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Ma, Weijun, Rui Feng, Yating Zhang, Kyoko Yamashita, Jue Miao i Yuyin Du. "Enterprise–consumer intergroup attributional bias". Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 50, nr 12 (6.12.2022): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.11924.
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We examined whether customers' attribution of positive and negative events was influenced by intergroup attributional bias toward enterprises and consumers. The participants ( s = 180 in Study 1 and 54 in Study 2) read fictional case studies of positive and negative events occurring in relation to enterprises and consumers and then provided details of their attributions. The results supported the existence of both derogatory attributions toward enterprises and favorable attributions toward consumers. Thus, an intergroup attributional bias was generally observed. Furthermore, stereotypes about enterprises influenced the formation of derogatory attributions toward enterprises. A more significantly negative enterprise stereotype was associated with an increased likelihood of showing a derogatory attribution toward enterprises. Whether the event was positive or negative, participants' perception was more inclined toward assigning egoistic motivational attributions to enterprises rather than to consumers. This study provides a new, integrative perspective to understand consumer attributions in relation to enterprise events.
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Neumann, Roland. "The Causal Influences of Attributions on Emotions: A Procedural Priming Approach". Psychological Science 11, nr 3 (maj 2000): 179–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9280.00238.
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According to attributional theories of emotion, feelings of guilt presuppose that the causes of a negative event are located within the individual (internal attribution), whereas feelings of anger presuppose that the causes of the eliciting event are located outside the individual (external attribution). This study tested whether these attributions in fact exert the claimed causal influence on emotional experiences. The study employed a procedural priming technique in which neutral events were repeatedly attributed either to oneself (internal attribution) or to another person (external attribution). Subsequently, participants were exposed to a negative event that was ambiguous as to its causes. The results reveal that the prior repeated use of internal attributions enhanced the tendency to experience guilt, whereas the repeated use of external attributions enhanced the tendency to experience anger. These findings support the assumption that attributions exert a causal influence on emotions.
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Flora, Parminder K., Shaelyn M. Strachan, Lawrence R. Brawley i Kevin S. Spink. "Exercise Identity and Attribution Properties Predict Negative Self-Conscious Emotions for Exercise Relapse". Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 34, nr 5 (październik 2012): 647–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsep.34.5.647.
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Research on exercise identity (EXID) indicates that it is related to negative affect when exercisers are inconsistent or relapse. Although identity theory suggests that causal attributions about this inconsistency elicit negative self-conscious emotions of shame and guilt, no EXID studies have examined this for exercise relapse. Weiner’s attribution-based theory of interpersonal motivation (2010) offers a means of testing the attribution-emotion link. Using both frameworks, we examined whether EXID and attributional properties predicted negative emotions for exercise relapse. Participants (n = 224) read an exercise relapse vignette, and then completed EXID, attributions, and emotion measures. Hierarchical multiple regression models using EXID and the attributional property of controllability significantly predicted each of shame and guilt, R2 adjusted = .09, ps ≤ .001. Results support identity theory suggestions and Weiner’s specific attribution-emotion hypothesis. This first demonstration of an interlinking of EXID, controllability, and negative self-conscious emotions offers more predictive utility using complementary theories than either theory alone.
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Holleman, Marsha Cline, John I. Thornby i Joseph M. Merrill. "Substance Abusers: Role of Personal and Professional Role Traits in Caregivers' Causal Attributions". Psychological Reports 86, nr 2 (kwiecień 2000): 407–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.2000.86.2.407.
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Substance abuse continues to be a major health problem compounded by caregivers' negative attitudes toward these patients. We investigated attributions 55 primary care physicians and 315 senior medical students make toward substance abusers. Half of both groups expressed negative causal attributions, with women slightly less negative than men. Mental models based on LISREL regression coefficients showed that higher negative attributions by both physicians and students were related to their increased authoritarianism and depressed mood. Medical students choosing careers in primary care specialties, including psychiatry, expressed a less negative attributional style toward substance abusers than those students entering nonprimary careers. Health professional educators may find that using attribution theory to redefine successful outcomes in management of substance abuse can result in better attitudes for caregivers.
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Leposavic, Ivana, i Ljubica Leposavic. "Attribution style of patients with depression". Srpski arhiv za celokupno lekarstvo 137, nr 9-10 (2009): 529–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sarh0910529l.
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Introduction The role of attribution in psychopathology has been investigated most systematically within the depression context. The presumption which makes people depressive consists, to an excessive degree, of internal, stable and global attributions to negative occurrences. Negative attributions for unpleasant events are associated with the loss of self-respect which follows. Objective Establishing the characteristics of attribution style of depressive patients. Methods The investigation included 62 subjects. The first group consisted of 32 patients with endogenous depression in remission. The second group included 30 healthy subjects. The characteristics of attribution style, in both groups, were tested by the Attribution Style Questionnaire (ASQ). Results The group of depressive patients, in comparison with healthy subjects, exhibited a significantly more marked internal attribution for negative events (t(60)=-3.700; p<0.01) and global internal negative attributions (t(60)=-4.023; p<0.01). There was no significant difference between the groups in the stability of these negative attributions (t(60)=-1.937; p>0.05), and also the composite score which represents the measure of hopelessness did not make a significant difference between depressive and healthy subjects (t(60)=-1.810; p>0.05). Conclusion Depressive patients exhibit an inclination towards internal and global attribution for negative events. These negative attributions do not have stable character, i.e. these attributions vary in time. Characteristics of attribution judgments of depressive people do not represent a permanent pattern within their cognitive style.
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Jayamohan, Parvathi, Alexander McKelvie i Todd W. Moss. "Blame You, Blame Me: Exploring Attribution Differences and Impact in Family and Nonfamily Firms". Family Business Review 30, nr 3 (3.08.2017): 284–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0894486517722887.
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We explore how publicly listed family and nonfamily firms engage in self-serving attributions in their annual financial reports. We empirically examine how both types of firms emphasize internal attributions for good firm performance (internal-positive attributions) and external attributions for poor firm performance (external-negative attributions). We find that family firms make more external-negative attributions and that the stock market reacts more negatively to external-negative attributions made by family firms. This suggests important theoretical and practical implications for attribution theory and impression management in family firm research.
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Brosschot, Jos F., i Henriette R. Aarsse. "Restricted Emotional Processing and Somatic Attribution in Fibromyalgia". International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine 31, nr 2 (czerwiec 2001): 127–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/k7au-9ux9-w8bw-tetl.
