Gotowe bibliografie tematyczne / Neutral clusters

Gotowa bibliografia na temat „Neutral clusters”

Autor: Grafiati
Data publikacji: 4 czerwca 2021
Data aktualizacji: 20 lutego 2023

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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Neutral clusters"

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Tuyet, Nguyen Thi Ngoc. "NEUTRAL AND CATIONIC TITANIUM-DOPED SILICON CLUSTERS: GROWTH MECHANISM AND STABILIT". Vietnam Journal of Science and Technology 55, nr 6A (23.04.2018): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/2525-2518/55/6a/12368.

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We report ab-initio study on neutral and cationic titanium-doped silicon clusters TiSin0/+ (n = 1-10). The growth patterns for both neutral and charged clusters are revealed. The neutral TiSin clusters follow a consistent rule of addition: the larger TiSin cluster is built up by adding a Si atom on the smaller TiSin-1 cluster. However, the Ti atom prefers to substitute at a high-coordination position to form the cationic clusters. The neutral TiSin clusters is more stable than the pure Sin+1 clusters while the cationic TiSin+ is less stable than the pure ones. Both neutral and cationic clusters tend to loss Si atom rather than Ti atoms.
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Ortega, I. K., T. Olenius, O. Kupiainen-Määttä, V. Loukonen, T. Kurtén i H. Vehkamäki. "Electrical charging changes the composition of sulfuric acid–ammonia/dimethylamine clusters". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 14, nr 15 (12.08.2014): 7995–8007. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-7995-2014.

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Abstract. Sulfuric acid clusters stabilized by base molecules are likely to have a significant role in atmospheric new-particle formation. Recent advances in mass spectrometry techniques have permitted the detection of electrically charged clusters. However, direct measurement of electrically neutral clusters is not possible. Mass spectrometry instruments can be combined with a charger, but the possible effect of charging on the composition of neutral clusters must be addressed in order to interpret and understand the measured data. In the present work we have used formation free energies from quantum chemical methods to calculate the evaporation rates of electrically charged (both positive and negative) sulfuric acid–ammonia/dimethylamine clusters. To understand how charging will affect the composition of electrically neutral clusters, we have compared the evaporation rates of the most stable neutral clusters with those of the corresponding charged clusters. Based on the evaporation rates of different molecules from the charged clusters, we determined the most likely resulting cluster composition when a stable neutral cluster is charged and the molecules with the highest evaporation rates are lost from it. We found that all of the most stable neutral clusters will be altered by both positive and negative charging. In the case of charging clusters negatively, base molecules will completely evaporate from clusters with 1 to 3 sulfuric acid molecules in the case of ammonia, and from clusters with 1 or 2 sulfuric acid molecules in the case of dimethylamine. Larger clusters will maintain some base molecules, but the H2SO4 : base ratio will increase. In the case of positive charging, some of the acid molecules will evaporate, decreasing the H2SO4 : base ratio.
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Suvitha, Ambigapathy, i Natarajan Sathiyamoorthy Venkataramanan. "DFT calculations on polarizabilities and hyperpolarizabilities for the neutral and anionic yttrium oxide clusters". Journal of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry 14, nr 07 (listopad 2015): 1550049. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219633615500492.

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The electronic properties, polarizabilities, first and second hyperpolarizabilities of YOn clusters of [Formula: see text]–12 were studied using the quantum chemical method. The vertical ionization potential (VIP) values for the anionic clusters increase monotonically with the cluster size. Among the neutral clusters YO3 and YO8 have the least chemical hardness values, where in anionic clusters with size [Formula: see text] possesses the least chemical hardness. Anionic clusters have more electrons attracting tendency than the neutral clusters. The computed static mean polarizability of neutral yttrium oxides has positive values but is close to zero. The incorporation of oxygen atom quenches the polarizability of yttrium. The computed polarizability anisotropy of neutral clusters shows an oscillatory effect both at static and at dynamic conditions. The first hyperpolarizability for many YOn clusters are close to zero. The existence of high symmetry in these clusters reduces the first hyperpolarizability values which was supported by the small dipole moments. The computed [Formula: see text] values for the static neutral and anionic clusters show only a small variation. The decrease in the polarizability and second hyperpolarizability with size can be interpreted in terms of the electronic delocalization and chemical bonding in the clusters.
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Kupiainen, O., I. K. Ortega, T. Kurtén i H. Vehkamäki. "Amine substitution into sulfuric acid – ammonia clusters". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 11, nr 11 (18.11.2011): 30853–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-11-30853-2011.

