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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "New SouthWales"
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Strusz, D. L. "Type specimens ofSpirinella caecistriata(Silurian brachiopod) from Yass, New SouthWales". Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology 29, nr 1 (styczeń 2005): 29–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03115510508619559.
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GUERRA-GARCÍA, JOSÉ M., STEPHEN J. KEABLE i SHANE T. AHYONG. "A new species of Paraproto (Crustacea: Amphipoda) from southern New SouthWales, Australia". Zootaxa 4755, nr 2 (24.03.2020): 271–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4755.2.4.
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A new species of the caprellid genus Paraproto, P. murrayae n. sp. is described based on specimens collected from New South Wales, Australia. The new species was collected from brown algae in shallow water (16–19 m deep). Paraproto murrayae n. sp. is very similar to P. tasmaniensis Guerra-García & Takeuchi, 2004 but can be distinguished mainly by the following characteristics: (1) adults of P. murrayae are significantly smaller than P. tasmaniensis (5–6 mm and 10–11 mm respectively); (2) in larger males of P. tasmaniensis, gnathopod 2 is inserted on the anterior half of pereonite 2, rather than the posterior half as in P. murrayae; (3) the dactylus of the male gnathopod 2 is thickened medially in P. murrayae, but not thickened in P. tasmaniensis; (4) the setal formula of mandibular palp is 1-3-1 in P. murrayae versus 1-9-1 or 1-10-1 in P. tasmaniensis; (5) the lower lip is glabrous in P. murrayae but strongly setose in P. tasmaniensis; and (6) the anterolateral projections on pereonite 2 are lacking or vestigial in males of P. murrayae rather than distinct as in P. tasmaniensis. An illustrated key to the species of Paraproto is provided.
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Duffield, Christine, i Finlay MacNeil. "The role of the Advanced Casualty Management Team in St John Ambulance Australia (New SouthWales District)". Australian Health Review 23, nr 1 (2000): 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah000090.
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St John Ambulance is a household name synonymous with the teaching and provision of firstaid. Recently the organisation has developed pre-hospital emergency care services through theintroduction of the St- John Ambulance Australia Advanced Casualty Management Team inNew South Wales. The Advanced Casualty Management Team represents a move away fromthe practice of first aid by lay personnel and is a natural extension of the traditional workand principles of St John Ambulance. This article provides an overview of the AdvancedCasualty Management Team and discusses its contribution to pre-hospital trauma caredelivery.
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Hartley, Ross, i Wendy Garrett. "Impact of a management assessment centre in developing proficient health managers". Australian Health Review 20, nr 4 (1997): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah970119.
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There is growing use of management assessment centres within parts of New SouthWales Health. The present study examined outcome benefits from managers whoparticipated in the Australasian Management Competencies Assessment Centre R , some123 staff from one rural and one metropolitan area health service. Results confirmedgreater use of personal development plans and increased attendance at continuingprofessional development among participants compared with like managers who hadnot participated. The paper argues strongly in favour of widespread use ofmanagement competencies assessment centres as a way to implement planned culturalchange.
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Ishak, Maged. "Indigenous health: Patterns of variation in terms of disease categories". Australian Health Review 21, nr 4 (1998): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah980054.
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While many studies investigated the higher morbidity and mortality levels ofindigenous Australians in the high-density indigenous areas in the Northern Territory,Western Australia and South Australia, few examined the situation in New SouthWales, where more than 28% of the indigenous population lives. Admissions to acutepublic and private hospitals in New South Wales for 1989?1995 are used in the studyreported here to examine indigenous health and its differential patterns by diseasecategories. The study allowed for the monitoring of disease groups with particularlyhigh indigenous admissions and, accordingly, pinpointed areas for improvement. Age-standardisedestimates for the indigenous population are provided. Age compositionof admissions for each disease category and admissions by residential area are alsoestimated.
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Miller, Julia. "What’s Happening to the Weather? Australian Climate, H. C. Russell, and the Theory of a Nineteen-Year Cycle". Historical Records of Australian Science 25, nr 1 (2014): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/hr14006.