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Objective: Medically unexplained symptoms or syndromes, such as fibromyalgia (FM), might be partly caused or sustained by a mechanism involving restricted emotional processing (REP) and the subsequent attribution of emotional arousal to somatic or syndrome-consistent causes. In this study, it was hypothesized that FM patients, compared to healthy individuals, would be higher on trait measures of REP (defensiveness and alexithymia), and would show affective-autonomic response dissociation, that is, higher standardized scores of heart rate responses than affective responses, during negative emotional stimulation. Additionally, FM patients were expected to attribute their bodily symptoms more to somatic than to psychological causes. Method: Emotional movie excerpts were shown to 16 female FM patients and 17 healthy women. Affective response and heart rate were monitored continuously, while symptoms and their causal attributions were measured before and after the excerpts. Repressor coping style and alexithymia were measured, along with negative affectivity and habitual attributions of somatic complaints. Results: FM patients nearly all showed the relatively uncommon combination of high defensiveness and high anxiousness. Compared with healthy women FM patients were more alexithymic, showed a higher level of affective-autonomic response dissociation, and lower within-subject emotional variability. The groups showed opposite attributional patterns, with FM patients attributing symptoms less to psychological causes and more to somatic causes. There was no evidence of a shift in these attributions caused by the emotional stimuli. Conclusions: The results provide preliminary support for the hypotheses. Both at trait and at state level, FM showed restricted emotional processing on most of the parameters measured, and a high ratio of somatic to psychological symptom attribution, coupled with high negative affectivity.
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Saylik, Rahmi, i Andre J. Szameitat. "The Association Between Negative Attributional Style and Working Memory Performance". Open Psychology Journal 11, nr 1 (24.07.2018): 131–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874350101811010131.
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Introduction:It has been proposed that negative attributions contribute to impairment in cognitive task processing. However, it is still unknown whether negative attributions influence task processing in all cognitive tasks.Methods:To investigate this, 91 healthy participants completed attributional style questionnaire and performed three Working Memory (WM) tasks, which associated with different functions of WM (i.e. Central Executive System (CES) and visuospatial sketchpad).Results:The results demonstrated that negative attributions contribute to the impairment in cognitive tasks which is associated with spatial working memory rather than main central executive functions (i.e. switching and inhibition).Conclusions:It is concluded that negative attributions may selectively disrupt spatial working memory functions, thus a detrimental effect of negative attributions may be task specific.
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Schmidt, Kathleen. "Attribution Impacts Implicit (And Explicit) Evaluations". Social Cognition 41, nr 1 (luty 2023): 1–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/soco.2023.41.1.1.
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Two studies examined whether the attributional framing of negative events affected explicit evaluations, as measured by differences in liking, and implicit evaluations, as measured by the Implicit Association Test (Greenwald et al., 1998). In Study 1, participants read negative information about a novel target ordered to elicit internal or external attributions. Participants in the internal attribution condition evaluated the target more negatively than did those in the external attribution condition on both implicit and explicit measures. Study 2 replicated these results and tested the effects of attribution on recently formed negative evaluations. Participants who evaluated targets before and after receiving additional negative information about them demonstrated implicit and explicit evaluative change consistent with the attributional framing of that information. This research provides clear evidence that attribution influences the formation and change of implicit evaluations; however, these effects were weaker than those on explicit measures of evaluation.
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Stucke, Tanja S. "Who's to blame? Narcissism and self‐serving attributions following feedback". European Journal of Personality 17, nr 6 (listopad 2003): 465–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/per.497.
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The study examined the relationship between narcissism, performance attributions, and negative emotions following success or failure. As expected, narcissistic individuals showed more self‐serving attributions for their performance in an intelligence test than less narcissistic individuals: compared with less narcissistic individuals, narcissists revealed a stronger tendency to attribute success to ability and failure to task difficulty. In contrast to this, less narcissistic participants tended to show the opposite pattern by ascribing failure, but not success, to their ability. Additionally, anger and depression could be predicted by an interaction of performance feedback and performance attributions. Mediation analyses revealed that the attribution dimensions ‘task difficulty’ and ‘ability’ mediated the effect of narcissism on anger and depression following failure feedback. The results provide support for the theoretical assumption that attributional processes might, at least to some extent, explain the often reported relation between narcissism and negative emotions following failure. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Wu, Hao, Jiaxu Zhao i Xiaomei Chao. "Influence of attributions on negative emotions of individuals experiencing parenting-related trauma". Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 48, nr 8 (4.08.2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.8693.
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We investigated how the type of trauma and attributions contribute to and affect negative emotions in individuals who have experienced parenting-related trauma. We assessed 6 negative emotions and 4 attributions of 294 participants who had experienced 3 types of parenting-related trauma: infertility, death of a child, or a child with a disability; and 124 participants who had not experienced parentingrelated trauma (control group). Results show that the attributions had different effects on the negative emotions of participants in each of the 3 trauma groups and the control group. Our findings suggest that attribution is an important factor in inhibiting the influence of parenting-related trauma on negative emotions.
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McAuley, Edward, i Terry E. Duncan. "Causal Attributions and Affective Reactions to Discontinuing Outcomes in Motor Performance". Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 11, nr 2 (czerwiec 1989): 187–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsep.11.2.187.
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Research suggests that attributional search is a consequence of disconfirming outcomes and that causal dimensions influence affective reactions to achievement outcomes. The present study manipulated future expectancies for performance and actual outcome in a competitive motor task. Following competitive outcome, causal attributions for and affective reactions to the outcome were assessed. Discriminant analysis indicated that winners experienced significantly more positive affect than did losers, who reported more intense negative affects. Regression analyses examined the relationship between causal dimensions and affective reactions. The locus of causality and stability dimensions significantly influenced a number of negative affects in losers, whereas all three dimensions in combination significantly influenced confidence in winners. The findings are discussed in relation to previous attribution-affect research in achievement settings and the role of disconfirm-ing experiences in the attribution process.
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Varela-Neira, Concepción, Rodolfo Vázquez-Casielles i Víctor Iglesias. "Intentionality attributions and humiliation". European Journal of Marketing 48, nr 5/6 (6.05.2014): 901–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ejm-01-2012-0035.
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Purpose – This paper aims to determine whether intentionality attributions have an effect on the customer’s complaint and switching behavior after a service failure, after accounting for the effects of the traditional dimensions of attribution (stability and controllability), and to examine whether intentionality attributions give rise to humiliation and to what degree this negative emotion enables us to understand the customer’s complaint and switching behavior after a service failure. Design/methodology/approach – A contribution of this investigation is that it studies real complaint and switching behaviors, as the few studies that focus on understanding customers’ complaint and defection behaviors mostly analyze customers’ intentions. Findings – The results of the study indicate that intentionality attributions have an effect on the customer’s switching behavior after a service failure, in addition to the impact of the traditional dimensions of attribution. The findings also show that humiliation is the emotion that mediates the relationship between intentionality attributions and switching behavior, opposite to other emotions that may also be related to attributions. Finally, the results also support that the effect of attribution of intentionality on complaint behavior is indirect; it only exists because attribution of intentionality influences negative emotions like humiliation, which in turn influences complaint behavior. Practical implications – To understand what makes customers complain after a service failure or switch service providers without giving them first the possibility of recovering the failure may help managers reduce the damage caused by the failure and increase the company’s profits. Originality/value – This study will try to contribute to the service failure research by analyzing the role of two variables that have not been analyzed before in this context: intentionality attribution and humiliation.