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Abstract. The substitution of ammonia by dimethylamine in sulfuric acid – ammonia – dimethylamine clusters was studied using a collision and evaporation dynamics model. Quantum chemical formation free energies were computed using B3LYP/CBSB7 for geometries and frequencies and RI-CC2/aug-cc-pV(T+d)Z for electronic energies. We first demonstrate the good performance of our method by a comparison with an experimental study investigating base substitution in positively charged clusters, and then continue by simulating base exchange in neutral clusters, which cannot be measured directly. Collisions of a dimethylamine molecule with an ammonia containing positively charged cluster result in the instantaneous evaporation of an ammonia molecule, while the dimethylamine molecule remains in the cluster. According to our simulations, a similar base exchange can take place in neutral clusters, although the overall process is more complicated. Neutral sulfuric acid – ammonia clusters are significantly less stable than their positively charged counterparts, resulting in a competition between cluster evaporation and base exchange.
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Kupiainen, O., I. K. Ortega, T. Kurtén i H. Vehkamäki. "Amine substitution into sulfuric acid – ammonia clusters". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 12, nr 8 (16.04.2012): 3591–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-3591-2012.

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Abstract. The substitution of ammonia by dimethylamine in sulfuric acid – ammonia – dimethylamine clusters was studied using a collision and evaporation dynamics model. Quantum chemical formation free energies were computed using B3LYP/CBSB7 for geometries and frequencies and RI-CC2/aug-cc-pV(T+d)Z for electronic energies. We first demonstrate the good performance of our method by a comparison with an experimental study investigating base substitution in positively charged clusters, and then continue by simulating base exchange in neutral clusters, which cannot be measured directly. Collisions of a dimethylamine molecule with an ammonia containing positively charged cluster result in the instantaneous evaporation of an ammonia molecule, while the dimethylamine molecule remains in the cluster. According to our simulations, a similar base exchange can take place in neutral clusters, although the overall process is more complicated. Neutral sulfuric acid – ammonia clusters are significantly less stable than their positively charged counterparts, resulting in a competition between cluster evaporation and base exchange.
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Bréchignac, C., Ph Cahuzac i J. Ph Roux. "Photoionization of potassium clusters: Neutral and ionic cluster stabilities". Journal of Chemical Physics 87, nr 1 (lipiec 1987): 229–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.453621.

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Kontkanen, J., E. Järvinen, H. E. Manninen, K. Lehtipalo, J. Kangasluoma, S. Decesari, G. P. Gobbi, A. Laaksonen, T. Petäjä i M. Kulmala. "High concentrations of sub-3 nm clusters and frequent new particle formation observed in the Po Valley, Italy, during the PEGASOS 2012 campaign". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 15, nr 22 (24.11.2015): 33077–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-15-33077-2015.

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Abstract. The concentrations of neutral and charged sub-3 nm clusters and their connection to new particle formation (NPF) were investigated during the PEGASOS campaign (7 June–9 July 2012) at the San Pietro Capofiume measurement station in the Po Valley, Italy. Continuous high concentrations of sub-3 nm clusters were detected during the measurement period, although the condensation sink was relatively high (median value 1.1 × 10-2 s-1). The median cluster concentrations were 2140 and 7980 cm-3 in the size bins of 1.5–1.8 nm and 1.8–3 nm, and the majority of them were electrically neutral. NPF events were observed during the measurement period frequently, on 86 % of the days. The median growth rates of clusters during the events were 4.3, 6.0 and 7.2 nm h-1 in the size ranges of 1.5–3, 3–7 and 7–20 nm. The median formation rate of 1.6 nm clusters was high, 45 cm-3 s-1, and it exceeded the median formation rate of 2 nm clusters by one order of magnitude. The ion-induced nucleation fraction was low; the median values were 0.7 % at 1.6 nm and 3.0 % at 2 nm. On NPF event days the neutral cluster concentration had a maximum around 9 a.m. (local winter time), which was absent on a non-event day. The increase in the cluster concentrations in the morning coincided with the increase in the boundary layer height. At the same time radiation and temperature increased and RH and condensation sink decreased. The concentration of neutral clusters was observed to have apositive correlation with sulfuric acid proxy, indicating the significance of sulfuric acid for the cluster formation in San Pietro Capofiume. The condensation sink had anegative correlation with the concentration of charged clusters but no clear relation to the neutral cluster concentration. This finding, together with back-trajectory analysis, suggests that the precursor vapors of the clusters and background aerosol particles, acting as their sink, have possibly originated from the same sources, including e.g. power plants and industrial areas in the Po Valley.
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Lehtipalo, K., M. Sipilä, I. Riipinen, T. Nieminen i M. Kulmala. "Analysis of atmospheric neutral and charged molecular clusters in boreal forest using pulse-height CPC". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 9, nr 12 (23.06.2009): 4177–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-4177-2009.