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The theory of a nineteen-year climate cycle put forward by acclaimed New SouthWales Government Astronomer Henry Chamberlain Russell is arguably one of his least successful contributions to science. Yet his ability to draw global connections made Russell a pioneer in the field of climate science— one whose innovative thinking helped prepare the way for much later achievements in the field of seasonal prediction. While controversial, Russell's theory sparked intense interest in meteorology and climate cycles and, at a time when extreme weather events were putting pressure on agriculture and pastoralism in New South Wales, it addressed the question of whether the Australian climate was undergoing permanent change. An historical understanding of ideas about climate cycles illuminates current debates on how to address the problems associated with anthropogenic climate change.
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Eagar, Kathy, i David Cromwell. "Classifying sub-acute and non-acute patients: Results of the New South Wales Casemix Area Network study". Australian Health Review 20, nr 2 (1997): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah970026.
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In 1994 the New South Wales Casemix Area Network initiated a study to developa classification and funding model for sub-acute and non-acute care. Thirty-fiverehabilitation, geriatric, psychogeriatric and palliative care services were recruited intothe study throughout eight area health services. The aim of the first phase, summarisedhere, was to capture and analyse a sufficiently large quantity of data to select thosevariables most likely to predict resource utilisation, for subsequent use in a detailedcosting study.It is known that acute care diagnosis related groups are not predictive of costs in sub-acutecare. This phase of the project confirmed that, in New South Wales, the mostpredictive variables were case type, functional status measures, impairment type forrehabilitation, phase for palliative care and severity of symptoms for palliative care.The resultant Phase 1 casemix classification, which has built on recent United Statesexperience and studies in other Australian States, has been termed the New SouthWales Sub-Acute and Non-Acute Patient (SNAP) Version 1 classification.
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Kay, Barry, Edward Gifford, Rob Perry i Remy van de Ven. "Trapping efficiency for foxes (Vulpes vulpes) in central New SouthWales: age and sex biases and the effects of reduced fox abundance". Wildlife Research 27, nr 5 (2000): 547. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr98089.
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A total of 276 red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) was captured over 40 597 trap-nights during 1994–96 at three separate sites in central New South Wales, resulting in an overall trapping efficiency of one fox per 147 trap-nights. Trapping using multiple trap sets placed at carcases was 3.2 times more efficient than trapping using single trap sets. During 1994–95, when two of the sites suffered a severe drought, fox abundance declined to less than 0.2 foxes km–1 of spotlight transect; trapping efficiency at those sites also declined, to an average of one fox per 315 trap-nights. Mean trapping efficiency for non-drought periods was one fox per 135 trap-nights, 2.3 times more efficient than during the drought period. In 1995 and 1996, 353 foxes were shot in areas adjacent to each site. This gave the opportunity to compare sex and age biases between the trapped and shot samples: the ratio of males to females was significantly higher in the trapped sample than in the shot sample, and there was also a significantly higher ratio of adults to juveniles in the trapped sample than in the shot sample.
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BAKER, ANDREW M., THOMAS Y. MUTTON i STEVE VAN DYCK. "A new dasyurid marsupial from eastern Queensland, Australia: the Buff-footed Antechinus, Antechinus mysticus sp. nov. (Marsupialia: Dasyuridae)". Zootaxa 3515, nr 1 (12.10.2012): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3515.1.1.
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Antechinus mysticus sp. nov. occurs in coastal Australia, ranging from just north of the Queensland (Qld)/New SouthWales (NSW) border to Mackay (mid-east Qld), and is sympatric with A. flavipes (Waterhouse) and A. subtropicus VanDyck & Crowther in south-east Qld. The new species can be distinguished in the field, having paler feet and tail base thanA. flavipes and a greyish head that merges to buff-yellow on the rump and flanks, compared with the more uniform brownhead and body of A. subtropicus and A. stuartii Macleay. Features of the dentary can also be used for identification: A.mysticus differs from A. flavipes in having smaller molar teeth, from A. subtropicus in having a larger gap between frontand rear palatal vacuities, and from A. stuartii in having a generally broader snout. Here, we present a morphologicalanalysis of the new species in comparison with every member of the genus, including a discussion of genetic structure andbroader evolutionary trends, as well as an identification key to species based on dental characters. It seems likely that theknown geographic range of A. mysticus will expand as taxonomic focus on the genus is concentrated in south-east Queensland and north-east New South Wales.
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McDonald, M. W., i B. R. Maslin. "Taxonomic revision of the Salwoods: Acacia aulacocarpa Cunn. ex Benth. and its allies (Leguminosae: Mimosoideae: section Juliflorae)". Australian Systematic Botany 13, nr 1 (2000): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb98031.
