Artykuły w czasopismach: „Nitrogen removal”

1

Ma, Juan, Chengyao Peng, Akio Takigawa, Shuying Wang, Li Wang, Ningping Ma, Yang Liu i Yongzhen Peng. "Effect of influent nutrient ratios and temperature on simultaneous phosphorus and nitrogen removal in a step-feed CAST". Water Science and Technology 62, nr 9 (1.11.2010): 2028–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2010.518.

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A step-feed cyclic activated sludge technology (CAST) with a working volume of 72 L treating real municipal wastewater was operated to examine the effect of varying ratios of influent COD/TN and COD/P on the nutrient removal. With the increased COD/P and COD/TN, the phosphorus and nitrogen removals exhibited an upward trend. The TN removals had a positive linear correlation with the phosphorus removal efficiencies, mainly because the presence of nitrate in the anaerobic zone negatively affected the phosphorus release thus the nitrogen removal process took priority over the phosphorus removal process to utilize the limited carbon source in the influent in step-feed CAST where simultaneous removals of nitrogen and phosphorus were achieved. By employing the effective step-feed strategy with alternating anoxic/oxic operation, efficient phosphorus and nitrogen removals of 95.8 and 89.3% were obtained with lower influent COD/P and COD/TN ratios of 61.9 and 5.2, respectively. It was also found that lower temperature, e.g. 13 ∼ 16°C, did not deteriorate the phosphorus removal, though the nitrogen removal decreased significantly due to incomplete nitrification. As the temperature increased further, TN removal efficiency increased gradually and nitrogen removal via nitrite pathway was successfully achieved with average nitrite accumulation rate above 90% in the system.

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Yu, Lian. "Effect of SRT on Nitrogen and Phosphorus Removal in Modified Carrousel Oxidation Ditch Process". Advanced Materials Research 396-398 (listopad 2011): 1995–2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.396-398.1995.

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Based on a modified Carrousel oxidation ditch process acclimated with synthetic wastewater，effect of SRT on nitrogen and phosphorus removal occurred in the system was investigated. The results indicated that SRT was prominent to nitrogen and phosphorus removal. The removal efficiency of nitrogen was better with SRT extension and that the removal efficiency of phosphorus was better with SRT shortness. With the operation conditions of water temperature 30°C, SRT 11days, the removal efficiency of TN and TP reached 85.4% and 74.9%, which indicated that nitrogen and phosphorus removals were best.

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Prasad, D., J. G. Henry i P. Elefsiniotis. "Nitrogen Removal from Anaerobically Treated Leachate". Water Quality Research Journal 20, nr 1 (1.02.1985): 138–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.1985.012.

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Abstract Laboratory studies were conducted to demonstrate the effectiveness of diffused aeration for the removal of nitrogen by ammonia desorption from the effluent of an anaerobic filter treating leachate. The effects of pH, temperature and air flow on the process were studied. The coefficient of desorption of ammonia, Kd for the anaerobic filter effluent (TKN 75 mg/L with NH3-N 88%) was determined at pH values of 9 , 10 and 11, temperatures of 10, 15, 20, 30 and 35°C, and air flow rates of 50, 120 and 190 cm3/sec/L. Results indicated that nitrogen removal by ammonia desorption from the effluent of anaerobic filters treating leachate was feasible. Removals exceeding 90% were obtained with 8 hours aeration at a pH of 10, a temperature of 20°C, and an air flow rate of 190 cm3/sec/L. Ammonia desorption coefficients, KD, determined at other temperatures and air flow rates can be used to predict ammonia removals for this leachate under various operating conditions.

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Yang, Hou-Yun, Pei Xu, Hua-Yuan Wang, Wei-Hua Li i Shu-Guang Zhu. "Removal of Nitrogen and Phosphorus from Wastewater by Modified Pyrite in a Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR)". E3S Web of Conferences 136 (2019): 06027. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201913606027.

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The removal efficiency of nitrogen and phosphorus is challenging in the conventional biological nitrogen and phosphorus removal processes. In this study, the modified pyrite was used as the fillings of se-quencing batch reactor (SBR) in order to improve the efficiencies of nitrogen and phosphorus removal from wastewater. The results showed that SBR with the modified pyrite could significantly improve the removal efficiencies of nitrogen and phosphorus when compared with that in SBR without fillings (control SBR). The average influent ammonia nitrogen (NH4+-N) and total phosphorus (TP) were 6.96±0.17 mg L-1 and 6.94±0.01 mg L-1, respectively. The average NH4+-N and TP removals of modified pyrite constructed SBR were 49.65±19.49% with 3.54±1.31 mg L-1 of average effluent NH4+-N and 76.20±6.55% with 1.84±0.46 mg L-1 of average effluent TP, respectively. While the average NH4+-N and TP removal efficiencies of con-trol SBR were only 34.76±11.28% and 56.28±0.11%. The mechanisms of the SBR with enhanced simulta-neous nitrogen and phosphorus removals might be anaerobic and aerobic oxidations of modified pyrite, and phosphorus retained in the SBR of modified pyrite was mostly in the form of Fe-bound-P.

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5

Silva, S. A., R. de Oliveira, J. Soares, D. D. Mara i H. W. Pearson. "Nitrogen removal in pond systems with different configurations and geometries". Water Science and Technology 31, nr 12 (1.06.1995): 321–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1995.0501.

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Nitrogen removal in its various chemical forms was evaluated in a complex of waste stabilisation ponds comprising ponds of different depths and geometries. TKN and ammonia removal reached 78.5% and >90%, respectively, in the 5-pond systems with overall retention times of only 19 days. Removals were highest in the maturation ponds, and shallow maturation ponds were the most efficient. In terms of optimum pond geometry, high nitrogen and ammonia removal was compatible with optimal BOD5 removal and faecal coliform die-off. TKN and ammonia removal in these ponds could be modelled using conventional first-order equations.

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Pearce, P. "Trickling filters for upgrading low technology wastewater plants for nitrogen removal". Water Science and Technology 49, nr 11-12 (1.06.2004): 47–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2004.0801.