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Abstract. We measured the size distribution of atmospheric neutral and charged clusters and particles down to mobility diameter around 1.5 nm by applying pulse-height CPC technique at SMEAR II station in Hyytiälä, southern Finland during spring 2007 and May 2008. The concentration of molecular clusters smaller than 3 nm seems to be highly variable in boreal forest environment, the concentration varied typically between 500–50 000 cm−3. By comparing to concentrations measured with ion spectrometers, we conclude that ion clusters and neutral clusters produced by ion-ion recombination are usually not sufficient to explain all of the observed clusters; the median fraction of recombination products from all neutral clusters was 4.9%. Before and during most new particle formation events the cluster formation rate rose only slightly, or remained close to stable. Nocturnal formation of clusters was also frequently observed.
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Jokinen, T., M. Sipilä, H. Junninen, M. Ehn, G. Lönn, J. Hakala, T. Petäjä, R. L. Mauldin III, M. Kulmala i D. R. Worsnop. "Atmospheric sulphuric acid and neutral cluster measurements using CI-APi-TOF". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 11, nr 12 (6.12.2011): 31983–2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-11-31983-2011.

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Abstract. The first ambient measurements using nitrate ion based Chemical Ionization with the Atmospheric Pressure interface Time-Of-Flight mass spectrometer (CI-APi-TOF) for sulphuric acid and neutral cluster detection are presented. We have found CI-APi-TOF a highly stable and sensitive tool for molecular sulphuric acid detection. The lowest limit of detection for sulphuric acid was determined to be 3 × 104 molecules cm−3 for two hour averaging. Signals from sulphuric acid clusters up to tetramer accompanied by ammonia were also obtained but these were found to result from naturally charged clusters formed by ion induced clustering in the atmosphere during nucleation. Opposite to earlier studies with cluster mass spectrometers, we had no indication of neutral clusters. The reason is either less efficient charging of clusters in comparison to molecular sulphuric acid, or in low concentration of neutral clusters at our measurement site during these particular nucleation events. We show that utilizing high resolution mass spectrometry is crucial in separating the weak sulfuric acid cluster signal from the other compounds.
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Jokinen, T., M. Sipilä, H. Junninen, M. Ehn, G. Lönn, J. Hakala, T. Petäjä, R. L. Mauldin, M. Kulmala i D. R. Worsnop. "Atmospheric sulphuric acid and neutral cluster measurements using CI-APi-TOF". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 12, nr 9 (9.05.2012): 4117–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-4117-2012.

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Abstract. The first ambient measurements using nitrate ion based Chemical Ionization with the Atmospheric Pressure interface Time-Of-Flight mass spectrometer (CI-APi-TOF) for sulphuric acid and neutral cluster detection are presented. We have found CI-APi-TOF a highly stable and sensitive tool for molecular sulphuric acid detection. The lowest limit of detection for sulphuric acid was determined to be 3.6 × 104 molecules cm−3 for 15 min averaging. Signals from sulphuric acid clusters up to tetramer containing ammonia were also obtained but these were found to result from naturally charged clusters formed by ion induced clustering in the atmosphere during nucleation. Opposite to earlier studies with cluster mass spectrometers, we had no indication of neutral clusters. The reason is either less efficient charging of clusters in comparison to molecular sulphuric acid, or the low concentration of neutral clusters at our measurement site during these particular nucleation events. We show that utilizing high resolution mass spectrometry is crucial in separating the weak sulfuric acid cluster signal from other compounds.
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Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Neutral clusters"

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Bieske, Evan John, i n/a. "The Electronic Spectroscopy of Neutral and Ionic Clusters". Griffith University. School of Science, 1989. http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/public/adt-QGU20051109.112502.

