Artykuły w czasopismach: „Nobility – england – history”

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Palamarchuk, Anastasia A. "Heraldic Tracts in the Tudor and Stuart England". Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History 69, nr 1 (2024): 89–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu02.2024.106.

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In the late 16th–17th centuries both heraldic and chivalric practices and heraldic literature were flourishing in England. The article reconstructs the repertoire of the heraldic tracts written under the Tudors and the Early Stuarts. These sources represent an especially significant complex for the study of the rise of the social as an autonomous sphere. Heraldic and paraheraldic tracts can be divided into three categories in accordance with the structural organization of the texts: displays of heraldry, tracts about nobility, and catalogues of nobility. Each category is characterized by its peculiar themes within a broad heraldic spectrum. The tracts concerning nobility revealed the substance of the phenomenon, defined and structured its analytical parameters; therefore, the boundaries of the nobility were determined and specified. Heraldic displays, in addition to their practical and didactic functions, visualized the abstract notion of “nobility” and impressed this concept upon the minds due to a wide range of associations, which were revived in the process of interpretation of the heraldic symbols. Finally, the catalogues of the nobility concretized nobilitas in its visible boundaries and/or historical dynamics. Taken as an intertext owing to the compilations and mutual citations, these three types of the heraldic narratives created the space where the autonomization of the social was developing. The crucial factor in this process was the multi-dimensional nature of the definition of the concept of nobility. The evolution of the heraldic tracts illustrated important and large-scale processes: 1) the evolution of the perception of the English constitution not as the corpus of practices, but as the complex of practices and texts, which not only fixed the custom but also made its interpretation possible; 2) the rise of the social in the Early Modern intellectual discourse.

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Adamson, J. S. A. "Politics and the Nobility in Civil-War England". Historical Journal 34, nr 1 (marzec 1991): 231–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x00014114.

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Gołaszewski, Łukasz. "Dziesięcina w dawnym prawie polskim XVI–XVIII wieku na tle europejskim". Studia Iuridica, nr 88 (13.12.2021): 108–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.31338/2544-3135.si.2021-88.5.

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The article is shortly describing the history of tithes in the Kingdom of Poland and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. During the 16–18 centuries, the nobility achieved their primary goals: 1. establishing the conversion of tithes in sheaves or grains into money, 2. determining the nobility’s courts as exclusively appropriate in cases about tithes. However, tithes in different parts of Europe were subject to, sometimes similar, changes. Consequently, the article describes the history of tithes in England, France, Germany, and other countries. Consequently, this topic is perceived as interesting for comparative studies, especially about the oneri reali.

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Green, J. A. "The Birth of Nobility: Constructing Aristocracy in England and France, 900-1300". English Historical Review CXXI, nr 492 (1.06.2006): 900–901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ehr/cel144.

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Hill, Joanne. "Unreliable Allies in an Uncertain World: Warnings from History in Marlowe’s The Massacre at Paris". Journal of Marlowe Studies 4 (2024): 9–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.7190/jms.4.2024.pp9-25.

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The Massacre at Paris. Marlowe brought the horrors of the St Bartholomew’s Day Massacre onto the London stage in 1593 at a time when England was facing a threat of invasion from the expansionist powers of Europe. The Massacre at Paris demonstrates vividly what was at stake if such an invasion were to be successful: Protestantism in England would face an existential crisis, just as it had done in France in 1572. While previous critics have focused on Guise’s representation in the play, this article examines the character of Navarre because in the early 1590s Henri IV was key to England’s defence, but he was a controversial figure who divided the international Protestant alliance. As a result, many of its members refused to provide the French King with the military and financial support he required to fight the Catholic League. To reflect his divisive nature, Marlowe portrays Navarre in an ambiguous light in The Massacre at Paris and thus raises questions about whether the historical Henri IV and the Huguenot nobility had the qualities necessary to defend England and the future of Protestantism. This article will investigate how Marlowe exploited contemporary anxieties about the Huguenot leadership by highlighting their failings during the St Bartholomew’s Day Massacre. By raising the spectre of the Massacre, Marlowe forced his audience to confront the terrifying question of whether England’s principal ally would be strong and trustworthy enough to keep the extremist Catholics from the English coast, or whether he would leave them to be slaughtered like the Huguenots in Paris.

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Adamson, J. S. A. "The Baronial Context of the English Civil War". Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 40 (grudzień 1990): 93–120. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3679164.

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WHEN rebellion broke out in England in 1642, the political nation had been, for over a decade, obsessed with medieval precedent and its gothic past. Practices and institutions which had seemed defunct revived, during the 1630s, into new and sometimes controversial life. Trial by combat was reintroduced in appeal of treason in 1631, and confirmed by the judges in 1637 as a legitimate legal procedure even in disputes of property; in 1636 a bishop was appointed to the Lord Treasurership for the first time since the reign of Edward IV; in 1639 England went to war without the summons of a Parliament for the first time since 1323; and the following year the Great Council of Peers met, for the first time since the reign of Henry VIII, to deal with a revolt of the Scottish nobility. At Court, the king was encouraging a gentleman of his Privy Chamber, Sir Francis Biondi, in his labours on a massive survey of the baronial struggles in England from Richard II to Henry VII—a work which, when it appeared in 1641 as The Civill Warres of England, was shortly to be endowed with a profoundly ironic topicality.

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Amussen, Susan Dwyer, i James M. Rosenheim. "The Townshends of Raynham: Nobility in Transition in Restoration and Early Hanoverian England". Journal of Interdisciplinary History 22, nr 2 (1991): 300. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/205873.

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Britnell, R. H. "England and Northern Italy in the Early Fourteenth Century: the Economic Contrasts". Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 39 (grudzień 1989): 167–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3678983.

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We know almost as much about the operations of big Italian companies in England as about those in Italy itself during the early fourteenth century. Tuscan trade here engaged some of Europe's most celebrated businesses, attracted by the kingdom's fine wool and the credit-worthiness of her crown and nobility. Historians have some-times drawn an analogy with international lending from richer to poorer countries in the modern world, both to create a point of contact with their readers and to meet the need for deep-lying explanations. The analogy usually carries the implication that Italy had a more advanced economy than England, and there are authors who say so explicitly. Some use terms designed to describe international economic growth during the last two hundred years, and represent medieval Italy as a pole of development, or a core economy. Others, borrowing the language of power, describe Italy as a dominant economy. Professor Cipolla uses a number of these ideas at once in his observation that ‘in the early years of the fourteenth century Florence represented a dominant and developed economy, while England and the kingdom of Naples were two decidedly underdeveloped countries: the periphery, to use Wallerstein's expression’.