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Previous work through the 1990s in the Thames Water region in the UK has demonstrated the ability of the trickling filter process to produce fully nitrified effluents, reliably throughout the year. The original data used for the nitrification model derivations have been reanalysed, to investigate the degree of nitrogen removal across the process. Removals of total nitrogen ranging from 0% to over 50% were observed across the trickling filter process and calculated total nitrogen removals of 26-63% were obtained when primary treatment was included. The degree of nitrogen removal and biological denitrification (excluding cellular assimilation) was found to be strongly influenced by BOD load, irrigation velocity and media size. Regression models were produced which gave good predictive relationships for the data ranges used. The models produced worked for filters used with and without a recirculation of effluent nitrate which suggests that a significant degree of nitrification occurred in areas of high heterotroph activity (BOD removal). The simplicity and energy efficiency of the trickling filter process, combined with its capacity for full nitrification and partial denitrification, make the process attractive as a combined process used with pond systems in developing countries where nitrogen removal may be required. Some of these synergies have already been developed with the PETRO® process in South Africa.

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Altinbaş, Ufuk, i Izzet Öztürk. "Comparison of intermittently aerated continuous and batch biofilm reactor in nutrient removal". Water Science and Technology 48, nr 11-12 (1.12.2004): 371–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2004.0883.

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Removal efficiency of TOC ranged between 86–89% in an intermittently aerated reactor. High efficiency in TKN removal and nitrification was found at lower applied load or longer retention time such as 2 days. TKN removal and nitrification efficiency was found to be 17–96% and 35–99% respectively. Through examination and comparison of the removal efficiencies, the stability of nitrification/denitrification and the biological phosphorus removal it was found that the sequencing batch feeding system gave a higher performance in total nitrogen and phosphorus removals. In the SBR reactor, nitrogen removal efficiency was mainly controlled by organic loading. Nitrification efficiency ranged between 31–56%. Nearly complete denitrification was observed in the sequencing batch reactor.

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Jiao, Er Long, Chun Di Gao, Hao Li, Wei Xiao Wang i Shi Xin Fan. "Effects of Alternating Oxic-Anoxic Model on Nitrite Accumulation in Biological Nitrogen Removal System". Advanced Materials Research 1030-1032 (wrzesień 2014): 422–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1030-1032.422.

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The effects of chemical oxygen demand (COD), ammonia nitrogen, total nitrogen removal rates and nitrite accumulation are investigated under alternating oxic-anoxic model in biological nitrogen removal system——sequencing batch reactor (SBR). The system operational effect was studied by analyzing pollutants removal and nitrite accumulation changes. The results showed that the ammonium nitrogen removal rate increased gradually and reached 60% at last. The average removal rate of ammonia nitrogen was 50.2%. The average total nitrogen removal rate was 31.0% due to the low ammonia nitrogen removal and the low carbon in the inflow. The average COD removal rate was 41.7%, finally the COD removal rate reached near 60%. The average nitrite accumulation rate was 68.71%. The alternating oxic-anoxic model reached stable nitrite accumulation.

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Durán-de-Bazúa, Carmen, Alejandro Guido-Zárate, Thalía Huanosta, Rosa Martha Padrón-López i Jesús Rodríguez-Monroy. "Artificial wetlands performance: nitrogen removal". Water Science and Technology 58, nr 7 (1.10.2008): 1357–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2008.350.

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Artificial wetlands (AW) are a promising option for wastewater treatment in small communities due to their high performance in nutrients removal and low operation and maintenance costs. Nitrogen can favour the growth of algae in water bodies causing eutrophication when present at high concentrations. Nitrogen can be removed through different mechanisms (e.g. nitrification-denitrification, adsorption and plant uptake). Environmental conditions such as temperature and relative humidity can play an important role in the performance of these systems by promoting the growth of macrophytes such as reeds and cattails (e.g. Phragmites australis, Typha latifolia respectively). In this paper, two AW systems were compared, one located in Mexico City, Mexico at an altitude higher than 2,000 m above the sea level, and the second one located in Villahermosa, Tabasco, Mexico at an a altitude near the sea level (27 m). Both systems comprised five reactors (147-L plastic boxes) filled with volcanic slag and gravel and intermittently fed with synthetic water. The removal nitrogen efficiency found for the system located in Mexico City was higher than that of the Tabasco system (90 and 80% as TKN respectively). The higher temperatures in the Tabasco system did not enhanced the nitrogen removal as expected.

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10

Mishalani, Nabeel R., i Joseph A. Husband. "NITROGEN REMOVAL FROM DEWATERING SIDESTREAMS". Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation 2001, nr 1 (1.01.2001): 476–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/193864701784993498.

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Bowden, G., R. Tsuchihashi i H. D. Stensel. "Technologies for Sidestream Nitrogen Removal". Water Intelligence Online 15 (1.03.2016): 9781780407890. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/9781780407890.

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Van Loosdrecht, M. C. M., i M. S. M. Jetten. "Microbiological conversions in nitrogen removal". Water Science and Technology 38, nr 1 (1.07.1998): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1998.0002.

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Nitrogen conversion processes are essential for most wastewater treatment systems. Due to the many possible conversions, and the complexity of analysing the reactions under actual conditions, there is much room for confusion. This review provides an overview of the possible microbiological nitrogen conversions described in literature. The relevance of these conversions with respect to wastewater treatment processes is discussed. Rates described for aerobic denitrification or denitrification by autotrophic nitrifiers are so low that these conversions probably do not play a significant role under practical conditions. Heterotrophic nitrification may be of relevance only when the wastewater contains a high COD/N ratio (>10). Anaerobic ammonium oxidation can occur in fully autotrophic systems with very long sludge retention times or biofilm systems. This conversion offers great opportunities since it allows us to denitrify with ammonium as electron donor, i.e. no organic substrate is needed in the nitrogen removal process.

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13

THORNDAHL, U. "Nitrogen Removal from Returned Liquors". Water and Environment Journal 7, nr 5 (październik 1993): 492–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-6593.1993.tb00877.x.

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Khin, Than, i Ajit P. Annachhatre. "Novel microbial nitrogen removal processes". Biotechnology Advances 22, nr 7 (wrzesień 2004): 519–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biotechadv.2004.04.003.

