Artykuły w czasopismach: „New Zealand population”

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KELLY, J. I., i R. J. W. NEVILLE. "A Population Cartogram of New Zealand". New Zealand Journal of Geography 79, nr 1 (15.05.2008): 7–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0028-8292.1985.tb00198.x.

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Butcher, Andrew. "From Settlement to Super-diversity: The Anglican Church and New Zealand’s Diversifying Population". Journal of Anglican Studies 15, nr 1 (28.11.2016): 108–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1740355316000267.

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AbstractAnglicanism in New Zealand can be traced back to the beginning of New Zealand settlement itself. From its earliest days, the Anglican Church has deliberately set out to bridge divides between New Zealand’s indigenous population, Māori, and Europeans, though with mixed success. This article will illustrate that, even with this experience in bicultural engagement, the Anglican Church has not adapted well to the super-diverse multicultural New Zealand of the twenty-first century. Census data reveal that the Anglican Church has had a precipitous drop in numbers, and has a demographic profile that is much older and whiter than the general New Zealand, let alone Christian, population. This poses significant challenges for its ongoing sustainability. Given the common experience of super-diversity with other Western countries, this article provides a case study and a cautionary tale about the challenges and realities of the Anglican Church adjusting to a new multicultural society.

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Forsyth, Donal J., i Mark R. James. "Population dynamics and production of zooplankton in eutrophic Lake Okaro, North Island, New Zealand". Archiv für Hydrobiologie 120, nr 3 (22.01.1991): 287–314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/archiv-hydrobiol/120/1991/287.

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Creedy, John, Jamas Enright, Norman Gemmell i Angela Mellish. "Population ageing and taxation in New Zealand". New Zealand Economic Papers 44, nr 2 (sierpień 2010): 137–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00779954.2010.492574.

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THOMSON, DAVID. "DIVERSITY AND CHANGE: REGIONAL POPULATIONS IN NEW ZEALAND. Population Monitoring Group". New Zealand Geographer 47, nr 2 (październik 1991): 93–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-7939.1991.tb02011.x.

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Wilton, Keri. "Acknowledging quality in New Zealand special education". Australasian Journal of Special Education 17, nr 1 (styczeń 1993): 14–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1030011200022715.

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New Zealand has much of real quality to be proud of in special education. On numerous international surveys of education, New Zealand schools continue to rank highly - especially with respect to reading and written language, and were such surveys to focus on special educational matters, my guess is that the picture would be equally positive. There are very real difficulties in developing special educational provisions for a country with New Zealand’s geographical characteristics. New Zealand has a relatively small total population, which is scattered widely across a rather large and geographically well separated area, and these factors make for real problems in providing for children with difficulties which occur infrequently - as do most conditions associated with exceptionality and special education.

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Stephens, A. E. A., i P. R. Dentener. "Thrips palmi potential survival and population growth in New Zealand". New Zealand Plant Protection 58 (1.08.2005): 24–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2005.58.4249.

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Thrips palmi Karny is a major pest of various crops in many countries It does not occur in New Zealand but could be imported on ornamental plants or vegetables and is potentially a serious threat Characterising the likely population growth and development of T palmi under New Zealand conditions may assist with any eradication or long term management stemming from an incursion In northern Asia T palmi overwinters in the field in warmer areas while in cooler areas it overwinters in glasshouses which act as a source of infestation each spring A simple model was created using the DYMEX population modelling software and previously published parameters It was modified to fit Japanese and Korean data before running simulations for locations in New Zealand In New Zealand T palmi was predicted to be able to overwinter outdoors in warmer areas but if greenhouse populations establish these could give rise to outdoor populations during summer in almost all areas investigated

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Coppersmith, Daniel D. L., Shyamala Nada-Raja i Annette L. Beautrais. "An examination of suicide research and funding in New Zealand 2006–16: implications for new research and policies". Australian Health Review 42, nr 3 (2018): 356. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah16189.

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Objective Suicide is a significant public health problem in New Zealand, with the youth suicide rate being one of the highest among developed countries. Increased suicide rates in recent years suggest that the evidence base and research priorities for New Zealand suicide prevention need to be reassessed. To inform policy development, the aim of the present study was to evaluate all peer-reviewed New Zealand published suicide research and major grant allocations from 2006 to 2016. Methods The methodology duplicated a recent Australian review of suicide prevention research and funding. Publications and grant funding allocations were assessed independently. Key research databases were searched in April 2016 for all suicide-related publications. Identified papers were then classified by research type, population focus and type of self-injurious behaviour. Citation indices were obtained for each publication. Annual reports, newsletters and summary data from four major New Zealand funding bodies (the Health Research Council of New Zealand, Marsden Fund, Lottery Health Research and the Ministry of Health) were reviewed for funding allocations. Identified grants were coded for type of project, type of self-injurious behaviour and target population. Descriptive analyses were performed. Results In all, 104 published articles and 27 grants met review criteria. Total funding was NZ$12 677 261.62. Most published articles were epidemiological in nature and the most common type of grant was for an intervention. Conclusions In the past decade, a substantial number of articles has been published and significant funding was invested in New Zealand’s suicide research. The present review suggests that future research investments should focus on effective translation of research findings into suicide prevention programs. Several pragmatic recommendations are proposed to help improve the evidence base and reduce New Zealand’s suicide rates. What is known about the topic? Suicide prevention continues to be a national public health priority for New Zealand. Although much is known about the prevalence of suicidal behaviours in New Zealand, less is known about how well suicide research has addressed prevention priorities and specific target populations. Australian research found that research funding and publications were dominated by epidemiological studies rather than evaluation or intervention studies. It is yet to be determined whether these research and funding trends also apply for New Zealand. What does this paper add? This study examined all peer-reviewed and published suicide research and all major suicide prevention projects that have been funded in New Zealand between 2006 and 2016. The purpose of the review was to summarise the evidence base, evaluate funding and determine the ability of the evidence base to inform policy development. The findings demonstrate that the New Zealand research trends are similar to those found in Australia, with most studies being epidemiological and few representative of interventions. What are the implications for practitioners? This review highlights that there were few intervention and evaluation studies. Partnerships between practitioners and/or community organisations implementing interventions and researchers to systematically evaluate existing interventions and develop new evidence-based interventions would help improve the evidence base for New Zealand suicide prevention.