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Mitrofanov, Vladimir P. "The Participation of Estates in the Adoption of Agricultural Legislation in Tudor England of the Mid-16th – Early 17th Century". Vestnik NSU. Series: History and Philology 20, nr 1 (2021): 9–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/1818-7919-2021-20-1-9-20.

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On the basis of parliamentary documents of the Tudor era the author attempts to find out the degree of participation of both direct and indirect representatives of the nobility, clergy and peasantry in the adoption of laws by parliament regarding enclosures. Analysis of the debates in the parliaments makes it possible to trace the position of the English nobility and the bourgeoisie regarding the process of enclosing the arable land of peasants. The estate of the nobility, with the support of deputies from the bourgeoisie, in fact, was able to significantly influence the content of agrarian bills. The agrarian bills prepared in government circles were significantly adjusted by the commoners, taking into account the specific interests of the gentry of individual counties. The position of the Anglican clergy boiled down to supporting the government’s point of view regarding the conversion of plowing to pasture. The peasantry declared their attitude to the process of enclosures both by sending complaints to the Privy Council, lawsuits in courts, as well as open social protests. As a result, it is noted that Elizabeth I Tudor, when adopting agrarian laws by parliament, showed political flexibility and repeatedly made concessions to the interests of the nobility. In the last parliament, her cabinet managed to reach a consensus of interests of the estates in the agrarian sphere. The results of the study allow us to better understand the mechanism of functioning of the absolute monarchy while maintaining the estate-representative body of power.

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Reinke-Williams, T. "Love, Lust, and License in Early Modern England: Illicit Sex and the Nobility, by Johanna Rickman". English Historical Review CXXVI, nr 519 (2.03.2011): 435–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ehr/cer015.

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Casson, Catherine, i Mark Casson. "“To Dispose of Wealth in Works of Charity”: Entrepreneurship and Philanthropy in Medieval England". Business History Review 93, nr 3 (2019): 473–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007680519000874.

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While entrepreneurs are increasingly recognized as important participants in the medieval economy, their philanthropic activities have received less attention than those of the gentry and nobility. This article identifies the contribution that the study of medieval entrepreneurs can make to broader business history debates surrounding the identity of philanthropists and their beneficiaries, the types of causes they supported, and their impact on wider society. Philanthropic entrepreneurs used the profits of commerce to provide infrastructure, health care, and education to their local communities. Their patterns of philanthropy differed from those of gentry, lawyers, and administrators. Support for municipal infrastructure emerges as a distinctive feature of entrepreneurial philanthropy, reflecting a belief in the importance of trade networks and civic reputation.

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Hamilton, J. S. "Crown and Nobility, 1272-1461: Political Conflict in Late Medieval England. Anthony Tuck". Speculum 62, nr 3 (lipiec 1987): 739–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2846431.

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Rokai, Melina. "Women and power in times of dynastic crises (selected examples from English medieval history)". Theoria, Beograd 66, nr 2 (2023): 121–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/theo2302121r.

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The paper examines the connection between women and power during the dynastic crisis. More precisely, the paper primarily refers to members of the high nobility and ruling houses during the dynastic crisis in the fifteenth century in England. In order to achieve a more accurate picture of the possibilities that an aristocratic woman, connected by family ties to the center of ruling power and authority in the person of the ruler - the king, had in order to legitimately possess and retain power, the paper will talk about the changes in social relations that occurred in earlier periods, about the difference in power and ruling authority, and then about similar examples in the wider European context. Special attention will be paid to the female actors of the Wars of the Roses (1455-1487), which culminated in the dynastic crisis, but which was further deepened by it, as well as to the perception of their power.

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Kisby, Fiona. "A mirror of monarchy: Music and musicians in the household chapel of the Lady Margaret Beaufort, mother of Henry VII". Early Music History 16 (październik 1997): 203–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0261127900001728.

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Ever since the publication of Frank Harrison's book Music in Medieval Britain in 1958, the study of the cultivation of liturgical music in late-medieval England has been based on the institutional structure of the Church: on the cathedrals, colleges and parish churches, and on the household chapels of the monarchy and higher nobility both spiritual and lay. In that and most subsequent studies, however, male figures have been seen to dominate the establishments under investigation. If art history (perhaps musicology's closest sister discipline) can be shown to have characterised the patronage of Renaissance art as a system dominated by ‘Big Men’, so too has musicology placed the development of English liturgical music in a culture shaped largely by noble male patrons – kings, princes, dukes, earls, archbishops, bishops and the like.

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Garnett, George. "Coronation And Propaganda: Some Implications Of The Norman Claim To The Throne Of England In 1066". Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 36 (grudzień 1986): 91–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3679061.

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WHEN theAnglo-Saxon Chronicle(D)s.a.1066 described the submission ‘out of necessity’ of many of the most important members of the English nobility to duke William at Berkhamstead, which followed extensive ravaging by the invading army, the chronicler lamented the fact that it was only at this stage that the English did so ‘… after most of the damage had been done—and it was a great piece of folly that they had not done it earlier, since God would not make things better, because of our sins…’, implying that the spoliation of the countryside would have ended with a submission and acceptance of the new ruler inflicted as a punishment by God. He continued, ‘And they gave hostages and swore oaths to him, and he promised them that he would be a gracious liege lord to them, and yet in the meantime they ravaged all that they overran.’ The chronicler is clearly shocked by this behaviour on the part of William and his forces, which only seems to end, in his account, with the coronation. Well he might be, for when dates of coronation for English kings in the previous two centuries can be firmly established, they usually occur some considerable time after a constitutive royal accession. Thus, for instance, Edward the Elder, Æthelstan, Æthelred, and Edward the Confessor6 were all crowned in the following years.

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Thornton, John K., i Linda M. Heywood. "“Canniball Negroes,” Atlantic Creoles, and the Identity of New England’s Charter Generation". African Diaspora 4, nr 1 (2011): 76–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187254611x566279.

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Abstract In the early seventeenth century, New England merchants were heavily involved in privateering raids on Spanish and Portuguese shipping in the Caribbean and in capturing slave ships, almost entirely sent from Angola. Knowing the specific background and historical events in Angola allows us to solve a number of mysterious appearances, such as Imbangala (“canniball negroes”) raiders, and a “queen” who was probably a member of the Kongo-Ndongo nobility whose enslaved members also appear in Brazilian records of the same epoch. Careful use of contemporary and dense documentation of Angola and shipping allow this greater nuance and opens the way for other research.