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Pavlovic, Mira, Abdullah Alakeel i Camille Frances. "Tick Removal With Liquid Nitrogen". JAMA Dermatology 149, nr 5 (1.05.2013): 633. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamadermatol.2013.2553.

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Xu, Wei, Song Gao, Weijian Fang, Chengcheng Shi, Song Zhang i Hongjian Gao. "Performance of ecological concrete-based ecological systems (ECBESs) for nitrogen removing from synthetic farmland drainage water". E3S Web of Conferences 261 (2021): 04007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202126104007.

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Efficiency and mechanism of nitrogen removals by ecological concrete-based ecological systems (ECBESs) were investigated in this study. Results show that ECBES performed well on denitrification. Ecological concrete as matrix of the ecological was positive for nitrogen removing according to that the experimental ECBESs achieved a greater TN removal compared to the control system. This result was possibly attributable to a higher biomass and increased bacteria diversity in ECBESs, since ecological concrete could be a carrier of microorganism. Vegetation could further improve TN removals. Acorus calamus L. - ECBES, Ipomoea aquatica Forsk - ECBESs, Oenanthe javanica (Bl.) DC. - ECBES and Zizania aquatica - ECBES achieved an average TN removal of 67.87%, 81.93%, 76.18%, 66.22%, respectively, in a test cycle. Nitrogen transformation in the ECBESs indicated the occurrence of ammonification, nitrification and denitrification. Moreover, bacteria related to nitrogen transformation was identified from the bio-film immobilized on the ecological concrete.

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Camargo Valero, M. A., D. D. Mara i R. J. Newton. "Nitrogen removal in maturation waste stabilisation ponds via biological uptake and sedimentation of dead biomass". Water Science and Technology 61, nr 4 (1.02.2010): 1027–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2010.952.

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In this work a set of experiments was undertaken in a pilot-scale WSP system to determine the importance of organic nitrogen sedimentation on ammonium and total nitrogen removals in maturation ponds and its seasonal variation under British weather conditions, from September 2004 to May 2007. The nitrogen content in collected sediment samples varied from 4.17% to 6.78% (dry weight) and calculated nitrogen sedimentation rates ranged from 273 to 2868 g N/ha d. High ammonium removals were observed together with high concentrations of chlorophyll-a in the pond effluent. Moreover, chlorophyll-a had a very good correlation with the corresponding increment of VSS (algal biomass) and suspended organic nitrogen (biological nitrogen uptake) in the maturation pond effluents. Therefore, when ammonium removal reached its maximum, total nitrogen removal was very poor as most of the ammonia taken up by algae was washed out in the pond effluent in the form of suspended solids. After sedimentation of the dead algal biomass, it was clear that algal-cell nitrogen was recycled from the sludge layer into the pond water column. Recycled nitrogen can either be taken up by algae or washed out in the pond effluent. Biological (mainly algal) uptake of inorganic nitrogen species and further sedimentation of dead biomass (together with its subsequent mineralization) is one of the major mechanisms controlling in-pond nitrogen recycling in maturation WSP, particularly when environmental and operational conditions are favourable for algal growth.

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Wang, Xiaodong, Lijuan Chu, Yujia Song, Guodong Wang i Ming Jiang. "Spatial Pattern of Dissolved Nitrogen in the Water on Receiving Agricultural Drainage in the Sanhuanpao Wetland in China". Water 13, nr 19 (28.09.2021): 2683. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13192683.

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The total nitrogen (TN) increases and the water quality deteriorates when a large amount of nitrogen-containing water is discharged from farmlands into wetlands. This research on the relationship between the TN, ammonia nitrogen (NH4-N), and nitrate nitrogen (NO3-N) concentrations in water has a certain reference significance for understanding the spatial pattern of nitrogen removal in wetlands. Taking the Sanhuanpao wetland in northeast China as the research object, 24 sampling plots in the study area were sampled in the spring and summer of 2017 to test the concentrations of TN, NH4-N, and NO3-N. Based on the calculations of the change rates of the TN, NH4-N, and NO3-N in spring and summer, a step-by-step elimination analysis was carried out and the spatial pattern of the TN, NH4-N, and NO3-N removals were revealed by gradual buffer extrapolations, combined with stepwise fitting functions. The results show that the removal capacity of NH4-N is strong within the range of 14.55 km–20 km and 26.93 km–35.96 km from the wetland inlet, and the removal capacity of NO3-N is relatively strong within the range of 26.93 km–35.96 km. The strong NH4-N and NO3-N removal areas in the wetland are not in the geometric center of the wetland, but in separate narrow areas around the center. The TN removal along water channel direction is only 0.25 times higher than that direction perpendicular to the channel, indicating that regardless of whether wetlands are expanded along the water channel or perpendicular to the water channel, the difference to the TN removal is small. Effectively monitoring and managing the reception of agricultural drainage is extremely important for maintaining the water-purification function of wetlands. The aim of the research is to reveal a spatial law of nitrogen removal in wetland water, and provide a framework for studying the mechanism of spatial difference of nitrogen.

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Lee, Po-Heng, Wonji Kwak, Jeaho Bae i Perry L. McCarty. "The effect of SRT on nitrate formation during autotrophic nitrogen removal of anaerobically treated wastewater". Water Science and Technology 68, nr 8 (1.10.2013): 1751–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2013.368.

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Autotrophic nitrogen removal, coupling nitritation (ammonium to nitrite) with anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox), offers a promising nitrogen-removal alternative, especially for post-treatment of anaerobically-treated wastewater. However, previous reports suggest that less than 90% total nitrogen removal should be expected with this process alone because over 10% of the ammonium removed will be converted to nitrate. This is caused because nitrite conversion to nitrate is required for reduction of carbon dioxide to cell carbon. However, recent research results suggest that more limited nitrate formation of only a few per cent sometimes occurs. It was hypothesized such lower nitrate yields may result from use of long solids retention times (SRT) where net biological yields are low, and providing that the ratio of oxygen added to influent ammonium concentrations is maintained at or below 0.75 mol/mol. Overall reaction equations were developed for each process and combined to evaluate the potential effect of SRT on process stoichiometry. The results support the use of a long SRT to reduce net cell yield, which in turn results in a small percentage conversion to nitrate during ammonium removal and high total nitrogen removals in the range of 90 to 94%.