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Sawyer, Caroline. "The Loss of Birthright Citizenship in New Zealand". Victoria University of Wellington Law Review 44, nr 3/4 (1.11.2013): 653. http://dx.doi.org/10.26686/vuwlr.v44i3/4.4975.

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The Citizenship Amendment Act 2005 removed the traditional common law rule that a person born in New Zealand was, just for that reason, a New Zealand citizen. It required that the person have a parent who was a New Zealand citizen or permanent resident at that time. The change is often said to have been made to prevent transient immigrants having New Zealand citizen children in order to remain in the country, after the Supreme Court's decision in the Ding and Ye line of cases reputedly confirmed that foreign parents did thus obtain that right. This article discusses the misconceptions surrounding the loss of full birthright citizenship, the background of contemporary citizenship law in the common law world and the potential effects of the recent change on migrant communities and on New Zealand's existing population.

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Pecorino, Danilo, Miles D. Lamare i Mike F. Barker. "Growth, morphometrics and size structure of the Diadematidae sea urchin Centrostephanus rodgersii in northern New Zealand". Marine and Freshwater Research 63, nr 7 (2012): 624. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf12040.

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The sea urchin Centrostephanus rodgersii has increased its range in Eastern Australia resulting in important ecological changes. C. rodgersii may also have expanded its distribution range to northern New Zealand in the last five to six decades, although little is known about this process and of the biology of the species in New Zealand. We investigated morphometrics as well as growth using two techniques (growth line count in genital plates and tag–recapture using the fluorescent marker tetracycline). These methods allowed modelling of size at age of C. rodgersii in New Zealand, which we compared with populations recently established in Tasmania. The modelled growth rate was only slightly higher in the New Zealand population, and no differences in morphometrics were observed. The New Zealand population structure suggests that annual recruitment occurs regularly, with the population including a range of ages (3 to 10+ years).

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TAYLOR, A. C., P. E. COWAN, B. L. FRICKE, S. GEDDES, B. D. HANSEN, M. LAM i D. W. COOPER. "High microsatellite diversity and differential structuring among populations of the introduced common brushtail possum, Trichosurus vulpecula, in New Zealand". Genetical Research 83, nr 2 (kwiecień 2004): 101–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s001667230400672x.

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An understanding of genetic variation and structure of pest populations has the potential to improve the efficiency of measures to control them. Genetic analysis was undertaken at five microsatellite loci in four native Australian and 14 introduced New Zealand populations of the common brushtail possum Trichosurus vulpecula in order to document these parameters. Genetic variation in New Zealand populations, and phylogenetic relationships among Australian and New Zealand populations, were largely predicted by the recorded introduction history. Populations on the two main islands of New Zealand had only slightly lower genetic diversity than did Australian populations, except that allelic richness on the South Is. was significantly lower. Diversity was higher in North Is. than in South Is. populations (although not significantly so) and mainland New Zealand populations as a group were significantly more diverse than offshore islands that represented secondary population size bottlenecks. In phylogenetic analyses South Is. and offshore island populations grouped with Tasmania, while North Is. populations grouped either with mainland Australia or were intermediate between the two Australian sources. This scheme was supported by admixture coefficients showing that North and South Is./offshore island populations were largely mainland Australian and Tasmanian in origin, respectively. Population structure differed markedly between the North and South Islands: populations were typically more genetically differentiated on the former than the latter, which also showed significant isolation-by-distance. Substantial linkage disequilibrium in most sampled New Zealand but no Australian population between microsatellite loci Tv16 and Tv27 suggests they may be physically linked.

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EFFORD, M. G., B. J. KARL i H. MOLLER. "Population ecology ofMus musculuson Mana Island, New Zealand". Journal of Zoology 216, nr 3 (listopad 1988): 539–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1988.tb02450.x.

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McLean, Rachael, Sheila Williams, Jim Mann i Winsome Parnell. "1051 ESTIMATES OF NEW ZEALAND POPULATION SODIUM INTAKE". Journal of Hypertension 30 (wrzesień 2012): e306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.hjh.0000420510.93854.ca.

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Horwath, Caroline C., A. John Campbell i Wendy Busby. "Dietary survey of an elderly New Zealand population". Nutrition Research 12, nr 4-5 (kwiecień 1992): 441–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0271-5317(05)80015-6.

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Creedy, John, i Grant M. Scobie. "Population Ageing and Social Expenditure in New Zealand". Australian Economic Review 38, nr 1 (marzec 2005): 19–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8462.2005.00350.x.

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RIND, E., i J. PEARCE. "The spatial distribution of campylobacteriosis in New Zealand, 1997–2005". Epidemiology and Infection 138, nr 10 (9.02.2010): 1359–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095026881000018x.