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Parkes, Jarred F., i Clifford J. Mallett. "Developing Mental Toughness: Attributional Style Retraining in Rugby". Sport Psychologist 25, nr 3 (wrzesień 2011): 269–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/tsp.25.3.269.
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Recent research has identified optimism as an underlying mechanism of mental toughness (Coulter, Mallett, & Gucciardi, 2010). To further understand what elements of mental toughness can be developed, the current study evaluated the utility of an optimism intervention that employed cognitive-behavioral techniques (e.g., identifying automatic thoughts; testing accuracy of thoughts) to retrain attributional style. Seven male rugby players who were competing in first grade club rugby participated in the intervention. The effectiveness of the program was partially evaluated via self-reports of the Sport Attributional Style Scale (Hanrahan, Grove, & Hattie, 1989). Qualitative data were also collected via a focus group and semistructured interviews. The quantitative results provided minimal support for the utility of the intervention; there was evidence to suggest participants’ attributions became more external for negative events. The qualitative data suggested that participants (a) developed greater resilience in the face of adversity, (b) were more confident in their sport, and (c) developed a more optimistic explanatory style for negative events. The qualitative findings support the utility of a cognitive-behavioral based attribution retraining intervention for developing optimism in rugby players. The data also supported the flexible use of external attributions for negative events.
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Beckerman, Marieke, Sheila R. van Berkel, Judi Mesman, Rens Huffmeijer i Lenneke R. A. Alink. "Are Negative Parental Attributions Predicted by Situational Stress?: From a Theoretical Assumption Toward an Experimental Answer". Child Maltreatment 25, nr 3 (8.10.2019): 352–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077559519879760.
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In an experimental within-subjects research design, we studied the theoretical assumption that stress predicts negative parental attributions, which until now was mainly studied using cross-sectional study designs. During home visits to 105 families, mothers and fathers were subjected to two experimental conditions and two control conditions. In the experimental conditions, parents completed the Parental Attributions of Child behavior Task (PACT, a computerized attribution task) under two different stressful conditions (i.e., cognitive load and white noise); in the control conditions, the PACT was completed without additional stressors. Furthermore, parents completed questionnaires about existing risk factors (i.e., partner-related stress, parenting stress, and abuse risk). There were no main effects of induced stress on attributions for fathers and mothers, but we found that a combination of induced situational stress (cognitive load) and high risk resulted in the most negative parental attributions in mothers. The discussion focuses on intensity and origin of stressors, comparison between mother and father attributions, implications for interventions, and possible future research directions.
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Ladd, Ellen R., M. Cay Welsh, William F. Vitulli, Elise E. Labbé i Joseph G. Law. "Narcissism and Causal Attribution". Psychological Reports 80, nr 1 (luty 1997): 171–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1997.80.1.171.
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This study examined the relationship between scores on narcissistic personality traits and causal attributions to positive and negative events. 119 undergraduate students in psychology as participants completed the Narcissistic Personality Inventory-40, the Attributional Style Questionnaire, and several Self-referencing Closed-ended Vignettes. Analyses indicated that men who scored higher on the Narcissistic Personality Inventory-40 made more internal and stable attributions to positive events and more external and unstable attributions to negative events than did men who scored lower on the Narcissistic Personality Inventory-40. Also scores on the Self-referencing Closed-ended Vignettes correlated significantly and positively with the Attributional Style Questionnaire, providing evidence for the validity of the vignettes.
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Pillow, David R., i Rodger W. Dougherty. "Dysphoria and the Failure to Perceive and Use Discounting Information: Implications for Internalizing Negative Feedback". Perceptual and Motor Skills 83, nr 1 (sierpień 1996): 107–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1996.83.1.107.
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The present study examined the proposition that dysphoric individuals make internal attributions because they do not use available discounting cues. To test this hypothesis, 23 dysphoric and 32 nondysphoric college students were either provided a discounting cue or were led to believe that an internal attribution for failure was appropriate (no discounting cue). On the primary measure of internality, nondysphoric individuals made greater external attributions when a discounting cue was available than they did when no such cue was present, but attributions made by dysphoric individuals were unaffected by the presence of a discounting cue. On the other hand, using a secondary dependent measure inserted to replicate a prior study in this area, key comparison differences were not obtained.
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Albrecht, Arne K., Gianfranco Walsh i Sharon E. Beatty. "Perceptions of Group Versus Individual Service Failures and Their Effects on Customer Outcomes". Journal of Service Research 20, nr 2 (29.11.2016): 188–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1094670516675416.
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A service failure and its negative effects can involve multiple customers at the same time, which suggests the need to understand the psychological mechanisms that underlie differential perceptions of group service failures (GSFs) versus individual service failures (ISFs) as well as their related outcomes. With an attributional framework, this article reports on two experiments that varied in their blame-attribution ambiguity. The results reveal that customers experience greater anger and show higher negative word-of-mouth and complaint intentions after a GSF versus an ISF. These differential effects are mediated by blame attributions, such that GSFs cause customers to blame the service provider more than ISFs. Customer entitlement also moderates the effect of the failure context (GSF vs. ISF) on blame attribution, contingent on perceptions of whether the service provider or customer violated an existing rule. Thus, we find that customers respond differently to service failures depending on the context. Managerial implications include separating customers from each other when GSFs are likely to take place, using techniques to redirect customer’s blame attributions to sources other than the service provider after a GSF and using customer scripts to minimize the occurrence of customer-induced service failures.
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Joseph, Stephen, i Willem Kuyken. "LINKING CAUSAL ATTRIBUTIONS AND INHIBITORY PROCESSES". Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 21, nr 1 (1.01.1993): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.1993.21.1.1.
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The aim of the present study was to explore the relationship between causal attributions and self-controlling behavior in adults following a negative event. More internal, stable, and global causal attributions were associated with greater self-controlling behavior even with concurrent depressive symptoms partialled out. The implications for a model of attribution - inhibition are discussed.
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Sharp, HM, CF Fear i D. Healy. "Attributional style and delusions: an investigation based on delusional content". European Psychiatry 12, nr 1 (1997): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(97)86371-7.