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This thesis is concerned with weakly bound neutral and ionic clusters. Spectra of the region near the S1fS0 electronic origin of four neutral van der Waals molecules - aniline-argon, phenol-argon, chlorobenzene-argon and fluorobenzene-argon - were obtained using resonance enhanced multiphoton ionization (REMPI). These spectra indicate that Fermi resonances between van der Waals stretching and bending motions are important in these molecules. Effective Hamiltonians are constructed that describe well the low frequency vibrations. In order to better discuss the low frequency van der Waals motions of aromatics bound to one and two rare gas atoms a simple model for the vibrations is developed. The model enables expression of van der Waals frequencies in terms of fundamental molecular properties and enables facile comparison of effective force constants in a variety of van der Waals molecules. The model is successfully employed to explain van der Waals vibrational structure associated with the origin region of aniline-(argon)2 using van der Waals potential parameters derived from the aniline-(argon)1 spectrum. REMPI and emission spectra of larger clusters of aniline and argon are also reported and discussed. Using atom-atom potentials, equilibrium structures for aniline-(argon)n (n=l, 2, 3) are calculated. The calculations prove useful in the analysis of the spectra.The BfX transitions of the cation complexes fluorobenzene+-argon and chlorobenzene+-argon have been investigated. The cations were prepared by resonance enhanced multiphoton ionization of the neutral van der Waals molecules. A time delayed tunable dye laser was then used to dissociate the cations, loss of an argon atom being the dominant process. When the second laser was tuned to a cation resonance the dissociation cross section increased markedly, allowing characterization of BfX transition. The resulting spectra are presented and discussed.
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Bieske, Evan John. "The Electronic Spectroscopy of Neutral and Ionic Clusters". Thesis, Griffith University, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/367202.

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This thesis is concerned with weakly bound neutral and ionic clusters. Spectra of the region near the S1fS0 electronic origin of four neutral van der Waals molecules - aniline-argon, phenol-argon, chlorobenzene-argon and fluorobenzene-argon - were obtained using resonance enhanced multiphoton ionization (REMPI). These spectra indicate that Fermi resonances between van der Waals stretching and bending motions are important in these molecules. Effective Hamiltonians are constructed that describe well the low frequency vibrations. In order to better discuss the low frequency van der Waals motions of aromatics bound to one and two rare gas atoms a simple model for the vibrations is developed. The model enables expression of van der Waals frequencies in terms of fundamental molecular properties and enables facile comparison of effective force constants in a variety of van der Waals molecules. The model is successfully employed to explain van der Waals vibrational structure associated with the origin region of aniline-(argon)2 using van der Waals potential parameters derived from the aniline-(argon)1 spectrum. REMPI and emission spectra of larger clusters of aniline and argon are also reported and discussed. Using atom-atom potentials, equilibrium structures for aniline-(argon)n (n=l, 2, 3) are calculated. The calculations prove useful in the analysis of the spectra.The BfX transitions of the cation complexes fluorobenzene+-argon and chlorobenzene+-argon have been investigated. The cations were prepared by resonance enhanced multiphoton ionization of the neutral van der Waals molecules. A time delayed tunable dye laser was then used to dissociate the cations, loss of an argon atom being the dominant process. When the second laser was tuned to a cation resonance the dissociation cross section increased markedly, allowing characterization of BfX transition. The resulting spectra are presented and discussed.
Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School of Science
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Cui, Zhen. "Mechanistic studies of neutral and synthetic metallo-sulfur clusters". Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.251443.

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Pedersen, David B. "The reactivity of gas-phase neutral transition-metal clusters, reactions of W clusters with cyclopropane and Ta clusters with alkanes". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape7/PQDD_0007/NQ38324.pdf.

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Falconer, Travis M. Glish Gary L. "Ion capture in helium droplets formation of cold ion-neutral clusters /". Chapel Hill, N.C. : University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2008. http://dc.lib.unc.edu/u?/etd,1949.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2008.
Title from electronic title page (viewed Dec. 11, 2008). "... in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Chemistry." Discipline: Chemistry; Department/School: Chemistry.
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Bergersen, Henrik. "Free Neutral Clusters and Liquids Studied by Electron Spectroscopy and Lineshape Modeling". Doctoral thesis, Uppsala University, Department of Physics and Materials Science, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-8652.

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The electronic and geometrical structure of free neutral clusters and liquids have been studied using synchrotron-radiation based photoelectron and Auger electron spectroscopy in combination with lineshape modeling. A novel experimental setup has been developed for studies of liquids, based on the liquid microjet technique. Theoretical lineshapes have been computed using both classical (molecular dynamics) and quantum mechanical (mainly density functional theory) methods.

Clusters are finite ensembles of atoms or molecules, ranging in size from a few to several thousand atoms. Apart from being fundamentally interesting, clusters are also promising as building blocks for nano-technology. In this thesis results are presented for rare-gas and molecular clusters, ranging from weakly van-deer-Waals bonded to hydrogen bonded. It is shown that the combination of core-level photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and lineshape modeling can be used to estimate the sizes of clusters. A model for treating the effect of inter-molecular nuclear relaxation upon ionization is proposed. The structure of single-component molecular clusters are investigated by molecular dynamics simulations, validated against XPS data. Finally, the radial structure of a two-component molecular cluster is investigated by XPS.