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SUMMARYIn New Zealand Campylobacter infection rates have increased steadily since 1980, reaching a peak in 2003 (396/100 000 population). Compared to other nations, disease rates are unfavourably high (e.g. Australia 117/100 000 population, UK 85/100 000 population, USA 13/100 000 population). This ecological study investigated spatial variations in Campylobacter infection rates across New Zealand's Territorial Local Authorities (TLAs, n=73) for the period 1997–2005. Applying multiple linear regression, we examined whether geographical factors such as socio-demographic characteristics, climate, land use, water and the food environment were associated with local differences in the occurrence of Campylobacter infection rates. The results suggested significant variations in campylobacteriosis across TLAs (average annual rates ranging from 97 to 526/100 000 population), with higher rates in the South Island. Disease rates were associated with lower socio-economic deprivation (P<0·01), the proportion of the population aged 25–44 years (P<0·01) and fresh food outlet density (P<0·76). The results underline the role of area-level characteristics in explaining the spatial distribution of campylobacteriosis in New Zealand. In particular, the findings draw attention to the relatively unexplored role of fresh food outlets as a potential risk factor for increased Campylobacter notifications.

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Kidman, Lynn, i David Keelty. "Coaching and Coach Development in New Zealand". International Sport Coaching Journal 2, nr 3 (wrzesień 2015): 330–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/iscj.2015-0031.

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The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of coaching and coach development in New Zealand. For a small country with a population of 4.47 million (Statistics New Zealand, 2015), New Zealand achieves great success on the world sporting stage. One of the many contributors to this success is New Zealand’s commitment to developing coaches with an emphasis on continuous improvement through the provision of ongoing learning opportunities for coaches (SPARC, 2006). Interestingly the International Sport Coaching Framework’s recommendations aligns itself to such an emphasis that they refer to as lifelong learning (ICCE, 2013). To achieve this focus, and based on a Ministerial Taskforce findings that, “Coaching is in urgent need of support and development” (Ministerial Taskforce, 2001, p.10) Sport and Recreation New Zealand (SPARC) established a consultancy group to review and redevelop coaching. An outcome of this consultation was the production of the New Zealand Coaching Strategy (SPARC, 2004). Based on robust discussion on many issues of how people learn and coaching development philosophies, the Coach Development Framework (CDF) was established in 2006. Since its establishment, the CDF has been guiding coach development in New Zealand, placing the responsibility for this development on the National Sporting Organisations (NSOs).

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Kinnison, Michael, Martin Unwin, Nelson Boustead i Thomas Quinn. "Population-specific variation in body dimensions of adult chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) from New Zealand and their source population, 90 years after introduction". Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 55, nr 3 (1.03.1998): 554–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f97-303.

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Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) transplanted from the Sacramento River, California, U.S.A., to New Zealand in the 1900s colonized many South Island rivers, which now show significant population-specific phenotypic variation. To characterize this variation, we conducted a morphometric analysis of two New Zealand populations and the fall-run Battle Creek population at the Coleman Hatchery, the apparent ancestral stock. Variation in length at age, weight at length, fin lengths, hump depth, snout length, and caudal peduncle width was detected among populations. Sexually mature Battle Creek and New Zealand chinook salmon were consistently identifiable from morphometric data (97.7% classification accuracy), largely through differences in caudal peduncle width and hump depth. The two New Zealand spawning populations, although distinguishable in morphology in 1994 (mean of 80% correct classification), did not classify as well using the same discriminant functions in 1995 (mean of 62.7% correct), suggesting interannual multivariate effects. Little variation was observed between the two mainstem river populations in adults collected shortly after entering freshwater. Although the genetic or environmental causes for the differences between populations have yet to be determined, our results provide empirical evidence of phenotypic divergence over decadal time scales. This work may be relevant to considerations in the development and monitoring of salmon recovery and conservation programs.

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M. Rhymer, Judith, Murray J. Williams i Richard T. Kingsford. "Implications of phylogeography and population genetics for subspecies taxonomy of Grey (Pacific Black) Duck Anas superciliosa and its conservation in New Zealand". Pacific Conservation Biology 10, nr 1 (2004): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc040057.

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Subspecies delineations may not reflect actual intraspecific diversity; an issue that becomes important when conservation of populations and/or subspecies that face severe declines is involved. The Grey Duck in New Zealand is considered a separate subspecies Anas superciliosa superciliosa from the Pacific Black Duck A. s. rogersi of Australia, even though poorly differentiated morphologically. Because the New Zealand and Australian populations of A. superciliosa are considered taxonomically distinct, the decline of New Zealand's Grey Duck and its hybridization with the introduced Mallard A. platyrhynchos has led to assignment of "endangered" conservation status. Taxonomic distinction and absence of periodic gene flow between the Australian and New Zealand populations are crucial for acceptance of this status. We used phylogeographic analysis of mitochondrial DNA control region sequences to determine whether haplotypes representing current subspecies are unique or are more consistent with populations in the two countries being considered the same subspecies. Two highly divergent genetic lineages of Grey Duck occur in New Zealand. One lineage (Group I) is found only in New Zealand primarily on North Island, while the other (Group II), occurs in populations throughout New Zealand and Australia. The split between Group I and II lineages is on the order of that found between some avian species. Even though subspecific designations of A. s. superciliosa and A. s. rogersi do not hold up based on molecular data, we identify a need for Grey Duck in New Zealand to be conserved to maintain the historical diversity within the species.

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Robie, David. "Diversity Reportage in Metropolitan Oceania: The Mantra and the Reality". Media International Australia 131, nr 1 (maj 2009): 30–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1329878x0913100105.

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Aotearoa/New Zealand has the largest Polynesian population in Oceania. Three Pacific microstates now have more than 70 per cent of their population living in New Zealand. Projected demographics by Statistics New Zealand indicate that the Pacific and indigenous Māori populations could grow by 59 and 29 per cent respectively by 2026. The Asian population will increase even more dramatically over that period, by almost doubling. Māori, Pasifika and ethnic media in New Zealand are also steadily expanding, with major implications for the ‘mainstream’ media industry and journalism educators. For more than two decades, diversity has been a growing mantra for the Aotearoa/New Zealand media. Initially, the concept of biculturalism — partnership with the indigenous tangata whenua— was pre-eminent in the debate but, as the nation's Māori, Pasifika and ethnic media have flourished and matured, and demographics have rapidly changed, multiculturalism and multicultural media strategies have become increasingly important. This paper examines the regional trends in Oceania, the growth of the indigenous and ethnic media, and their impact on the mainstream in New Zealand as an outpost of globalised media. It also looks at the evolving initiatives to address the challenges.

