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1
LASCARIS, MICHEL. "Leven met water". Tijdschrift voor Historische Geografie 4, nr 4 (1.01.2019): 265–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/thg2019.4.004.lasc.
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Living with water. The Dijkenkaart of the Netherlands De Cultural Heritage Agency made an interesting digital map (in GIS) of all the dikes in the Netherlands. This was possible by using existing digital maps, but new research was necessary to make this general overview. There was discussion about the dating of dikes, because dikes can be of medieval origin, but were adjusted over time. Besides dikes, researchers find GIS and historical information on poldermills, kolks, reclamations and pumping stations. That is why this map is called ‘Living with water’, because this information can help addressing new challenges in climate adaptation strategies dealing with water. Everyone can take a look, or download the map in GIS, on www.cultureelerfgoed.nl/onderwerpen/bronnen-en-kaarten/overzicht/levenmet-water-kaart.
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Pyayt, A. L., A. P. Kozionov, V. T. Kusherbaeva, I. I. Mokhov, V. V. Krzhizhanovskaya, B. J. Broekhuijsen, R. J. Meijer i P. M. A. Sloot. "Signal analysis and anomaly detection for flood early warning systems". Journal of Hydroinformatics 16, nr 5 (21.03.2014): 1025–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/hydro.2014.067.
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We describe the detection methods and the results of anomalous conditions in dikes (earthen dams/levees) based on a simultaneous processing of several data streams originating from sensors installed in these dikes. Applied methods are especially valuable in cases where lack of information or computational resources prohibit computing the state of the dike with finite element and other mathematical models. The data-driven methods are part of the artificial intelligence (AI) component of the ‘Urbanflood’ early warning system. This AI component includes pre-processing (e.g., gap filling and measurements synchronization procedures) of data streams, feature extraction and anomaly detection by one-side (also known as one-class) classification methods. Our approach has been successfully validated during a non-destructive piping experiment at the Zeeland dike (The Netherlands).
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Steendam, Gosse Jan, Jentsje W. Van der Meer, Bianca Hardeman i André Van Hoven. "DESTRUCTIVE WAVE OVERTOPPING TESTS ON GRASS COVERED LANDWARD SLOPES OF DIKES AND TRANSITIONS TO BERMS". Coastal Engineering Proceedings 1, nr 32 (29.01.2011): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v32.structures.8.
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In 2009 tests have been performed at the Afsluitdijk, the closure dike of Lake IJssel in the Netherlands. This dike has a sand core covered by layers of clay and boulder clay, and a grass cover. In 2010 succeeding tests were performed at a river dike near Zwolle. This dike was a sand dike with a grass cover. In all of these tests research was performed on the behaviour of the grass cover on the landward slope of the dikes. Furthermore, the influence on erodibility of the grass cover caused by damage of the grass cover by mice, moles or other influences like tractor tracks were investigated. Also the influence of obstacles or other elements, which may be present at dikes, was part of the investigations (tree, stairs, fence, maintenance road). It was observed that all of these influences are to some extent contributing to a decrease of the resistance against failure.
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Marijnissen, Richard, Matthijs Kok, Carolien Kroeze i Jantsje van Loon-Steensma. "Re-evaluating safety risks of multifunctional dikes with a probabilistic risk framework". Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 19, nr 4 (10.04.2019): 737–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-19-737-2019.
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Abstract. It is not uncommon for a flood defence to be combined with other societal uses as a multifunctional flood defence, from housing in urban areas to nature conservation in rural areas. The assessment of the safety of multifunctional flood defences is often done using conservative estimates. This study synthesizes new probabilistic approaches to evaluate the safety of multifunctional flood defences employed in the Netherlands and explores the results of these approaches. In this paper a case representing a typical Dutch river dike combining a flood safety function with a nature and housing function is assessed by its probability of failure for multiple reinforcement strategies considering multiple relevant failure mechanisms. Results show how the conservative estimates of multifunctional flood defences lead to a systematic underestimation of the reliability of these dikes. Furthermore, in a probabilistic assessment uncertainties introduced by multifunctional elements affect the level of safety of the dike proportional to the reliability of the dike itself. Hence, dikes with higher protection levels are more suitable to be combined with potentially harmful uses for safety, whereas dikes with low protection levels can benefit most from uses that contribute to safety.
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Steendam, Gosse Jan, Yvo Provoost i Jentsje Van der Meer. "DESTRUCTIVE WAVE OVERTOPPING AND WAVE RUN-UP TESTS ON GRASS COVERED SLOPES OF REAL DIKES". Coastal Engineering Proceedings 1, nr 33 (14.12.2012): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v33.structures.64.
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In March 2011 new wave overtopping tests have been performed in the Netherlands. In contrast to previous tests the grass cover of this dike was not maintained well, which had significant effect on erosion stability. Additionally, for the first time a pilot test has been made on wave run-up from an asphalt berm onto the grass covered upper slope of the dike. The tested dike sections had a sand core covered by a layer of clay and a grass cover. The objective was to test the erosion stability of seaward and landward slopes for wave overtopping as well as wave run-up. For the wave overtopping also the influence on erodibility of the grass cover caused by obstacles or other elements, which may be present at dikes (stairs, fences), was investigated.
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Jonkman, Harrie B., Josine Junger-Tas i Bram van Dijk. "From behind dikes and dunes: communities that care in the Netherlands". Children & Society 19, nr 2 (2005): 105–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chi.865.
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van Loon-Steensma, J. M., i P. Vellinga. "Robust, multifunctional flood protection zones in the Dutch Rural Riverine area". Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences Discussions 1, nr 4 (7.08.2013): 3857–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhessd-1-3857-2013.
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Abstract. This paper reviews the possible functions of robust dikes in the rural riverine areas of the Netherlands. It furthermore reviews and analyses strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats associated with robust, multifunctional flood defense zones in rural riverine zones. The study focused on recent plans and ideas for innovative dike reinforcement at five locations in the Netherlands, supplemented with information obtained in semi-structured interviews with experts and stakeholders. At each of the five locations, suitable robust flood defenses could be identified that would contribute to the envisaged functions and ambitions for the respective areas. Primary strengths of the robust, multifunctional approach were identified as combined uses of limited space, a longer-term focus, and greater safety. The new approach offers opportunities as well, in particular, with regard to tasks, problems, and objectives related to infrastructure, land-use planning, nature and landscape protection, and development. These provide possibilities for co-financing as well.
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Lenk, Stephan, Diego Rybski, Oliver Heidrich, Richard J. Dawson i Jürgen P. Kropp. "Costs of sea dikes – regressions and uncertainty estimates". Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 17, nr 5 (29.05.2017): 765–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-17-765-2017.
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Abstract. Failure to consider the costs of adaptation strategies can be seen by decision makers as a barrier to implementing coastal protection measures. In order to validate adaptation strategies to sea-level rise in the form of coastal protection, a consistent and repeatable assessment of the costs is necessary. This paper significantly extends current knowledge on cost estimates by developing – and implementing using real coastal dike data – probabilistic functions of dike costs. Data from Canada and the Netherlands are analysed and related to published studies from the US, UK, and Vietnam in order to provide a reproducible estimate of typical sea dike costs and their uncertainty. We plot the costs divided by dike length as a function of height and test four different regression models. Our analysis shows that a linear function without intercept is sufficient to model the costs, i.e. fixed costs and higher-order contributions such as that due to the volume of core fill material are less significant. We also characterise the spread around the regression models which represents an uncertainty stemming from factors beyond dike length and height. Drawing an analogy with project cost overruns, we employ log-normal distributions and calculate that the range between 3x and x∕3 contains 95 % of the data, where x represents the corresponding regression value. We compare our estimates with previously published unit costs for other countries. We note that the unit costs depend not only on the country and land use (urban/non-urban) of the sites where the dikes are being constructed but also on characteristics included in the costs, e.g. property acquisition, utility relocation, and project management. This paper gives decision makers an order of magnitude on the protection costs, which can help to remove potential barriers to developing adaptation strategies. Although the focus of this research is sea dikes, our approach is applicable and transferable to other adaptation measures.