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Ingrao, Charles. "Michael Bush. The European Nobility, vol. 2: Rich Noble, Poor Noble. Manchester, England: Manchester University Press, 1988. Pp. vii, 234. $55.00." Austrian History Yearbook 23 (styczeń 1992): 237–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0067237800003015.

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Pitulko, Galina. "Printing as a Factor in the Evolution of Political Institutions in the Early Modern Europe". ISTORIYA 13, nr 1 (111) (2022): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840019036-8.

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The article deals with complex processes which took place in Europe in the field of printing in early modern times. The author analyzes the situation in England and other states during the Reformation and Counter-Reformation. It is concluded that each European country has its own special features not only in the organization of the printing business itself, but also in the sphere of relations between government institutions and the publishing community. The history of publishing in England very clearly shows how the printed book influenced not only the spiritual, but also the political processes that took place in the country over several centuries. In connection with the study of the traditions of British printing and the reading circle of the educated Englishman of the Early Modern Age, the most important source for us is the manuscript catalog of the Fairfax family library, kept in the Archive of the St. Petersburg Institute of History. English intellectuals Fairfax stood out primarily as the owners of the largest private book collection in England in the 17th century. And their library was, strictly speaking, a certain attribute of political elitism. Wallenrodts, who belonged to the Prussian nobility of the Brandenburg principality, proceeded from the idea of the social significance of their own book collection, and already during Ernst von Wallenrodt's lifetime bequeathed the collection to the University of Konigsberg. The author comes to the conclusion about the important role of the national press, acting as a consolidating ethnopolitical element in the course of such a formation of a new configuration of states of the Westphalian political system.

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POYNTING, SARAH. "Love, Lust, and License in Early Modern England: Illicit Sex and the Nobility by Johanna Rickman". Gender & History 22, nr 1 (15.03.2010): 211–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0424.2009.01587_8.x.

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Manley, K. A. "Libraries for sociability, or libraries of reality? The purpose of British subscription and circulating libraries". Library and Information History 36, nr 1 (kwiecień 2020): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/lih.2020.0003.

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The private subscription and commercial circulating libraries of eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century England are frequently referred to by historians as ‘libraries for sociability’. But what is a ‘library for sociability’? Does holding card games in a library qualify? Under examination will be whether these kinds of lending libraries contained elements of ‘sociability’ at all or whether the phrase is just an academic conceit. This study will consider hard evidence, and therefore the name of Habermas will not be mentioned. Circulating libraries in popular holiday resorts in particular will be examined as well as the careers of certain individual librarians who aspired to attract the nobility and gentry. Were they really librarians or booksellers or perhaps just fancy goods salesmen? And how did a gang of bank robbers come to be connected to a ‘library for sociability’? How are an Edinburgh mugger and a pair of duellists connected to library history? These and other questions may or may not be answered.

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Portnov, Aleksandr Aleksandrovich. "The Northeast of England in the era of the Wars of the Roses (using the example of the Paston family)". Genesis: исторические исследования, nr 6 (czerwiec 2024): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-868x.2024.6.70858.

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The subject of the study is the participation of the English small-scale provincial nobility in the events of the Wars of the Roses (1455-1485) and their behavior patterns in the context of a dynastic conflict, using the example of the fate of John Paston from Norfolk County (northeast of England). Special attention is paid to how the relationship between the average nobleman and his neighbors was built, the circle of his acquaintances, the degree of involvement in national politics, personal conflicts and motives. Both the general patterns characteristic of the fate of most representatives of the privileged class of the XV century are considered, as well as the specifics that distinguish the region specifically studied and the personalities of interest to us in comparison with data from other counties (primarily the south-west of England). The main source is the fundamental family archive "Letters of the Pastors", which contains invaluable information on the English history of the period we are interested in. The research is based on the principles of historicism and scientific objectivity and is based on the problem-chronological principle. Analytical, comparative historical and dialectical methods are used in the analysis of historical sources. Due to the fact that the study is built around the biography of a particular person, the events of the epoch we are interested in are considered from the perspective of microhistory. Within the framework of the study, the working hypothesis developed by the author in other articles ("John Trevelyan and the Wars of the Roses", "English provincial Nobility and the Wars of the Roses", "The political struggle of the era of the Wars of the Roses in the light of English parliamentary legislation") on the evolution of the policy of the royal power in relation to the provincial nobility is being tested. At the initial stage of the Wars of the Roses, the Lancastrian party is the first to move to form the ranks of its supporters in the counties, which, using the example of Norfolk, leads to a conflict between John Paston and Lord Molanes, a prominent supporter of the Lancaster dynasty. The fact that Paston did not become an active Yorkist turned into difficulties for him at the next stage, when King Edward IV switched to a policy of reconciliation of warring factions, which is why the nobles, who remained neutral during the conflict, found themselves at enmity with both supporters of the Yorks and former Lancastrians reconciled with the new dynasty.

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Prazdnikov, A. G. "SOCIAL STRUCTURE OF THE PARTICIPANTS OF THE BATTLE OF STOKE FIELD, 16 JUNE 1487". Вестник Пермского университета. История, nr 2(53) (2021): 128–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.17072/2219-3111-2021-2-128-135.

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The battle of Stoke Field is often proclaimed to be the finish of the Wars of the Roses in England. It was less than two years after the overthrow of Richard III Plantagenet by Henry VII Tudor. His victory was not so much the result of military superiority as the consequence of a policy of intrigue and betrayal, and it explains the preservation of a significant number of hidden adherents of the overthrown dynasty around the new monarch. Their unification around the Yorkist pretender to the throne led to the last major battle in more than thirty years of struggle for the English throne. Prosopographic analysis allows the author to assess the degree of participation of various social groups in military activities and the impact of the Wars of the Roses on society. Written sources provide an opportunity to partially recover the named composition of the participants in the battle. The author identified 170 people. Most of them are Lancastrians (134 people). The largest social group (89 people) was of gentry (knights and squires). They served as middle and junior officers and formed the basis of both armies. They depended on the outcome of the battle. The battle of Stoke Field was a typical battle of the Wars of the Roses. The most active participants were representatives of the nobility and gentry, and their reasons for participation were personal ties among the nobility. The defeat of the Yorkists did not mean the end of sociopolitical turbulence (which gives some historians a reason to extend the Wars of the Roses to the late 15th century and even to the early 16th century), but subsequent hostilities were social rebellions rather than the episodes of "Game of Thrones".