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Iline, I. I., i C. B. Phillips. "Allozyme variation between European and New Zealand populations of Microctonus aethiopoides". New Zealand Plant Protection 56 (1.08.2003): 133–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2003.56.6054.

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The parasitoid Microctonus aethiopoides Loan (Hymenoptera Braconidae) was introduced to New Zealand in 1982 for control of Sitona weevil Sitona discoideus Gyllenhal (Coleoptera Circulionidae) a pest of lucerne Unfortunately New Zealand populations of M aethiopoides do not parasitise clover root weevil Sitona lepidus Gyllenhal but European populations do Several PCRbased methods have demonstrated the existence of genetic variation between and amongst European and New Zealand populations of M aethiopoides However enzyme electrophoresis methods have the potential to provide less expensive population markers and these could also prove more useful than PCRbased markers for studying gene flow between European and New Zealand M aethiopoides populations This paper reports a preliminary assessment of allozyme variation between European and New Zealand M aethiopoides Nine enzymes and general proteins were assayed but the only variation was observed at esterase (EST) with two alleles present at each of two loci

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Leitch, Sharon. "New Zealand needs a Practice Based Research Network". Journal of Primary Health Care 8, nr 1 (2016): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/hc15045.

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ABSTRACT Practice Based Research Networks (PBRNs) are groups of general practices collaborating to produce research. Contemporary New Zealand health information technology systems are ideal for electronic data extraction for PBRN research. Stakeholders have a valuable, but typically underutilised, part to play in research. Development of an e-participation platform will facilitate stakeholder engagement. New Zealand is in a unique position to create an innovative, low cost, stakeholder-engaged PBRN. This type of PBRN would offer unparalleled research opportunities, and would strengthen New Zealand’s general practice research capacity. The more research information we have based on our New Zealand population, the more appropriate care we can provide. Establishing a stakeholder-engaged PBRN in New Zealand will promote and support transformational change within our health system. In June 2015 I had the privilege of attending the annual Practice Based Research Network (PBRN) Conference held in Bethesda, near Washington D.C. The conference is hosted by the North American Primary Care Research Group and the United States (US) Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. In this article I draw on the knowledge I gained at that conference and discuss its translation to New Zealand.

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Ghanizadeh, H., K. C. Harrington i T. K. James. "Glyphosateresistant Italian ryegrass and perennial ryegrass in New Zealand a review". New Zealand Plant Protection 69 (8.01.2016): 246–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2016.69.5943.

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In 2013 three populations of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) and two populations of Italian ryegrass (L multiflorum) from five vineyards in New Zealand were confirmed to be resistant to glyphosate The level of resistance in four populations was almost 10fold while one population of perennial ryegrass (Population O) had a level of resistance greater than 30fold Quick tests for confirming the presence of glyphosate in ryegrass plants have been developed Molecular and physiological investigations showed that there was restricted herbicide translocation in all studied populations and Population O also had a modification at Pro106 of the EPSPS enzyme It was also found that the restricted herbicide translocation can be suppressed under cool conditions Further studies also showed that the gene causing restricted herbicide translocation could be readily transferred through pollen and the gene was partially dominant All glyphosate resistant populations were also resistant to glufosinate and three of the populations were also resistant to amitrole

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Poot, Jacques. "The Role of Trans-Tasman Migration in Forecasting the New Zealand Population". Asian and Pacific Migration Journal 2, nr 4 (grudzień 1993): 395–415. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/011719689300200401.

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Population growth in New Zealand is rather volatile. International migration is the main cause of this. However, as is common in many countries, official population projections are based on a range of exogenously-set fixed levels of net migration. This article argues that, for the short to medium term, such projections can be improved upon by adopting econometric methodologies which take explicitly into account the demographic-economic two-way interaction in certain components of international migration. Specifically, the article summarizes research on the causes and consequences of trans-Tasman migration, which is the dominant component of the volatility in New Zealand's net migration. It is shown how these findings can aid population forecasting.

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Barak, Yoram, Shona Neehoff i Paul Glue. "Ageing badly: indicators of old-age structure in Australia and New Zealand". Journal of Primary Health Care 12, nr 3 (2020): 272. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/hc19095.

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ABSTRACT INTRODUCTIONUntil 2050, Australia and New Zealand will experience continuing increase in the population aged >65 years. Studying differences in indicators of old-age structure between these countries can inform policymakers. AIMTo calculate and analyse indicators of old-age structure for Australia and New Zealand. METHODSFive indicators of old-age structure were calculated: centenarian ratio (number of centenarians per 100,000 people), longevity index (proportion of people aged ≥90 and ≥65 years in the population), longevity level (proportion of 80+/60+ years population), ageing tendency (proportion of people aged ≥60 years in the population) and centenarity index (ratio between the centenarians and the total population ≥90 years). RESULTSAll indicators of old-age structure demonstrated an advantageous ageing structure in Australia compared with New Zealand. In addition, the New Zealand Māori and Australian Aboriginal indicators of old-age structure demonstrated a significant disadvantage to these ethnic groups compared with the general population. DISCUSSIONPublic health policy needs to target ageing in New Zealand as a major goal in advancing the ‘Ageing Well’ policy advocated by the government.

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Taylor, Colman, i Michael Wonder. "Exploring the implications of a fixed budget for new medicines: a study of reimbursement of new medicines in Australia and New Zealand". Australian Health Review 39, nr 4 (2015): 455. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah14122.

