Non-Conventional Energy Sources". W Workshop. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789814538503.

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Moreschi, Osvaldo M., Ezequiel Boero, Emanuel Gallo i Federico Geser. "Dark matter description by non-conventional energy-momentum tensors". W II COSMOSUR: COSMOLOGY AND GRAVITATION IN THE SOUTHERN CONE. AIP Publishing LLC, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4913334.

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Prabha, Shashi, i B. Shivanand Konade. "Nano-technology an innovations for non conventional energy sources". W the International Conference & Workshop. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1980022.1980411.

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Raporty organizacyjne na temat "Non Conventional Energy"

Billi, M., A. Urquiza Gómez i C. Feres Klenner. Environmental communication and non-conventional renewable energy projects. Content analysis of Chilean mass media. Revista Latina de Comunicación Social, październik 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4185/rlcs-2017-1216en.

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HARDIN, NATHANIEL, ZACHARY DUCA i PATRICK WARD. STUDY OF IONIC MASS TRANSPORT IN NON-CONVENTIONAL ELECTROLYTES FOR ENERGY STORAGE AND CARBON CAPTURE APPLICATIONS. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), październik 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1827960.

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Palkovic, Steven, Yasamin Salamat, Brendon Willey i Simon Bellemare. PR-610-183867-R01 Fracture Toughness via In-ditch Non-destructive Testing - Validation. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), wrzesień 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011802.

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A challenge for many pipeline operators is missing or incomplete records for sections of their transmission pipeline networks, especially regarding fracture toughness properties. These toughness values are necessary for performing fitness for service calculations and engineering critical assessment. New regulations for gas transmission pipelines stipulate conservative default values for applicable assets when traceable, verifiable, and complete (TVC) records are not available. The new rules allow for the use of nondestructive techniques within material verification programs to measure the actual steel properties in lieu of conventional destructive cut-outs. However, the nondestructive technique must be validated, and the measurement must account for error and uncertainty of the nondestructive process. The aim of this research program is to assess the capabilities and limitations of the Nondestructive Toughness Tester (NDTT) to meet the requirements of a material verification process for measuring fracture toughness properties. The NDTT is a new approach for measuring the toughness of steel pipelines through the application of a contact mechanics technique known as frictional sliding. This project consists of testing on 41 vintage steel pipe joints to compare the NDTT measurement of the tensile fracture response in a superficial volume of surface material with conventional laboratory measurements of toughness on the same sample. The outcomes include the development and assessment of nondestructive prediction models for the initiation fracture toughness from compact tension (CT) testing and the upper shelf Charpy V-Notch (CVN) impact energy. This report summarizes the testing procedures and analysis methodologies used, and the prediction performance of models based on NDTT measurements.

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Johra, Hicham. Performance overview of caloric heat pumps: magnetocaloric, elastocaloric, electrocaloric and barocaloric systems. Department of the Built Environment, Aalborg University, styczeń 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54337/aau467469997.

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Heat pumps are an excellent solution to supply heating and cooling for indoor space conditioning and domestic hot water production. Conventional heat pumps are typically electrically driven and operate with a vapour-compression thermodynamic cycle of refrigerant fluid to transfer heat from a cold source to a warmer sink. This mature technology is cost-effective and achieves appreciable coefficients of performance (COP). The heat pump market demand is driven up by the urge to improve the energy efficiency of building heating systems coupled with the increase of global cooling needs for air-conditioning. Unfortunately, the refrigerants used in current conventional heat pumps can have a large greenhouse or ozone-depletion effect. Alternative gaseous refrigerants have been identified but they present some issues regarding toxicity, flammability, explosivity, low energy efficiency or high cost. However, several non-vapour-compression heat pump technologies have been invented and could be promising alternatives to conventional systems, with potential for higher COP and without the aforementioned refrigerant drawbacks. Among those, the systems based on the so-called “caloric effects” of solid-state refrigerants are gaining large attention. These caloric effects are characterized by a phase transition varying entropy in the material, resulting in a large adiabatic temperature change. This phase transition is induced by a variation of a specific external field applied to the solid refrigerant. Therefore, the magnetocaloric, elastocaloric, electrocaloric and barocaloric effects are adiabatic temperature changes in specific materials when varying the magnetic field, uniaxial mechanical stress, electrical field or hydrostatic pressure, respectively. Heat pump cycle can be built from these caloric effects and several heating/cooling prototypes were developed and tested over the last few decades. Although not a mature technology yet, some of these caloric systems are well suited to become new efficient and sustainable solutions for indoor space conditioning and domestic hot water production. This technical report (and the paper to which this report is supplementary materials) aims to raise awareness in the building community about these innovative caloric systems. It sheds some light on the recent progress in that field and compares the performance of caloric systems with that of conventional vapour-compression heat pumps for building applications.