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Yan, Hong, Jian Wu i Pei Xu. "Heterotrophic nitrogen removal by a newly-isolated microorganism, Oligella sp. XS68". Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society 85, nr 3 (2020): 395–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jsc190916115y.

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A new bacterium capable of heterotrophic nitrogen removal was isolated and identified as Oligella sp. XS68. The strain exhibited efficient heterotrophic nitrogen removal capabilities, with a low accumulation of nitrification products. Single-factor experiments indicated that efficient nitrogen removal and growth of the strain XS68 occurred with sodium succinate as the carbon source, C/N ratio 15, pH 6.0?9.0, temperature 30?37 ?C, and shaking speed 160?200 rpm. The removal efficiency of ammonium nitrogen could achieve 98 % within 96 h when the initial nitrogen concentration was 421.3 mg L-1. These findings demonstrate that XS68 is a promising candidate for nitrogen removal in wastewater treatments.

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Zulkarnaini, Annisa Aulia Rasyidah i Ridwan. "Pemanfaatan Limbah Sedotan Plastik sebagai Media Lekat dalam Proses Anammox". Jurnal Teknologi Lingkungan 24, nr 1 (31.01.2023): 073–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.55981/jtl.2023.239.

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Anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) bacteria tend to settle in the reactor due to self-granulation capability. Carrier is used to enhancing nitrogen removal by anammox biofilm. This study analyzed nitrogen removal using plastic straws as carriers and compared nitrogen removal at different heights of the reactor. The study was conducted using an up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor with a volume of 300 mL with three sampling points of 8, 16, and 24 cm and operated for 72 days continuously. The artificial wastewater containing 70 mg-N/L ammonium and nitrite was continuously delivered into the reactor with a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 6 hours and 3 hours. Cultivated anammox bacteria from Lake Koto Baru, Indonesia, was inoculated into the reactor to start the experiment. The nitrogen removal performance was calculated based on the influent and effluent concentrations of ammonium, nitrate, and nitrite. The nitrogen removal performance achieved a nitrogen removal rate (NRR) of 0.96 kg-N/m3·d, nitrogen removal efficiency (NRE) of 74.62%, and ammonium conversion efficiency (ACE) of 87%. This study shows that nitrogen removal can be optimized by using plastic straws as the carrier. The nitrogen removal mainly occurred in the bottom of the reactor where the average nitrogen removal at 1/3, 2/3, and top of reactor height was 60, 30, and 10%, respectively. Abstrak Bakteri anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) cenderung mengendap di dasar reaktor karena kemampuannya untuk membentuk granular. Media lekat sering digunakan untuk meningkatkan penyisihan nitrogen berupa biofilm anammox. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis penyisihan nitrogen menggunakan sedotan plastik sebagai media lekat dan membandingkan penyisihan nitrogen pada ketinggian reaktor. Penelitian dilakukan menggunakan reaktor up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) bervolume 300 mL dengan 3 titik sampling yaitu pada ketinggian 8, 16, dan 24 cm yang dioperasikan selama 72 hari. Bakteri anammox yang telah dikultivasi dari Telaga Koto Baru, Kabupaten Tanah Datar, Sumatra Barat, diinokulasikan ke dalam reaktor untuk memulai percobaan. Air limbah artifisial yang mengandung 70 mg-N/L amonium dan nitrit dialirkan ke dalam reaktor secara kontinu dengan hydraulic retention time (HRT) 6 jam dan 3 jam. Kinerja penyisihan nitrogen dihitung berdasarkan konsentrasi amonium, nitrit dan nitrat. Penyisihan nitrogen maksimal mencapai nitrogen removal rate (NRR) 0,96 kg-N/m3.h, nitrogen removal efficiency (NRE) 74,62%, dan ammonium conversion efficiency (ACE) 87%. Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa penyisihan nitrogen dapat dioptimalkan dengan menggunakan sedotan plastik sebagai media. Penyisihan nitrogen terutama terjadi di bagian bawah reaktor di mana rata-rata penyisihan nitrogen pada 1/3, 2/3, dan paling atas ketinggian reaktor masing-masing adalah 60, 30, dan 10%.

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Jiang, Wenqin, Jian Zhang, Qiulin Yang i Ping Yang. "The Effect of Electricity Generation on the Performance of Microbial Fuel Cells for Anammox". Sustainability 16, nr 7 (25.03.2024): 2705. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su16072705.

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The Anammox anaerobic fluidized bed microbial fuel cell (Anammox AFB-MFC) exhibits exceptional performance in both nitrogen removal and electricity generation, effectively eliminating ammonia nitrogen (NH4+-N) and nitrite nitrogen (NO2−-N) pollutants. This technology offers the advantages of high efficiency in nitrogen removal and low electricity consumption. By coupling an AFB with an MFC, the Anammox AFB-MFC was developed through the introduction of anaerobic ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AnAOB) into MFC. Anammox AFB-MFC’s nitrogen removal ability was found to be superior at an influent COD concentration of 200 mg/L, as determined by a study conducted under unchanged conditions. Subsequently, an open and closed-circuit experiment was performed on the Anammox AFB-MFC system while maintaining a COD concentration of 200 mg/L in the influent. Remarkably, the reactor exhibited significantly enhanced nitrogen removal performance when electricity generation occurred. Throughout the entire experimental process, the reactor consistently maintained high nitrogen removal efficiency and electricity production performance. Under optimal experimental conditions, the reactor achieved a remarkable nitrogen removal rate of 91.8% and an impressive output voltage of 439.1 mV. Additionally, the generation of Anammox bioparticles in MFC significantly contributed to efficient pollutant removal. This study elucidates the impact of organic matter on both the nitrogen removal and electricity generation capabilities of Anammox AFB-MFC, as well as highlights the synergistic effect between MFC electricity generation and nitrogen removal in the reactor.