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A taxonomic revision of Acacia aulacocarpa Cunn. exBenth. and its seven close relatives is presented. These species comprise theA. aulacocarpa group in the AcaciaMill. section Juliflorae and occur naturally in eastern and northernAustralia, New Guinea and Wetar, eastern Indonesia. In the past, the nameA. aulacocarpa has been widely misapplied. This speciesis relatively uncommon but has an extensive geographic range extending fromthe Atherton Tableland region in Queensland, south to northern New SouthWales. Acacia aulacocarpa var.fruticosa C.T.White is considered conspecific withA. aulacocarpa. The nameA. lamprocarpa O.Schwarz is reinstated for a northernAustralian taxon that extends from western Queensland through NorthernTerritory to the Kimberley region of Western Australia. Five new taxa aredescribed from A. aulacocarpa sens. lat., namelyA. celsa Tindale (Queensland),A. disparrima subsp. disparrimaM.W.McDonald & Maslin (northern New South Wales and Queensland),A. disparrima subsp. calidestrisM.W.McDonald & Maslin (Queensland), A. midgleyiM.W.McDonald & Maslin (Queensland) andA. peregrina M.W.McDonald & Maslin (New Guinea).A full description is provided for A. crassicarpa Cunn.ex Benth. Mainly on the basis of their mode of pod dehiscence, two subgroupswithin the A. aulacocarpa group are defined:A. aulacocarpa, A. celsa andA. disparrima comprise theA. aulacocarpa subgroup and have pods that dehisce alongthe dorsal suture; and A. crassicarpa,A. lamprocarpa, A. midgleyi,A. peregrina and A. wetarensiscomprise the A. crassicarpa subgroup and have pods thatdehisce along the ventral suture. All species in the group, including theIndonesian species A. wetarensis, are illustrated and akey to the taxa is provided. Acacia celsa,A. crassicarpa, A. peregrina andA. midgleyi have considerable potential for wood production in tropical plantation forestry.
Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "New SouthWales"
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Beder, Sharon Science & Technology Studies (STS) UNSW. "From pipe dreams to tunnel vision : engineering decision-making and Sydney's sewerage system". Awarded by:University of New South Wales. Science and Technology Studies (STS), 1989. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/20621.
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The broad theme of this thesis is engineering decision-making. The various factors that shape technological development are investigated using the development of Sydney's sewerage system as a case study. The thesis focuses on various key decisions, past and present, including the choice of water-carriage technology for sewage collection, the selection of sewage treatment technologies, and on-going preference of engineers and bureaucrats for ocean disposal. Also covered are the legislative and regulatory mechanisms, the policies of the Sydney Water Board with regard to industrial waste disposal and the relationship between the Board and the public. A study was made of historical documents, engineering reports and papers, parliamentary debates, annual reports, minutes, newspaper reports and secondary sources and personal interviews were conducted. Various bodies of literature were referred to and used, including the books and articles on the history and sociology of engineers, the politics of expertise and public participation and the emerging discipline of science and technology studies. It is concluded that the development of Sydney's sewerage system has been shaped by social, political and economic factors and that engineers have played a pivotal role in the decisions made through their deliberate shaping of knowledge and the performance of predictions they have made for various options. The decisions made in this way have been defended against public opinion and public participation in the decision-making process has been kept to a minimum. This thesis supports the argument that technology is socially constructed, that the technical cannot be separated from the social, and that an interactive model of technological development is more appropriate than a linear, causal one. It shows that the role of power in the shaping of technology is crucial, and in particular the alliance of state and professional power that occurs in the shaping of public sector technology.
Książki na temat "New SouthWales"
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Neal, David. The rule of law in a penal colony: Law and power in early New SouthWales. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991.
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Forrest, Peter R. H. Speculation and experience: The new metaphysics : an inaugural public lecture delivered in Armidale, New SouthWales on 9th November, 1987. Armidale: University of New England, 1987.
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Education and care of youth: Papers from the National Education Conference marking the centenary of the Christian Brothers in New SouthWales. Sydney: Christian Brothers Province Resource Group, 1987.
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Art Gallery of New South Wales., red. Australian paintings from the Joseph Brown Collection: [catalogue of an exhibition] 4 May-18 June 1989 [held at the] Art Gallery of New SouthWales. [Sydney]: Art Gallery of New South Wales, 1989.