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Wichman, Bernadette, Mark Klein Breteler, Arjan De Looff i Jan Hateboer. "AGED ASPHALTIC DIKE REVETMENTS ON (SATURATED) SAND TESTED IN A LARGE DELTAFLUME". Coastal Engineering Proceedings, nr 36 (30.12.2018): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v36.structures.3.
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In the Netherlands, 600 km of the sea dikes are protected by an asphaltic revetment which must resist considerable wave loads with a significant wave height of up to 4.5 m. The subsoil is normally sandy, and the asphalt layer can fail as a result of fatigue due to repeated loading under storm conditions (Wichman & Davise 2016). Fifty years old asphalt has been taken from the Dutch Lauwersmeer dike and placed on a sand body in the large Deltaflume at Deltares, where it is possible to generate large waves (up to 4 meters). It is still unsure how the asphalt will fail, while interacting with the sandy subsoil, depending on the position of the phreatic line, among other factors.
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van Doorn-Hoekveld, Willemijn, i Frank Groothuijse. "Analysis of the Strengths and Weaknesses of Dutch Water Storage Areas as a Legal Instrument for Flood-risk Prevention". Journal for European Environmental & Planning Law 14, nr 1 (21.04.2017): 76–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18760104-01401005.
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New flood risks require a new flood risk management approach. In the Netherlands there has always been a strong focus on flood defence. However, flood defence in the form of dikes alone will not be sufficient to keep the Netherlands habitable in the future. The ‘Room for Water’ debate has led to a new legal instrument: water storage areas, which fits perfectly in one of the requirements of the Floods Directive. This relatively new instrument has its own legal framework that is embedded in water law as well as in spatial planning law. This paper analyses the legal framework of the Dutch water storage areas in order to provide a swot analysis that may serve other states that aim to improve their flood risk management strategies.
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Koelewijn, André R., Stephan J. H. Rikkert, Patrik Peeters, Davy Depreiter, Myron van Damme i Wouter Zomer. "Overflow Tests on Grass-Covered Embankments at the Living Lab Hedwige-Prosperpolder: An Overview". Water 14, nr 18 (13.09.2022): 2859. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14182859.
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In regions with a temperate climate, a well-maintained grass sod on a clay layer is considered a reliable protection for dams and dikes. In the Living Lab Hedwige-Prosperpolder, on the left bank of the Scheldt river straddling the border between Belgium and the Netherlands, a series of 27 overflow tests with a purpose-built overflow generator has been executed to determine the strength of the protective layer against erosion at various conditions. The goal of this paper is to inform on the executed test program and the initial results. From the results, it was concluded that in general, a high-quality grass cover on the landside dike slope can withstand high overflow discharges well for 12 to 30 h, without severe erosion damage. Anomalies, such as the presence of animal burrows, reed vegetation, and already present deformations can strongly reduce the resistance of the cover layer and may lead to failure within a couple of hours.
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Eijgenraam, C. J. J. "From optimal to practical safety standards for dike-ring areas". Water Science and Technology 56, nr 4 (1.08.2007): 113–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2007.543.
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After the flood disaster in 1953 in the southwestern part of the Netherlands, Van Dantzig tried to solve the economic decision problem concerning the optimal height of dikes. His solution has a fixed probability of flooding after each investment. However, when there is economic growth, not the probability of flooding but the expected yearly loss by flooding is the key variable in the real optimal safety strategy. Under some conditions, it is optimal to keep this expected loss within a constant interval. Therefore, when the potential damage increases by economic growth, the flooding probability has to decline in the course of time in order to keep the expected loss between the fixed boundaries. The purpose of the paper is to show the implications of the optimal solution in case there are differences between costs and benefits among dike-ring areas. Further, the paper focuses on the translation of the theoretical results into new legal standards that can work well in practice.
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Janssen, Stephanie K. H., Jan P. M. van Tatenhove, Arthur P. J. Mol i Henriëtte S. Otter. "Greening flood protection through knowledge processes: lessons from the Markermeer dikes project in the Netherlands". Regional Environmental Change 17, nr 2 (3.09.2016): 551–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10113-016-1040-1.
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Warner, Jeroen F., Martijn F. van Staveren i Jan van Tatenhove. "Cutting dikes, cutting ties? Reintroducing flood dynamics in coastal polders in Bangladesh and the netherlands". International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction 32 (grudzień 2018): 106–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2018.03.020.
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Dronkers, J. J. "INVESTIGATIONS OF THE TIDES AND STORM SURGES FOR THE DELTAWORKS IN THE SOUTHWESTERN PART OF THE NETHERLANDS". Coastal Engineering Proceedings 1, nr 7 (29.01.2011): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v7.32.
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In order to protect the southwestern part of the Netherlands against inundation by storm surges, the "Delta project" has been undertaken. This entails the closure of three large sea arms situated between Western Scheldt and Rotterdam Waterway and will bring about radical changes in the tidal movement and stormflood levels of the estuaries and tidal rivers. The contours of the project are shown in fig. 1. It includes three big dams to be built in the mouths of Eastern Scheldt, Brouwershavense Gat and Haringvliet, as well as two smaller ones to be constructed further inland. An idea of the extent of these works may be gained by knowing the tidal volumes of the estuaries: Veerse Gat 2.5.109 cu. ft; Grevelingen 4.109 cu. ft? Haringvliet 9.109 cu. ft; Brouwershavense Gat 12,5.109 cu. ft and Eastern Scheldt 39>.109 ou.ft. The waters of the Delta area will then be divided into two separate basins by means of a dam in the Volkerak. The southern basin will be entirely cut off from the sea, becoming a fresh water lake. The northern, comprising the mouths of the Rhine and the Meuse will remain in communication with the sea, because the Rotterdam Waterway must stay open to shipping. Consequently, the tides and storm surges will still be able to penetrate inland via this mouth, but they can cause high water levels in the Waterway only; in the rest of the basin their effect will be considerably weakened. In the situation at present, however, the upland flow of the rivers Rhine and Meuse is mainly into the Haringvliet estuary and not the Rotterdam Waterway. As the Haringvliet estuary will be closed, large sluices are to be built in the enclosure dam as a substitute for the existing free discharge of the river water.
Until this project is completed the inhabitants of the area which it will affect are insufficiently safe against storm surges. It is, of course, always possible that floods too high for existing dike systems will occur, but in the present situation the risk is too great. This was demonstrated in February 1953 when the southwestern part of the Netherlands was suddenly hit by an exceptionally high storm surge which caused many dike breaches and vast inundation. The occurrence of a similar surge or a higher one may be estimated as once in two hundred and fifty years, as an average, which is much too high. After the realization of the Deltaplan and the heightening of the dikes of Western Scheldt, Rotterdam Waterway and the northern parts of the country, the dikes are safe tip to very high storm surges of which the occurrence is smaller than once in ten thousand years, or in other words there is only one procent chance in hundred years that a major inundation will occur.