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Hammouti, A., S. Larmagnat, C. Rivard i D. Pham Van Bang. Use of CT-scan images to build geomaterial 3D pore network representation in preparation for numerical simulations of fluid flow and heat transfer, Quebec. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/331502.

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Non-intrusive techniques such as medical CT-Scan or micro-CT allow the definition of 3D connected pore networks in porous materials, such as sedimentary rocks or concrete. The definition of these networks is a key step towards the evaluation of fluid flow and heat transfer in energy resource (e.g., hydrocarbon and geothermal reservoirs) and CO2 sequestration research projects. As material heterogeneities play a role at all scales (from micro- to project-scale), numerical models represent a powerful tool for bridging the gap between small-scale measurements provided by X-ray imaging techniques and larger-scale transport properties. This study uses pre-existing medical CT-scan datasets of reference material, namely glass beads and conventional reservoir rocks (Berea sandstone, Boise sandstone, Indiana limestone) to extract the 3D geometry of connected pores using an open-source software (Spam). Pore networks from rock samples were generated from dry and then saturated samples. Binarized datasets were produced for these materials (generated by a thresholding technique) to obtain pore size distribution and tortuosity, as well as preferential paths for fluid flow. Average porosities were also calculated for comparison with those obtained by conventional commercial laboratory techniques. The results obtained show that this approach works well for medium and coarse-grained materials that do not contain a large percentage of fine particles. However, this approach does not allow representative networks to be obtained for fine-grained rocks, due to the fact that small pores (or pore throats) cannot be taken into account in the datasets obtained from the medical CT-Scan. A next step, using datasets produced from a micro- CT scan, is planned in order to be able to generate representative networks in this type of material as well.

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Galili, Naftali, Roger P. Rohrbach, Itzhak Shmulevich, Yoram Fuchs i Giora Zauberman. Non-Destructive Quality Sensing of High-Value Agricultural Commodities Through Response Analysis. United States Department of Agriculture, październik 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1994.7570549.bard.