Liquids have been studied for centuries, but still many questions remain regarding the microscopic properties. With the recent development of the liquid microjet technique, new insight into the atomic structure can be obtained. In this thesis we study aqueous solutions using photoelectron and Auger electron spectroscopy (AES). We investigate the structure of surface active molecules by XPS, study the Auger decay after core-level ionization in aqueous potassium chloride (KCl), and follow the changes in molecular structure of glycine as a function of pH.

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Nagaya, Kiyonobu. "EXAFS-PEPICO Synchronous Measurements for the Size-Selective Structure Analysis of Neutral Free Clusters". 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/148358.

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Kaur, Baljeet. "Theoretical Investigation of the structures and stability of gas phase neutral and cationic TixOy clusters". VCU Scholars Compass, 2010. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/83.

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Theoretical investigation of the structure and stability of neutral and cationic TixOy cluster series (where y =2x-1, 2x, 2x+1) have been performed. The lowest lying structures for the neutral clusters are usually found in the singlet state. Generally, in bulk and in the case of the neutral TixOy clusters, the 2x cluster series is relatively more abundant than the 2x-1 and the 2x+1 cluster series. But in the case of cationic TixOy clusters, the 2x-1 series is more abundant. To understand the origin of the stability of the TixO2x-1+ clusters, we use density functional theory within the NRLMOL set of codes. Different analyzing factors such as ionization potential, TiO2 removal energy, oxygen removal energy, binding energy per atom and HOMO-LUMO gap have been used to examine the relative stability of TixO2x-1+ clusters. After analyzing the above criteria, we find that the ionization potential and HOMO-LUMO gap are more reliable, as the low ionization potential of the 2x-1 series generally implies low HOMO-LUMO gap and suggests that the 2x-1 cluster series more likely prefer to remain as cations. To further confirm this, we examine the density of states of Ti3O5 and Ti3O6 which show a larger HOMO- HOMO-1 gap in case of Ti3O5, indicating that the cluster would like to lose an electron for enhancing electronic stability.
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Vidal-García, A., S. Charlot, G. Bruzual i I. Hubeny. "Modelling ultraviolet-line diagnostics of stars, the ionized and the neutral interstellar medium in star-forming galaxies". OXFORD UNIV PRESS, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/625298.

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We combine state-of-the-art models for the production of stellar radiation and its transfer through the interstellar medium (ISM) to investigate ultraviolet-line diagnostics of stars, the ionized and the neutral ISM in star-forming galaxies. We start by assessing the reliability of our stellar population synthesis modelling by fitting absorption-line indices in the ISM-free ultraviolet spectra of 10 Large Magellanic Cloud clusters. In doing so, we find that neglecting stochastic sampling of the stellar initial mass function in these young (similar to 10-100 Myr), low-mass clusters affects negligibly ultraviolet-based age and metallicity estimates but can lead to significant overestimates of stellar mass. Then, we proceed and develop a simple approach, based on an idealized description of the main features of the ISM, to compute in a physically consistent way the combined influence of nebular emission and interstellar absorption on ultraviolet spectra of star-forming galaxies. Our model accounts for the transfer of radiation through the ionized interiors and outer neutral envelopes of short-lived stellar birth clouds, as well as for radiative transfer through a diffuse intercloud medium. We use this approach to explore the entangled signatures of stars, the ionized and the neutral ISM in ultraviolet spectra of star-forming galaxies. We find that, aside from a few notable exceptions, most standard ultraviolet indices defined in the spectra of ISM-free stellar populations are prone to significant contamination by the ISM, which increases with metallicity. We also identify several nebular-emission and interstellar-absorption features, which stand out as particularly clean tracers of the different phases of the ISM.
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Al-Mubarak, Ala'a Sami Khalaf. "IR laser induced photodissociation of neutral cluster". Thesis, University of Sussex, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.682732.

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Książki na temat "Neutral clusters"

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Pittner, Jiří. Ab initio study of optical properties of neutral and charged pure and mixed alkali metal clusters. Berlin: VMF Verlag für Wissenschaft und Forschung, 1997.

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Kazaryan, M. A., Li Hunda i I. V. Shamanin. Electroinduced Drift of Neutral Charge Clusters in Salt Solutions. Taylor & Francis Group, 2020.