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Markus, A. A., W. M. G. Courage i M. C. L. M. van Mierlo. "A Computational Framework for Flood Risk Assessment in The Netherlands". Scientific Programming 18, nr 2 (2010): 93–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/782402.
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The safety of dikes in The Netherlands, located in the delta of the rivers Rhine, Meuse and Scheldt, has been the subject of debate for more than ten years. The safety (or flood risk) of a particular area may depend on the safety of other areas. This is referred to as effects of river system behaviour on flood risk (quantified as the estimated number of casualties and economic damage). A computational framework was developed to assess these effects. It consists of several components that are loosely coupled via data files and Tcl scripts to manage the individual programs and keep track of the state of the computations. The computations involved are lengthy (days or even weeks on a Linux cluster), which makes the framework currently more suitable for planning and design than for real-time operation. While the framework was constructedad hoc, it can also be viewed more formally as atuplespaceRealising this makes it possible to adopt the philosophy for other similar frameworks.
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Driessen, Peter P. J., i Anton A. J. De Gier. "Flooding, River Management and Emergency Legislation Experiences of the accelerated reinforcement of dikes in the Netherlands". Tijdschrift voor economische en sociale geografie 90, nr 3 (sierpień 1999): 336–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9663.00075.
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van der Meulen, M. J., D. Maljers, S. F. van Gessel i S. H. L. L. Gruijters. "Clay resources in the Netherlands". Netherlands Journal of Geosciences - Geologie en Mijnbouw 86, nr 2 (lipiec 2007): 117–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s001677460002312x.
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AbstractClay is a common lithology in the Dutch shallow subsurface. It is used in earth constructions such as dikes, and as raw material for the fabrication of bricks, roof tiles etc. We present a new national assessment of Dutch clay resources, as part of a project that provides mineral-occurrence information for land-use planning purposes. The assessment is based on a 3D geological model, which consists of voxel cells with lithological composition as primary attribute, and has been obtained by interpolating data of more than 380,000 digital borehole descriptions. The occurrence of shell material and the extent to which clay is peaty were used as quality attributes, enabling us to tentatively distinguish between clay that is potentially suitable as ceramic material, and clay that is not.As clay is extracted using dry (i.e. non-dredging) techniques, the model space has been dimensioned to fully encompass the unsaturated zone. A high-resolution model (with voxel cells of 250 · 250 · 0.2 m), based mainly on abundant, good-quality hand drillings, was constructed down to 3 m below the surface. This depth range suffices for clay-resource assessments in the lowlands, which have relatively high groundwater levels. Cells from a lower-resolution model (250 · 250 · 1 m, based on fewer data) were added to reach appropriate depths in upland areas.We arrive at about 42.1 km3 of clay occurring in the model space (land areas only). Clay occurs mainly in the coastal domain and below the Rhine and Meuse river plains. Geological exploitability has been assessed within the unsaturated zone, taking overburden and intercalations with non-clay materials (especially peat) into account. The resulting exploitable stock is 12.3 to 18.0 (± 2.0) km3; an estimate in which the main source of uncertainty is presented by a lack of proper groundwater-table data. This amount equates to roughly 6000 annual consumption equivalents. Even when considering that the larger part of the clays is unsuitable for firing, and about one quarter is situated below built-up lands or nature preserves, clay is not a scarce resource in the Netherlands and supplies should present no problem in the near future.
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van Geel, Bas, Otto Brinkkemper, Guido B. A. van Reenen, Nathalie N. L. Van der Putten, Jasmijn E. Sybenga, Carla Soonius, Annemieke M. Kooijman, Tom Hakbijl i William D. Gosling. "Multicore Study of Upper Holocene Mire Development in West-Frisia, Northern Netherlands: Ecological and Archaeological Aspects". Quaternary 3, nr 2 (7.05.2020): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/quat3020012.
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We studied twelve late Holocene organic deposits in West-Frisia, The Netherlands. Pollen, spores, non-pollen palynomorphs, mosses, other botanical macrofossils and insect remains were recorded for reconstructions of changing environmental conditions. Eastern West-Frisia was a cultivated landscape during the Bronze Age, but it became a freshwater wetland in the Late Bronze Age. In most of our sites, radiocarbon dates show that time transgressive inundation of soils preceded the climate shift at 850 cal BC for several centuries. We suggest that solar forcing of climate change may have delivered the final push to the inundation and depopulation of West-Frisia, which had already commenced several centuries before, due to sealevel rise. We did not find evidence for significant Bronze Age tree growth in West-Frisia before the inundations. Vegetation successions in the new wetlands developed from shallow mineral-rich freshwater to rich-fen vegetation. Subsequently poor fen vegetation with birch and pine developed, and the natural succession led to ombrotrophic raised bog vegetation. Complete successions from shallow, mineral-rich lakes to raised bog lasted between 1000 and 1500 calendar years. We hypothesize that medieval drainage and reclamation became possible only when the mires of West-Frisia had reached the raised bog stage. Reclamation of raised bogs by medieval farmers (drainage, eutrophication, peat digging) caused compaction, oxidation and loss of the upper part of the peat deposit. Seeds of salt-tolerant and salt-demanding plant species indicate that the medieval sites were inundated during storm surges with brackish or salt water, which triggered the farmers to build artificial mounds and, later, dikes. Under mounds and dikes, peat deposits remained protected against further decay. With our data we deliver a long-term perspective on contemporary ecosystem dynamics of freshwater wetlands, relevant for nature conservation and future climate change.
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Houben, Georg J. "300 years of coastal salinization research in Germany – the Homann (1718) map of the Christmas Flood of 1717". E3S Web of Conferences 54 (2018): 00011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20185400011.
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The Christmas Flood of 1717 was one of the most destructive storm floods in the North Sea region and affected large parts of the shores of Germany, the Netherlands and Germany (e.g. Jakubowski-Tiessen 1992). It occurred in the night from the 24th to the 25th of December 1717, when a strong northwesterly storm front pushed massive volumes of water into the funnel-shaped German Bight. Adding to the astronomical high tide occurring this night, water levels rose up to 4 m higher than the mean tidal high water mark. This lead to widespread overtopping and breaching of the dikes, which had been neglected in the preceding years due to extended periods of war and unrest. Since the event happened at night, the population was unable to react. About 9,000 people in Germany lost their lives and around 2,500 in the Netherlands. The small German town of Jever alone lost 1,700 people. In the village of Stollhamm, located on the peninsula of Butjadingen, which was exposed to the flood from two sides, 582 out of a population of 1,200 perished and only a third of the houses were not destroyed. In Eastern Frisia, 922 houses were completely destroyed and 1,672 damaged. In all of the affected regions in Germany, at least 3,000 houses were completely destroyed. Agriculture was severely affected by the salinization of large tracts of agricultural land and the loss of 2,300 horses, 9,500 cows, 2,800 sheep and 1,800 pigs was recorded in Eastern Frisia. In the following years, famines and epidemic plagues took a further toll on the population. Many people emigrated. It took several decades to reconstruct the dikes and to restore the livelihoods of the population.
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Sanders, Fred, Hugo Sanders i Karen Jonkers. "Cross-over analysis of the climate-change delta situation of the cities Gdansk (Baltic-sea) and Rotterdam (Nord-sea)". Open Research Europe 1 (24.03.2021): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/openreseurope.13125.1.
