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1
Grammatical relations and their non-canonical encoding in Baltic. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2014.
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Fedden, Sebastian, Jenny Audring i Greville G. Corbett, red. Non-Canonical Gender Systems. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198795438.001.0001.
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Grammatical gender is famously the most puzzling of the grammatical categories. Despite our solid knowledge about the typology of gender systems, exciting and unexpected patterns keep turning up which defy easy classification and straightforward analysis. Some of these question, stretch, or even threaten to cross the outer boundaries of the category. These regions are largely unexplored, yet are essential for our understanding of gender, besides being interesting in their own right. The purpose of this book is to explore the outer boundaries of the category of gender and discuss their theoretical significance. Canonical Typology, a cutting-edge approach already successfully applied to a range of linguistic phenomena, provides the ideal framework for this endeavour. In this approach, a linguistic phenomenon—for example, a morphosyntactic feature like gender—is established in terms of a canonical ideal: the clearest instance of the phenomenon. The canonical ideal is a clustering of properties that serves as a baseline from which to measure the actual examples that are found. This approach allows us to analyse any gender system and determine for each of its component properties whether it is more or less canonical. The languages discussed in this volume all diverge from the canonical ideal in interesting ways. Each language is assessed by international experts, who approach their work from a typological perspective. The book explores a wide range of typologically different languages drawn from all over the world, from South America to Melanesia, from an Italo-Romance dialect of Central Italy to Mawng of Northern Australia.
3
(Editor), A. Iu Aikhenvald, Robert M. W. Dixon (Editor) i Masayuki Onishi (Editor), red. Non-Canonical Marking of Subjects and Objects (Typological Studies in Language). John Benjamins Publishing Co, 2001.
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(Editor), A. Iu Aikhenvald, Robert M. W. Dixon (Editor) i Masayuki Onishi (Editor), red. Non-Canonical Marking of Subjects and Objects (Typological Studies in Language). John Benjamins Publishing Co, 2001.
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Uhrig, Peter. Subjects in English: From Valency Grammar to a Constructionist Treatment of Non-Canonical Subjects. De Gruyter, Inc., 2018.
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Uhrig, Peter. Subjects in English: From Valency Grammar to a Constructionist Treatment of Non-Canonical Subjects. De Gruyter, Inc., 2018.
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Uhrig, Peter. Subjects in English: From a Valency to a Construction Treatment of Non-Canonical Subjects. De Gruyter, Inc., 2018.
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Hu, Xuhui. Non-canonical objects, motion events, and verb/satellite-framed typology. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198808466.003.0007.
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Based on the Synchronic Grammaticalisation Hypothesis and the theory of the syntax of events, this chapter explores the syntactic nature of the Chinese non-canonical object construction. The object in this construction is introduced by a null P, which is incorporated into the verbal head position, and a lexical verb serves as a functional item, vDO. This account is extended to the analysis of the motion event construction in Chinese. It involves the incorporation of a P into the verbal head position filled with a vDO in the form of a lexical verb. The only difference is that this P is phonologically overt. Therefore, the [V+Path] chunk in Chinese is a single lexical item. This means that the Chinese motion event construction by nature patterns with its counterpart in verb-framed languages, a conclusion that goes against the common assumption that Chinese is a satellite-framed language.
9
Cesare, Anna-Maria De, i Davide Garassino. Current Issues in Italian, Romance and Germanic Non-Canonical Word Orders: Syntax - Information Structure - Discourse Organization. Lang GmbH, Internationaler Verlag der Wissenschaften, Peter, 2016.
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Current Issues in Italian, Romance and Germanic Non-Canonical Word Orders: Syntax - Information Structure - Discourse Organization. Lang GmbH, Internationaler Verlag der Wissenschaften, Peter, 2016.
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Cesare, Anna-Maria De, i Davide Garassino. Current Issues in Italian, Romance and Germanic Non-Canonical Word Orders: Syntax - Information Structure - Discourse Organization. Lang GmbH, Internationaler Verlag der Wissenschaften, Peter, 2016.