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Objective Spending on medicines under the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS) represents the ninth largest expense to the Federal Government. A recent report by the Commission of Audit to the Federal Government suggested spending on the PBS is unsustainable and a capped budget, similar to New Zealand’s PHARMAC model, may be required to contain costs. The objective of the present study was to compare listing outcomes between Australia and New Zealand, thereby exploring the opportunity cost of a capped budget for new medicines. Methods Listing outcomes in Australia and New Zealand were compared through published research and an updated search of listing outcomes from publicly available information. Results Previous research has demonstrated that New Zealand listed less than half of the new medicines listed in Australia over a 10-year period (2000–09). Our research shows that most of the new medicines not listed in New Zealand during this period remain unlisted today. In the previous 12 months, Australia listed 17 new medicines on the PBS, whereas New Zealand listed only one new medicine that was not already listed in Australia. Conclusion The discrepancy in the number of new medicines listed in New Zealand compared with Australia raises questions regarding the consequences of implementing a capped budget for new medicines. However, further research is needed to understand the relationship between listing outcomes, access to medicines and health benefits for the community. What is known about this topic? Due to factors such as an aging population and longer life expectancy, total government health expenditure as a proportion of gross domestic product (GDP) is expected to rise. Consequently, many commentators have suggested current expenditure patterns are unsustainable. The PBS represents a significant expense to the government and recent reports suggest the PBS should be reformed to align with New Zealand’s PHARMAC model, where an independent entity manages access to subsidised medicines under a capped budget. However, little information exists regarding access indices for new medicines in New Zealand compared with Australia. What does this paper add? This paper builds on previously published research comparing listing outcomes for new medicines in Australia and New Zealand. The results highlight a discrepancy in listing new medicines in New Zealand compared with Australia that has not improved in recent years. Consequently, the results question the notion that a capped budget for new medicines is a good policy choice for Australia. What are the implications for practitioners? This paper reviews the current reimbursement system in Australia and compares it with New Zealand’s PHARMAC model. In addition, this paper compares listing outcomes for new medicines in Australia and New Zealand. In doing so, the results of this paper have implications for practitioners who are concerned about continued subsidised access to new medicines via the PBS, and for policy makers in relation to proposed PBS reforms. Further, our paper provides insights into PBS policy reform that may assist practitioners who are interested in commenting on any proposed reform.

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Bhagani, Shradha, i Colin Hutchison. "SP388RENAL RISK: A POPULATION STUDY OF NEW ZEALAND DIABETICS". Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 30, suppl_3 (maj 2015): iii507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ndt/gfv192.54.

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Borrie, W. D. "The Population of New Zealand Volumes 1 and 2". Population Studies 42, nr 1 (1.03.1988): 153. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0032472031000143286.

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Mummery, Kerry, Gregory Kolt, Grant Schofield i Grant McLean. "Obstacles to Physical Activity in the New Zealand Population". Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 39, Supplement (maj 2007): S327. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000274274.46850.ea.

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Holland, Olivia J., Philip E. Cowan, Lawrence W. Chamley i Dianne M. Gleeson. "MHC population structure in the New Zealand brushtail possum". Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 128, nr 1-3 (marzec 2009): 308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetimm.2008.10.209.

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Aziz, Omar A., Christopher Ball, John Creedy i Jesse Eedrah. "The distributional impact of population ageing in New Zealand". New Zealand Economic Papers 49, nr 3 (31.03.2014): 207–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00779954.2014.890023.

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White, Steve, i Nick Fisher. "Echocardiography Provision within New Zealand Public Hospitals by Population". Heart, Lung and Circulation 27 (2018): S34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hlc.2018.05.176.

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Johns, E., G. Farrant i I. Civil. "Animal-related injury in an urban New Zealand population". Injury 35, nr 12 (grudzień 2004): 1234–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.injury.2003.11.003.

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Rossaak, J. I., A. Sporle, C. L. Birks i A. M. van Rij. "Abdominal aortic aneurysms in the New Zealand Maori population". British Journal of Surgery 90, nr 11 (2003): 1361–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bjs.4300.

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Harper, Christopher T. "Teaching Astronomy in New Zealand: The Ward Observatory". International Astronomical Union Colloquium 105 (1990): 354–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0252921100087169.

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New Zealand is a self-governed, independent nation, a member of the British Commonwealth, and a major center of Polynesian culture in the south Pacific. The country’s two main islands lie between 34° and 47° south latitude, which places New Zealand south of many well known southern observing sites such as Sydney (Australia), Cape Town (South Africa), and Cordoba (Argentina).The population of 3.5 million people inhabit a country slightly larger than the United Kingdom. The astronomical interests of this small population are nourished by no less than 25 local and regional astronomical societies. Amateur astronomers are active in New Zealand. The Royal Astronomical Society of New Zealand coordinates national interests and hosts international activities.

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Warren, Victoria E., Rochelle Constantine, Michael Noad, Claire Garrigue i Ellen C. Garland. "Migratory insights from singing humpback whales recorded around central New Zealand". Royal Society Open Science 7, nr 11 (listopad 2020): 201084. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.201084.

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The migration routes of wide-ranging species can be difficult to study, particularly at sea. In the western South Pacific, migratory routes of humpback whales between breeding and feeding areas are unclear. Male humpback whales sing a population-specific song, which can be used to match singers on migration to a breeding population. To investigate migratory routes and breeding area connections, passive acoustic recorders were deployed in the central New Zealand migratory corridor (2016); recorded humpback whale song was compared to song from the closest breeding populations of East Australia and New Caledonia (2015–2017). Singing northbound whales migrated past New Zealand from June to August via the east coast of the South Island and Cook Strait. Few song detections were made along the east coast of the North Island. New Zealand song matched New Caledonia song, suggesting a migratory destination, but connectivity to East Australia could not be ruled out. Two song types were present in New Zealand, illustrating the potential for easterly song transmission from East Australia to New Caledonia in this shared migratory corridor. This study enhances our understanding of western South Pacific humpback whale breeding population connectivity, and provides novel insights into the dynamic transmission of song culture.