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Li, Ye, Fan Tang, Dan Xu i Bing Xie. "Advances in Biological Nitrogen Removal of Landfill Leachate". Sustainability 13, nr 11 (1.06.2021): 6236. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13116236.

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With the development of economy and the improvement of people’s living standard, landfill leachate has been increasing year by year with the increase in municipal solid waste output. How to treat landfill leachate with high efficiency and low consumption has become a major problem, because of its high ammonia nitrogen and organic matter content, low carbon to nitrogen ratio and difficult degradation. In order to provide reference for future engineering application of landfill leachate treatment, this paper mainly reviews the biological treatment methods of landfill leachate, which focuses on the comparison of nitrogen removal processes combined with microorganisms, the biological nitrogen removal methods combined with ecology and the technology of direct application of microorganisms. In addition, the mechanism of biological nitrogen removal of landfill leachate and the factors affecting the microbial activity during the nitrogen removal process are also described. It is concluded that the treatment processes combined with microorganisms have higher nitrogen removal efficiency compared with the direct application of microorganisms. For example, the nitrogen removal efficiency of the combined process based on anaerobic ammonium oxidation (ANAMMOX) technology can reach more than 99%. Therefore, the treatment processes combined with microorganisms in the future engineering application of nitrogen removal in landfill leachate should be paid more attention to, and the efficiency of nitrogen removal should be improved from the aspects of microorganisms by considering factors affecting its activity.

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Shi, X. L., X. B. Hu, Z. Wang, L. L. Ding i H. Q. Ren. "Effect of reflux ratio on COD and nitrogen removals from coke plant wastewaters". Water Science and Technology 61, nr 12 (1.06.2010): 3017–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2010.266.

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A laboratory-scale anaerobic-anoxic-aerobic-moving bed biofilm reactor (A1-A2-O-MBBR) system was undertaken to treat coke plant wastewaters from two different factories (wastewater A and B). Wastewater B had higher BOD5/COD ratio and COD/TN ratio than wastewater A. The effects of reflux ratios on COD, TN and NH3-N removals were studied. Results indicated that, with the reflux ratio increased from 2 to 5, COD removals of wastewater A and wastewater B increased from 57.4% to 72.6% and 78.2% to 88.6%, respectively. Meanwhile, TN removals were also increased accompanying reflux ratio rise, from 53.1% to 74.4% for wastewater A and 64.2% to 83.5% for wastewater B. At the same reflux ratio, compared with wastewater A, higher COD and TN removal efficiencies were observed in wastewater B, which had higher BOD5/COD and COD/TN ratio. Reflux ratio had no significant influence on NH3-N removal; 99.0% of the overall NH3-N removal efficiency was achieved by the system for both coke plant wastewaters at any tested reflux ratio. MBBR was effective in NH3-N removal, and about 95% of the NH3-N was removed in the MBBR.

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Peng, Zhaoxu, Yongqing Niu, Minghui Liu, Tingmei Li, Likun Gu i Luji Yu. "Effect of flow fluctuation on the nitrogen removal performance of an advanced nitrogen removal filter". Journal of Water Process Engineering 50 (grudzień 2022): 103338. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2022.103338.

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Sagberg, P., i K. Grundnes Berg. "Cost optimisation of nitrogen removal in a compact nitrogen and phosphorus WWTP". Water Science and Technology 41, nr 9 (1.05.2000): 147–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2000.0192.

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Based on overall mass balances for water, total nitrogen and organic carbon in the VEAS WWTP in 1997, alternative strategies for nitrogen removal are discussed based on cost optimisation. Marginal costs for biological removal are compared with total costs for side stream treatment by ammonia stripping. If the plant has sufficient capacity to meet the effluent requirements with biological removal alone, this study demonstrates that the price of methanol determines whether or not invetment in ammonia stripping still is a cost efficient solution.

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Lima, Adriana N. de, Benedito M. Gomes, Simone D. Gomes, Karina Q. de Carvalho i Divair Christ. "Application of response surface methodology to study the biological removal of nitrogen from effluent of cattle slaughterhouse in a sequencing batch reactor". Engenharia Agrícola 34, nr 2 (kwiecień 2014): 363–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-69162014000200017.

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The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) on biological removal of nitrogen from cattle slaughterhouse wastewater by nitrification/denitrification processes. The effects of initial concentration of ammoniacal nitrogen were investigated at 100; 150 and 200 mg L-1 and air flow rate at 0.125; 0.375 and 0.625 L min¹ Lreactor-1 on the nitrogen compounds removal, by a Central Composite Rotational Design (CCRD) configuration. There were variations from 9.2 to 94.9%, 4.0 to 19.6% and 20.8 to 92.0% in the conversion of ammoniacal nitrogen to nitrate and nitrite concentration and removal of total nitrogen, respectively. The increase of air flow rate and decrease of the initial concentration of ammoniacal nitrogen resulted in higher efficiencies of total nitrogen removal, as well as the conversion of ammoniacal nitrogen to nitrate. During the pre-established intervals of this study, the removal and conversion efficiencies of nitrogen compounds above 85% were achieved in air flow rate variations from 0.375 to 0.725 L min-1 Lreactor-1 and initial concentration of ammoniacal nitrogen from 80 to 200 mg L-1. On denitrification process, we obtained efficiencies from 91.5 to 96.9% on the removal of nitrite/nitrate and from 78.3 to 87.9% on the removal of organic matter.

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Bai, Xueyuan, Jianwei Li i Sheng Chang. "Effects of Different Carbon and Nitrogen Ratios on Nitrogen Removal Efficiency and Microbial Communities in Constructed Wetlands". Water 15, nr 24 (14.12.2023): 4272. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w15244272.