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Cesare, Anna-Maria De, i Davide Garassino. Current Issues in Italian, Romance and Germanic Non-Canonical Word Orders: Syntax - Information Structure - Discourse Organization. Lang GmbH, Internationaler Verlag der Wissenschaften, Peter, 2016.
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13
Audring, Jenny, i Sebastian Fedden. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198795438.003.0001.
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Grammatical gender systems vary widely across the languages of the world. Many conform to the canonical ideal in that each noun belongs to a single gender, and this gender is reflected in the agreement affixes on various words throughout the sentence. Other systems diverge from this ideal, some quite substantially. This chapter is the opening chapter of a unique collection of non-canonical gender systems from a variety of language families across the world. It outlines the theoretical perspective taken in the volume—Canonical Typology—and introduces the individual chapters, highlighting in what particular ways each language discussed in the book has a non-canonical gender system.
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Hippisley, Andrew. Default inheritance and the canonical. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198712329.003.0005.
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Derivation serves two purposes: to create a new sign, and to connect signs. This is manifested to the extent to which properties are inherited from the base. Illustrating with Russian nominals we show how the two goals are more or less achieved, in the full range of derivational possibilities. The extremes are represented by category-changing derivation and head-marked category-preserving derivation, manifested by their differences in default inheritance behaviours. The two goals are in an inverse relationship: the non-canonical situation with regard to one of them corresponds to the canonical with regard to the other. Representing the canonical in terms of default inheritance is therefore less straightforward in this arena than in others. We conclude that a symbolic sign, the currency of natural language, requires both distinctness and connectedness, and therefore has two levels of canonicity which act against each other.
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Garbo, Francesca Di, i Yvonne Agbetsoamedo. Non-canonical gender in African languages. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198795438.003.0008.
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This chapter investigates interactions between gender and number, and between gender and evaluative morphology in eighty-four African languages. It argues that interactions of gender with other grammatical domains (e.g. number) and/or with domains of derivational morphology (e.g. diminutive/augmentative) represent instances of non-canonical gender. This is based on two assumptions: (1) canonical morphosyntactic features should be maximally independent from each other, and (2) canonical gender should be an inherent lexical property of nouns, not manipulable for semantic or pragmatic purposes. The gender systems of the sampled languages appear to be frequently non-canonical because they are prone to interact with the morphosyntactic encoding of number distinctions and with the formation of diminutive and augmentative nouns. The chapter further outlines some suggestions as to how interactions between gender and other domains of nominal morphology may contribute to assess asymmetries between gender and other functional domains, as well as the complexity of gender systems.
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Thornes, Tim. On the heterogeneity of Northern Paiute directives. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198803225.003.0007.
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The formal encoding of directive speech in Northern Paiute (W. Numic, Uto-Aztecan) is quite heterogeneous, despite the simplicity of bare verb stem, addressee-directed command forms. The language employs a range of grammatical constructions both to colour the force of a canonical imperative and to form non-canonical imperatives. This chapter addresses formal strategies that express directive speech in Northern Paiute with attention to pragmatic context in naturally occurring speech, in addition to preliminary comparisons with related languages and hypotheses around historical developments in Numic and beyond, placing the data in the context of a general typology of commands in the world’s languages. The use of aspect marking, deontic modality, and subordinating morphology is common. The ways in which aspectual morphology is deployed in Northern Paiute directives do not always follow patterns found in other languages. Of further interest is the evidence for a biclausal origin in the grammar of directive speech acts.
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Guérin, Valérie. Imperatives and command strategies in Tayatuk (Morobe, PNG). Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198803225.003.0010.
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Commands are pervasive in everyday conversations held in Tayatuk, a Finisterre language of the Morobe province in Papua New Guinea. Imperatives in Tayatuk usually order people around but also frequently express approval. The future and the non-final morphologies can also be recruited as command strategies to express, respectively, a command remote in time and space and an appeal. Formally, imperatives do not constitute a uniform paradigm. Canonical imperatives are expressed by the bare form of the verb (for 2sg) and with dedicated imperative morphology for 2pl and 2du. Non-canonical imperatives (for 1 and 3) borrow morphology from the irrealis paradigm. Negative imperatives form a defective paradigm of their own: a single inflection is used regardless of the person and numbers of the subject. The data suggest that imperatives and prohibitives in Tayatuk form separate clause types.