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Adcock, Will. Shamanism: Guide for Life (New Life Library (Southwater)). Southwater Publishing, 2000.
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Wright, Laura. Sunnyside. British Academy, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5871/bacad/9780197266557.001.0001.
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This book traces developments in the history of British house-names from the tenth century, beginning with medieval house-naming practices referencing the householder’s name, the householder’s occupation, and the appearance of the house. In the early fourteenth century heraldic names appeared on commercial premises: tavern names such as la Worm on the Hope, and shop names such as the Golden Tea Kettle & Speaking Trumpet. From the eighteenth century five main categories are identified: the transferred place-name, the nostalgically rural, the commemorative, names associated with the nobility, and the latest fashion or fad. From the nineteenth century new developments are ‘pick & mix’ names consisting of uncoupled elements from British place-names joined together in new combinations, and jocular house-names. Historically, the house-name Sunnyside predominates in Scotland, and is traced through Middle English, Medieval Latin, Anglo-Norman French Scottish Gaelic, and the influence of Old Norse, recording a prehistoric Nordic land-division practice known as solskifte. It was spread southwards in the eighteenth century by Nonconformists, and became a Quaker shibboleth. Quakers took the name to North America where it remains in use as a church name. A specific historic Sunnyside in the Scottish Borders influenced author Washington Irving to name his famous New York Sunnyside, which boosted the name’s popularity. London Sunnysides of the 1870s were grand suburban residences owned by rich industrialist Nonconformists with Scottish family ties, confirming the trend.
Części książek na temat "New SouthWales"
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Klose, C. "200 years coal mining in New SouthWales (Australia), the elasto-static behavior of the continental crust, and the 1989 M5.6 Newcastle earthquake". W Eurock 2006: Multiphysics Coupling and Long Term Behaviour in Rock Mechanics, 321–24. Taylor & Francis, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781439833469.ch45.
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Gan, Wendy. "Southwards and Outwards: Representing Chineseness in New Locations in Hong Kong Films". W China Abroad, 105–20. Hong Kong University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.5790/hongkong/9789622099456.003.0006.
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Blackmore, R. D. "Chapter LXII: The King must not be prayed for". W Lorna Doone. Oxford University Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/owc/9780199537594.003.0064.
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ALL our neighbourhood was surprised, that the Doones had not ere now attacked, and probably made an end of us. For we lay almost at their mercy now, having only Serjeant Bloxham, and three men, to protect us, Captain Stickles having been ordered southwards with...
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Barker, Graeme. "Rice and Forest Farming in East and South-East Asia". W The Agricultural Revolution in Prehistory. Oxford University Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199281091.003.0011.
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East and South-East Asia is a vast and diverse region (Fig. 6.1). The northern boundary can be taken as approximately 45 degrees latitude, from the Gobi desert on the west across Manchuria to the northern shores of Hokkaido, the main island of northern Japan. The southern boundary is over 6,000 kilometres away: the chain of islands from Java to New Guinea, approximately 10 degrees south of the Equator. From west to east across South-East Asia, from the western tip of Sumatra at 95 degrees longitude to the eastern end of New Guinea at 150 degrees longitude, is also some 6,000 kilometres. Transitions to farming within this huge area are discussed in this chapter in the context of four major sub-regions: China; the Korean peninsula and Japan; mainland South-East Asia (Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, Thailand, the Malay peninsula); and island South-East Asia (principally Taiwan, the Philippines, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Sulawesi, and New Guinea). The chapter also discusses the development of agricultural systems across the Pacific islands to the east, both in island Melanesia (the Bismarck Archipelago and the Solomon Islands east of New Guinea) and in what Pacific archaeologists are terming ‘Remote Oceania’, the islands dotted across the central Pacific as far as Hawaii 6,000 kilometres east of Taiwan and Easter Island some 9,000 kilometres east of New Guinea—a region as big as East Asia and South-East Asia put together. The phytogeographic zones of China reflect the gradual transition from boreal to temperate to tropical conditions, as temperatures and rainfall increase moving southwards (Shi et al., 1993; Fig. 6.2 upper map): coniferous forest in the far north; mixed coniferous and deciduous forest in north-east China (Manchuria) extending into Korea; temperate deciduous and broadleaved forest in the middle and lower valley of the Huanghe (or Yellow) River and the Huai River to the south; sub-tropical evergreen broad-leaved forest in the middle and lower valley of the Yangzi (Yangtze) River; and tropical monsoonal rainforest on the southern coasts, which then extends southwards across mainland and island South-East Asia. Climate and vegetation also differ with altitude and distance from the coast.