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Kazaryan, M. A., Li Hunda i I. V. Shamanin. Electroinduced Drift of Neutral Charge Clusters in Salt Solutions. Taylor & Francis Group, 2020.

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Electroinduced Drift of Neutral Charge Clusters in Salt Solutions. Taylor & Francis Group, 2020.

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Kazaryan, M. A., Li Hunda i I. V. Shamanin. Electroinduced Drift of Neutral Charge Clusters in Salt Solutions. Taylor & Francis Group, 2020.

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Kazaryan, M. A., Li Hunda i I. V. Shamanin. Electroinduced Drift of Neutral Charge Clusters in Salt Solutions. Taylor & Francis Group, 2020.

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Kazaryan, M. A., Li Hunda i I. V. Shamanin. Electroinduced Drift of Neutral Charge Clusters in Salt Solutions. CRC Press LLC, 2022.

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Friedländer, Saul. The Holocaust. Redaktor Martin Goodman. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199280322.013.0017.

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Notwithstanding almost six decades of scholarship and a fast-swelling stream of publications, the historiography of the Holocaust still remains divided in its initial and traditional clusters: the history of the perpetrators, that of the bystanders, and that of the victims. Most of the historical publications about the Holocaust deal with the perpetrators (the Germans and their collaborators) and their anti-Jewish policies and measures in the Reich and throughout occupied Europe. The history of Nazi policies and measures often tends to be considered as equivalent to the history of the Holocaust as such. The second cluster of monographs examines the attitudes and initiatives of the bystanders, of local authorities in occupied countries, of the European populations, the churches, the neutral countries, and the Allies. The third historiographical cluster deals with the life and death of the victims.
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T, Stocke John, Penton Steve i United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., red. Intergalactic hydrogen clouds at low redshift: Connections to voids and dwarf galaxies. [Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1996.

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New Research on Astrophysics, Neutron Stars And Galaxy Clusters. Nova Science Publishers, 2006.

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Części książek na temat "Neutral clusters"

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Riley, S. J. "Chemistry with Neutral Metal Clusters". W Springer Series in Chemical Physics, 221–40. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-84985-5_9.

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Abshagen, M., J. Kowalski, M. Meyberg, G. zu Putlitz, J. Slaby i F. Träger. "Neutral mass-selected lead cluster beams". W Small Particles and Inorganic Clusters, 199–201. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-76178-2_48.

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Vostrikov, A. A., i D. Yu Dubov. "Surface induced ionization of neutral water clusters". W Small Particles and Inorganic Clusters, 511–13. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-76178-2_121.

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Scheier, P., B. Schiestl, M. Lezius, M. Foltin, M. Kolibiar i T. D. Märk. "Xe+-ion capture by neutral Ar and Ne clusters". W Atomic and Nuclear Clusters, 180–82. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-79696-8_39.

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Raghavachari, Krishnan, i J. Stephen Binkley. "Fragmentation of Neutral and Ionic Carbon Clusters". W Physics and Chemistry of Small Clusters, 317–22. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-0357-3_46.

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Bucher, J. P., D. C. Douglass, P. Xia, B. Haynes i L. A. Bloomfield. "Magnetic deflection of neutral metal clusters in a beam". W Small Particles and Inorganic Clusters, 251–54. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-76178-2_61.

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Kakar, S., O. Björneholm, J. O. Löfken, F. Federmann, A. V. Soldatov i T. Möller. "Size-dependent core-level spectroscopy of free neutral clusters". W Small Particles and Inorganic Clusters, 84–87. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-60854-4_21.

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Matt, S., O. Echt, T. Rauth, B. Dünser, M. Lezius, A. Stamatovic, P. Scheier i T. D. Märk. "Electron impact ionization and dissociation of neutral and charged fullerenes". W Small Particles and Inorganic Clusters, 389–94. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-60854-4_91.

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Anagnostatos, G. S. "Small clusters made up of three kinds of neutral alkali atoms". W Small Particles and Inorganic Clusters, 125–27. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-76178-2_28.

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Rademann, K., B. Kaiser, T. Rech i F. Hensel. "Vacuum-UV photoemission-photoion coincidence spectroscopy of neutral metal atom clusters". W Small Particles and Inorganic Clusters, 431–34. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-74913-1_97.

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Streszczenia konferencji na temat "Neutral clusters"

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Kennedy, Richard, Chung-Yi Kung, Stephen C. Foster i Terry A. Miller. "Ionic clusters". W International Laser Science Conference. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ils.1986.jfc3.