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Wälchli, Bernhard. The rise of gender in Nalca (Mek, Tanah Papua). Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198795438.003.0004.
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This chapter reconstructs how Nalca, a Mek language of the Trans-New Guinea phylum, has acquired gender markers and describes the non-canonical properties of this highly unusual gender system. Gender in Nalca is mainly assigned by two different defaults, phonological assignment is holistic, there is a gender switch depending on the syntax of the noun phrase, controller and target are adjacent, and gender has the function of case marker hosts. Gender in Nalca is only weakly entrenched in the lexicon and predominantly phrasal. It is argued that canonical gender is an attractor (a complex, diachronically stable structure with heterogeneous origins). A model of the gender attractor based on the notion of information transfer chain is developed. The rise of Nalca gender is an instance of system emergence where several diachronic processes, such as grammaticalization, reanalysis, and analogy, interact. Chains of rapid diachronic change are triggered by anomalies that entail other anomalies.
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Sarvasy, Hannah S. Imperatives and commands in Nungon. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198803225.003.0011.
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The two dedicated positive imperative paradigms of the Papuan language Nungon cover all subject person/number combinations. The Immediate Imperative and Delayed Imperative differ semantically, pragmatically, and formally. The Immediate Imperative demands immediate compliance, rings peremptorily, and shares morphology with the Counterfactual and medial verb Different-Subject marking. The Delayed Imperative anticipates delayed compliance and is polite; it may have originated through iconic vowel alteration of the Future Irrealis. The time distinction between the positive Immediate and Delayed Imperatives is neutralized under negation; a single dedicated Prohibitive likely arose from the combination of an attention-getting suffix and the positive Future Irrealis. Nungon also has eight imperative strategies, which may be coordinated with dedicated imperative forms; conventional verbless directives exist as well. Dedicated imperatives can function in questions. Children show early acquisition of canonical and non-canonical imperative forms. Finally, this hunting society also has dog commands that are unrelated to usual imperative forms.
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Ward, Gregory, Betty J. Birner i Elsi Kaiser. Pragmatics and Information Structure. Redaktor Yan Huang. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199697960.013.10.
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Information structure deals with the question of how—and specifically, in what order—we choose to present the informational content of a proposition. In English and many other languages, this content is structured in such a way that given, or familiar, information precedes new, or unfamiliar, information. Because givenness and newness are largely matters of what has come previously in the discourse, information structuring is inextricably tied to matters of context—in particular, the prior linguistic context—and this is what makes information structure quintessentially pragmatic in nature. While it has long been recognized that various non-canonical word orders function to preserve a given-before-new ordering in an utterance, a great deal of research has focused on how to determine the specific categories of givenness and newness that matter for information structuring. A growing body of psycholinguistic work explores the role that these categories play in language comprehension.
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Corbett, Greville G., i Sebastian Fedden. New approaches to the typology of gender. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198795438.003.0002.
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Nominal classification remains a fascinating topic. To make further progress in this area we need greater clarity of definition and analysis. We use canonical gender as an ideal against which we can measure the great variety of the actual gender systems we find in the languages of the world. Starting from previous work on canonical morphosyntactic features, particularly on how they intersect with canonical parts of speech, we establish the distinctiveness of gender, reflected in the Canonical Gender Principle: In a canonical gender system, each noun has a single gender value. We develop three criteria associated with this principle, which together ensure that canonically a noun has exactly one gender value. We give examples of non-canonicity for each criterion, and this establishes a substantial typological space, which accommodates the various non-canonical gender systems in the languages featured in this volume.
22
Rose, Françoise. A typology of languages with genderlects and grammatical gender. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198795438.003.0009.