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The objectives of this project were to develop nondestructive methods for detection of internal properties and firmness of fruits and vegetables. One method was based on a soft piezoelectric film transducer developed in the Technion, for analysis of fruit response to low-energy excitation. The second method was a dot-matrix piezoelectric transducer of North Carolina State University, developed for contact-pressure analysis of fruit during impact. Two research teams, one in Israel and the other in North Carolina, coordinated their research effort according to the specific objectives of the project, to develop and apply the two complementary methods for quality control of agricultural commodities. In Israel: An improved firmness testing system was developed and tested with tropical fruits. The new system included an instrumented fruit-bed of three flexible piezoelectric sensors and miniature electromagnetic hammers, which served as fruit support and low-energy excitation device, respectively. Resonant frequencies were detected for determination of firmness index. Two new acoustic parameters were developed for evaluation of fruit firmness and maturity: a dumping-ratio and a centeroid of the frequency response. Experiments were performed with avocado and mango fruits. The internal damping ratio, which may indicate fruit ripeness, increased monotonically with time, while resonant frequencies and firmness indices decreased with time. Fruit samples were tested daily by destructive penetration test. A fairy high correlation was found in tropical fruits between the penetration force and the new acoustic parameters; a lower correlation was found between this parameter and the conventional firmness index. Improved table-top firmness testing units, Firmalon, with data-logging system and on-line data analysis capacity have been built. The new device was used for the full-scale experiments in the next two years, ahead of the original program and BARD timetable. Close cooperation was initiated with local industry for development of both off-line and on-line sorting and quality control of more agricultural commodities. Firmalon units were produced and operated in major packaging houses in Israel, Belgium and Washington State, on mango and avocado, apples, pears, tomatoes, melons and some other fruits, to gain field experience with the new method. The accumulated experimental data from all these activities is still analyzed, to improve firmness sorting criteria and shelf-life predicting curves for the different fruits. The test program in commercial CA storage facilities in Washington State included seven apple varieties: Fuji, Braeburn, Gala, Granny Smith, Jonagold, Red Delicious, Golden Delicious, and D'Anjou pear variety. FI master-curves could be developed for the Braeburn, Gala, Granny Smith and Jonagold apples. These fruits showed a steady ripening process during the test period. Yet, more work should be conducted to reduce scattering of the data and to determine the confidence limits of the method. Nearly constant FI in Red Delicious and the fluctuations of FI in the Fuji apples should be re-examined. Three sets of experiment were performed with Flandria tomatoes. Despite the complex structure of the tomatoes, the acoustic method could be used for firmness evaluation and to follow the ripening evolution with time. Close agreement was achieved between the auction expert evaluation and that of the nondestructive acoustic test, where firmness index of 4.0 and more indicated grade-A tomatoes. More work is performed to refine the sorting algorithm and to develop a general ripening scale for automatic grading of tomatoes for the fresh fruit market. Galia melons were tested in Israel, in simulated export conditions. It was concluded that the Firmalon is capable of detecting the ripening of melons nondestructively, and sorted out the defective fruits from the export shipment. The cooperation with local industry resulted in development of automatic on-line prototype of the acoustic sensor, that may be incorporated with the export quality control system for melons. More interesting is the development of the remote firmness sensing method for sealed CA cool-rooms, where most of the full-year fruit yield in stored for off-season consumption. Hundreds of ripening monitor systems have been installed in major fruit storage facilities, and being evaluated now by the consumers. If successful, the new method may cause a major change in long-term fruit storage technology. More uses of the acoustic test method have been considered, for monitoring fruit maturity and harvest time, testing fruit samples or each individual fruit when entering the storage facilities, packaging house and auction, and in the supermarket. This approach may result in a full line of equipment for nondestructive quality control of fruits and vegetables, from the orchard or the greenhouse, through the entire sorting, grading and storage process, up to the consumer table. The developed technology offers a tool to determine the maturity of the fruits nondestructively by monitoring their acoustic response to mechanical impulse on the tree. A special device was built and preliminary tested in mango fruit. More development is needed to develop a portable, hand operated sensing method for this purpose. In North Carolina: Analysis method based on an Auto-Regressive (AR) model was developed for detecting the first resonance of fruit from their response to mechanical impulse. The algorithm included a routine that detects the first resonant frequency from as many sensors as possible. Experiments on Red Delicious apples were performed and their firmness was determined. The AR method allowed the detection of the first resonance. The method could be fast enough to be utilized in a real time sorting machine. Yet, further study is needed to look for improvement of the search algorithm of the methods. An impact contact-pressure measurement system and Neural Network (NN) identification method were developed to investigate the relationships between surface pressure distributions on selected fruits and their respective internal textural qualities. A piezoelectric dot-matrix pressure transducer was developed for the purpose of acquiring time-sampled pressure profiles during impact. The acquired data was transferred into a personal computer and accurate visualization of animated data were presented. Preliminary test with 10 apples has been performed. Measurement were made by the contact-pressure transducer in two different positions. Complementary measurements were made on the same apples by using the Firmalon and Magness Taylor (MT) testers. Three-layer neural network was designed. 2/3 of the contact-pressure data were used as training input data and corresponding MT data as training target data. The remaining data were used as NN checking data. Six samples randomly chosen from the ten measured samples and their corresponding Firmalon values were used as the NN training and target data, respectively. The remaining four samples' data were input to the NN. The NN results consistent with the Firmness Tester values. So, if more training data would be obtained, the output should be more accurate. In addition, the Firmness Tester values do not consistent with MT firmness tester values. The NN method developed in this study appears to be a useful tool to emulate the MT Firmness test results without destroying the apple samples. To get more accurate estimation of MT firmness a much larger training data set is required. When the larger sensitive area of the pressure sensor being developed in this project becomes available, the entire contact 'shape' will provide additional information and the neural network results would be more accurate. It has been shown that the impact information can be utilized in the determination of internal quality factors of fruit. Until now,

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George. PR-015-10600-R01 Proposed Sampling Methods for Supercritical Natural Gas Streams. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), lipiec 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010981.