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Burns, William E. "“Our Lot is Fallen Into an Age of Wonders”: John Spencer and the Controversy Over Prodigies in the Early Restoration". Albion 27, nr 2 (1995): 237–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4051527.

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England during the early Restoration is a fascinating case of the cultural fertility of counterrevolution. The problem of the reimposition of authority following the destruction and revival of such traditional institutions as monarchy, bishops, and nobility led to a variety of new expedients, rather than simply the return to old verities that one might expect from the somewhat misleading term “Restoration.” Historians such as Jonathan Scott and Richard Greaves have remarked upon the continuing challenge posed by oppositional ideologies dating back to the Revolution, republican and/or radical Protestant, in the England of the Restoration. Historians such as James Jacob, Margaret Jacob, Patrick Curry, and Steven Shapin and Simon Schaffer, have traced the ways in which the new science and Baconian ideology participated in the effort to find new bases for authority in the still unstable England of the time following the Civil War and Interregnum. John Gascoigne, in his recent history of Cambridge University in the eighteenth century, refers to the nexus of establishment politics, rational religion, and natural philosophy that originated in the Restoration and dominated the eighteenth century in England as the “holy alliance.”This article will examine two important, and largely neglected, documents of the early Restoration, the Discourse Concerning Prodigies (1663) and the Discourse on Vulgar Prophecies (1665), both by the Anglican clergyman and scholar John Spencer. These works, produced in response to a specific challenge to the Restoration state, contributed to the creation of a Baconian scientific ideology in the 1660s, and its “holy alliance” with Latitudinarian religion. This article also examines, in turn, Spencer's political, religious, and natural-philosophical arguments. By demonstrating the connections between them it demonstrates that the “holy alliance” predated the development of Newtonian physics, and that Spencer, neither a natural philosopher nor one of the well known Latitudinarian divines, contributed to it.

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Priest, Dale G. ":Love, Lust, and License in Early Modern England: Illicit Sex and the Nobility. Women and Gender in the Early Modern World". Sixteenth Century Journal 41, nr 3 (1.09.2010): 821–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/scj40997363.

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Hooper, Nicholas. "Edgar the Ætheling: Anglo-Saxon prince, rebel and crusader". Anglo-Saxon England 14 (grudzień 1985): 197–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263675100001344.

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In the years which followed the Norman Conquest, the Old English aristocracy was largely deprived of its lands and offices, both lay and ecclesiastical. The resistance of the English nobility to the Norman Conquest made a large contribution to its own eclipse, but it is rarely that we are afforded a glimpse of the fortunes of an individual. The historian may, however, dwell in some detail on the career of one man, Edgar the Ætheling. Episodes from his life are preserved in a variety of works composed in the eleventh and twelfth centuries. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle contains several entries relating to his activities after 1066, and the D version shows a special interest in Edgar and his family. Among Latin histories, those of John of Worcester, William of Malmesbury and Orderic Vitalis follow his activities, although none of these authors was well informed about his life. Edgar appears not to have made a strongly favourable impression upon any of them: to the anonymous compilers of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle he was the rightful heir to the throne of England, but to both William and Orderic he was indolent. There is little difficulty involved in bringing together the known episodes of his life, and although his royal blood makes him a far from typical example the picture that emerges gives a useful insight into how one Englishman fared in the unstable political climate of the years immediately preceding the Norman Conquest, and in its aftermath. It is intended here to assemble the evidence for the life of Edgar and to treat him not as a footnote to history, which is how he has often fared at the hands of historians, but as a character of no small importance in the history of the Norman Conquest of England.

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Stuart Brundage, Jonah. "The Pacification of Elite Lifestyles: State Formation, Elite Reproduction, and the Practice of Hunting in Early Modern England". Comparative Studies in Society and History 59, nr 4 (29.09.2017): 786–817. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0010417517000287.

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AbstractWhat explains the remarkable metamorphosis of elites from warrior nobilities into well-mannered aristocrats in early modern Europe? Existing accounts emphasize the coercive force of emerging states or the novel enticements of royal courts. Well suited to the paradigmatic case of early modern France, such arguments fail to explain cases, like England, in which elites developed pacified lifestyles in the absence of a dominant royal court and largely prior to the monopolization of physical force. This essay shows that explaining such cases requires greater attention to the historical variability of elites’ own interests and strategies. I argue that European elites (also) developed pacified lifestyles insofar as they came to reproduce themselves through strategies that operated without their personal use of physical violence (including, but not limited to, royal courts). Such strategies were contingent on varying configurations of inter-elite and elite–non-elite relations. I employ this perspective to explain the marginalization of violent skills and codes in the lifestyles of early modern English elites, focusing empirically on the practice of hunting, a defining ritual of elite lifestyles. The hunting evidence suggests that the landed gentry were the first English elite to develop a pacified lifestyle. Yet the gentry were neither subject to the coercion of a centralized state nor incorporated into a court society. Instead, I show that the gentry—and later, the nobility and monarchy—developed pacified lifestyles because they came to reproduce themselves through legal strategies, the successful performance of which required nonviolent skills and habits.

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Gibson, W. T. "“Unreasonable and Unbecoming”: Self-Recommendation and Place-Seeking in the Church of England, 1700–1900". Albion 27, nr 1 (1995): 43–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0095139000018524.

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Ecclesiastical patrons used a broad range of criteria to select clergy for preferment to livings and dignities in the Church of England in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. The qualifications of nobility, of academic standing, of services to the Church and State, of a patron's influence and strong churchmanship were among those that were most common. But a further factor affected advancement: that of self-recommendation. Ecclesiastical historians, particularly those of the Victorian era, have tended to see this as a morally questionable, if not corrupt, method of gaining advancement—and one which was primarily a feature of the Hanoverian Church. Indeed the traditional view of ecclesiastical history, though increasingly under challenge, regarded the Hanoverian and Victorian Churches as standing in strong contrast to each other. This contrast has tended to include the quality and recruitment of the clergy. Yet, there was no fundamental difference in the methods used by patrons in distributing livings and offices in the Church in these two centuries. Crown livings and senior posts in the Church were distributed by ministers and patrons who were prone to favor, influence, and persuasion. It was to this system that self-recommendation was directed, in the hope of securing preferment. Because of the success of personal solicitation, self-recommendation remained a factor in nominations to places in the Church throughout the nineteenth century. Even when it was declared unacceptable for the appointment to senior Church offices by Gladstone in 1881, self-recommendation remained in existence in a covert form.