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SummaryIndividuals with persecutory delusions have been reported to make external and stable attributions for negative events and to have a tendency towards internal attributions for positive events. It remains unclear whether this abnormality is present in individuals with non-persecutory delusions. Using the Attributional Style Questionnaire, we assessed the attributional style of 19 individuals with persecutory or grandiose delusions (PG), 12 individuals whose delusional beliefs were non-persecutory and non-grandiose (NPG) and 24 controls. The PG group displayed externality in their causal attributions for bad events but those in the NPG group did not differ from controls. Both deluded groups were significantly more stable in their attributions for bad events in comparison to controls. Such findings argue against a primary role for attributional biases in the genesis of delusions, although a role in shaping delusional content and maintaining the disorder and a role for external attributions in defending against reductions in self-esteem cannot be excluded.
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Neumann, Dawn, Samantha Backhaus Backhaus, Jeong Jang, Sruthi Bhamadipalli, Jill Winegardner, Beth Helton i Flora Hammond. "Intervention to Change Attributions that are Negative: A Feasibility Study on Reducing Anger after Brain Injury". Journal of Emotion and Psychopathology 1, nr 1 (19.01.2023): 72–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.55913/joep.v1i1.5.
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Objectives: Explore the early efficacy of a treatment to modify anger, aggression, negative attributions, and perspective-taking in participants with traumatic brain injury (TBI). Design: Randomized waitlist-controlled trial. Participants: Twenty-four adults with a TBI (³ 1-year post-injury) who had above average aggression and either negative attribution bias or poor perspective-taking. Intervention: Intervention to Change Attributions that are Negative (ICAN). Measures: Epps Scenarios (attributions of intent, hostility, blame; anger and aggression responses); Aggression Questionnaire (AQ); PROMIS-Anger; Interpersonal Reactivity Index Perspective-taking; and Participant Global Impression of Change (PGIC) for anger and perspective-taking. Results: Twenty-one participants completed the study (ICAN = 8; Waitlist control [WLC] = 13). Post-treatment, ICAN participants had lower anger responses to Epps Scenarios (p = 0.03) compared to WLC participants who had not yet received treatment. Other between-group comparisons were not significant. Analyses comparing pre/post-intervention changes in the pooled sample (n=21), revealed reduced attributions of intent (p < 0.01) and blame (p = 0.05), and anger (p = 0.01) and aggression responses to Epps scenarios (p < 0.01) after receiving treatment. Post-intervention scores on the AQ and PROMIS-Anger were also significantly reduced (p < 0.01). On the PGIC, 83% and 45% reported noticeable changes in perspective-taking and anger, respectively. Discussion: ICAN may reduce anger and negative attributions after TBI and merits further investigation.
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Brewin, Chris R. "Changes in attribution and expressed emotion among the relatives of patients with schizophrenia". Psychological Medicine 24, nr 4 (listopad 1994): 905–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291700028993.
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SynopsisThe study investigated whether reductions in hostility and criticism in the relatives of psychiatric patients would be associated with changes in their beliefs about the causes of the patients' symptoms and negative behaviours. Twenty-six relatives of patients with schizophrenia were assessed both before and after taking part in interventions designed to reduce levels of expressed emotion. Over the course of the interventions there was a general reduction in relatives' criticism and hostility, a shift towards making more universal attributions for patients' negative behaviours and more use of attributions to illness. Reductions in criticism were not related to attributional change, but reductions in hostility were associated with shifts towards more universal and uncontrollable attributions.
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Collins, Kathryn S., Pamela A. Clarkson Freeman, George Jay Unick, Melissa H. Bellin, Polly Reinicker i Frederick H. Strieder. "Child Attributions Mediate Relationships Between Violence Exposure and Trauma Symptomology". Advances in Social Work 18, nr 1 (24.09.2017): 284–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.18060/21283.
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Violence and trauma exposure have been increasingly investigated as contributing to a range of negative outcomes in child physical, cognitive, emotional, social, and psychological functioning, particularly among youth who are racial/ethnic minorities. This study presents findings related to children's attributions of their violence and trauma exposure. Attributions are inferences made about the cause of an event, situation, or action, with internal, stable, and global attributions most likely to lead to negative psychological outcomes. Data were drawn from an on-going clinical intervention study with families at risk for child maltreatment and/or neglect residing in a large metropolitan city on the East Coast. Mediation models provide evidence for a mediated relationship between violence exposure and PTSD through child attribution. Children develop their definitions of violence, formulate reasons why the violence occurs, and react to violence based on interpreting and developing cognitive attributions and schema about their experiences with violence in order to adaptively cope.
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Laidroo, Laivi. "Are Annual Report Graphs Being Used for Making Performance Attributions?" International Journal of Business Communication 56, nr 4 (16.09.2016): 476–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2329488416668838.
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Previous literature on performance attributions has focused exclusively on annual report narratives. The objective of this article is to determine whether graphs in annual reports could be used for making performance attributions. The analysis focuses on annual reports of 33 commercial banks from 7 Central and Eastern European countries during 2006 to 2013. In line with expectations and results of previous research, there is strong support for the presence of negative performance attributions and attributional enhancements. A decrease in a bank’s profitability is associated with an increase in the use of external indicator graphs. If a bank’s profitability increases simultaneously with deterioration in a graphed external indicator, the use of such external indicator graphs increases compared with when profitability increase occurs simultaneously with an improvement in a graphed external indicator. There also exist signs that negative performance attributions are intentional and potentially driven by impression management motives.
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Carson, Jack, Jacob Waddingham i Jeremy Mackey. "Organization member action proximity and attributions for managerial crisis response failure". Management Decision 58, nr 10 (12.10.2020): 2177–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/md-08-2020-1059.
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PurposeThe purpose of this research is to describe organization members' attributions for managerial responses to obviously externally caused crises. The authors draw from attribution theory research and the actor-observer bias to argue that organization members' proximity to managerial crisis response is a key determinant of organization members' affective and behavioral outcomes following a crisis.Design/methodology/approachThe authors develop a conceptual dual-process model of attributions that explains why organization members' judgments of managerial responsibility and associated outcomes differ depending on organization members' proximity to crisis response action.FindingsThe authors focus on organization members' attributions for the failure of managerial crisis responses to obviously externally caused crisis events. The authors present propositions regarding the impact of organization members' potential biases on their attributions for managerial crisis response. Then, the authors delineate how action proximity can assuage negative outcomes of managerial crisis response failure by encouraging an attitude of understanding and awareness of situational challenges.Originality/valueThe authors diverge from prior applications of attribution theory to crisis management by focusing on organization members' attributions of managerial crisis response failure, rather than attributions for the initial cause of the crisis itself. The authors also extend prior work that primarily focuses on crisis response strategies by instead elaborating on how organization members' attributions operate in the wake of their management's failure to effectively respond to an obviously externally caused crisis.
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Neves, Lude Marieta Gonçalves dos Santos, i Fabio Iglesias. "Consumers' Complaints: Causal attribution and moral emotions in service failures". CBR - Consumer Behavior Review 6, nr 1 (7.01.2022): 251446. http://dx.doi.org/10.51359/2526-7884.2022.251446.