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Simmons, Darlene R. "Child Health Issues in New Zealand: An Overview". Journal of School Nursing 23, nr 3 (czerwiec 2007): 151–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/10598405070230030501.

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International travel can provide the unique opportunity to experience other cultures. For nurses, it can also provide a window through which different health care structures and services can be viewed. Many similarities and differences can be found between the country visited and the United States in terms of health issues, nursing education, roles, and responsibilities. This article explores a number of ways health services are provided to school-age children in New Zealand. Nearly 20% of New Zealand’s population are native Maori people. Not only is cultural sensitivity in health service delivery a priority, but the Maori people are guaranteed participation in health care decisions by law. School nurses in the United States can benefit from examining the models of care used by New Zealand nurses for managing the health care needs of school-age children.

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Iline, I. I., C. B. Phillips, S. L. Goldson i H. M. Chapman. "Allozyme variation between South American geographic populations of Microctonus hyperodae". New Zealand Plant Protection 55 (1.08.2002): 267–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2002.55.3951.

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Eight South American geographic populations of the parasitoid Microctonus hyperodae Loan (Hymenoptera Braconidae) have been released in New Zealand to help suppress the pasture pest Listronotus bonariensis (Kuschel) (Colepotera Curculionidae) Parasitoids from each South American population were released in equal numbers throughout New Zealand It was postulated that the population(s) best suited to the conditions encountered at each New Zealand release locality would eventually become prevalent there Genetic markers which will enable the South American populations that have become successful in New Zealand to be identified are being developed and this paper reports a preliminary assessment of M hyperodae allozyme variation Malate dehydrogenase (MDH) was the only variable enzyme of the six that were assayed and it exhibited variation consistent with the presence of two alleles All parasitoids from east of the Andes (Argentina Brazil and Uruguay) were heterozygous (MDHa/MDHb) while all those from the west (Chile) were homozygous (MDHa/MDHa) This corroborates earlier morphometric evidence of genetic differentiation between South American populations and indicates that work with additional enzymes should yield more markers

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Mander, C. V., C. B. Phillips, T. R. Glare i R. B. Chapman. "Preliminary assessment of COI and ITS1 sequence variation in Fullers rose weevil". New Zealand Plant Protection 56 (1.08.2003): 190–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2003.56.6041.

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Fullers rose weevil (FRW) Naupactus cervinus has recently become a pest of kiwifruit in New Zealand because export fruit infested with FRW eggs do not meet Japanese quarantine standards Studies of FRW population genetics could be useful for (i) deducing the number and geographic sources of FRW introductions to New Zealand (ii) matching New Zealand FRW populations with appropriate strains of biological control agents and (iii) differentiating FRW from other closely related species which may be difficult to separate morphologically (especially as larvae) This paper describes preliminary results from sequencing of two gene regions the ITS1 (internal transcribed spacer) region and the COI (cytochrome oxidase one) gene These sequences were used to compare FRW from New Zealand Australia Hawaii and Chile The results showed that the COI region would be more useful than ITS1 for future studies of FRW population genetics

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Mcconkey, SD, S. Heinrich, C. Lalas, H. Mcconnell i N. Mcnally. "Pattern Of Immigration Of New Zealand Sea Lions Phocarctos Hookeri To Otago, New Zealand: Implications For Management". Australian Mammalogy 24, nr 1 (2002): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am02107.

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The present management strategy for New Zealand sea lions Phocarctos hookeri assumes that kills in a squid trawl fishery around Auckland Islands, the species population base, have prevented an increase in abundance of sea lions. This strategy also assumes that emigration will be initiated as the population reaches carrying capacity, and that emigration rates will be density dependent. We used the combination of photographic identification of individuals and diagnostic features of age classes to estimate immigration rates of P. hookeri to Otago, South Island, New Zealand. Most immigrants were males = 2 years old at arrival, and included animals tagged as pups at Auckland Islands. Estimates for total numbers of immigrants to Otago from four consecutive cohorts, 1991/92 - 1994/95, varied three-fold through a period of constant annual pup production at Auckland Islands. The greatest influx was from the 1993/94 cohort, a breeding season that predated the enforcement of early closures of the squid fishery. We suggest published records from the Auckland Islands indicate that this population is already at carrying capacity. If so, then factors other than, or in addition to, pup production and fishery mortality have an impact on emigration rates.

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Simon-Kumar, Rachel, Janine Paynter, Annie Chiang i Nimisha Chabba. "Sex ratios and ‘missing women’ among Asian minority and migrant populations in Aotearoa/New Zealand: a retrospective cohort analysis". BMJ Open 11, nr 11 (listopad 2021): e052343. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-052343.

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ObjectivesRecent research from the UK, USA, Australia and Canada point to male-favouring sex ratios at birth (SRB) among their Asian minority populations, attributed to son preference and sex-selective abortion within these cultural groups. The present study conducts a similar investigation of SRBs among New Zealand’s Asian minority and migrant populations, who comprise 15% of the population.Setting and participantsThe study focused on Asian populations of New Zealand and comparisons were made with NZ European, Māori, Pacific Island and Middle-Eastern, Latin American and African groups. Secondary data were obtained from the New Zealand historical census series between 1976 and 2013 and a retrospective birth cohort in New Zealand was created using the Stats NZ Integrated Data Infrastructure from 2003 to 2018.Primary and secondary outcome measuresThe primary outcome measure was SRBs and sex ratios between the ages 0 and 5 by ethnicity. A logistic regression was conducted and adjusted for selected variables of interest including visa group, parity, maternal age and deprivation. Finally, associations between family size, ethnicity and family sex composition were examined in a subset of this cohort (families with two or three children).ResultsThere was no evidence of ‘missing women’ or gender bias as indicated by a deviation from the biological norm in New Zealand’s Asian population. However, Indian and Chinese families were significantly more likely to have a third child if their first two children were female compared with two male children.ConclusionThe analyses did not reveal male-favouring sex ratios and any conclusive evidence of sex-selective abortion among Indian and Chinese populations. Based on these data, we conclude that in comparison to other western countries, New Zealand’s Asian migrant populations present as an anomaly. The larger family sizes for Indian and Chinese populations where the first two children were girls suggested potentially ‘soft’ practices of son preference.