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Deepwater natural gas production is a non-traditional operation that is very different than conventional shelf or onshore production, due to the extremely high pressures (2,000 psia, 13.8 MPa abs) and rich gases (1,300 Btu/scf, 48.4 MJ/Nm3) involved. Concerns have been raised about methods used to sample deepwater natural gas supplies in this supercritical state. Sampling methods accepted for natural gas at pipeline conditions have been used to sample gas from offshore platforms and supercritical onshore storage facilities. However, the sample analyses have later been found to overestimate the energy content of the gas by as much as 300 Btu/scf (11.2 MJ/Nm3). Analyses of these samples have also been found to incorrectly estimate other properties of the gas, such as sound speed and density. Due to the potential financial impact of such discrepancies, the need exists to understand their causes, and to identify alternative sampling procedures or methods that can minimize them. A literature search was performed to identify sampling methods with the potential to accurately sample natural gas streams in the supercritical region. The search included methods listed in existing natural gas sampling standards, such as API MPMS Chapter 14.1 and GPA 2166-05, variations and suggested improvements on these standard methods, and sampling methods applied in other sectors of the energy industry. No sampling methods were identified that are designed specifically for sampling supercritical natural gas. However, guidelines were found in various references that are useful in tailoring existing sampling methods or designing new sampling methods for supercritical gas service. These guidelines include means to avoid phase changes in the samples, methods of regulating pressure while maintaining sample temperatures, avoiding issues with adsorption and desorption on equipment, and recommendations for designing a sampling method for high-pressure service.

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Morrison, Mark, Joshuah Miron, Edward A. Bayer i Raphael Lamed. Molecular Analysis of Cellulosome Organization in Ruminococcus Albus and Fibrobacter Intestinalis for Optimization of Fiber Digestibility in Ruminants. United States Department of Agriculture, marzec 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2004.7586475.bard.

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Improving plant cell wall (fiber) degradation remains one of the highest priority research goals for all ruminant enterprises dependent on forages, hay, silage, or other fibrous byproducts as energy sources, because it governs the provision of energy-yielding nutrients to the host animal. Although the predominant species of microbes responsible for ruminal fiber degradation are culturable, the enzymology and genetics underpinning the process are poorly defined. In that context, there were two broad objectives for this proposal. The first objective was to identify the key cellulosomal components in Ruminococcus albus and to characterize their structural features as well as regulation of their expression, in response to polysaccharides and (or) P AA/PPA. The second objective was to evaluate the similarities in the structure and architecture of cellulosomal components between R. albus and other ruminal and non-ruminal cellulolytic bacteria. The cooperation among the investigators resulted in the identification of two glycoside hydrolases rate-limiting to cellulose degradation by Ruminococcus albus (Cel48A and CeI9B) and our demonstration that these enzymes possess a novel modular architecture specific to this bacterium (Devillard et al. 2004). We have now shown that the novel X-domains in Cel48A and Cel9B represent a new type of carbohydrate binding module, and the enzymes are not part of a ceiluiosome-like complex (CBM37, Xu et al. 2004). Both Cel48A and Cel9B are conditionally expressed in response to P AA/PPA, explaining why cellulose degradation in this bacterium is affected by the availability of these compounds, but additional studies have shown for the first time that neither PAA nor PPA influence xylan degradation by R. albus (Reveneau et al. 2003). Additionally, the R. albus genome sequencing project, led by the PI. Morrison, has supported our identification of many dockerin containing proteins. However, the identification of gene(s) encoding a scaffoldin has been more elusive, and recombinant proteins encoding candidate cohesin modules are now being used in Israel to verify the existence of dockerin-cohesin interactions and cellulosome production by R. albus. The Israeli partners have also conducted virtually all of the studies specific to the second Objective of the proposal. Comparative blotting studies have been conducted using specific antibodies prepare against purified recombinant cohesins and X-domains, derived from cellulosomal scaffoldins of R. flavefaciens 17, a Clostridium thermocellum mutant-preabsorbed antibody preparation, or against CbpC (fimbrial protein) of R. albus 8. The data also suggest that additional cellulolytic bacteria including Fibrobacter succinogenes S85, F. intestinalis DR7 and Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens Dl may also employ cellulosomal modules similar to those of R. flavefaciens 17. Collectively, our work during the grant period has shown that R. albus and other ruminal bacteria employ several novel mechanisms for their adhesion to plant surfaces, and produce both cellulosomal and non-cellulosomal forms of glycoside hydrolases underpinning plant fiber degradation. These improvements in our mechanistic understanding of bacterial adhesion and enzyme regulation now offers the potential to: i) optimize ruminal and hindgut conditions by dietary additives to maximize fiber degradation (e.g. by the addition of select enzymes or PAA/PPA); ii) identify plant-borne influences on adhesion and fiber-degradation, which might be overcome (or improved) by conventional breeding or transgenic plant technologies and; iii) engineer or select microbes with improved adhesion capabilities, cellulosome assembly and fiber degradation. The potential benefits associated with this research proposal are likely to be realized in the medium term (5-10 years).