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Purpose: This research investigated consumers’ reactions to service failures, based on Weiner’s attribution theory, by simulating two situations: a teacher that is late to class and a delay in a course registration service.Method: Students at an educational service (n = 388) responded to four versions of scenarios, combining external and internal causes with teacher delay and enrollment problems.Findings: Factor analyzes inductively reflected the theoretical organization of the model: Negative Behavior, Positive Reactions, Internal Attributions, and Negative Emotions. Internal causes led to internal attributions, negative emotions and negative behaviors. Originality: The central role of moral emotions on the attitude towards complaining behavior is discussed, as well as the importance of implementing simple and low-cost managerial measures to improve the quality of care service.
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DeCarlo, Thomas E., i Thomas W. Leigh. "Impact of Salesperson Attraction on Sales Managers’ Attributions and Feedback". Journal of Marketing 60, nr 2 (kwiecień 1996): 47–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002224299606000204.
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The authors develop a model of how a salesperson's task and social attraction affect a sales manager's causal attributions explaining the salesperson's poor performance and the manager's corrective feedback based on these attributions. The authors’ experimental results, based on a sample of 218 sales managers, suggest that (1) causal attributions, cognitive effort, and decision confidence are directly affected by task and social attraction; (2) the effects of task and social attraction on coercive feedback are mediated by internal attributions; and (3) external attributions play a partial, but negative, mediating role for nonpunitve feedback. The authors also find evidence that interpersonal affect directly influences manager feedback. Implications for research and practice are developed that recognize that appraisal processes are influenced by affect and attributional considerations, not simply bias and inaccuracy in rating performance itself.
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Lee, Beatrice, Cahit Kaya, Xiangli Chen, Jia-Rung Wu, Kanako Iwanaga, Emre Umucu, Jill Bezyak, Timothy N. Tansey i Fong Chan. "The Buffering Effect of Character Strengths on Depression". European Journal of Health Psychology 26, nr 3 (lipiec 2019): 101–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/2512-8442/a000036.
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Abstract. The transition from high school to college can be very stressful for Turkish students because they may experience value conflicts and adjustment issues, which can trigger the development of mental health problems. Character strengths can serve as a buffer against psychopathology. The aim of the study was to examine perceived stress and negative attributional style as mediating factors between character strengths and depression among Turkish college students. Bootstrap testing approach was implemented to compute direct and indirect effects and total effect in the mediation analysis. Altogether 235 students from two Turkish universities participated in the study. The results showed that character strengths were associated with lower levels of depression and it was negatively associated with perceived stress and negative attributional style. The results also indicated that perceived stress and negative attribution style completely mediated the relationship between character strengths and depression among Turkish college students. These findings suggested the need to develop empirically supported interventions that can promote character strengths toward reducing stress, negative attributions, and depression in this population.
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Swendsen, J. D., i P. Compagnone. "The expression of cognitive vulnerabilities for depression in daily life: a French-American study". European Psychiatry 15, S1 (czerwiec 2000): 22–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(00)00499-5.
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SummaryThis prospective study provided a direct comparison of French and American samples concerning a cognitive diathesis for depression. Using the Experience Sampling Method and identical measures across sites, subjects were signaled five times daily by electronic devices to provide in vivo reports of negative events, attributions, and depressed moods. After controlling for effects associating clinical and demographic variables, and despite differences attributable to national origin, attributional style emerged as a highly significant predictor of the numerous specific attributions made to negative events within the course of daily life. However, consistent with the cognitive mediation hypothesis, attributional style did not directly explain depression levels. The results are discussed in terms of the predictive power of cognitive and personality assessments in understanding the day-to-day experience of depression.
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Hayamizu, Toshihiko. "Spontaneous Causal Attributions: A Cross-Cultural Study Using the Sentence Completion Test". Psychological Reports 71, nr 3 (grudzień 1992): 715–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1992.71.3.715.
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The hypothesis was that Japanese students use spontaneous causal attributions less frequently than American students because of their cultural background. To measure spontaneous causal attribution, an original sentence completion test was constructed. The subjects were 123 American and 111 Japanese undergraduate students. Analyzing the descriptions given on the test showed that, as hypothesized, Japanese students were less likely to make spontaneous causal attributions than American students. Instead, Japanese students described ways of resolution to overcome negative outcomes more frequently.
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Moore, Todd M., Gregory L. Stuart, Richard M. Eisler i Joseph J. Franchina. "The Effects of Relationship Aversive Female Partner Behavior on Attributions and Physiological Reactivity of Verbally Aggressive and Non-Aggressive Males". Violence and Victims 18, nr 1 (luty 2003): 95–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/vivi.2003.18.1.95.
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The present study assessed the effects of aversive female partner behavior on cognitive attributions and physiological reactivity in verbally aggressive and non-aggressive college males (N= 39). Participants were presented four audiotaped vignettes which depicted hypothetical dating situations in which the female’s behavior was relationship aversive or non-relationship aversive. Participants’ physiological reactivity (i.e., systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and heart rate) was obtained before and after hearing each vignette. Attributional responses were obtained following the presentation of all vignettes. Relationship aversive partner behavior was expected to produce greater increases in attributional and physiological reactivity than non-relationship aversive partner behavior. Additionally, verbally aggressive males were expected to demonstrate greater negative intent and responsibility attributions and evidence greater physiological reactivity for situations involving relationship aversive partner behavior than were non-aggressive males. As hypothesized, results showed that relationship aversive partner behavior produced greater increases in systolic and diastolic blood pressure than did non-relationship aversive partner behavior. Results also showed that verbally aggressive males evidenced significantly greater negative attributions to relationship aversive partner behavior than did non-aggressive males. The potential interaction between physiological reactivity and attributions in explaining males’ verbally aggressive behavior toward their female partners is discussed.
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Hirschberger, Gilad, Roland Imhoff, Dennis Kahn i Katja Hanke. "Making sense of the past to understand the present: Attributions for historical trauma predict contemporary social and political attitudes". Group Processes & Intergroup Relations 25, nr 2 (22.11.2021): 509–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1368430221990105.
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Research indicates that the memory of collective trauma influences attitudes towards contemporary social and political issues. We suggest that the specific attributions for trauma that members of victim and perpetrator groups make provide a more nuanced understanding of this relationship. Thus, we constructed and validated a measure of attributions for the Holocaust. Then, we ran a preregistered study on representative samples in Germany ( N = 504) and Israel ( N = 469) to examine whether attributing the Holocaust to essentialist or contextual causes influences attitudes towards the immigration crisis and the Israeli–Palestinian conflict. Results indicated that, among Germans, attributing the Holocaust to German character was associated with positive attitudes to immigration via collective guilt. Among Israelis, attributions to German character were associated with negative attitudes to non-Jewish immigration, a hawkish stance in the Palestinian–Israeli conflict, and pro-Israel attitudes via a sense of perpetual victimization. Results reveal how attributions about past trauma affect contemporary social and political attitudes among victims and perpetrators.