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Blackburn, Tim, Melanie Monroe, Becki Lawson, Cassey Phill i John Ewen. "Body size changes in passerine birds introduced to New Zealand from the UK". NeoBiota 17 (28.06.2013): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.7.4841.

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One feature of global geographic variation in avian body sizes is that they are larger on isolated islands than on continental regions. Therefore, this study aims to assess whether there have been changes in body size following successful establishment for seven passerine bird species (blackbird Turdus merula, song thrush Turdus philomelos, house sparrow Passer domesticus, chaffinch Fringilla coelebs, greenfinch Chloris chloris, goldfinch Carduelis carduelis, yellowhammer Emberiza citrinella) introduced from the continental islands of the UK to the more isolated oceanic landmass of New Zealand in the middle of the nineteenth century. Measures of tarsus length were taken from individuals from contemporary UK and New Zealand populations of these species, and from historical specimens collected around the time that individuals were translocated from the UK to New Zealand. Analysis of Variance was used to test for size differences between contemporary UK and New Zealand populations, and between historical UK and contemporary UK and New Zealand populations. Historical UK populations have longer tarsi, on average, than 12 (7 UK and 5 New Zealand) of the 14 contemporary populations. Significant decreases in tarsus length relative to the historical populations have occurred in the UK for blackbird, chaffinch and greenfinch, and in the New Zealand blackbird population. Contemporary New Zealand house sparrows have significantly longer tarsi, on average, than both historical and contemporary UK populations. Exposure to novel environments may be expected to lead to changes in the morphology and other traits of exotic species, but changes have also occurred in the native range. In fact, contrary to expectations, the most common differences we found were between contemporary and historical UK populations. Consideration of contemporary populations alone would underestimate the true scale of morphological change in these species over time, which may be due to phenotypic plasticity or genetic adaptation to environmental changes experienced by all populations in the last 150 years.

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CROSSAN, DIANA, DAVID FESLIER i ROGER HURNARD. "Financial literacy and retirement planning in New Zealand". Journal of Pension Economics and Finance 10, nr 4 (październik 2011): 619–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474747211000515.

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AbstractWe compare levels of financial literacy between the general adult population of New Zealand, people of Māori ethnicity, and people of Ngāi Tahu, a Māori tribe that is providing financial education to its members. While the level of financial knowledge of Māori people is generally lower than for non-Māori (controlling for demographic and economic factors), there is little difference between the financial knowledge of the people of Ngāi Tahu and other New Zealanders. Moreover, we find that financial literacy is not significantly associated with planning for retirement. This could reflect the dominant role of New Zealand's universal public pension system in providing retirement income security.

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Gauld, Robin. "Healthcare System Restructuring in New Zealand: problems and proposed solutions". Asia Pacific Journal of Health Management 11, nr 3 (1.10.2016): 75–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.24083/apjhm.v11i3.163.

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New Zealand’s healthcare system is, like most, in a continual process of restructuring and change. While the country has endured several major system-wide changes in recent decades, more recent change has been incremental and evolutionary. Current changes are in response to a set of challenges, which are not unique to New Zealand. This article overviews the New Zealand healthcare system. It then describes a series of problems facing the system and proposed solutions. These include the need for team care, providing services closer to patients’ homes, focusing on a population of interest, connecting up the system, and engaging patients more closely in care design and delivery. Abbreviations: DHS – District Health Board;GP – General Practitioner; PHO – Primary Health Organisation.

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Bryant, John R., i Patrick Graham. "A Bayesian Approach to Population Estimation with Administrative Data". Journal of Official Statistics 31, nr 3 (1.09.2015): 475–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jos-2015-0028.

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Abstract The article describes a Bayesian approach to deriving population estimates from multiple administrative data sources. Coverage rates play an important role in the approach: identifying anomalies in coverage rates is a key step in the model-building process, and data sources receive more weight within the model if their coverage rates are more consistent. Random variation in population processes and measurement processes is dealt with naturally within the model, and all outputs come with measures of uncertainty. The model is applied to the problem of estimating regional populations in New Zealand. The New Zealand example illustrates the continuing importance of coverage surveys.

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Secombe, Paul, Richard Woodman, Sean Chan, David Pilcher i Frank Van Haren. "Epidemiology and outcomes of obese critically ill patients in Australia and New Zealand". Critical Care and Resuscitation 22, nr 1 (2.03.2020): 35–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.51893/2020.1.oa4.