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Hutchison, Charles S. "The Geological Framework". W The Physical Geography of Southeast Asia. Oxford University Press, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199248025.003.0011.
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This chapter outlines the principal geological features of the region, extending from Myanmar and Taiwan in the north, southwards to include all the ASEAN countries, and extending as far as northern Australia. The present-day lithospheric plates and plate margins are described, and the Cenozoic evolution of the region discussed. Within a general framework of convergent plate tectonics, Southeast Asia is also characterized by important extensional tectonics, resulting in the world’s greatest concentration of deep-water marginal basins and Cenozoic sedimentary basins, which have become the focus of the petroleum industry. The pre-Cenozoic geology is too complex for an adequate analysis in this chapter and the reader is referred to Hutchison (1989) for further details. A chronological account summarizing the major geological changes in Southeast Asia is given in Figure 1.2. The main geographical features of the region were established in the Triassic, when the large lithospheric plate of Sinoburmalaya (also known as Sibumasu), which had earlier rifted from the Australian part of Gondwanaland, and collided with and became sutured onto South China and Indochina, together named Cathaysia. The result was a great mountain-building event known as the Indosinian orogeny. Major granites were emplaced during this orogeny, with which the tin and tungsten mineral deposits were genetically related. The orogeny resulted in general uplift and the formation of major new landmasses, which have predominantly persisted as the present-day regional physical geography of Southeast Asia. The Indo-Australian Plate is converging at an average rate of 70 mm a−1 in a 003° direction, pushed from the active South Indian Ocean spreading axis. For the most part it is composed of the Indian Ocean, formed of oceanic sea-floor basalt overlain by deep water. It forms a convergent plate margin with the continental Eurasian Plate, beneath which it subducts at the Sunda or Java Trench. The Eurasian continental plate protrudes as a peninsular extension (Sundaland) southwards as far as Singapore, continuing beneath the shallow Straits of Malacca and the Sunda Shelf as the island of Sumatra and the northwestern part of Borneo.
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Barker, Graeme. "Weed, Tuber, and Maize Farming in the Americas". W The Agricultural Revolution in Prehistory. Oxford University Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199281091.003.0012.
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The American continent extends over 12,000 kilometres from Alaska to Cape Horn, and encompasses an enormous variety of environments from arctic to tropical. For the purposes of this discussion, such a huge variety has to be simplified into a few major geographical units within the three regions of North, Central, and South America (Fig. 7.1). Large tracts of Alaska and modern Canada north of the 58th parallel consist of tundra, which extends further south down the eastern coast of Labrador. To the south, boreal coniferous forests stretch eastwards from Lake Winnipeg and the Red River past the Great Lakes to the Atlantic, and westwards from the slopes of the Rockies to the Pacific. The vast prairies in between extend southwards through the central United States between the Mississippi valley and the Rockies, becoming less forested and more open as aridity increases further south. South of the Great Lakes the Appalachian mountains dominate the eastern United States, making a temperate landscape of parallel ranges and fertile valleys, with sub-tropical environments developing in the south-east. The two together are commonly referred to as the ‘eastern Woodlands’ in the archaeological literature. On the Pacific side are more mountain ranges such as the Sierra Nevada, separated from the Rockies by arid basins including the infamous Death Valley. These drylands extend southwards into the northern part of Central America, to what is now northern Mexico, a region of pronounced winter and summer seasonality in temperature, with dryland geology and geomorphology and xerophytic vegetation. The highlands of Central America, from Mexico to Nicaragua, are cool tropical environments with mixed deciduous and coniferous forests. The latter develop into oak-laurel-myrtle rainforest further south in Costa Rica and Panama. The lowlands on either side sustain a variety of tropical vegetation adapted to high temperatures and frost-free climates, including rainforest, deciduous woodland, savannah, and scrub. South America can be divided into a number of major environmental zones (Pearsall, 1992). The first is the Pacific littoral, which changes dramatically from tropical forest in Colombia and Ecuador to desert from northern Peru to central Chile. This coastal plain is transected by rivers flowing from the Andes, and in places patches of seasonal vegetation (lomas) are able to survive in rainless desert sustained by sea fog.