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MORTIMER, IAN. "Falling from Grace: Reversal of Fortune and the English Nobility 1075-1455 - By J. S. Bothwell The Royal Pardon: Access to Mercy in Fourteenth-Century England - By Helen Lacey". History 95, nr 320 (29.09.2010): 493–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-229x.2010.00496_17.x.

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Spārītis, Ojārs. "Three Sources of Michael Johann von der Borch’s Poem “The Sentimental Park of Varakļāni Palace”". Baltic Journal of Art History 20 (27.12.2020): 109–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/bjah.2020.20.04.

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History permits us to trace so-called Polish Inflanty, in the territoryof the former Kingdom of Poland and Lithuania, to the contemporaryRepublic of Latvia. In this case we are particularly interested in theestate of Warkland (Warklany, Varakļāni). The ensemble of manorand park is typical for large estates in Eastern Europe, including avillage and its infrastructure and a separate manor and park as aspatial, architectural, botanical and social entity.Originating from Baltic-German nobility, ‘Polonised’ countMichael Johann von der Borch-Lubeschitz und Borchhoff (1753–1810) was the son of a Chancellor of Poland and Lithuania. He wasa member of several academies of science, in Siena, Dijon and Lion,and penfriend of Voltaire and academicians in Russia and France.After researching the mineralogy of Italy, Sicily, France, Germany,England, the Netherlands and Switzerland M. J. von der Borch leftfor his estate in Varakļāni, the Polonised part of eastern Livonia,called Polish Inflanty. At this time he also composed literary worksand poems, among which is one remarkable piece of didactic andemblematic content “The Sentimental Park of Varakļāni Palace” (Jardinsentimental du château de Warkland dans le Comté de Borch en RussieBlanche, 1795). This poem illustrates in a passionate and classicalway an emblematic approach to contemporary political structures,and the goals of education in general. In Jardin sentimental, whichis a theoretical and didactic manual, Borsch describes, through themetaphor of the estate park of Warkland, the route of an imaginativehero, full of expectation and temptation.The main subject of the report is an analysis of the text of thepoem contextualised by history and contrasted with evidence fromcontemporary Warkland.

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WEILER, BJORN. "Britain and the Continent 1000-1300: The Impact of the Norman Conquest By Donald Matthew and The Birth of Nobility: Constructing Aristocracy in England and France 900-1300 By David Crouch". History 91, nr 303 (lipiec 2006): 447–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-229x.2006.373_22.x.

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Lewis, Robin. "Johanna Rickman. Love, Lust, and License in Early Modern England: Illicit Sex and the Nobility. Women and Gender in the Early Modern World. Aldershot: Ashgate, 2008. Pp. 244. $99.95 (cloth)." Journal of British Studies 50, nr 3 (lipiec 2011): 744–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/659808.

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Rigollet, Amélie. "Melissa Pollock, The Lion, the Lily, and the Leopard: The Crown and Nobility of Scotland, France, and England and the Struggle for Power (1100-1204)". Cahiers de civilisation médiévale, nr 252 (1.12.2020): 299–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/ccm.5414.

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Zolotov, Vsevolod. "Publicity as the Marker of Political Processes in English Society in the Middle of the 15th Century". ISTORIYA 13, nr 1 (111) (2022): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840018690-8.

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A dichotomy of government and society in the exploration of the State’s transition from Medieval to Ētat modern opens new opportunities to understand the Kingdom of England’s history on the eve of the early modern period. On the one hand, gentry remained its importance under unstable political authority, arbitrariness and lawlessness from country’s nobility. On the other hand, political evolution of power was determined by growing role of king’s prerogative. The development of ideas about the function of serving the authority was reflected in a number of anonymous tractates of that time and isolated events. Government used a figure of wise and righteous monarch against the background of serious political-military failures of the 30s in Hundred Years' War. One of the tractate states that the King and his Council assumed the burden of service and responsibility in difficult time for the kingdom with minimal focus on commons. The other one of that time has the phenomenon of publicity filled with nostalgia, represented through discourses of historic memory. An anonymous author from the king’s inner circle describes an alternative of country’s political course of Anglo-French opposition. The author calls for the restoration of kingdom’s past glory as strong military Power, above all, at sea, rather than the war on the mainland. He brings back the reader images of famous monarchs, where sea power guaranteed prosperity of the realm and its subjects. An understanding of a new place and the role of England in the last phase of Hundred Years' War, somehow, that favoured public interests and expectations, is formed. An understanding of monarch’s duty and responsibility underwent significant changes in anonymous tractate of the late 40s. The ruler must promote well-being and prosperity of his nationals, know their needs and requirements, listen for their opinion, which is the wisdom and justice of the monarch. Dialogue between government and society developed by participants’ demands of Jack Cade rebellion. King cannot be above the law and commons are always ready to support him. England’s socio-political processes of that time are characterized by the increase of publicity, strengthening of authority’s representation. Nevertheless, keeping faith with the figure of wise and righteous monarch, the patron and protector of his subjects could not stop impending socio-political crisis of the second part of the century.

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Ingram, Martin. "Johanna Rickman . Love, Lust, and License in Early Modern England: Illicit Sex and the Nobility . (Women and Gender in the Early Modern World.) Burlington, Vt. : Ashgate Publishing Company . 2008 . Pp. 236. $99.95." American Historical Review 115, nr 3 (czerwiec 2010): 886–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/ahr.115.3.886.

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Wilson, Carol. "Cheesecakes, Junkets, and Syllabubs". Gastronomica 2, nr 4 (2002): 19–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/gfc.2002.2.4.19.

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Milk, cream, butter and cheese were known as "white meats" in medieval England. During the Tudor era the cow became the favorite animal for milking, mostly, but not entirely, replacing goats and ewes. It was much easier and less time consuming to milk one cow than, say, ten or twelve sheep. White meats were used to produce rich, smooth cheesecakes and cool silky syllabubs and junkets. Tart de Bry, made with soft rich cheese, cream, sugar and spices was a favorite dish at the medieval feasts of the wealthy nobility, as was junket, a very rich delicacy of pure cream curdled with rennet, sweetened with sugar and flavoured with rosewater,which was enjoyed at the end of the meal. Syllabub, a frothy confection of cream or milk, white wine, cider or ale sweetened with sugar was originally a favorite drink in the Tudor and Stuart periods. In the Elizabethan era, junket was flavoured with spices as well as sugar and was accompanied with fresh cream. Syllabubs came into vogue in the Tudor and Stuart eras;the clear liquid was drunk from the spout of a syllabub pot and the frothy cream eaten with a spoon. By the eighteenth century the proportion of cream had increased and was worked through a chocolate mill, (which had just come into general use) to produce thicker syllabubs, which soon became fashionable desserts. Syllabubs, along with other unrenetted creams and custards ousted junket from banqueting tables and junket became an everyday dish sold in the London streets. These elegant confections provided a feast for the eyes as well as the palate and are an important part of the great heritage of English culinary history.