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Details of recent experiments involving charged clusters are described. In one experiment these clusters are prepared in a supersonic expansion and their laser-induced fluorescence spectra recorded. The clusters consist of a charged chromophore and neutral species bound to it. Results obtained include spectral shifts, cluster vibrational progressions, and resulting potential surfaces.
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Kennedy, Richard, Chung-Yi Kung, Stephen Foster i Terry A. Miller. "Ionic clusters". W OSA Annual Meeting. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oam.1986.fc3.

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Details of recent experiments involving charged clusters are described. In one experiment these clusters are prepared in a supersonic expansion and their laser-induced fluorescence spectra recorded. The clusters consist of a charged Chromophore and neutral species bound to it. Results obtained include spectral shifts, cluster vibrational progressions, and resulting potential surfaces.
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Totsuji, Hiroo. "Structure and madelung energy of Coulomb clusters". W NON-NEUTRAL PLASMA PHYSICS IV: Workshop on Non-Neutral Plasmas. AIP, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1454282.

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Liu, Y., Q. Zhang, S. C. O’Brien, J. R. Heath, R. F. Curl, Frank K. Tittel i R. E. Smalley. "Photodetachment and photodissociation studies of semiconductor cluster ions". W International Laser Science Conference. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ils.1986.jfc5.

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We have recently developed an ion source which is capable of producing both positive and negative semiconductor cluster ions cooled by supersonic expansion. Ions of a particular mass are selected and studied by laser photodetachment and photodissociation followed by time-of-flight mass analysis. The electron affinities (EA) of several semiconductor clusters have been measured by photodetachment threshold measurements on their negative ions. For GaAs clusters, an even/odd size alternation in EA is observed as in the ionization potentials of the neutrals, supporting the suggestion that the neutral even clusters have fully paired singlet ground states with no dangling bonds.1,2 Photodissociation studies reveal that negative silicon and germanium cluster ions fragment predominantly into 6–11 atom size clusters with 6–10 being the favorite fragmentation daughters.
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Liu, V., Q. Zhang, S. C. O'Brien, J. R. Heath, R. F. Curl, Frank K. Tittel i R. E. Smalley. "Photodetachment and photodissociation studies of semiconductor cluster ions". W OSA Annual Meeting. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oam.1986.fc5.

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We have recently developed an ion source which is capable of producing both positive and negative semiconductor cluster ions cooled by supersonic expansion. Ions of a particular mass are selected and studied by laser photodetachment and photodissociation followed by time-of-flight mass analysis. The electron affinities (EA) of several semiconductor clusters have been measured by photodetachment threshold measurements on their negative ions. For GaAs clusters, an even/odd size alternation in EA is observed as in the ionization potentials of the neutrals, supporting the suggestion that the neutral even clusters have fully paired singlet ground states with no dangling bonds.1,2 Photodissociation studies reveal that negative silicon and germanium cluster ions fragment predominantly into 6-11 atom size clusters with 6-10 being the favorite fragmentation daughters.
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Totsuji, Hiroo, Takafumi Ogawa, Chieko Totsuji i Kenji Tsuruta. "Structure and thermodynamics of spherical Yukawa and Coulomb clusters". W NON-NEUTRAL PLASMA PHYSICS VI: Workshop on Non-Neutral Plasmas 2006. AIP, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2387928.

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Ogawa, Takafumi, Hiroo Totsuji, Chieko Totsuji i Kenji Tsuruta. "Dynamics of melting of spherical Yukawa and Coulomb clusters". W NON-NEUTRAL PLASMA PHYSICS VI: Workshop on Non-Neutral Plasmas 2006. AIP, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2387929.

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Schweikhard, L. "Simultaneous Trapping of Electrons and Anionic Clusters in a Penning Trap". W NON-NEUTRAL PLASMA PHYSICS V: Workshop on Non-Neutral Plasmas. AIP, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1635176.

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Buck, U. "Spectroscopy of size selected neutral clusters". W Thirteenth International conference on atomic physics (ICAP-13). AIP, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.43769.

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Rotteger, Chase, Scott Sayres i Shaun Sutton. "STABILITY OF NEUTRAL MANGANESE OXIDE CLUSTERS". W 2022 International Symposium on Molecular Spectroscopy. Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.15278/isms.2022.tm07.

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Raporty organizacyjne na temat "Neutral clusters"

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Bae, Young K., i Philip C. Cosby. Ionic Solid Hydrogen Fuel: Production and Properties of Hydrogen ion and Energetic Neutral Clusters. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, wrzesień 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada227683.