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Amidst rapid urbanization, municipal wastewater treatment plants remain a significant source of nitrogen compounds, which stems from their effluents. Constructed wetlands, employing denitrification processes, have been proven effective at nitrogen removal. Variations in influent nutrient concentrations are often seen as limiting factors affecting nitrogen removal and influencing microbial communities. This study evaluates the impact of nutrient limitation on nitrogen removal by analyzing changes in microbial communities within constructed wetlands under different influent water C/N ratios. The findings indicate that both excessively high and low C/N ratios constrain nitrogen decomposition, with optimal nitrogen removal observed at C/N ratios of 6 or 7. Moderate C/N values (6–7) support diverse and stable microbial networks, ensuring treatment system stability. Microorganisms play a pivotal role in nitrogen transformation, with the nirk gene being crucial for NH4+−N conversion, while the AOA gene dominates NO2−−N and TN conversion. This study offers practical guidance for identifying a suitable C/N ratio for wastewater treatment and establishes a theoretical foundation for regulating nitrogen removal by microbial communities in constructed wetlands within nitrogen removal systems.

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Adamski, R. E., V. DeSantis, A. Spangel, J. Pynn, L. Betty, C. M. Koch i S. A. Gyory. "Step-feed operation at short detention times – a cost effective method for improving wastewater treatment". Water Science and Technology 41, nr 9 (1.05.2000): 15–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2000.0159.

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The Newtown Creek Water Pollution Control Plant (WPCP) is New York City's largest wastewater treatment plant. Wastewater treatment is provided by a high-rate activated sludge process without primary sedimentation. This process has achieved approximately 65 percent BOD5 and 75 percent TSS removal. As part of a revised facility plan, two alternative tracks were recommended for upgrading the plant to secondary treatment and providing nitrogen removal. One track would require demolishing most of the existing tankage and constructing new primary tanks followed by a step-feed biological nitrogen removal activated sludge process. The second track would preserve the existing high-rate activated sludge process and use biological filters to remove additional TSS, BOD5 and nitrogen. Alternatives have been investigated to enhance treatment at the Newtown Creek WPCP while the secondary treatment plant upgrading is being completed. This investigation demonstrated that simply converting the existing aeration tanks to step-feed operation could significantly improve TSS and BOD removals. These findings have led the City to consider a third track to meet secondary treatment requirements, (but with no nitrogen removal), consisting of modifying the existing plant to step-feed and adding additional step-feed aeration/sedimentation capacity. This track offers significant cost savings over Track 1 and Track 2.

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Sun, Mo Jie, Hong Hong Wang i Hai Feng Zhang. "Effect of Ca²⁺ and Fe³⁺ Addition on Nitriﬁcation-Denitriﬁcation Process in a Membrane Bioreactor". Advanced Materials Research 610-613 (grudzień 2012): 422–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.610-613.422.

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Study on the effect of Ca2+and Fe3+addition on nitriﬁcation-denitriﬁcation process in a submerged membrane bioreactor was conducted. The removal rate of total nitrogen and ammonia nitrogen was investigated. The result indicated that the ammonia nitrogen and total nitrogen removal rate increased from 75% to 85% and 55% to 75%, respectively, as the calcium concentration ranging from 0 to 150 mg/L, which indicated that the nitrification and denitrification process were promoted. Ferric ion of 50 mg/L obtained a considerable increase in TN removal from 55% to 70% ,with an increase of ammonia nitrogen removal rate from 75% to 83%. However, ferric ion concentration ranging between 100 mg/L and 150mg/L caused a decrease of both total nitrogen and ammonia nitrogen removal efficiency, indicating that the activity of nitrifying and denitrifying bacteria was inhibited.

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Choi, E., H. Park i D. Rhu. "Phosphorus removal from SBR with controlled denitrification for weak sewage". Water Science and Technology 43, nr 3 (1.02.2001): 159–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0132.

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Most SBRs operating for weak sewage have a tendency of poor removal of phosphorus due to NO3N inhibition. To minimize this inhibition, NO3N storage was utilized in this study. With influent BOD 100 mg/L and VFA 30 mg/L, a total of the maximum removable nitrogen and phosphorus was about 25 mg/L with 8 hr cycle. With this storage, VFA utilized for phosphorus removal could be maximized. The effluent nitrogen and phosphorus levels were generally 11 and 1 mg/L, respectively.

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Kalyuzhnyi, S., M. Gladchenko, A. Mulder i B. Versprille. "New anaerobic process of nitrogen removal". Water Science and Technology 54, nr 8 (1.10.2006): 163–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2006.729.

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This paper reports on successful laboratory testing of a new nitrogen removal process called DEAMOX (DEnitrifying AMmonium OXidation) for the treatment of strong nitrogenous wastewater such as baker's yeast effluent. The concept of this process combines the recently discovered ANAMMOX (ANaerobic AMMonium OXidation) reaction with autotrophic denitrifying conditions using sulfide as an electron donor for the production of nitrite within an anaerobic biofilm. The achieved results with a nitrogen loading rate of higher than 1, 000 mg/L/d and nitrogen removal of around 90% look very promising because they exceed (by 9–18 times) the corresponding nitrogen removal rates of conventional activated sludge systems. The paper describes also some characteristics of DEAMOX sludge, as well as the preliminary results of its microbiological characterization.

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Li, Jie, Ling Li, Qi Xuan Rui, Jian Jun Wang i Hai Chuan Wang. "Influence of Ultrasonic Wave, Argon Blowing and its Coordinated Treatment on the Nitrogen Content in Low Carbon Steel". Advanced Materials Research 402 (listopad 2011): 841–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.402.841.

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Influence of ultrasonic wave, argon blowing agitating and their coordinated treatment on nitrogen content in low carbon steel was mainly studied. Results showed that ultrasonic wave, argon blowing or their coordinated treatment can all reduce the nitrogen content in low carbon molten steel. While treated with ultrasonic wave separately, removal rate of the nitrogen in molten steel is relatively low with 3.13%~9.04%. Using the argon blowing agitating separately, removal rate of the nitrogen in molten steel is relatively high with 6.89%~32.68%, when the argon blowing flow is 0.5 l/min, removal rate of nitrogen is 32.68%. The nitrogen removal effect of the ultrasonic wave-argon blowing agitating coordinated treatment is considerably improved than that of separately ultrasonic treatment. While 300 W ultrasonic wave and 0.5l/min argon blowing agitating cooperatively treatment on the low carbon molten steel, the removal rate of nitrogen is 26.95%.