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Sanzharov, Valery, i Galina Sanzharova. "Diplomatic Preparation for the English Invasion of France in 1415". Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 4. Istorija. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnoshenija, nr 5 (listopad 2021): 180–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2021.5.14.

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Introduction. According to the latest research, the managerial genius of Henry V was most fully manifested in the military, financial and diplomatic fields. The authors analyze in detail the royal diplomacy, which has not been the subject of special study. Diplomacy is analyzed as a space of political communication. Methods and materials. The basic methods of historical analysis were used to work with the material. The sources used in the work are diplomatic documents (treaties, “memorandums”, instructions to ambassadors and their correspondence with monarchs, decisions of royal councils, discussion of the course and results of negotiations in parliament) and chronicles. In historiography, the problem is traditionally considered within the framework of works devoted to the personality of Henry V or the history of the Hundred Years War. Analysis. The article analyzes three phases and three components of English diplomatic policy from the coming of Henry V of Lancaster to power to his invasion of Normandy: 1) negotiations with both sides of the intra-French conflict in order to prevent their reconciliation. 2) the territorial claims of Henry V in France (territory in exchange for giving up the “rights” of inheritance). 3) diplomatic activity as a disguise of preparation for war (territory in exchange for peace). Results. The authors concluded that the English in the years 1413–1415 are moving from military mercenarism on the side of one of the warring groups in the intra-French conflict to declaring themselves as one of the parties to the struggle for power in France with their rights and claims. The diplomacy of the English crown pursued the intentions of 1) demonstrating the impossibility of achieving the claims of the royal house of England on the continent peacefully; 2) maintaining schism and confrontation within the highest French nobility; 3) ensuring international recognition of the English monarch’s right to intervene in the intra-French conflict.

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Miller, Andrew. "Elizabeth Gemmill, The Nobility and Ecclesiastical Patronage in Later Thirteenth-Century England. (Studies in the History of Medieval Religion 40.) Woodbridge, UK, and Rochester, NY: Boydell Press, 2013. Pp. 254; 1 black-and-white figure. $99. ISBN: 978-1-84383-812-8." Speculum 91, nr 1 (styczeń 2016): 209–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/684325.

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More, Rebecca S. "Johanna A. Rickman. Love, Lust, and License in Early Modern England: Illicit Sex and the Nobility. Women and Gender in the Early Modern World. Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing Company, 2008. viii + 226 pp. index. append. illus. tbls. bibl. $99.95. ISBN: 978–0–7546–6135–1." Renaissance Quarterly 62, nr 4 (2009): 1342–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/650110.

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Waugh, Scott L. "Patronage, War, and Society in Medieval England - The Anglo-Norman Nobility in the Reign of Henry I: The Second Generation. By Charlotte A. Newman. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1988. Pp. xii + 243. $37.95. - Men Raised from the Dust: Administrative Service and Upward Mobility in Angevin England. By Ralph V. Turner. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1988. Pp. x + 218. $32.95. - War and Society in Medieval Cheshire, 1277–1403. By Philip Morgan. 3d ser., vol. 34. Manchester: Chetham Society, 1987. Pp. x + 254. $48.50. - England and the Crusades, 1095–1588. By Christopher Tyerman. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1988. Pp. xvi + 492. $39.95. - English Society and the Crusade, 1216–1307. By Simon Lloyd. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988. Pp. xiv + 329. $59.00." Journal of British Studies 29, nr 4 (październik 1990): 386–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/385966.

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Callan, Maeve. "“A Savage and Sacrilegious Race, Hostile to God and Humanity”: Religion, Racism, and Ireland’s Colonization". Journal of Medieval Religious Cultures 49, nr 1 (styczeń 2023): 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/jmedirelicult.49.1.0001.

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ABSTRACT Though the Irish became Christian in the fifth century and had helped spread Christianity throughout Britain and the Continent since the sixth, when England’s Norman nobility set imperialist eyes upon Ireland in the twelfth century, the papacy pronounced the Irish fallen from the faith, otherizing them to justify their invasion. The imperialist colonialism that the English imposed on Africa, Asia, Australia, and the Americas, they imposed on their neighbors first, where physical characteristics couldn’t provide as convenient an excuse; instead, they made religion the pretext for their racism, even though all involved were Catholics and the Irish had been since long before their colonizers’ conversion.

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Stacey, Robert C. "Law, Landholding, and “the Feudal Time” - The English Nobility under Edward the Confessor. By Peter A. Clarke. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1994. Pp. xi+386. $59.00. - Conquest, Anarchy, and Lordship: Yorkshire, 1066–1154. By Paul Dalton. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994. Pp. xxii+345. - Land, Law, and Lordship in Anglo-Norman England. By John Hudson. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1994. Pp. ix+320. $52.00. - Fiefs and Vassals: The Medieval Evidence Reinterpreted. By Susan Reynolds. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994. Pp. xi+544. $29.95." Journal of British Studies 35, nr 4 (październik 1996): 531–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/386121.

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Nelson, Jessica. "M. A. Pollock, Scotland, England and France after the Loss of Normandy, 1204–1296: “Auld Amitie”. (St Andrews Studies in Scottish History 3.) Woodbridge, UK: Boydell, 2015. Pp. xii, 272; 11 genealogical tables. $99. ISBN: 978-1-84383-992-7.Melissa Pollock, The Lion, the Lily, and the Leopard: The Crown and the Nobility of Scotland, France, and England and the Struggle for Power (1100–1204). (Medieval Identities: Socio-Cultural Spaces 4.) Turnhout: Brepols, 2015. Pp. ix, 523; 20 black-and-white figures and 4 maps. €120. ISBN: 978-2-503-54040-5." Speculum 94, nr 1 (styczeń 2019): 267–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/701280.

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Baudin, Rodolphe. "Aeromania and Enlightenment: The Politics of Hot Air Balloons in Karamzin's "Letters of a Russian Traveler"". ВИВЛIОθИКА: E-Journal of Eighteenth-Century Russian Studies 7 (19.11.2020): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.21900/j.vivliofika.v7.606.