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Stephanou, Georgia, i Georgios Gkavras. "Adolescents’ Intuitive Appraisal, Attributions and Emotions for their Relationships with their Parents". International Journal of Learning and Development 2, nr 6 (12.11.2012): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ijld.v2i6.2678.
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This study study aimed to examine (a) adolescents’ attributions and emotions for their subjectively perceived good and bad relationships with their parents, (b) the association of the intuitive and attributional appraisals of the adolescent-parent relationship with the subsequent emotions, and (c) the role of the perceived importance of the good adolescent-parent relationship in the generation of attributions and emotions, and in the impact of attributions on emotions. The sample comprised 670 adolescents, both genders, aged 14-17 years old, representing various parental socioeconomic levels. The results showed that: (a) It was extremely important for the adolescents to have good relationships with their parents, (b) the perceived good adolescent-parent relationships were attributed to internal, stable and personal controllable factors, along with parent- and self-parent interactive- related factors, while the estimated as bad relationships were attributed to external, stable, personal uncontrollable and external controllable factors (parents’ negative properties), (c) the adolescents experienced intense positive and negative emotions (mainly, general / outcome- dependent) for the perceived good and bad relationships with their parents, respectively, (d) both intuitive and attributional appraisals of the relationship were associated with the emotions, particularly in the perceived bad adolescent-parent relationship, and (e) the relative strength of the association of the attributional dimensions with the emotions varied between the perceived good and bad adolescent-parent relationship and across the various emotions. Keywords: Adolescent-Parent Relationship, Attributions, Emotions, Intuitive Appraisal.
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Sturman, Edward D., Myriam Mongrain i Paul M. Kohn. "Attributional Style as a Predictor of Hopelessness Depression". Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy 20, nr 4 (grudzień 2006): 447–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/jcpiq-v20i4a008.
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Stable and global attributions for negative events were tested as predictors of hopelessness depression symptoms, obtained from a diagnostic interview for a past depressive episode in a sample of 102 graduate students. All participants were administered the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM–IV, Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale, Personal Style Inventory, and a modified version of the Extended Attributional Style Questionnaire. A stable and global attributional style for negative events was significantly associated with a composite of hopelessness depression symptoms. A regression analysis revealed that attributional style significantly postdicted hopelessness depression symptoms when controlling for both sociotropy and autonomy. Structural equation modeling supported a model in which stable and global attributions predicted a latent variable, which we refer to as a motivational deficit, involving psychomotor retardation and fatigue as indicators. Therefore, this study obtained some support for the hopelessness model and highlights the vulnerability posed by attributional style ( Abramson, Metalsky, & Alloy, 1989 ).
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Hillman, Stephen B., Paula C. Wood i Shlomo S. Sawilowsky. "ATTRIBUTIONAL STYLE OF AFRICAN-AMERICAN ADOLESCENTS". Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 22, nr 2 (1.01.1994): 163–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.1994.22.2.163.
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This study ascertains how positive and negative life events are viewed by stigmatized youngsters. The causal attributions of a sample of 139 at-risk African American adolescents are analyzed in a doubly multivariate repeated measures design. These students were participants in either the federally funded Summer Training and Education Program or the Student Academic and Leadership Enhancement Program funded by the Detroit Compact. Previous research on these students indicated that they have higher than norm global self-concepts and their locus of control is more external than would be expected for their age. The findings of the current study suggest that the attributions these youngsters ascribed to positive events were significantly more internal, stable, and global than the attributions for negative events. An ancillary outcome of this study is to report psychometric information regarding the use of The Attributional Style Questionnaire.
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Nam, Woo-Jeoung, Jaesik Choi i Seong-Whan Lee. "Interpreting Deep Neural Networks with Relative Sectional Propagation by Analyzing Comparative Gradients and Hostile Activations". Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 35, nr 13 (18.05.2021): 11604–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v35i13.17380.
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The clear transparency of Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) is hampered by complex internal structures and nonlinear transformations along deep hierarchies. In this paper, we propose a new attribution method, Relative Sectional Propagation (RSP), for fully decomposing the output predictions with the characteristics of class-discriminative attributions and clear objectness. We carefully revisit some shortcomings of backpropagation-based attribution methods, which are trade-off relations in decomposing DNNs. We define hostile factor as an element that interferes with finding the attributions of the target and propagate it in a distinguishable way to overcome the non-suppressed nature of activated neurons. As a result, it is possible to assign the bi-polar relevance scores of the target (positive) and hostile (negative) attributions while maintaining each attribution aligned with the importance. We also present the purging techniques to prevent the decrement of the gap between the relevance scores of the target and hostile attributions during backward propagation by eliminating the conflicting units to channel attribution map. Therefore, our method makes it possible to decompose the predictions of DNNs with clearer class-discriminativeness and detailed elucidations of activation neurons compared to the conventional attribution methods. In a verified experimental environment, we report the results of the assessments: (i) Pointing Game, (ii) mIoU, and (iii) Model Sensitivity with PASCAL VOC 2007, MS COCO 2014, and ImageNet datasets. The results demonstrate that our method outperforms existing backward decomposition methods, including distinctive and intuitive visualizations.
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Blanchard-Fields, Fredda, Renee Baldi i Renee Stein. "Age Relevance and Context Effects on Attributions across the Adult Lifespan". International Journal of Behavioral Development 23, nr 3 (wrzesień 1999): 665–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/016502599383748.
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Attributions for events with information varying on age relevance (teen, young, middle-aged, and older main characters) and context (family, work) were examined in young, middle-aged, and older adults. Participants rated the degree to which the causes of a negative outcome were a function of three dispositional dimensions of the primary character, two dimensions of situational factors, and a combination of these. They also wrote essays justifying their ratings. Overall and in support of previous research, older adults were more likely than younger adults to attribute the cause of the negative outcome to the primary character (Blanchard-Fields, 1994). This bias was not attenuated by the age-relevance factor. Instead, in the work context, older and middle-aged adults placed greater blame on main characters relevant to their age group for negative outcomes than did young adults. However, older adults were also more likely than middle-aged or young adults to attribute the cause of a negative outcome to situational factors. Age relevance and context influenced attributional ratings for all participants in that: (a) older characters were rated higher on external attributions and younger characters were rated higher on internal attributions; and (b) higher internal attributions were made for work situations than for family situations. Finally, young and middle-aged adults were more dialectical in justifying their causal attributions than older adults. Findings are discussed in terms of the degree to which a dispositional bias in older adults is influenced by the developmental relevance of one’s everyday context.
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Hartley, Sigan L., i William E. MacLean. "Depression in Adults With Mild Intellectual Disability: Role of Stress, Attributions, and Coping". American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities 114, nr 3 (1.05.2009): 147–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1352/1944-7588-114.3.147.