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OBJECTIVE: The apparent survival benefit of being overweight or obese in critically ill patients (the obesity paradox) remains controversial. Our aim is to report on the epidemiology and outcomes of obesity within a large heterogenous critically ill adult population. DESIGN: Retrospective observational cohort study. SETTING: Intensive care units (ICUs) in Australia and New Zealand. PARTICIPANTS: Critically ill patients who had both height and weight recorded between 2010 and 2018. OUTCOME MEASURES: Hospital mortality in each of five body mass index (BMI) strata. Subgroups analysed included diagnostic category, gender, age, ventilation status and length of stay. RESULTS: Data were available for 381 855 patients, 68% of whom were overweight or obese. Increasing level of obesity was associated with lower unadjusted hospital mortality: underweight (11.9%), normal weight (7.7%), overweight (6.4%), class I obesity (5.4%), and class II obesity (5.3%). After adjustment, mortality was lowest for patients with class I obesity (adjusted odds ratio, 0.78; 95% CI, 0.74– 0.82). Adverse outcomes with class II obesity were only seen in patients with cardiovascular and cardiac surgery ICU admission diagnoses, where mortality risk rose with progressively higher BMIs. CONCLUSION: We describe the epidemiology of obesity within a critically ill Australian and New Zealand population and confirm that some level of obesity is associated with lower mortality, both overall and across a range of diagnostic categories and important subgroups. Further research should focus on potential confounders such as nutritional status and the appropriateness of BMI in isolation as an anthropometric measure in critically ill patients.

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Torkkola, Janne, Cynthia Riginos i Libby Liggins. "Regional patterns of mtDNA diversity in Styela plicata, an invasive ascidian, from Australian and New Zealand marinas". Marine and Freshwater Research 64, nr 2 (2013): 139. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf12289.

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The ascidian Styela plicata is abundant in harbours and marinas worldwide and has likely reached this distribution via human-mediated dispersal. Previous worldwide surveys based on mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase one (COI) sequences have described two divergent clades, showing overlapping distributions and geographically widespread haplotypes. These patterns are consistent with recent mixing among genetically differentiated groups arising from multiple introductions from historically distinct sources. In contrast, a study of Australian S. plicata using nuclear markers found that population differentiation along the eastern coast related to geographic distance and no evidence for admixture between previously isolated genetic groups. We re-examined the genetic patterns of Australian S. plicata populations using mtDNA (CO1) to place their genetic patterns within a global context, and we examined New Zealand populations for the first time. We found that the haplotypic compositions of Australian and New Zealand populations are largely representative of other worldwide populations. The New Zealand populations, however, exhibited reduced diversity, being potentially indicative of a severely bottlenecked colonisation event. In contrast to results from nuclear markers, population differentiation of mtDNA among Australian S. plicata was unrelated to geographic distance. The discrepancy between markers is likely to be a consequence of non-equilibrium population genetic processes that typify non-indigenous species.

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Rainsbury, Liz, Carol Hart i Nonthipoth Buranavityawut. "GAAP-adjusted earnings disclosures by New Zealand companies". Pacific Accounting Review 27, nr 3 (3.08.2015): 329–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/par-12-2013-0108.

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Purpose – This paper aims to examine motivations for the reporting of generally accepted accounting practice (GAAP)-adjusted earnings by New Zealand companies. Design/methodology/approach – The study uses multivariate analysis of data from New Zealand company annual reports for the period from 2004 to 2012. Findings – Evidence suggests that management of some New Zealand firms are motivated to use GAAP-adjusted earnings to provide a more favourable impression of earnings. However, across firms, these adjusted earnings provide a better predictor of future earnings and provide more value-relevant information to the market than GAAP earnings. Thus, a desire to disclose a more accurate indicator of permanent earnings appears to be a strong factor in the reporting of GAAP-adjusted earnings. Research limitations/implications – The study uses firms listed on the New Zealand share market. The number of firms examined is small, but we compensate by studying the entire population, thus avoiding sampling issues. The results suggest that New Zealand’s regulatory response of recommending guidelines for reporting alternative earnings measures is appropriate. Originality/value – The study contributes to the literature on the relationship between reporting statutory earnings and non-GAAP earnings. It uses a period that includes three major events in the New Zealand economy and reporting environment: the adoption of international financial reporting standards, a change in tax law and the global financial crisis. Recognition of these events allows us to better interpret the GAAP-adjusted reporting practices taken by managers.

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Duncan, Richard P., i David M. Forsyth. "Modelling population persistence on islands: mammal introductions in the New Zealand archipelago". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 273, nr 1604 (22.08.2006): 2969–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2006.3662.

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Islands are likely to differ in their susceptibility to colonization or invasion due to variation in factors that affect population persistence, including island area, climatic severity and habitat modification. We tested the importance of these factors in explaining the persistence of 164 introductions of six mammal species to 85 islands in the New Zealand archipelago using survival analysis and model selection techniques. As predicted by the theory of stochastic population growth, extinction risk was the greatest in the period immediately following introduction, declining rapidly to low probability by ca 25 years. This suggests that initially small populations were at greatest risk of extinction and that populations which survived for 25 years were likely to persist subsequently for much longer. Islands in the New Zealand archipelago become colder and windier with increasing latitude, and the probability of mammal populations persisting on islands declined steeply with increasing latitude. Hence, our results suggest that climatic suitability was an important determinant of the outcome of these invasions. The form of the relationship between latitude and persistence probability differed among species, emphasizing that the outcome of colonization attempts is species-environment specific.

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Bolwell, Charlotte F., Chris W. Rogers, Erica K. Gee i Sarah M. Rosanowski. "Commercial equine production in New Zealand. 3. The racing and sport industries". Animal Production Science 60, nr 18 (2020): 2164. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an16753.

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The present review examines the commercial production of racing and sport horses in New Zealand, describing the size and scope of the industries, the management and feeding, and the training and wastage of race (Thoroughbred and Standardbred) and sport horses. The number of horses per head of population in New Zealand (30/1000 people) is high by international standards and the main equine industries generate ~2% of national gross domestic product. In New Zealand the Thoroughbred breeding and racing industry dominates organised equestrian activity (economically and numerically). Furthermore, this Thoroughbred bias has an influence on equestrian culture and may explain, in part, the high proportion of Thoroughbred sport horses registered for eventing in New Zealand, which is in contrast to other international sport-horse populations. An understanding of the production, management and structure of the racing and sport industries in New Zealand is paramount to ensure the health and welfare of the equine athlete and the continuing success of the industries.

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