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This paper focuses on Karamzin’s depiction, in Letters of a Russian Traveler, of Abbé Miolan’s failed hot air balloon flight in Paris in July 1784. After briefly tracing the history of aeromania in late eighteenth-century France and England, as well as its contemporary Russian reception, notably by Catherine the Great, the paper identifies Karamzin’s sources of information on the event and analyses the reasons why the Russian writer mentioned it in his travelogue. It demonstrates that Karamzin’s depiction of a physical experiment embodying European capacity for innovation in the late eighteenth century was not an expression of scientific curiosity. Instead, the young writer used the episode as a metaphor of social and political management, in order to reflect on the questions of social autonomy and the relation of the enlightened public with State power in both France and Russia. By depicting Miolan’s failed flight as a condemnable nuissance to public order, reminiscent of the revolutionary trouble he had witnessed during his journey through France, Karamzin showed his endorsement of Catherine’s conservative conception of the Enlightenment. By depicting how the French public sphere dealt with Miolan and possibly implicitly comparing it with the way Catherine had dealt with Radishchev, he nevertheless showed the superiority of self-regulation over political violence in managing the nobility’s growing longing for autonomy.

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Mayer, Thomas F. "Reform and Revisionism in the Study of Henrician England - Edward Stafford, Third Duke of Buckingham. By Barbara J. Harris. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1986. Pp. viii + 334. $37.50. - The Power of the Tudor Nobility. By G. W. Bernard. Totowa, N.J.: Barnes & Noble Books, 1985. Pp. 228. - Rome ou l'Angleterre? Les reactions politiques des Catholiques Anglais au moment du schisme. By Jean-Pierre Moreau. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1984. Pp. 377. - Humanism in the Age of Henry VIII. By Maria Dowling. London: Croom Helm, 1986. Pp. 283. $43.00. - Reassessing the Henrician Age: Humanism, Politics, and Reform, 1500–1550. Edited by Alistair Fox and John Guy. Oxford: Basil Black well, 1986. Pp. vi + 242. - The History of the University of Oxford, vol. 3: The Collegiate University. Edited by James McConica. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986. $125.00. - Revolution Reassessed: Revisions in the History of Tudor Government and Administration. Edited by Christopher Coleman and David Starkey. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986. Pp. viii + 219. - Treason in Tudor England: Politics and Paranoia. By Lacey Baldwin Smith. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1986. Pp. 342. $25.00. - Venetian Humanism in an Age of Patrician Dominance. By Margaret King. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1986. Pp. xxi + 524." Journal of British Studies 27, nr 2 (kwiecień 1988): 190–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/385910.

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Farnell, Gary, Christopher Parker, John M. Fyler, Christopher Highley, R. C. Richardson, Sophie Tomlinson, Bronwen Price i in. "Reviews: Cultural History, History Meets Fiction, the Masculine Self in Late Medieval England, the Tower of London in English Renaissance Drama: Icon of Opposition, Writing Lives. Biography and Textuality, Identity and Representation in Early Modem England, Women Writers and Public Debate in Seventeenth-Century Britain, Religion, Reform, and Women's Writing in Early Modem England, Work and Play on the Shakespearean Stage, Shakespeare and the Nobility: The Negotiation of Lineage., Roger L'Estrange and the Making of Restoration Culture, Shakespeare and Garrick, Prodigal Daughters: Susanna Rowson's Early American Women, Spheres of Action: Speech and Performance in Romantic Culture, Dislocating Race and Nation: Episodes in Nineteenth-Century American Literary Nationalism, the Victorians and Old Age, Shakespeare and Victorian Women., Becoming a Woman of Letters. Myths of Authorship and Facts of the Victorian Market, the Cambridge Companion to Gilbert and Sullivan, Hitler's War Poets: Literature and Politics in the Third Reich, the Importance of Feeling English: American Literature and the British Diaspora, 1750–1850, the Oprah Affect: Critical Essay s on Oprah's Book ClubAnnaGreen, Cultural History , Palgrave Macmillan, 2008, pp. viii + 163, £15.99BeverleySouthgate, History Meets Fiction , Pearson, 2009, pp. xi + 215, £14.99 pbDerekG. Neal, The Masculine Self in Late Medieval England , University of Chicago Press, 2008. pp. xii + 320. $68.00; $25.00 pb.KristenDeiter, The Tower of London in English Renaissance Drama: Icon of Opposition , Routledge, 2008, pp. xiii+259, £60KevinSharpe and ZwickerSteven N. (eds), Writing Lives. Biography and Textuality, Identity and Representation in Early Modem England , Oxford University Press, 2008, pp. xiii + 369, £55.CatharineGray, Women Writers and Public Debate in Seventeenth-Century Britain , Early Modern Cultural Studies, 1500–1700, Palgrave Macmillan, 2007, pp. x + 262, £42.50KimberlyAnne Coles, Religion, Reform, and Women's Writing in Early Modem England , Cambridge University Press, 2008, pp. vii + 250, £50.TomRutter, Work and Play on the Shakespearean Stage , Cambridge University Press, 2008, pp. x + 205. £65CatherineGrace Canino, Shakespeare and the Nobility: The Negotiation of Lineage. Cambridge University Press, 2007. pp. x + 266, £50AnneDunan-Page and LynchBeth (eds), Roger L'Estrange and the Making of Restoration Culture , Ashgate, 2008, pp. xx + 236, £55.VanessaCunningham, Shakespeare and Garrick , Cambridge University Press, 2008, pp. viii + 231, £50.MarionRust, Prodigal Daughters: Susanna Rowson's Early American Women , University of North Carolina Press, 2008, pp. x + 311, $59.95, $24.95 pb.AlexanderDick and EsterhammerAngela (eds), Spheres of Action: Speech and Performance in Romantic Culture , University of Toronto Press, 2009, pp. viii + 306, £42.RobertS. Levine, Dislocating Race and Nation: Episodes in Nineteenth-Century American Literary Nationalism , University of North Carolina Press, 2008, pp. x + 322, $59.95, $21.95 (pb).KarenChase, The Victorians and Old Age , Oxford University Press, 2009, pp. xiv + 284, £55; LooserDorothy, Women Writers and Old Age in Great Britain 1750–1850, Johns Hopkins University Press, 2008, pp. xvi + 234, £29.GailMarshall, Shakespeare and Victorian Women. Cambridge University Press, 2009. pp. x+ 207. £50.LindaH. Peterson, Becoming a Woman of Letters. Myths of Authorship and Facts of the Victorian Market , Princeton University Press, 2009, pp. xv + 289, £19.95.EdenD. and SarembaM. (eds), The Cambridge Companion to Gilbert and Sullivan , Cambridge University Press, 2009, pp. v + 274. £17.99 pb.JayBaird, Hitler's War Poets: Literature and Politics in the Third Reich , Cambridge University Press, 2008. pp. xv + 284. £47, £17.99 pb.LennardTennenhouse, The Importance of Feeling English: American Literature and the British Diaspora, 1750–1850. Princeton University Press, 2007, pp. x + 158, $35.CeciliaKonchar Farr and HarkerJaime (eds) The Oprah Affect: Critical Essay s on Oprah's Book Club , 2008, SUNY Press, pp. 336, $74.50, $24.95 pb." Literature & History 19, nr 1 (maj 2010): 80–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.7227/lh.19.1.7.