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Gdansk and the city Haarlem in the Netherlands share a long-term relationship that started with the establishment of Dutch Mennonites in the Vistula delta in the 16th Century. A small city was founded called Holland and these immigrants reclaimed the surrounding delta area. This area of 1,000 km2, with hundreds of small ‘polders’ separated and defended by 17,000 dikes, has become an important agricultural area for the whole of Poland, similar to the Rhine delta in the Netherlands. Despite these civil defense works in the past, both coastlines nevertheless experienced floods: the Dutch southwest coast in 1953, Dutch Rhine riverbank in 1993 and 1995, and Vistula delta recently in 2001. Climate change figures show that both the Polish Gdansk and Dutch Rhine deltas will suffer flooding with sea level rises, with accumulating severe rainfall accompanied by high river levels. Although both the Baltic Sea and the North Sea are next to each other and coupled to the Atlantic Ocean, there are differences in how soon or severely climate change trends, such as seawater level rises and water thrust, become critical. From cross-over analysis it can be concluded that Poland and the Netherlands have a virtually identical approach when it comes to climate change impacts on their current situation. With regard to long-term climate change, the Netherlands is exploring the future in a planned manner with the development of new scenarios for the protection of cities. The enclosure of the Baltic Sea, on the other hand, probably offers more options for exchanging knowledge with neighbor states. In that respect, the Netherlands is more isolated in their situation with the North Sea and its Delta Plan. The situation of Gdansk and Rotterdam is quite similar; these cities can take steps forward by learning from each other’s actions.
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Klazinga, Niek, Kiki Lombarts i Jannes van Everdingen. "Quality Management in Medical Specialties: The Use of Channels and Dikes in Improving Health Care in The Netherlands". Joint Commission Journal on Quality Improvement 24, nr 5 (maj 1998): 240–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1070-3241(16)30378-9.
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Schielen, Ralph, Bert Voortman i Tjeerd Driessen. "Balancing river restoration measures around a river bifurcation: A case study from the Netherlands". E3S Web of Conferences 40 (2018): 06019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20184006019.
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The Rhine River in the Netherlands still has some characteristics of a delta, although the river is extremely engineered and confined between dikes. An important characteristic are the bifurcation points where the river bifurcates into different branches. The discharge partitioning at the bifurcates is predefined, as this is an important element for the protection of the downstream branches. Adjustable control structures in the vicinity of the bifurcation point facilitate this setting. In order to mitigate higher discharges due to climate change, measures in the floodplains to reduce flood levels are projected. In the planning process, it is important to maintain the discharge partitioning and to guarantee a setting of the control structure such that some control space is left. This can be done by balancing measures. A measure which lowers the flood levels on one branch, should be balanced by another measure on the other branch in order to maintain the correct settings. This requires a careful planning process and careful considerations between flood level lowering and settings of the control structures.
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van Bergeijk, Vera M., Jord J. Warmink i Suzanne J. M. H. Hulscher. "Modelling the Wave Overtopping Flow over the Crest and the Landward Slope of Grass-Covered Flood Defences". Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 8, nr 7 (2.07.2020): 489. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse8070489.
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The wave overtopping flow can exert high hydraulic loads on the grass cover of dikes leading to failure of the cover layer on the crest and the landward slope. Hydraulic variables such as the near bed velocity, pressure, shear stress and normal stress are important to describe the forces that may lead to cover erosion. This paper presents a numerical model in the open source software OpenFOAM® to simulate the overtopping flow on the grass-covered crest and slope of individual overtopping waves for a range of landward slope angles. The model provides insights on how the hydraulic forces change along the profile and how irregularities in the profile affect these forces. The effect of irregularities in the grass cover on the overtopping flow are captured in the Nikuradse roughness height calibrated in this study. The model was validated with two datasets of overtopping tests on existing grass-covered dikes in the Netherlands. The model results show good agreement with measurements of the flow velocity in the top layer of the wave, as well as the near bed velocity. The model application shows that the pressure, shear stress and normal stress are maximal at the wave front. High pressures occur at geometrical transitions such as the start and end of the dike crest and at the inner toe. The shear stress is maximal on the lower slope, and the normal stress is maximal halfway of the slope, making these locations vulnerable to cover failure due to high loads. The exact location of the maximum forces depends on the overtopping volume. Furthermore, the model shows that the maximum pressure and maximum normal stress are largely affected by the steepness of the landward slope, but the slope steepness only has a small effect on the maximum flow velocity and maximum shear stress compared to the overtopping volume. This new numerical model is a useful tool to determine the hydraulic forces along the profile to find vulnerable points for cover failure and improve the design of grass-covered flood defences.
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de Haan, W., K. J. Otten, J. J. M. Heynen, H. Folkerts i M. Elsman. "Field monitoring of ripening of dredged material at three sites in the Netherlands (preliminary results)". Water Science and Technology 37, nr 6-7 (1.03.1998): 371–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1998.0774.
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Ripening of dredged material in a deposit is a natural ‘drying’ process by which raw dredged material transforms into soil. The aim of ripening is to obtain soil which complies with environmental legislations and geotechnical specifications for application in earthworks (e.g. dikes, noise reduction banks, landfill covers). The paper deals with the background and contents of a monitoring programme on the ripening behaviour of clayey, peaty, and sandy dredged material, and changes in chemical composition, especially of organic compouds, and leaching characteristics during ripening. The main objectives of the monitoring programme are (1) to develop a management system for the ripening process, (2) to quantify the input and output volumes of dredged material, and (3) to develop guidelines for the design of (transit) deposits. The results of the monitoring programme will also be used for calibration and validation of a computer model on ripening. Prelimanary results on ripening of clayey material and biodegration of PAH and mineral oil are presented. On the basis of these results it is expected that large volumes of slightly to moderately contaminated dredged material are suitable for beneficial use after ripening.
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Breteler, Mark Klein, Yvo Provoost, Paul Van Steeg, Guido Wolters, Dorothea Kaste i Gijsbert Mourik. "STABILITY COMPARISON OF 9 MODERN PLACED BLOCK REVETMENT TYPES FOR SLOPE PROTECTIONS". Coastal Engineering Proceedings, nr 36 (30.12.2018): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v36.papers.75.
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Placed block revetments are constructed to withstand the wave forces on dikes, especially in regions where rip rap is not locally available, such as the Netherlands. The blocks are placed adjacent to each other on a filter layer to form a relatively closed and smooth surface, which is easy to walk on. Large-scale test in the Delta Flume of Deltares have been carried out to compare the stability of nine types of block revetments, presently on the market in the Netherlands (Klein Breteler, 2016). All tests have been performed with a comparable test setup and test program. The test program consisted of three series of tests. The first two series were short duration tests of 1000 waves with two different wave steepnesses, in which the wave height was increased step-by-step until damage occurred. The third test series was a long duration test lasting for 26 hours, or until damage occurred. The results of the tests have been used to quantify a correction factor in the calculation method. This correction factor, or stability factor, makes that the calculation method gives the same results as the Delta Flume tests, taking a safety margin into account. In this way the type-specific stability of each type of block revetment was better included in the calculation method.
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Slinger, Jill H., i Heleen S. I. Vreugdenhil. "Coastal Engineers Embrace Nature: Characterizing the Metamorphosis in Hydraulic Engineering in Terms of Four Continua". Water 12, nr 9 (8.09.2020): 2504. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12092504.