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Weinschenk, Craig, Daniel Madrzykowski i Paul Courtney. Impact of Flashover Fire Conditions on Exposed Energized Electrical Cords and Cables. UL Firefighter Safety Research Institute, październik 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.54206/102376/hdmn5904.

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A set of experiments was conducted to expose different types of energized electrical cords for lamps, office equipment, and appliances to a developing room fire exposure. All of the cords were positioned on the floor and arranged in a manner to receive a similar thermal exposure. Six types of cords commonly used as power supply cords, extension cords, and as part of residential electrical wiring systems were chosen for the experiments. The non-metallic sheathed cables (NMB) typically found in residential electrical branch wiring were included to provide a link to previous research. The basic test design was to expose the six different types of cords, on the floor of a compartment to a growing fire to determine the conditions under which the cord would trip the circuit breaker and/or undergo an arc fault. All of the cords would be energized and installed on a non-combustible surface. Six cord types (18-2 SPT1, 16-3 SJTW, 12-2 NM-B, 12-3 NM-B, 18-3 SVT, 18-2 NISPT-2) and three types of circuit protection (Molded case circuit breaker (MCCB), combination Arc-fault circuit interrupter (AFCI), Ground-fault circuit interrupter (GFCI)) were exposed to six room-scale fires. The circuit protection was remote from the thermal exposure. The six room fires consisted of three replicate fires with two sofas as the main fuel source, two replicate fires with one sofa as the main fuel source and one fire with two sofas and MDF paneling on three walls in the room. Each fuel package was sufficient to support flashover conditions in the room and as a result, the impact on the cords and circuit protection was not significantly different. The average peak heat release rate of the sofa fueled compartment fires with gypsum board ceiling and walls was 6.8 MW. The addition of vinyl covered MDF wall paneling on three of the compartment walls increased the peak heat release rate to 12 MW, although most of the increased energy release occurred outside of the compartment opening. In each experiment during post flashover exposure, the insulation on the cords ignited and burned through, exposing bare conductor. During this period the circuits faulted. The circuit protection devices are not designed to provide thermal protection, and, thus, were installed remote from the fire. The devices operated as designed in all experiments. All of the circuit faults resulted in either a magnetic trip of the conventional circuit breaker or a ground-fault trip in the GFCI or AFCI capable circuit protection devices. Though not required by UL 1699, Standard for Safety for Arc-Fault Circuit-Interrupters as the solution for detection methodology, the AFCIs used had differential current detection. Examination of signal data showed that the only cord types that tripped with a fault to ground were the insulated conductors in non-metallic sheathed cables (12-2 NM-B and 12-3 NM-B). This was expected due to the bare grounding conductor present. Assessments of both the thermal exposure and physical damage to the cords did not reveal any correlation between the thermal exposure, cord damage, and trip type.

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Fyfe, Caroline, Arthur Grimes, Shannon Minehan i Phoebe Taptiklis. Evaluation of the Warmer Kiwis Homes Programme: Full Report including Cost Benefit Analysis. Motu Economic and Public Policy Research, grudzień 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.29310/wp.2022.14.

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We evaluate the heat pump component of New Zealand’s Warmer Kiwi Homes (WKH) programme. The programme includes provision of heat pumps in living areas for eligible households (based on neighbourhood or income) that do not have suitable heating. It also includes installation of retrofitted insulation for houses with insufficient insulation. Staggered installation enables difference-in-difference estimates of impacts. Heat pump outcomes on which we focus include warmth and dryness of the living area, personal comfort and wellbeing, and electricity consumption. We combine the heat pump findings with prior findings related to insulation and heating to provide a set of cost benefit analyses of WKH. We find that household members overwhelmingly report increases in warmth, comfort and satisfaction with their home, and report decreases in condensation, damp and having to restrict heating due to cost. Some increase in life satisfaction is reported. Living areas of treated houses experience increases in temperature which are most pronounced around breakfast and evening times, and when outdoor temperatures are low. Houses also experience reduced humidity. Households that use the heat pump as an air conditioner experience reduced summer temperatures when outdoor temperatures are high. Winter electricity use falls in a house fitted with a heat pump relative to houses without a heat pump; savings are negligible at night and increase through the day, peaking at 5-9pm. No increase in electricity consumption is detected in summer. Benefit cost ratios (BCRs) are calculated using both wellbeing metrics and conventional health and energy components. The wellbeing-based BCR for the heat pump component (which places a high value on living in a warm home) is estimated at 7.49 while the more conventionally calculated (but overly conservative) BCR is 2.15. For the full WKH programme, the corresponding BCRs are calculated as 4.36 and 1.89.

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