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KRAPIVINA, V. V. "Olbia and the Barbarians from the First to the Fourth Century ad". W Classical Olbia and the Scythian World. British Academy, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.5871/bacad/9780197264041.003.0012.
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This chapter examines Olbia during the first century to the fourth century AD. In the middle of the first century BC, Olbia was attacked by the Geto-Dacians of Burebista. Those inhabitants who survived the attacked fled from Olbia, causing the life at the city to come to an end for several decades. The Olbiopolitans were assumed to have taken refuge in other Greek communities and friendly barbarian areas. One of the places of refuge for the fleeing Greeks was the lower Dneiper with its Hellenized population. By the end of the first century BC, Olbia saw the resettlements. The Greeks returned to their old location, a process catalyzed by political change in the region and by the new unity among the citizens of Olbia. In 44 BC after the death of Burebista, his regime in Olbia collapsed and from 29 BC, the Romans pacified the Geta-Dacians who continually posed threats in the neighbouring communities. Meanwhile the settlements in the lower Dnieper were under pressure from the Samartians who were moving westwards. This movement caused Olbia and its immediate environs to be vacated once again by the Greeks who were avoiding the pressure by moving southwards. The city was established once again in the latter centuries wherein the renewal of the Olbia city was facilitated by Greeks and Hellenized Scythians.
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Abulafia, David. "The View through the Russian Prism, 1760–1805". W The Great Sea. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195323344.003.0040.
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The increasing debility of the Ottoman Empire brought the Mediterranean to the attention of the Russian tsars. From the end of the seventeenth century Russian power spread southwards towards the Sea of Azov and the Caucasus. Peter the Great sliced away at the Persian empire, and the Ottomans, who ruled the Crimea, felt threatened. For the moment, the Russians were distracted by conflict with the Swedes for dominion over the Baltic, but Peter sought free access to the Black Sea as well. These schemes had the flavour of the old Russia Peter had sought to reform, just as much as they had the flavour of the new technocratic Russia he had sought to create. The idea that the tsar was the religious and even political heir to the Byzantine emperor – that Muscovy was the ‘Third Rome’ – had not been swept aside when Peter established his new capital on the Baltic, at St Petersburg. Equally, the Russians could now boast hundreds of vessels capable of challenging Turkish pretensions in the Black Sea, even if they were far from capable of mounting a full naval war, and the ships themselves were badly constructed, notwithstanding Peter the Great’s famous journey to inspect the shipyards of western Europe, under the alias Pyotr Mikhailovich. In sum, this was a fleet that was ‘poor in discipline, training, and morale, unskilful in manoeuvre, and badly administered and equipped’; a contemporary remarked that ‘nothing has been under worse management than the Russian navy’, for the imperial naval stores had run out of hemp, tar and nails. The Russians began to hire Scottish admirals in an attempt to create a modern command structure, and they turned to Britain for naval stores; this relationship was further bolstered by the intense trading relationship between Britain and Russia, which had continued to flourish throughout the eighteenth century while England’s Levant trade withered: in the last third of the eighteenth century a maximum of twenty-seven British ships sailed to the Levant in any one year, while as many as 700 headed for Russia.
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McMichael, Anthony. "Eurasian Bronze Age: Unsettled Climatic Times". W Climate Change and the Health of Nations. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190262952.003.0011.
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The Story Now Moves beyond the mid- Holocene. By around 4000 B.C.E., viable agrarian settlements had appeared in many parts of the world. Not only could larger populations be supported, but surplus food produced by toiling farmers enabled the differentiation of labour and social status. Settlements expanded, made trading connections, and formed larger collective polities. Hierarchical authority and power began to replace horizontal flows of local information and decision- making. The vagaries of climate, however, lurked on the horizon. Agrarian societies, with their increasing dependence on harvest staples, were painting themselves into a corner. Also, as populations grew and settlements coalesced, mutant strains of animal- hosted microbes that made a successful crossing from livestock or urban pests to humans took advantage of larger, intermingling host populations. A few of these adventurers, such as the measles virus, not only initiated new epidemics but continued circulating, between outbreaks, as endemic “crowd diseases.” Measles, a microbial success story, is still with us today. The advent of property, food stores, and occupied land in nearby populations stimulated both war and conquest, each having diverse, debilitating, and often bloody consequences for health and survival. Climatic conditions in Sumer, sitting at the meteorological crossroads of the Middle East, began changing about 3600 B.C.E., one- third of the way into the fourth millennium B.C.E. . There was a general cooling and drying in the northern hemisphere as the first phase of the Holocene Climatic Optimum waned and as the Icelandic Low and Siberian (Asiatic) High circulations intensified, funnelling colder air southwards. Rainfall declined in southern Mesopotamia, compounded by a southerly drift of the rain- bearing Inter- Tropical Convergence Zone and the regional monsoon. Further west, the Sahara was changing from green to brown, and Egyptian agriculture was faltering. As rainfall declined and arrived later in the year, farming became more difficult; farmers now needed to make a year- round effort, with double- cropping and shorter fallow periods. By extending their irrigation systems, the Sumerians compounded another problem: several centuries of overirrigation and deforestation had already begun to turn the soil saline.