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This chapter discusses the interaction of genderlects with grammatical gender within a Canonical Typology approach. Systems in which indexical gender interacts with grammatical gender are cross-linguistically rare. They are highly complex instances of non-canonical gender: in these systems, there is at least one value for which grammatical gender is marked differently depending on the gender of one speech act participant. This chapter offers a groundbreaking canonical typology of systems with interacting indexical gender and grammatical gender. The three parameters used for this typology are: (i) same or different grammatical gender categorization across genderlects, (ii) partial or total scope of the genderlect distinction over the grammatical gender values, and (iii) presence or absence of cross-genderlect syncretism. The results show that the most attested type is the least canonical one.
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Van Olmen, Daniël, i Johan Van Der Auwera. Modality and Mood in Standard Average European. Redaktorzy Jan Nuyts i Johan Van Der Auwera. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199591435.013.11.
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The chapter discusses the research on the features of the mood and modality systems of European languages that stand a chance of being due to some measure of the areal convergence captured with the term “Standard Average European.” These features are: (i) the compositional nature of the prohibitive, (ii) the number of non-indicative non-imperative moods, (iii) the relation between canonical and non-canonical imperatives, (iv) the use of word order for the interrogative, the (v) multifunctionality, (vi) verbiness, and (vii) grammaticalization of modal markers. While all of these characterize European languages, only features (i), (v), (vi), and (vii) are potential Standard Average European features.
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Harding, Jason, i John Nash, red. Modernism and Non-Translation. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198821441.001.0001.
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Modernism and Non-Translation proposes a new way of reading key modernist texts, including the work of canonical figures such as T. S. Eliot, James Joyce, and Ezra Pound. The topic of this book is the incorporation of untranslated fragments from various languages within modernist writing. It explores non-translation in modernist fiction, poetry, and other forms, with a principally European focus. The intention is to begin to answer a question that demands collective expertise: what are the aesthetic and cultural implications of non-translation for modernist literature? How did non-translation shape the poetics, and cultural politics, of some of the most important writers of this period? Twelve essays by leading scholars of modernism explore American, British, and Irish texts, alongside major French and German writers, and the wider modernist recovery of Classical languages. They explore non-translation from the dual perspectives of both ‘insider’ and ‘outsider’, unsettling that false opposition, and articulating in the process their individuality of expression and experience. The range explored indicates something of the reach and vitality of the matter of translation—and specifically non-translation—across a selection of poetry, fiction, and non-fictional prose, while focusing on mainly canonical voices. Offering a series of case studies, the volume aims to encourage further exploration of connections across languages and among writers. Together, the collection seeks to provoke and extend debate on the aesthetic, cultural, political, and conceptual dimensions of non-translation as an important yet hitherto neglected facet of modernism, helping to redefine our understanding of that movement. It demonstrates the rich possibilities of reading modernism through instances of non-translation.
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Adelaar, Willem F. H. Imperatives and commands in Quechua. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198803225.003.0002.
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The Quechuan languages of the Central Andes have a dedicated Imperative Mood paradigm featuring personal reference marking for all subject endings except first person. Non-canonical third person subject forms are part of this paradigm. Although there is a formal overlap between Future Tense and Imperative in marking of the first person inclusive subject, the former can be used in questions or be accompanied by validation markers, whereas the latter cannot. In imperative constructions negation is indicated in the same way as in other moods, except that it requires the presence of the prohibitive adverb ama, instead of plain negative mana. Conversely, ama can also be used in non-Imperative environments to express a mild or indirect command. It can be argued that Quechuan languages have two competing ways of indicating prohibition: Imperative structures with regular negation marking and obligatory presence of ama, and non-Imperative structures where ama introduces a prohibitive connotation.
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Campbell, Eric W. Commands in Zenzontepec Chatino (Otomanguean). Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198803225.003.0005.