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Hydraulic engineering infrastructures, such as reservoirs, dikes, breakwaters, and inlet closures, have significantly impacted ecosystem functioning over the last two centuries. Currently, nature-based solutions are receiving increasing attention in hydraulic engineering projects and research programs. However, there is a lack of reflection on the concomitant, fundamental changes occurring in the field of hydraulic engineering, and coastal engineering in particular, and what this could mean for sustainability. In this article, we signal the shift from conventional to ecosystem-based hydraulic engineering design and characterize this in terms of four continua: (i) the degree of inclusion of ecological knowledge, (ii) the extent to which the full infrastructural lifecycle is addressed, (iii) the complexity of the actor arena taken into account, and (iv) the resulting form of the infrastructural artefact. We support our arguments with two carefully selected, iconic examples from the Netherlands and indicate how the stretching ideals of ecosystem-based engineering could engender further shifts towards sustainability.
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Wolfert, H. P., i G. J. Maas. "Downstream changes of meandering styles in the lower reaches of the River Vecht, the Netherlands". Netherlands Journal of Geosciences 86, nr 3 (wrzesień 2007): 257–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016774600077842.
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AbstractThe morphodynamics of the lower River Vecht, the Netherlands, and the influence of geomorphological setting and bank composition on meander migration were studied by means of reconstructing the pre-channelization landform configuration on a scale of 1 : 25,000, using historical maps from 1720, 1850 and 1890 A.D. and other data.A downstream sequence of reaches was observed, each with a typical fluvial style and channel migration rate: (a) a narrow meander belt and a highly sinuous channel with intermediate migration rate, in the middle of an extensive floodbasin; (b) a wide meander belt and high rates of lateral channel migration, especially where large meanders impinged upon valley bluffs, as part of an incised setting; (c) a low sinuosity, embanked channel with low rates of downstream migration because of confinement by dikes, occurring in an inland delta with sandy sediments.Local variation in meander migration rates was observed within reach B. This was caused by the spatial variability of bank resistance as reflected by the width-depth ratio of the channel and the silt-clay ratios of deposits. River banks are: 1) very erodible when consisting of channel deposits, aeolian dune deposits or when coarse fluvio-periglacial deposits occur at their base; 2) erodible when dominated by overbank deposits or aeolian sand sheet deposits; 3) resistant when a plaggen-layer is exposed; and 4) very resistant when dominated by floodbasin deposits.These implications of meander variability enable to assess the effects of the rehabilitation of the meandering process.
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Schielen, R. M. J., P. Jesse i L. J. Botwidt. "On the use of flexible spillways to control the discharge ratio of the Rhine in the Netherlands: hydraulic and morphological observations". Netherlands Journal of Geosciences - Geologie en Mijnbouw 86, nr 1 (kwiecień 2007): 77–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016774600021338.
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AbstractShortly after the river Rhine enters the Netherlands, it bifurcates into three branches. A predefined, fixed discharge distribution over the bifurcation points is vital, since the dikes are designed with a predefined distribution in mind. Recent observations show that the discharge distribution that is anticipated at design discharge conditions differs from the predefined one. One of the goals of the national program Room for the River is therefore to restore the discharge distribution. To control the hydraulic processes during flood events, the construction of two adaptable spillways in the direct neighbourhood of the bifurcation points is proposed as a possible solution. The spillways are capable of maintaining the proper discharge distribution. They can also act as regulators during the construction phase of the flood managements plans of the project Room for the River. Hence, the discharge ratio and thus the water levels are such that the safety-standards are not violated. The morphological consequences are most probably very small, provided that strong erosion during flood events can be prevented and the autonomous bed degradation stays within reasonable limits.
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Bergeijk, Vera van, Jord Warmink i Suzanne Hulscher. "MODELLING OF WAVE OVERTOPPING FLOW OVER COMPLEX DIKE GEOMETRIES: CASE STUDY OF THE AFSLUITDIJK". Coastal Engineering Proceedings, nr 36v (31.12.2020): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v36v.papers.52.
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Grass cover erosion by overtopping waves is one of the main failure mechanisms of dikes. Transitions in cover type and geometry can increase the hydraulic load and are therefore identified as vulnerable locations for grass cover erosion. Two models are applied to the inner slope of the Afsluitdijk in the Netherlands to show how transitions can be included in overtopping models. Firstly, the analytical grass-erosion model is used to simulate the erosion depth along the profile for a six-hour storm. The model results show that the erosion depth is maximal at the end of the two slopes in the profile. Secondly, the effect of transitions on the hydraulic load is computed with a detailed hydrodynamic model. The model results show that geometric transitions significantly influence the shear stress, the normal stress and the pressure. Four vulnerable locations for grass cover erosion are identified based on the model results that are related to slope changes along the profile. Furthermore, the model results show that the overtopping flow is mainly affected by geometric transitions, while no effect of roughness transitions on the modelled forces was observed.Recorded Presentation from the vICCE (YouTube Link): https://youtu.be/t1cPJwf72nE
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Pasik, Tomasz, i Raymond van der Meij. "Locating Critical Circular and Unconstrained Failure Surface in Slope Stability Analysis with Tailored Genetic Algorithm". Studia Geotechnica et Mechanica 39, nr 4 (1.12.2017): 87–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sgem-2017-0039.
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Abstract This article presents an efficient search method for representative circular and unconstrained slip surfaces with the use of the tailored genetic algorithm. Searches for unconstrained slip planes with rigid equilibrium methods are yet uncommon in engineering practice, and little publications regarding truly free slip planes exist. The proposed method presents an effective procedure being the result of the right combination of initial population type, selection, crossover and mutation method. The procedure needs little computational effort to find the optimum, unconstrained slip plane. The methodology described in this paper is implemented using Mathematica. The implementation, along with further explanations, is fully presented so the results can be reproduced. Sample slope stability calculations are performed for four cases, along with a detailed result interpretation. Two cases are compared with analyses described in earlier publications. The remaining two are practical cases of slope stability analyses of dikes in Netherlands. These four cases show the benefits of analyzing slope stability with a rigid equilibrium method combined with a genetic algorithm. The paper concludes by describing possibilities and limitations of using the genetic algorithm in the context of the slope stability problem.
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van Rijswoud, Erwin. "Shifting Expert Configurations and the Public Credibility of Science: Boundary Work and Identity Work of Hydraulic Engineers (1980–2009)". Science in Context 27, nr 3 (28.07.2014): 531–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269889714000179.
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ArgumentIn the Netherlands, a country of water, dikes, and dams, the role of civil engineering in policy making and public debates over flood safety have changed over the last four decades. This had not just implied that new directions in flood safety policy were considered by politics, but also that engineering experts traditionally working in this area found their credibility challenged by competing expertises. I will argue that in responding to those challenges, experts combined boundary work (upholding boundaries between science and non-science, or between different fields of expertise) with identity work, in which the planning of actions and learning from experience are informed by the identity of oneself as an expert. The views of experts on the boundary zone of science, policy, and public debate, and the role and skills one attributes to oneself, are regarded as important aspects of that identity work. On the basis of biographical-narrative research, this will show that although the four experts studied here belong to a specific generation of engineers, experiencing common challenges and developments in their field of work, the combination of identity work and boundary work results in specific roles and responses for each individual expert.
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GROENEWOUDT, BERT, i JAN VAN DOESBURG. "Komen en gaan". Tijdschrift voor Historische Geografie 4, nr 4 (1.01.2019): 250–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/thg2019.4.003.groe.