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Abstract The experience of stressful social interactions, negative causal attributions, and the use of maladaptive coping efforts help maintain depression over time in the general population. We investigated whether a similar experience occurs among adults with mild intellectual disability. We compared the frequency and stress impact of such interactions, identified causal attributions for these interactions, and determined the coping strategies of 47 depressed and 47 nondepressed adults with mild intellectual disability matched on subject characteristics. The depressed group reported a higher frequency and stress impact of stressful social interactions, more negative attribution style, and more avoidant and less active coping strategies did than the nondepressed group. Findings have implications for theory building and development of psychotherapies to treat depression.
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Bastounis, Marina, i Jale Minibas-Poussard. "Causal Attributions of Workplace Gender Equality, Just World Belief, and the Self/Other Distinction". Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 40, nr 3 (1.04.2012): 433–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2012.40.3.433.
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We conducted 2 surveys in Istanbul, Turkey, to investigate the moderating effects of belief in a just world (BJW) on the links between perceived gender equality and causal attributions in the workplace with 2 samples of bank employees from varying hierarchical positions (M age = 30). Results from a unidimensional BJW scale (Dalbert & Yamauchi, 1994) used in Study 1 (N = 136) showed a negative relationship between perceived gender equality and internal causal attributions only for high BJW scores. Results from a bidimensional scale measuring BJW for self and for others (Lipkus, Dalbert, & Siegler, 1996) used in Study 2 (N = 168) replicated this pattern for BJW both for self and for others. However, only BJW for others, which was found to be linked to social discrimination indices, moderated the negative relationship between perceived gender equality and external attributions. These findings support the relevance of the bidimensional conception of BJW and the predictions related to causal attribution theory and the just world hypothesis.
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Kim, S. H. "Consumers’ attributions and emotional responses to negative expectancy disconfirmation: Anger and regret". South African Journal of Business Management 45, nr 2 (30.06.2014): 15–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajbm.v45i2.121.
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This study examines the process by which consumer dissatisfaction is formed under negative expectancy disconfirmation with respect to consumer attributions and emotions. Although previous studies have demonstrated that negative expectancy disconfirmation can induce dissatisfaction of consumers, few studies have provided specific discussions on the mechanism underlying such dissatisfaction. This study focuses on consumers' cognitive and psychological responses to negative expectancy disconfirmation and examines the process by which consumer dissatisfaction is formed. For this, the study employs consumer attributions and emotional responses as antecedent variables for consumer dissatisfaction. Specifically, the study considers internal and external attributions as consumer attributions and anger and regret as their emotions. It further examines the mechanism underlying consumer dissatisfaction and behavior. The results indicate that under negative expectancy disconfirmation, external attributions were more likely to induce anger than regret, whereas internal attributions were more likely to induce regret than anger. Consumers’ dissatisfaction and behaviors, such as complaining and switching, were more likely to be influenced by anger than by regret.
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Conway, Michael, Roberto Difazio i François Bonneville. "Consensus and Causal Attributions for Negative Affect". Journal of Social Psychology 130, nr 3 (czerwiec 1990): 375–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00224545.1990.9924593.
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Družić Ljubotina, Olja, Marijana Kletečki Radović i Jelena Ogresta. "Determinants of Causal Attributions of Homelessness in Croatia". Revija za socijalnu politiku 29, nr 2 (27.10.2022): 163–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3935/rsp.v29i2.1972.
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Homelessness is one of the most difficult social issues, and people who have experienced homelessness are often exposed to stigmatisation and negative public perception. Public perception of homeless people also depends on how citizens interpret and what they attribute the causes of homelessness to. Therefore, this paper is aimed at verifying the causal attributions of homelessness based on Weiner’s three-dimensional attribution model. The aim of the research was to examine the determinants of causal attributions of homelessness regarding certain sociodemographic and socioeconomic characteristics and attitudes towards homeless people. The research was conducted on a representative sample of citizens of the Republic of Croatia (n=1 010). The results showed that, on average, the citizens mostly attribute the causes of homelessness to factors related to the circumstances of a person’s life and the broader social context. Differences were found in certain sociodemographic characteristics, whereby women attribute the causes of homelessness more often to the circumstances of a person’s life and the broader social context, while participants with lower socioeconomic status attribute the causes of homelessness more often to structural factors. The results also point out regional differences in attributing the causes of homelessness to different factors. With regard to the attitude towards homeless people, it was found that participants who attribute the causes of homelessness to factors within the broader social context more also perceive homeless people more positively, considering that the state should take greater responsibility in caring for homeless people, and expressing more willingness to help homeless people. The results can contribute to a more effective development and implementation of intervention and policies aimed at sensitising the public regarding the issue and prevention of homelessness. Key words: attribution theory, homelessness, causal attributions, public opinion.
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Glaser, Brian A., Georgia B. Calhoun i Arthur M. Horne. "Cognitions and Attributions of Abused, Aggressive, and Control Children". Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy 13, nr 2 (styczeń 1999): 107–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0889-8391.13.2.107.
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This study examined differences in general cognitions, specific attributions of parent behavior, and cognitions and attributions related to self among abused, aggressive and control children during a problem-solving task with their mothers. All participants were from impoverished, single-parent, mother-headed families. Data were gathered in the participants’ homes. Abused children had few positive cognitions and attributions which seems to support the “less positive but not necessarily more negative” hypothesis (Wolfe, 1985). Findings for aggressive children revealed unexpectedly high positive general cognitions and attributions toward parent behavior and low positive cognitions related to self. These findings are consistent with those of Lochman and Dodge (1994). The results of the current study supports Dodge’s (1993) position that specific processing tendencies are characteristic of particular groups of children and that the cognitions and attributional styles are different for each of these groups.
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Park, Joanne L., i Charlotte Johnston. "Mothers’ Attributions for Positive and Negative Child Behavior: Associations With Mothers’ ADHD Symptoms". Journal of Attention Disorders 23, nr 5 (20.09.2016): 475–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1087054716669590.
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Objective: Previous research has shown that parent attributions for child behavior have important implications on the parent–child relationship. The current study investigates whether mothers’ level of ADHD symptoms is associated with their child-responsibility attributions for positive and negative child behavior. Method: Seventy-nine mothers of 6- to 11-year-old boys participated in this online study. Mothers completed questionnaires assessing their attributions, their ADHD symptoms, and their child’s behavior. Results: All mothers offered more child-responsibility attributions for positive behaviors than for negative behaviors. However, mothers with greater levels of ADHD symptoms did this to a lesser extent, blaming their child relatively more for negative behavior and giving their child relatively less credit for positive behavior. Conclusion: This is the first study demonstrating the association between mothers’ ADHD symptoms and child-responsibility attributions. It is possible that these relatively more negative attributions could be underlying some of the parenting difficulties reported by parents with ADHD.