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Luostarinen, S., i J. Rintala. "Anaerobic on-site black water and kitchen waste treatment using UASB-septic tanks at low temperatures". Water Science and Technology 54, nr 2 (1.07.2006): 143–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2006.497.

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Anaerobic on-site treatment of black water (BW) and a mixture of black water and kitchen waste (BWKW) was studied in a two-phased upflow anaerobic sludge blanket septic tank (UASBst) at 10–20 °C. The processes were fed either continuously or discontinuously (twice per weekday). Moreover, BWKW was post-treated for nitrogen removal in an intermittently aerated moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) at 20 °C. Removal of total chemical oxygen demand (CODt) was efficient at minimum 90% with all three UASBst at all temperatures. Removal of dissolved COD (CODdis) was also high at approx. 70% with continuously fed BW and discontinuously fed BWKW, while with discontinuous BW feeding it was 20%. Temperature decrease had little effect on COD removals, though the need for phase 2 increased with decreasing temperature, especially with BWKW. Post-treatment of BWKW in MBBR resulted in approx. 50% nitrogen removal, but suffered from lack of carbon for denitrification. With carbon addition, removal of ca. 83% was achieved.

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Guo, Chenyao, Qisen Zhang, Yawei Hu, Qiang Zhao, Qiangkun Li i Jingwei Wu. "Influence of Sediment, Plants, and Microorganisms on Nitrogen Removal in Farmland Drainage Ditches". Agronomy 13, nr 9 (24.08.2023): 2211. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13092211.

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The removal of nitrogen from water is a consequence of the synergistic action of plant uptake, sediment sorption, and microbial decomposition. However, there is a lack of long-term experimental studies on the effects of each component in the process of nitrogen removal. In this study, we investigated the effect of sediment, plants, and microorganisms on nitrogen removal by setting up three systems: water–sterilized sediment, water–sediment, and water–sediment–plant. The nitrogen removal effect followed the following rank order of effectiveness: the “water–sediment–plant” system > the “water–sediment” system > the “water–sterilized sediment” system. The ditch sediment had a strong enrichment effect for nitrogen. In addition, the migration rate of nitrogen in the sediment with different depths was different. The ammonia-nitrogen migration rate in the sediment showed an increasing trend with time and depth. The nitrate-nitrogen migration process in the sediment showed a trend of enrichment toward the middle layer (15.0–25.0 cm). Aquatic plants and microorganisms can promote the removal of nitrogen in water, with the average purification rates of 13.92% and 19.92%, respectively.

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Gapes, D. J., N. M. Frost, T. A. Clark, P. H. Dare, R. G. Hunter i A. H. Slade. "Nitrogen Fixation in the Treatment of Pulp and Paper Wastewaters". Water Science and Technology 40, nr 11-12 (1.12.1999): 85–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1999.0698.

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Pulp and paper wastewaters are generally low in the key nutrient, nitrogen. Nitrogen supplementation is often practised to ensure effective BOD removal. Maintaining consistently low effluent discharge concentrations of nitrogen from nitrogen supplemented biological treatment systems is very difficult. Matching nitrogen addition rates to load variations is effective, but requires accurate flow and organic load measurements. By manipulating treatment conditions to select for the growth of nitrogen fixing microorganisms, it is possible to achieve good BOD removals without the addition of nitrogen. As the organisms only fix the nitrogen required for growth, very low soluble nitrogen discharge concentrations are possible. This concept has been explored in the development of a new technology for the treatment of nitrogen deficient wastewaters.

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Garzón-Zúñiga, Marco A., i Simón González-Martínez. "Biological phosphate and nitrogen removal in a biofilm sequencing batch reactor". Water Science and Technology 34, nr 1-2 (1.07.1996): 293–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1996.0384.

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The possibility of joining biological phosphorus and nitrogen removal in a biofilm sequencing batch reactor was studied using an operation strategy with four reaction phases: Anaerobic/Aerobic/Anoxic/Aerobic. A 1,000 liter pilot scale reactor, filled with Pall-Rings as biofilm support was fed with municipal wastewater. After operating the system for 615 days, optimal operation conditions were establish to obtain highest removal rates with a well established microbial community. Adequate cycle and phase duration were established and organic loading values were obtained for different treatment purposes. The system worked successfully obtaining removals of COD, phosphates and ammonia nitrogen of 89 ± 1%, 75 ± 15%, and 87 ± 10%, respectively. The high removal efficiencies of P and N were obtained thanks to the establishing relationship between nitrifying bacteria and phosphate accumulating bacteria.

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Vázquez-Padín, J. R., I. Fernández, N. Morales, J. L. Campos, A. Mosquera-Corral i R. Méndez. "Autotrophic nitrogen removal at low temperature". Water Science and Technology 63, nr 6 (1.03.2011): 1282–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2011.370.

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In this work the autotrophic nitrogen removal was carried out at moderately low temperatures using two configurations: a) two-units one comprising a SHARON reactor coupled to an Anammox SBR and b) single-unit one consisting of a granular SBR performing the CANON process. At 20°C the two-units system was limited by the Anammox step and its nitrogen removal capacity was around ten times lower than the CANON system (0.08 g N/(L d) versus 1 g N/(L d)). When the CANON system was operated at 15°C the average removed nitrogen loading rate decreased to 0.2 g N/(L d). The CANON system was operated in order to limit the ammonia oxidation rate to avoid nitrite inhibition of Anammox bacteria. Since both, temperature and dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration regulate ammonia oxidizing bacteria activity, once the temperature of the reactor is decreased the DO concentration must be decreased to avoid the deeper oxygen penetration inside the granule which could cause inhibition of Anammox bacteria by oxygen and/or nitrite.

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Cochet, C., D. Derangère i T. Rousselle. "Soil Absorption Systems and Nitrogen Removal". Water Science and Technology 22, nr 3-4 (1.03.1990): 109–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1990.0190.