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Pet’ko, Lyudmila. "HAMPTON COURT PALACE AND 'ANNE OF THE THOUSAND DAYS'". Intellectual Archive 12, nr 3 (22.09.2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.32370/ia_2023_09_5.

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This year marks the 500th anniversary of the coronation of Anne Boleyn as Queen of England , on 1 June 1533. In Tudor history, 7th September 1533, Queen Anne Boleyn, second wife of King Henry VIII, gave birth to Queen Elizabeth I. And this year marks the 500th anniversary of Elizabeth I’s birth. In 2022, on the March 4 marked 500 years to the day of Anne’s first recorded appearance at the English court in 1522. On September 1, 1532, Henry VIII had taken an unprecedented step: He had elevated a woman into England’s hereditary nobility. It was both a gift of love and compensation for enduring years of frustration while Henry tried to put an end to his marriage to Catherine of Aragon. The article devoted to Hampton Court Palace and Anne Boleyn the Queen of England from 1533 to 1536 as the second wife of King Henrich VIII. Anne Boleyn is called 'Anne of the Thousand Days' because Henrich VIII replaced her after roughly three years. Anne who waited seven years to marry the King was dismissed and disgraced within a third of that time. Despite ruling for just three years during the Tudor dynasty, Anne Boleyn is one of the most famous queens in British History. She played a major role in the English Reformation along with Henry VIII. The author presents the events of Tudor history before Anne Boleyn’s coronation, which will be described in the next article.

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Pet’ko, Lyudmila. "Hampton Court Palace and 'Anne of the Thousand Days'". Intellectual Archive 12, nr 2 (23.06.2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.32370/ia_2023_06_12.

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This year marks the 500th anniversary of the coronation of Anne Boleyn as Queen of England , on 1 June 1533. In Tudor history, 7th September 1533, Queen Anne Boleyn, second wife of King Henry VIII, gave birth to Queen Elizabeth I. And this year marks the 500th anniversary of Elizabeth I’s birth. In 2022, on the March 4 marked 500 years to the day of Anne’s first recorded appearance at the English court in 1522. On September 1, 1532, Henry VIII had taken an unprecedented step: He had elevated a woman into England’s hereditary nobility. It was both a gift of love and compensation for enduring years of frustration while Henry tried to put an end to his marriage to Catherine of Aragon. The article devoted to Hampton Court Palace and Anne Boleyn the Queen of England from 1533 to 1536 as the second wife of King Henrich VIII. Anne Boleyn is called 'Anne of the Thousand Days' because Henrich VIII replaced her after roughly three years. Anne who waited seven years to marry the King was dismissed and disgraced within a third of that time. Despite ruling for just three years during the Tudor dynasty, Anne Boleyn is one of the most famous queens in British History. She played a major role in the English Reformation along with Henry VIII. The author presents Hampton Court Palace in London and its History, its historic landscape gardens features elements that illustrate significant periods of the art of gardens.

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Raven, Matthew. "Diplomacy, counsel and the nobility of fourteenth-century England: the diplomatic service of Edward III’s earls, 1337–60". Journal of Medieval History, 15.12.2020, 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03044181.2020.1857298.

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Ilmakunnas, Johanna, Anne S. Overkamp i Jon Stobart. "To their Credit: The Aristocracy and Commercial Credit in Europe, c.1750–1820". Journal of Modern European History, 13.04.2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/16118944241241429.

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The aristocracy and their use of commercial credit are seldom explored in the European comparative context despite important studies of the French aristocracy and their credit relations with shopkeepers, tradesmen and fashion merchants. This article studies the aristocracy and commercial credit in England, Germany and Sweden, by drawing on the normative literature and the account books, receipted bills, correspondence and diaries of several families occupying different echelons of the nobility. We examine the extent and nature of aristocratic engagement with shop credit, the ways in which they manipulated and managed this credit, and their motivations for doing so. We argue that the aristocracy was involved in a modern commercial credit economy and that this was central to their position in society and way of life. Our analysis of the ideals communicated through conduct books and parental advice and the actual credit practices of the aristocracy show that they took their credit arrangements seriously. They had to abide by the rules of commercial credit and settle their accounts: sometimes promptly, most often in a timely manner and only occasionally after considerable delay. The article offers a comparative framework for further and broader studies on the aristocracy within economic history.

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Estreicher, Stefan K. "Wine and France: A Brief History". European Review, 16.01.2023, 1–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1062798722000370.

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The earliest archaeological evidence of wine making in Southern France is dated 425 bce. Viticulture was present along the Mediterranean coast of France when the Romans arrived (second century bce) and flourished everywhere by the time they left (fifth century ce). For several centuries, long-distance trade virtually disappeared and the infrastructure fell apart. Profitable viticulture remained mostly local and was concentrated in the hands of the wealthy nobility and the Church. After the turn of the first Millennium, towns became cities and a middle-class emerged. In the twelfth century, the wine trade with England gained importance. Wines were shipped from Rouen, Nantes, La Rochelle, and later Bordeaux. Monastic orders controlled the most fertile land, especially in Champagne and Burgundy. In the thirteenth century, the Languedoc became a part of France. During the Avignon papacy, new vineyards were planted, in particular Châteauneuf-du-Pape. After the Renaissance, scientific studies gradually improved viticulture and wine-making. Ultimately, fermentation was understood. The Dutch greatly expanded the wine trade. Then, the first intentionally bubbly wines, distilled wines, and noble-rot wines were made. Informal rankings of Bordeaux wines led to the famous 1855 classification. In the late nineteenth century, nature-made catastrophes, especially phylloxera, transformed France into the largest wine-importing country in the world. Sub-standard and blended wines became common, hurting the reputation of all French wines. The two world wars, the Great Depression and Prohibition shrunk the market for wines. The way out involved strict quality-control measures and hard work. The next problem could well be global warming.

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