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Come and go. Coastal seasonality as part of a land use cycle Large artificial habitation platforms (‘terps’) are widely distributed along the southern North Sea coasts. In this article we focus on the less known, small medieval (11-14th century AD) platforms, or ‘peat terps’, situated somewhat further inland, on the edge of the extensive peat bogs which until medieval times covered much of the lowlands of the Netherlands. Here yearround mixed farming was followed by seasonal animal husbandry, and vice-versa. Data are confronted with existing models on the dynamics of human exploitation and colonisation of North Sea coastal wetlands. The evidence from ‘peat terps’ seems to reflect distinct and successive land-use types or strategies (from extensive to intensive) that are associated with different colonization phases. Changes in land use are related to environmental changes that are largely human-induced: in peat areas drainage lowered the land surface resulting in rising ground water tables. The observed succession of land-use types and the associated material culture bear a strong resemblance to developments elsewhere along the North Sea coast, partly dating to earlier periods. This confirms that before the building of dikes all along the coast (c. AD 1200) land use followed a cyclical path, as suggested by Brandt et al., 1984.
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Van Loon-Steensma, Jantsje M., i Pier Vellinga. "How “wide green dikes” were reintroduced in The Netherlands: a case study of the uptake of an innovative measure in long-term strategic delta planning". Journal of Environmental Planning and Management 62, nr 9 (29.01.2019): 1525–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09640568.2018.1557039.
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Pilarczyk, K. W. "DESIGN ASPECTS OF BLOCK REVETMENTS". Coastal Engineering Proceedings 1, nr 21 (29.01.1988): 151. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v21.151.
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The increasing shortage and costs of natural materials in certain geographical areas has resulted in recent years, inter alia, in the rapid development of artificial (concrete) block revetments. In general, two main types of revetments can be distinguished: permeable (stone pitching, placed relatively open block-mats) and (relatively-) impermeable (closed blocks, concrete slabs). Regarding the shape and/or placing technique a distinction can be made between: a) free (mostly rectangular-) blocks and b) interlocking blocks of different design (tongue-and-groove connection, ship- lap, cabling, blocks connected to geotextile by pins etc.). In all these cases the type of sublayer (permeable/impermeable) and the grade of permeability of the toplayer are very important factors in the stability of these revetments. The design also needs to be made (executed) and maintained. Both aspects must therefore already be taken along within the stadium of designing. At the moment there is a large variety of types of revetment-blocks and other defence systems (i.e. block-mats), see Fig. 1. Until recently no objective design-criteria were available for most types/systems of blocks. The choice (type and size) of the revetments built sofar is only based on experience and on personal points of view, sometimes supported by small-scale model investigations. In the light of new (stricter) rules regarding the safety of the Dutch dikes, as they have been drawn up by the Delta-Commission, the need for proper design-criteria for the revetments of dikes has evidently grown. Because of the complexity of the problem no simply, generally valid mathematical model for the stability of the revetment are available yet. For restricted areas of application however, fairly reliable criteria (often supported by large-scale tests) have been developed in the Netherlands not only for the kind of revetment, but also for conditions of loads. This new approach is discussed in (Klein Breteler, 1988). This paper presents a short state-of-the-art review of existing knowledge on the designing of different types of revetments and, where ever possible, the available stability criteria are mentioned. There is also given some comparison of the different types of revetments with their advantages and disadvantages and suggestions regarding their practical application.
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Raadgever, G. T., E. Mostert i N. C. van de Giesen. "Identification of stakeholder perspectives on future flood management in the Rhine basin using Q methodology". Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 12, nr 4 (12.08.2008): 1097–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-12-1097-2008.
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Abstract. This article identifies different stakeholder perspectives on future flood management in the downstream parts of the Rhine basin in Germany and The Netherlands. The perspectives were identified using Q methodology, which proved to be a good, but time-intensive, method for eliciting and analyzing stakeholder perspectives in a structured and unbiased way. Three shared perspectives were found: A) "Anticipation and institutions", B) "Space for flooding" and C) "Knowledge and engineering". These three perspectives share a central concern for the provision of safety against flooding, but disagree on the expected autonomous developments and the preferred measures. In perspective A, the expected climate change and economic growth call for fast action. To deal with the increasing flood risk, mostly institutional measures are proposed, such as the development of a stronger basin commission. In perspective B, an increasing spatial pressure on the river area is expected, and the proposed measures are focused on mitigating damage, e.g., through controlled flooding and compartmentalization. In perspective C, the role of expert knowledge and technological improvements is emphasized. Preferred strategies include strengthening the dikes and differentiation of safety standards. An overview of stakeholder perspectives can be useful in natural resources management for 1) setting the research agenda, 2) identifying differences in values and interests that need to be discussed, 3) creating awareness among a broad range of stakeholders, and 4) developing scenarios.
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Bijlard, Roel, Gosse Steendam, Henk Verhagen i Jentsje Van der Meer. "DETERMINING THE CRITICAL VELOCITY OF GRASS SODS FOR WAVE OVERTOPPING BY A GRASS PULLING DEVICE". Coastal Engineering Proceedings, nr 35 (23.06.2017): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v35.structures.20.
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DETERMINING THE CRITICAL VELOCITY OF GRASS SODS FOR
WAVE OVERTOPPING BY A GRASS PULLING DEVICE
Roel Bijlard, Delft University of Technology, roelbijlard@gmail.com
Gosse Jan Steendam, INFRAM International, gosse.jan.steendam@infram.nl
Henk Jan Verhagen, Delft University of Technology, h.j.verhagen@tudelft.nl
Jentsje van der Meer, Van der Meer Consulting bv, jm@vandermeerconsulting.nl
INTRODUCTION
There is a shift in the approach for designing coastal
structures in the Netherlands, such as dikes or levees.
In the past dikes were designed on the probability of
exceedance of the water level during specific incoming
(wave) storm conditions. In the near future the design
criterion will be the probability of flooding of the
hinterland. In order to determine this flood probability,
the strength of the dike has to be known at which
failure occurs. During extreme storm conditions waves
will overtop the crest which can lead to erosion of the
grass sod on the landward slope. This can finally result
in instability of the dike and flooding of the hinterland.
Past research focused on the erosion of the grass sod
during different wave overtopping conditions, see
Steendam 2014. The last few years many tests have
been performed with the Wave Overtopping Simulator.
During these tests the Cumulative Hydraulic Overload
Method has been developed, see Van der Meer 2010
and Steendam 2014. With this method an estimation
of the critical velocity of the grass sod has to be made.
The critical velocity is a strength parameter for a grass
sod on a dike during loads induced by overtopping
wave volumes.
SOD PULLING TESTS
For safety assessments it would be beneficial if there
is also an easier way to determine the critical velocity
of the grass sod. However, it is important to measure
the actual strength of the grass cover, so a visual
inspection cannot be satisfactory. The sod pulling
test is developed in order to investigate the
resistance of the grass cover. It lifts the grass sod
perpendicular to the slope out of the sod and
measures the force as a function of the deformation.
In order to lift the sod, a pull frame is anchored into
the top layer with pins. This frame then is lifted out of
the grass sod by a hydraulic cylinder.
In order to insert the pins into the sod, the soil has to
be excavated on two sides (condition 2 test) or on all
4 sides (condition 4 test). This has the disadvantage
that the strength of an intact sod cannot be
measured directly. So a methodology is developed to
estimate the strength of an intact grass sod from the
measured data. A further introduction on the sod
pulling tests is given in Steendam 2014. The goal is
to rewrite the measured forces from the sod pulling
test into a critical velocity so that the Cumulative
Hydraulic Overload Method can be used for
determining the flooding probability of a dike.
Some of the locations tested with the wave
overtopping simulator have also been tested for the
strength of the grass cover with the sod pulling tests.
The two methods use the same failure mechanism of
the grass, erosion of the grass sod.