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Elliot R. Bernsteinq. Interactions of Neutral Vanadium Oxide & Titanium Oxide Clusters with Sufur Dioxides, Nitrogen Oxides and Water. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), sierpień 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/890716.

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Weiller, B. H., P. S. Bechthold, E. K. Parks, L. G. Pobo i S. J. Riley. The reactions of neutral iron clusters with D/sub 2/O: Deconvolution of equilibrium constants from multiphoton processes. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), styczeń 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6416486.

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Wessel, J. Multiphoton ionization of ions, neutrals, and clusters. Final report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), grudzień 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/674609.

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Wessel, J. Multiphoton ionization of ions, neutrals, and clusters. Progress report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), czerwiec 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/674620.

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Lichter, Amnon, David Obenland, Nirit Bernstein, Jennifer Hashim i Joseph Smilanick. The role of potassium in quality of grapes after harvest. United States Department of Agriculture, październik 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2015.7597914.bard.

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Objectives: The objectives of the proposal were to study how potassium (K) enters the berry and in what tissues it accumulates, to determine what is the sensitive phenological stage that is responsive to K, to study the influence of K on sugar translocation, to determine if K has effects on expression of genes in source and sink organs and to study applied aspects of the responses to K at the vineyard level. During the research it was realized that K acts externally so a major part of the original objectives had to be deserted and new ones, i.e. the role of K in enhancing water loss from the berry, had to be developed. In addition, the US partners developed practical objectives of understanding the interaction of K application and water deficit as well as application of growth regulators. Background: In our preliminary data we showed that application of K at mid-ripening enhanced sugar accumulation of table grapes. This finding is of major implications to both early and late harvested grapes and it was essential to understand the mode of action of this treatment. Our major hypothesis was that K enters the berry and by that increases sugar translocation into the berry. In addition it was important to cover practical issues of the application which may influence its efficacy and its reproducibility. Conclusions: The major conclusion from the research was that our initial hypothesis was wrong. Mineral analysis of pulp tissue indicated that upon application of K there was a significant increase in most of the major minerals. Subsequently, we developed a new hypothesis that K acts by increasing the water loss from the berry. In vitro studies of K-treated berries corroborated this hypothesis showing greater weight-loss of treated berries. This was not necessarily expressed in the vineyard as in some experiments berry weight remained unchanged, suggesting that the vine compensated for the enhanced water loss. Importantly, we also discovered that the efficacy of different K salts was strongly correlated to the pH of the salt solution: basic K salts had better efficacy than neutral or acidic salts and modifying the pH of the same salt changed its efficacy. It was therefore suggested that K changes the properties of the cuticle making it more susceptible to water loss. Of the practical aspects it was found that application of K to the clusters was sufficient to trigger its affect and that dual application of K had a stronger effect than single application. With regard to timing, it was realized that application of K after veraison was affective and the berries responded also when ripe. While the effect of K application was significant at harvest, it was mostly insignificant one week after application, suggesting that prolonged exposure to K was required. Implications: The scientific implications of the study are that the external mineral composition of the berry may have a significant role in sugar accumulation and that water loss may have an important role in sugar accumulation in grapes. It is not entirely clear how K modulates the cuticle but according to the literature its incorporation into the cuticle may increase its polarity and facilitate generation of "water bridges" between the flesh and the environment. The practical implications of this study are very significant because realizing the mode of action of K can facilitate a much more efficient application strategy. For example, it can be understood that sprays must be directed to the clusters rather than the whole vines and it can be predicted that the length of exposure is important. Also, by increasing the pH of simple K salts, the efficacy of the treatment can be enhanced, saving in the costs of the treatment. Finally, the ability of grape growers to apply K in a safe and knowledgeable way can have significant impact on the length of the season of early grape cultivars and improve the flavor of high grape yields which may otherwise have compromised sugar levels.
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Petaja, T., J. Backman, H. E. Manninen i D. Wimmer. Field Observation of the Green Ocean Amazon. Neutral Cluster Air Ion Spectrometer (NAIS) Final Campaign Summary. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), marzec 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1242837.

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Toney, Michael F. Small-Angle Neutron Scattering Measurements of Magnetic Cluster Sizes in Magnetic Recording Disks. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), czerwiec 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/813257.

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Negron, S. B., i R. W. Jr Tayloe. Analysis of the proposed relocation of the neutron criticality clusters in the process buildings for the Portsmouth Gaseous Diffusion Plant. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), styczeń 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10137997.

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