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This chapter presents Zenzontepec Chatino (Otomanguean, Zapotecan) data from naturally occurring discourse and describes the linguistic resources that speakers draw from to express a wide range of command types. Canonical imperatives, addressee-directed commands of basic force, are morphologically complex and display many forms for one category, determined by the inflectional class of the verb. In contrast, all non-canonical directives, those targeting first or third persons or the negative second person directives, are formally simple, all being expressed with Potential Mood inflection (one category for many functions). The full range of command forms and strategies is a reflection of Zenzontepec Chatino grammar more broadly, which has idiosyncratic and prodigiously complex inflectional morphology but formally simple and fluid syntax in discourse. The Imperative Mood category has been previously little studied in Zapotecan languages, and it offers insight into other aspects of the inflectional system and its history.
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Hu, Xuhui. Conclusion. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198808466.003.0008.
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This chapter summarizes the major points developed throughout the book. The theoretical points of the syntax of events proposed in Chapter 2 are listed. The conclusions on the syntax of English and Chinese resultatives, applicative constructions in various languages, and Chinese non-canonical object and motion event constructions are presented, together with the implications for the verb/satellite-framed typology. The explanation of diachronic change and cross-linguistic variation is summarized, including both the historical development of Chinese resultatives, the variation of resultatives between Chinese and English on the one hand, and English and Romance on the other hand. The Synchronic Grammaticalisation Hypothesis is also summarized.
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Haig, Geoffrey. Deconstructing Iranian Ergativity. Redaktorzy Jessica Coon, Diane Massam i Lisa Demena Travis. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198739371.013.20.
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This chapter provides an overview of the alignment splits found in most Iranian languages, focussing on their historical emergence, and their currently attested variability. Following Haig (2008), the origins of ergativity in Iranian are linked to pre-existing, non-canonical subject constructions typically involving Benefactives, External Possessors, and Experiencers, which then extended to clauses with participial predicates expressing agentive semantics. The current variation found in the ergative-like constructions is illustrated through three case-studies of dialectal microvariation: Kurdish, Balochi, and Taleshi. It is argued that the variation in the ergative constructions of the modern languages should be viewed as resulting from the interplay of partially independent changes working through distinct sub-systems, in particular case-marking, agreement, and pronominal clitic systems, rather than in terms of monolithic shifts from one alignment type to another. From this perspective, ergativity is merely a taxonomic label for a particular constellation of case and agreement features, with no more theoretical significance than any of the other attested constellations.
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Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible. Wm. B. Eerdmans, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/bci-001a.
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No one familiar with the Bible needs to be told that it is a truly remarkable work. But it takes help to understand this ancient collection of diverse forms of literature written by different people across many centuries. The Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible (The ECB) is the finest, most up-to-date single-volume Bible handbook now available. Written by world-class Bible scholars, The ECB encapsulates in non-technical language the best of modern scholarship on the sixty-six biblical books plus the Apocrypha. The only one-volume Bible commentary to cover all the texts (even including 1 Enoch) regarded by one or more Christian churches as canonical, The ECB provides reader-friendly treatments and succinct summaries of each section of the text that will be valuable to scholars, students and general readers alike. The primary objective of this work is to clarify the meaning of each section of the Bible. Rather than attempting a verse-by-verse analysis (virtually impossible in a one-volume work), The ECB focuses on principal units of meaning — narrative, parable, prophetic oracle, section of argument, and so on — highlighting their interconnectedness with the rest of the biblical text. The volume also addresses and answers major issues — including the range of possible interpretations — and refers readers to the best fuller discussions. Beyond providing reliable, informative commentary, this hefty volume also includes thirteen introductory and context-setting articles that do justice to the biblical documents both as historical sources and as scriptures. The sixty-seven contributors to The ECB come from a wide variety of backgrounds and are acknowledged leaders in the field of biblical studies. Their contributions stand out either for their fresh interpretations of the evidence, or for their way of asking new questions of the text, or for their new angles of approach. While the translation of choice is the New Revised Standard Version, many of the contributors offer their own vivid translations of the original Hebrew or Greek. Cutting-edge, comprehensive, and ecumenical, The ECB is both a fitting climax to the rich body of interconfessional work undertaken in the latter part of the twentieth century and a worthy launching pad for biblical study in the twenty-first.