The top layer of a dike consists of soil and roots
growing in multiple directions. The roots anchor the
grass into the soil and can deform centimeters
without tearing. Pressures acting on the grass cover
will first break the weakest roots, but the forces will
be redistributed to other roots. Only when a critical
amount of roots are broken, the redistribution stops
and the grass cover will fail.
CONCLUSION
It is possible to rewrite the measured forces with the
sod pulling tests into a critical grass normal stress
(σgrass.c), which is one of the input parameters for
determining the critical velocity of a grass sod, see
Hoffmans 2012.
The equation also uses the pore water pressure (pw),
the relative turbulence intensity (r0) and the density of
the water (Ï). When the critical velocity resulting from
this equation is compared with the determined critical
velocity during the wave overtopping simulations,
there is good correspondence between the values for
the five tested locations. So the sod
pulling test could provide results that are reliable
enough to determine the critical velocity of a dike
section. Further elaboration and scientific background
will follow in the paper after the conference.
REFERENCES
Hoffmans (2012): The influence of turbulence on soil
erosion. Eburon, Delft.
Steendam, van Hoven, van der Meer, Hoffmans
(2014): Wave Overtopping Simulator tests on
transitions and obstacles at grass covered slopes of
dikes, proc. ICCE 2014 Seoul.
Van der Meer, Hardeman, Steendam, Schüttrumpf,
Verheij (2010): Flow depths and velocities at crest
and inner slope of a dike, in theory and with the Wave
Overtopping Simulator, Proc. ICCE 2010, Shanghai.
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Faneca Sànchez, M., J. L. Gunnink, E. S. van Baaren, G. H. P. Oude Essink, B. Siemon, E. Auken, W. Elderhorst i P. G. B. de Louw. "Modelling climate change effects on a Dutch coastal groundwater system using airborne electromagnetic measurements". Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 16, nr 12 (3.12.2012): 4499–516. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-16-4499-2012.
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Abstract. The forecast of climate change effects on the groundwater system in coastal areas is of key importance for policy makers. The Dutch water system has been deeply studied because of its complex system of low-lying areas, dunes, land won to the sea and dikes, but nowadays large efforts are still being done to find out the best techniques to describe complex fresh-brackish-saline groundwater dynamic systems. In this paper, we describe a methodology consisting of high-resolution airborne electromagnetic (EM) measurements used in a 3-D variable-density transient groundwater model for a coastal area in the Netherlands. We used the airborne EM measurements in combination with borehole-logging data, electrical conductivity cone penetration tests and groundwater samples to create a 3-D fresh-brackish-saline groundwater distribution of the study area. The EM measurements proved to be an improvement compared to older techniques and provided quality input for the model. With the help of the built 3-D variable-density groundwater model, we removed the remaining inaccuracies of the 3-D chloride field and predicted the effects of three climate scenarios on the groundwater and surface water system. Results showed significant changes in the groundwater system, and gave direction for future water policy. Future research should provide more insight in the improvement of data collection for fresh-brackish-saline groundwater systems as it is of high importance to further improve the quality of the model.
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Faneca Sànchez, M., J. L. Gunnink, E. S. van Baaren, G. H. P. Oude Essink, B. Siemon, E. Auken, W. Elderhorst i P. G. B. de Louw. "Modelling climate change effects on a Dutch coastal groundwater system using airborne Electro Magnetic measurements". Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 9, nr 5 (14.05.2012): 6135–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-9-6135-2012.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Abstract. The forecast of climate change effects on the groundwater system in coastal areas is of key importance for policy makers. The Dutch water system has been deeply studied because of its complex system of low-lying areas, dunes, land won to the sea and dikes, but nowadays large efforts are still being done to find out the best techniques to describe complex fresh-brackish-saline groundwater dynamic systems. In this article, we describe a methodology consisting of high-resolution airborne Electro Magnetic (EM) measurements used in a 3-D variable-density transient groundwater model for a coastal area in the Netherlands. We used the Airborne EM measurements in combination with borehole-logging data, Electrical Conductivity Cone Penetration Tests and groundwater samples to create a 3-D fresh-brackish-saline groundwater distribution of the study area. The EM measurements proved to be an improvement compared to older techniques and provided quality input for the model. With the help of the built 3-D variable-density groundwater model, we removed the remaining inaccuracies of the 3-D chloride field and predicted the effects of three climate scenarios on the groundwater and surface water system. Results showed significant changes in the groundwater system, and gave direction for future water policy. Future research should provide more insight in the improvement of data collection for fresh-brackish-saline groundwater systems as it is of high importance to further improve the quality of the model.
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Schijf, J. B. "THE RECONSTRUCTION OF THE NETHERLAND DIKES AFTER THE STORM OF FEBRUARY 1953". Coastal Engineering Proceedings 1, nr 4 (1.01.2000): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v4.19.
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The reconstruction of the damage to the dikes by the flood of February 1953 presented an enormous task. From the hydraulic engineer's point of view the most interesting part was the closing of the major or tidal breaches, that is to say, the places where a dike for a certain length was totally destroyed and where, therefore, the tides had free entrance to the inundated interior, scouring out deep gullies. This called into action the resources of tidal hydraulics, theoretical considerations, and model experiments.
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Aarsen, R., M. Janssen, M. Ramkisoen, F. Biljecki, W. Quak i E. Verbree. "INSTALLED BASE REGISTRATION OF DECENTRALISED SOLAR PANELS WITH APPLICATIONS IN CRISIS MANAGEMENT". ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XL-3/W3 (19.08.2015): 219–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xl-3-w3-219-2015.
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In case of a calamity in the Netherlands - e.g. a dike breach - parts of the nationwide electric network can fall out. In these occasions it would be useful if decentralised energy sources of the Smart Grid would contribute to balance out the fluctuations of the energy network. Decentralised energy sources include: solar energy, wind energy, combined heat and power, and biogas. In this manner, parts of the built environment - e.g. hospitals - that are in need of a continuous power flow, could be secured of this power. When a calamity happens, information about the Smart Grid is necessary to control the crisis and to ensure a shared view on the energy networks for both the crisis managers and network operators. The current situation of publishing, storing and sharing data of solar energy has been shown a lack of reliability about the current number, physical location, and capacity of installed decentralised photovoltaic (PV) panels in the Netherlands. This study focuses on decentralised solar energy in the form of electricity via PV panels in the Netherlands and addresses this challenge by proposing a new, reliable and up-to-date database. The study reveals the requirements for a registration of the installed base of PV panels in the Netherlands. This new database should serve as a replenishment for the current national voluntary registration, called Production Installation Register of Energy Data Services Netherland (EDSN-PIR), of installed decentralised PV panel installations in the Smart Grid, and provide important information in case of a calamity.
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Pelsma, Tim A. H. M., Anne Marieke Motelica-Wagenaar i Simon Troost. "A social costs and benefits analysis of peat soil-subsidence towards 2100 in 4 scenarios". Proceedings of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences 382 (22.04.2020): 669–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/piahs-382-669-2020.