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The mass of nitrogen wasted from conventional soil absorption systems used as waste water drainage and treatment facilities sometimes contributes to pollution of vulnerable groundwater tables. The scope of nitrogen compounds transformation along the different stages of treatment shows that nitrate is quite often the nitrogen end product of efficient aerobic soil treatment for septic tank effluent. Results are reported from long term on-site compact sand filter study, showing that nitrate production depends on hydraulic conditions, but can be very efficient when filtering media is kept unsaturated, for an experimental hydraulic load of 15cm/day When clogging of the system is induced by increasing hydraulic load, nitrate production decreases drastically while removal for other parameters such as organic matter is also affected. A synthetic effluent study gives results on nitrification and denitrification operating conditions applied to sand columns and shows that denitrification can be efficient as a second step of treatment when an extra carbon source is added at the head of a second anaerobic sand column.

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Mahenge, Anesi Satoki. "Nitrogen Removal in Mangroves Constructed Wetland". International Journal of Environment, Agriculture and Biotechnology 3, nr 2 (2018): 647–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijeab/3.2.45.

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Rogalla, F., M. Badard, F. Hansen i P. Dansholm. "Upscaling a Compact Nitrogen Removal Process". Water Science and Technology 26, nr 5-6 (1.09.1992): 1067–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1992.0548.

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The new European Guideline on municipal wastewater discharges will require nitrogen removal in all sensitive areas below 15 mg TN/l. To achieve this limit within reasonable time and budget, infrastructure cost has to be minimised. To construct new sewage treatment plants close to urban neighborhoods or to upgrade existing facilites within current plant boundaries, high-rate reactors for nitrogen were investigated. The retained option was an upflow aerated filter on a floating granular media. The lightweight media facilitates backwashing, and an anoxic zone at the filter bottom achieves denitrification. After extensive pilot tests to quantify the performance of the reactor, a demonstration plant of one full-scale filter cell was constructed and operated for two years to verify technological as well as process options. The dynamic behaviour of the reactor could be assessed by continuous reading of ammonia and carbon pollution. This paper describes the results obtained and the observed system limits. The reactor was fed with primary settled wastewater containing about 450 mg COD/l and 65 mg TKN/l. Filtration velocity was varied between 1 and 2 m/h, and 100 to 300 % of the feed flow was recirculated. The removal rates at different temperatures were measured, under an applied load of 5 kg COD/m3 d, nitrification and denitrification capacities in the respective zones were around 1 kg N/m3 d at 15 °C. Up to 50 mg TN/l could be removed and the required effluent quality of the EC guideline could thus be achieved with an empty bed contact time of 2 hours. An additional on-site pilot test showed that within this same detention time, total nitrogen residuals down to 5 mg/l could be achieved at 10 °C.

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Hammer, Donald A., i Robert L. Knight. "Designing Constructed Wetlands for Nitrogen Removal". Water Science and Technology 29, nr 4 (1.02.1994): 15–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0148.

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Many constructed wetlands adequately treat BOD5, TSS, and bacteria. However, a review of nitrogen (N) data from 52 constructed and natural wetlands in the North American data base confirmed that N removal was variable. Nitrification and denitrification require aerobic and anaerobic conditions. This paper presents case histories of systems that use alternating shallow and deep water zones to create both environments. Regression analysis of N removal and N loadings in 18 shallow-deep water systems suggested that NH4+ loading (kg N/ha/day) could be used to predict effluent NH4+ values. Combinations of shallow water-emergent vegetation and deep water-submergent vegetation with low NH4+ (and TKN) loading rates can produce very low levels of discharged NH4+.

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Collison, Robert, Jimmy Dang i Amanda Roa. "Zeolite-Anammox Process: Sustainable Nitrogen Removal". Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation 2017, nr 3 (1.01.2017): 399–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/193864717821494637.

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Bradstreet, Kenneth A., Stephen E. Seigal, Thomas E. Wilson i James R. Kirkland. "RETROFITTING WALLINGFORD'S RBC'S FOR NITROGEN REMOVAL". Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation 2002, nr 17 (1.01.2002): 288–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/193864702784248890.

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YAMAGIWA, YOSHINOBU, WATARU TAKATSUJI, TOSHIKAZU HANAMOTO, MOTONOBU NAKAOKA i KENJI FURUKAWA. "Nitrogen Removal from Dyeing-Industry Wastewaters". Japanese Journal of Water Treatment Biology 45, nr 3 (2009): 99–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.2521/jswtb.45.99.

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Picot, Bernadette, Tahina Andrianarison, Débora Parcias Olijnyk, Xinze Wang, Jian Ping Qiu i François Brissaud. "Nitrogen removal in wastewater stabilisation ponds". Desalination and Water Treatment 4, nr 1-3 (kwiecień 2009): 103–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2009.363.

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Hurse, Timothy J., i Michael A. Connor. "Nitrogen removal from wastewater treatment lagoons". Water Science and Technology 39, nr 6 (1.03.1999): 191–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1999.0296.

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In an attempt to gain a better understanding of ammonia and nitrogen removal processes in multi-pond wastewater treatment lagoons, an analysis was carried out of data obtained during regular monitoring of Lagoon 115E at the Western Treatment Plant in Melbourne. To do this, a contour plot approach was developed that enables the data to be displayed as a function of pond number and date. Superimposition of contour plots for different parameters enabled the dependence of ammonia and nitrogen removal rates on various lagoon characteristics to be readily assessed. The importance of nitrification as an ammonia removal mechanism was confirmed. Temperature, dissolved oxygen concentration and algal concentration all had a significant influence on whether or not sizeable nitrifier populations developed and persisted in lagoon waters. The analysis made it evident that a better understanding of microbial, chemical and physical processes in lagoons is needed before their nitrogen removal capabilities can be predicted with confidence.

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Prado, Glaucia H. C., Yuan Rao i Arno de Klerk. "Nitrogen Removal from Oil: A Review". Energy & Fuels 31, nr 1 (21.12.2016): 14–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.6b02779.

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Kitakizaki, K., Y. Asano i T. Tamura. "Nitrogen oxide removal from exhaust gas". Zeolites 15, nr 4 (maj 1995): 383. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0144-2449(95)99136-b.

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Montreuil, Olivier, i Philippe Merot. "Nitrogen Removal in Valley Bottom Wetlands". Journal of Environmental Quality 35, nr 6 (listopad 2006): 2113–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/jeq2006.0091.

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