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Froehlich, Laura, Sarah E. Martiny, Kay Deaux i Sog Yee Mok. "“It’s Their Responsibility, Not Ours”". Social Psychology 47, nr 2 (marzec 2016): 74–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1864-9335/a000260.
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Abstract. In many countries, there is a gap in academic performance between native-born students and students with certain immigrant backgrounds. Based on ultimate attribution error theory, we examined the stereotypes and causal attributions that German student teachers use to account for immigrants’ underperformance. By including both Turkish-origin and Italian-origin migrants, we assessed whether these judgments are group-specific. A pilot study (N = 70) showed that Turkish-origin migrants were viewed more negatively than either Germans or Italian-origin migrants. Studies 1 (N = 65) and 2 (N = 54) showed that negative stereotypes moderated judgments of internal responsibility for both immigrant groups. Study 2 also showed that negative stereotypes moderated external attributions for the underperformance of Turkish-origin, but not Italian-origin, migrants.
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Yuan, Denghua, Geng Cui i Lei Lai. "Sorry seems to be the hardest word: consumer reactions to self-attributions by firms apologizing for a brand crisis". Journal of Consumer Marketing 33, nr 4 (13.06.2016): 281–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jcm-02-2015-1306.
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Purpose When apologizing for a brand crisis, self-attribution by a business inevitably affects consumer attitude and behavior. The purpose of this study is to draw from the dissonance-attribution model and investigate the effect of self-attribution in apologies on consumers’ brand attitude. Design/methodology/approach This study includes two scenario-based experiments of 2 × 2 design. Findings In the first experiment on product failure, the results show that internal attribution generates significant change in brand attitude in a positive direction, while external attribution leads to negative change in brand attitude. Dispositional attribution leads to significantly more positive brand attitude than situational attribution. Internal/dispositional attribution produces significantly more positive effect on consumer attitude than the other three types of attribution. Moreover, perceived risk is found to mediate the relationship between attributions and brand attitude, and such mediating effect is moderated by consumers’ corporate associations. However, in the second experiment on moral crisis, the mediating and moderating effects are not significant. Practical implications Clearly, how a company apologizes for a product crisis makes a big difference in the effectiveness of recovery strategies to restore consumer confidence. Sincere apologies based on internal/dispositional attribution are more effective to re-gain the respect of consumers and win them back. Originality/value This study is the first to examine consumer reactions to self-attributions by marketers apologizing for a brand crisis and the combined effect of self-attributions along the horizontal dimension (internal versus external attribution) and the vertical dimension (dispositional versus situational attribution).
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MACKINNON–LEWIS, CAROL, MICHAEL E. LAMB, JOHN HATTIE i LAILA P. BARADARAN. "A longitudinal examination of the associations between mothers' and sons' attributions and their aggression". Development and Psychopathology 13, nr 1 (marzec 2001): 69–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579401001055.
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This study tested an integrative, multipathway model designed to explain bidirectional effects of the attributions and coercive behaviors of mothers and sons in the context of a longitudinal study. Subjects were 246 mothers and sons who were 7–9 years of age. Mothers' and sons' attributions about one another's intent were significantly related to the aggressiveness of the behavior that each of them directed toward the other. Boys' earlier aggression did not significantly predict the mothers' subsequent attributions, whereas mothers' negative behavior indeed predicted subsequent negative attributions on the part of the boys. Even after considering children's earlier negative behavior, children's negative attributions about their mothers helped explain the aggressiveness of their subsequent behavior. The same was not true for mothers whose earlier attributions indirectly influenced their subsequent aggressive behavior.
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Hinkley, Noah, i Jordan Sparks Waldron. "The Effect of Treatability Information and Genetic Explanations on Schizophrenia Stigma". Psi Chi Journal of Psychological Research 25, nr 4 (2020): 368–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.24839/2325-7342.jn25.4.368.
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Attributing mental illness to genetic factors has been shown to reduce blame; however, doing so may create other negative attitudes. Genetic attributions can increase the desire to remain distant from someone with a mental illness (desire for social distance), reduce one’s beliefs that an ill person can get better (prognostic pessimism), and cause people living with mental illness to be perceived as more dangerous. Presenting information about how mental illnesses can be treated alongside a genetic causal attribution may combat these negative side effects. Participants (N = 268) were recruited through Amazon’s Mechanical Turk to read vignettes about a man (“John”) with schizophrenia. Participants randomly received either a genetic or environmental attribution for John’s illness, and then received treatability information or no information. A genetic explanation of schizophrenia led people to believe that the symptoms of schizophrenia described in the vignette were more permanent, p < .01, ηp2 = .07; however, this finding was qualified by a significant interaction where the type of attribution had no impact on prognostic pessimism when presented with treatability information, p = .04, ηp2 = .01. The present findings suggest the potential importance of emphasizing treatability information for disorders that are perceived to be genetically influenced.
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Lee, So Yeon, i Nathan C. Hall. "Understanding Procrastination in First-Year Undergraduates: An Application of Attribution Theory". Social Sciences 9, nr 8 (30.07.2020): 136. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci9080136.
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Despite findings showing first-year undergraduates persistently engage in academic procrastination, research exploring students’ perceived reasons for their procrastination and procrastination-related emotions is lacking. The present exploratory study utilized Weiner’s (2010) attribution theory to examine the relationships between procrastination as well as students’ causal explanations and emotions specific to procrastination. Findings of 429 first-year Canadian undergraduates showed students to attribute procrastination mainly to internal and stable factors, and less so to personally controllable factors. Students who attributed procrastination to reasons within themselves reported higher levels of negative emotions, with strong direct effects of procrastination on negative emotions also observed. These findings demonstrate the importance of considering students’ causal attributions as potential contributors to their emotional experiences surrounding procrastination and encourage future longitudinal research on relations between academic procrastination, attributions, and emotional outcomes.
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Graham, Sandra. "Attributions and peer harassment". Interaction Studies 6, nr 1 (18.04.2005): 119–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/is.6.1.09gra.
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Attribution theory is used as a conceptual framework for examining how causal beliefs about peer harassment influence how victims think and feel about themselves. Evidence is presented that victims who make characterological self-blaming attributions (“it must be me”) are particularly at risk of negative self-views. Also examined is the influence of social context, particularly the ethnic composition of schools and classrooms. It was found that students who were both victims of harassment and members of the majority ethnic group were more vulnerable to self-blaming attributions. In contrast, greater ethnic diversity, that is, classrooms where no one group was in the majority, tended to ward off self-blaming tendencies. Studies of peer harassment are a good context for examining one of the main themes of the special issue, which is how the social context (e.g., peer groups, ethnic groups) influences the way individuals think and feel about themselves.