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Kendall, Ann. "Applied Archaeology in the Andes: The Contribution of Pre-Hispanic Agricultural Terracing to Environmental and Rural Development Strategies". W Humans and the Environment. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199590292.003.0018.
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Patterns of civilization in the Central Andes can be seen to have fluctuated over the last 5,000 years in relation to climate changes. Starting with the first American civilization at Caral, on the Peruvian coast, other impressive coastal centres and cultural areas followed and subsequently the highland cultural areas and civilizations took over in what now seems to have been at least partly a response to periods of climate changes. While the early coastal environment offered economic advantages of maritime resources and made it easy to adapt and benefit from the early arrival of imported cultigens, greater effort was required to develop agriculture from wild local species at high altitudes in rugged terrains. However, by the first millennium BC, following adverse effects of droughts in coastal areas, the highland religious centre at Chavin de Huantar developed an influential impact in the Early Horizon Period (c.500–c.200 BC), expanding through trade networks to adjacent regions and southwards towards Paracas on the southern coast. Following the centre’s demise around 200 BC (due to the increasing impoverishment of the highland environment) impetus returned to a new surge of coastal developments, notably the emergence of the Mochica and Nazca cultures on the northern and southern coasts respectively, and at Pucara in the altiplano. Here Rowe’s chronological system of Intermediate Periods characterized by regional states and Horizon Periods characterized by broader dominating cultures can be seen to be influenced by the swings of past climate. Temperature and precipitation have been shown to be prime influences underlying the sustainability of cultural developments, driven by agricultural developments, at key centres of Andean power (Kendall and Rodríguez 2009),. Early economic and cultural developments centred on Lake Titicaca in the southern altiplano were supported by agricultural systems, including cocha (ponds) networks developed for specialized cultivation (Flores Ochoa and Paz 1986) and camellones or wayru wayru (raised fields) around wetland shores (Erickson 1985).
Streszczenia konferencji na temat "New SouthWales"
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Chen, Z., i Eamon Sheehan. "West Sole Pipeline Stabilisation". W ASME 2005 24th International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2005-67472.
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The BP West Sole gas field is located in Block 48/6 in the UK sector of the southern North Sea, about 70 km off the Holderness coast. Production from the gas field is exported to a shore terminal at Easington by two pipelines. Both pipelines were trenched at installation. Pipeline surveys over the last few years show that both pipelines are substantially exposed at the shore approach and inshore sections. This has occurred in part due to the retreat of the cliffs in Easington and subsequent lowering of the sea bed level and also the migration of sand from around the pipelines leaving them largely unburied and sitting on the local clay abrasion platform. It has been concluded that both pipelines require stabilisation sooner rather than later to reduce the risk of pipeline failure. Pipeline stabilisation options need to take account of the environment in which they have been placed. Easington is at a critical position along the Holderness coast. All net sediment transport from the Holderness coastline passes through this section. Any interruption to this movement could result in a change to the adjacent coast. Maintenance of the sediment budget is important to a wider area of the East coast of England. Stabilisation options must not reduce the net amount of sediment moving southwards past Dimlington and must not result in any long term negative impact on the coastal evolution. This paper outlines consultancy required and problems process regarding the geomorphological issues in getting acceptance from government and non-government bodies. A methodology has been developed that allows quantification of impacts of different options on the sediment budget and on the long-term coastal evolution (see also Chen et al 1998, 2001 and 2002). Application of this method aimed at providing understanding and information which is considered to be important in the process of selecting an optimal solution for the pipeline stabilisation in such an environmental sensitive coast.