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Abstract. Waternet is the executive agency of the regional water authority Amstel, Gooi and Vecht. Water authority Amstel, Gooi and Vecht manages the water levels (ditches) for 19 400 ha of peat meadows around the Netherlands capital Amsterdam. At present the ditches levels at about 40–60 cm beneath the peat meadow surface, resulting in a groundwater level between from 30 until 80 cm below peat surface and a subsidence of about 9 mm each year. A study was carried out on peat soil subsidence in the Amstel, Gooi and Vecht water authority water management area towards 2100: for short term effects (until 2027), midterm effects (until 2050) and longer term effects (until 2100). This study explores 4 scenarios: (1) present policy (maintain ditch waterlevel at maximum 60 cm below surface); (2) active rewetting, groundwater level at surface; (3) passive rewetting, subsidence is not compensated by lowering of water levels; (4) subsurface irrigation by submerged drains (infiltration in summer, drainage in winter). The scenarios are compared on farming, houses, public infrastructure, greenhouse gases and water management. At present, the total net benefit for farmers are EUR 7 million per year for the whole area, while the costs for the water authority are EUR 37 million per year for managing ditches, dikes and pumps. Costs for greenhouse gases are EUR 18 million (at a price of EUR 40 per ton CO2-eq). Active rewetting would reduce soil subsidence maximally from 2 to 0.5 m towards 2100 but reduces the benefits for farming, whilst the costs for water management stay alike. The costs for greenhouse gases however drops with EUR 3 million per year immediately because CO2-eq emissions drops. Best (financial) results (with respect to all stakeholders) on the long term are booked by passive rewetting with lower costs for water management, houses, public works and greenhouse gases. This scenario will eventually take away the farming possibilities, but not before 2050 and could be too slow to contribute strongly to Paris agreement goals. Best result with respect to climate for short and long term is active rewetting, which will drop the greenhouse gas emissions strongly (equivalent of EUR 2.3 million per year), reduce soil subsidence, but makes farming harder (drop from 7.1 up to EUR 2.5 million per year benefit) and brings no direct reduction of costs for the water authority. Best result on short term for farmers is submerged infiltration drains. However, the effect of this scenario on GHG emission is limited in this study.
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van Loon-Steensma, J. M., i P. Vellinga. "Robust, multifunctional flood defenses in the Dutch rural riverine area". Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 14, nr 5 (12.05.2014): 1085–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-14-1085-2014.
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Abstract. This paper reviews the possible functions as well as strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats for robust flood defenses in the rural riverine areas of the Netherlands on the basis of the recent literature and case studies at five locations in the Netherlands where dike reinforcement is planned. For each of the case studies semi-structured interviews with experts and stakeholders were conducted. At each of the five locations, suitable robust flood defenses could be identified that would contribute to the envisaged functions and ambitions for the respective areas. Primary strengths of a robust, multifunctional dike in comparison to a traditional dike appeared to be the more efficient space use due to the combination of different functions, a longer-term focus and greater safety.
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Visser, Paul J. "A MODEL FOR BREACH GROWTH IN A DIKE-BURST". Coastal Engineering Proceedings 1, nr 21 (29.01.1988): 140. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v21.140.
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A mathematical model for sand-dike breach erosion is presented. The heart of the model is a modified Bagnold (1963) energetics—based sand transport conception combined with a simplified Galappatti and Vreugdenhil (1985) pick up mechanism for the suspended load. The model has been tested to three laboratory experiments. The agreement between model predictions and experimental results is surprisingly good. Prototype calculations are presented for the 73 m high sand—dike of a proposed pumped—storage plant in the Netherlands.
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Uemura, Fumihiko, Guus Rongen, Shigekazu Masuya, Takatoshi Yoshida i Tomohito J. Yamada. "Calculating flood probability in Obihiro using a probabilistic method: incorporating the probability of dike failure with uncertainty". Proceedings of IAHS 386 (19.04.2024): 69–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/piahs-386-69-2024.
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Abstract. In Japan, estimating flood risk follows a deterministic approach. A probabilistic risk method, as adapted in the Netherlands, would be better suited for the quantitative evaluation of flood damage. This study applies such a method in Obihiro, Hokkaido, northern island of Japan. We modelled dike failure with the mechanism overtopping. The probability of dike failure is calculated with a Monte Carlo simulation, considering uncertainties in water levels, critical flow velocity, and dike heights. This results in more accurate failure probabilities compared to the deterministic approach. Additionally, we corrected the dike failure probability for upstream dike failures because these reduce downstream water levels. This conditional flood probability is about 1/10th of the independent situation, indicating a significant effect of considering dike failure in dependence on upstream failures.
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Aalders, Maarten J. "groot Nederlander". Acta Neerlandica, nr 15 (10.07.2020): 131–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.36392/actaneerl/2019/15/6.
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This article dives into a part of the life and personal history of J.P.Ph. Clinge Fledderus (1870-1946), consul of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, who played a crucial role in organizing relief for Hungary in the Interbellum and the organization of the possibilities for Hungarian children to recover from the effects of post-war famine and malaise after the First World War by giving them a holiday of some months in the Netherlands. A commemorative marble plaque for him still can be found on the front of the building at the Üllői út 4 in Budapest.
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Korpel, Marcel H. T. "Supported employment behind the Netherland's dikes: Trends in vocational rehabilitation for persons with psychiatric disabilities". Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation 6, nr 1 (1996): 97–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jvr-1996-6115.
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Perk, Luitze, Leo van Rijn, Kimberley Koudstaal i Jan Fordeyn. "A Rational Method for the Design of Sand Dike/Dune Systems at Sheltered Sites; Wadden Sea Coast of Texel, The Netherlands". Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 7, nr 9 (18.09.2019): 324. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse7090324.
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A rational method for the design of sand dike/dune systems at sheltered sites is presented, focussing on the cross-shore dimensions of the sand dike in relation to the local wave climate, tidal regime and available sandy materials. The example case is the new sand dike/dune system along the south-east coast of Texel, The Netherlands. The old dike protecting the island was not sufficiently strong to withstand an extreme storm event and has been strengthened by a new sand dune/dike. Various empirical and numerical models have been used, compared and validated to determine the erosion volumes during annual conditions and extreme storm events. Potential wind-induced (aeolian) sediment transport and erosion is also studied using the modified Bagnold-equation including the effects of grain size, moisture content and vegetation. The overall design method resulted into an innovative design solution, guarantying a naturally integrated and resilient sand protection as well as optimal coastal safety.
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Most, Herman Van Der, i Mark Wehrung. "Dealing with Uncertainty in Flood Risk Assessment of Dike Rings in the Netherlands". Natural Hazards 36, nr 1-2 (wrzesień 2005): 191–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11069-004-4548-5.
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Kampen, Maurits, Henrike Maris, Martijn Peters, Jana Steenbergen-Kajabová, Jos van Zuylen, Erik Jolink i Henk van Norel. "Wide Green Dike (WGD) concept for grass revetment under coastal conditions". E3S Web of Conferences 346 (2022): 01008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202234601008.
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The Dike along the Dollard estuary in the northeast of the Netherlands has a grass cover. This revetment is not sufficiently strong for the local hydraulic conditions. Traditional dike strengthening leads to the replacement of grass with a hard revetment. An alternative under investigation is the “Wide Green Dike” (WGD) concept: a grass-covered dike with a gentle slope of around 1:7, naturally merging into the salt marsh located in front. The WGD concept is easily adaptable to future challenges, such as sea level rise. Furthermore, sediment of the estuary is currently being ripened to clay near the dike, potentially saving numerous truck movements needed for strengthening. The WGD is therefore the example of a circular, innovative and sustainable concept. However, the WGD needs to comply with the national flood safety standards to make it a feasible alternative, while the current assessment methods and instruments are not yet suited for this particular type of dike. During normative conditions, the grass cover is allowed to fail and the underlaying clay experiences erosion. A clay erosion model is used to design the thickness of the clay layer and proof that the WGD has sufficient residual strength to meet the norms of flood risk.