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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Necessary Means/Measures"
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Colmar, Susan, Amanda Maxwell i Leanne Miller. "Assessing Intellectual Disability in Children: Are IQ Measures Sufficient, or Even Necessary?" Australian Journal of Guidance and Counselling 16, nr 2 (1.12.2006): 177–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1375/ajgc.16.2.177.
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AbstractA number of critical issues concerning the assessment of children with intellectual disabilities, including definitional problems, psychometric factors, and practical difficulties, are raised in this article. It is suggested that school counsellors and psychologists should consider these issues when assessing children with probable or known intellectual disabilities, particularly when using IQ tests. The use of adaptive scales as an additional means of defining and measuring intellectual disability is also examined. Although no ideal means of formally assessing children with intellectual disabilities is put forward, a range of concerns is explored and some suggestions for appropriate additions and caveats to present practice are proposed.
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Kruglova, Yulia B., i Oksana V. Misyakova. "Migration Security and Its Assurance by Administrative Coercion Means". Migration law 1 (22.02.2024): 19–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.18572/2071-1182-2024-1-19-21.
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The article studies effectiveness of the use of administrative coercion measures as a measure aimed at ensuring and maintaining the migration security of Russia at the present time. The measures implemented by the state to ensure migration security in the form of administrative responsibility no longer correspond to the goals set for them. Authors come to the conclusions: in order to ensure the migration security of Russia, it is necessary to tighten the measures of administrative responsibility for violation of migration rules (increasing the statute of limitations for bringing to administrative responsibility, adjusting the composition of administrative offenses in the field of migration).
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Paida, Yuriy, i Denys Savchuk. "Procedure for the use of physical force, special means and firearms". Naukovyy Visnyk Dnipropetrovs'kogo Derzhavnogo Universytetu Vnutrishnikh Sprav 1, nr 1 (29.03.2021): 13–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.31733/2078-3566-2021-1-13-22.
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The article addresses the issue of guarantees the individual rights and in the scope of coercion. These guarantees should be a reliable protection against possible unlawful actions by officials in the course of coercion and operate in order not create unnecessary obstacles to repid response. As a rule, the guarantee of individual rights take effect either upon application or after its application to the individual. Therefore, it is emphasized that legal means of preventive action play a special role in ensuring the rights of citizens in the process of applying administrative and coercive measures. The types of proceeding classifications concerning the use of coercive measures in the scientific and educational literature are discussed in detail. They are carried out on various grounds, but the most common is the classification depending on the nature of the administrative case, of the traditional separation of nonjurisdictional administrative proceedings and jurisdictional administrative proceedings. Emphasis is placed on the study of their main stages of implementation: deciding or obtaining permission to use coercive measures; warning of intent to use coercion; providing necessary assistance; prompt report on the negative consequences of coercion measures use and the submission of procedural documents on the application of appropriate measures and others. It is noted that any state coercion is a very sharp weapon, because it restricts the freedom of those it is applied to and significantly violates their rights and interests in one way or another. Therefore, it could be applied only there and to the extent that it is really necessary. In order to avoid its misuse, the state strictly regulates the procedure for its application, providing necessary guarantees to those it is applied to.
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HARMATA, Władysław, Zbigniew SZCZEŚNIAK, Marian SOBIECH i Adam BARYŁKA. "Collective protection measures - methods to ensure clean air". Inżynieria Bezpieczeństwa Obiektów Antropogenicznych, nr 3 (5.09.2023): 53–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.37105/iboa.183.
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The review article deals with the current issue of collective protection, including collective protection against contamination. The division of collective protection means by purpose and basic equipment for use under conditions of contamination is presented. Based on NATO documents, functional and operational recommendations were formulated. Methods of protecting facilities from the penetration of contaminated air by sealing, dilution in vestibules and the creation of positive pressure support were characterized. Methods of ventilating facilities with respect to changing the composition and properties of air in confined spaces are presented, including determining the necessary amount of air to ventilate rooms to remove excess CO2, water vapor, heat and oxygen deficiency. Methods of supplying clean air to the facility by means of air filtration and regeneration are characterized.
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Kubrak, R. M., i V. M. Seheda. "ENFORCEMENT MEASURES APPLICATION BY PERSONNEL OF PENAL INSTITUTIONS: A NECESSARY COMPONENT OF PROFESSIONAL ACTIVITY OR AN OBSOLETE RUDEMENT". Scientific journal Criminal and Executive System: Yesterday. Today. Tomorrow 2022, nr 1 (2.09.2022): 66–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.32755/sjcriminal.2022.01.066.
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The analysis of problematic issues concerning application of firearms, special means, measures of physical influence and service dogs by the personnel of penal institutions is carried out. It is determined that handcuffs and physical force were among the coercive measures most often used by the personnel against convicts. Most of these measures were used in cases of cessation of physical resistance of the personnel of such institutions and obstruction of procedural security measures implementation, as well as attempts to convicts’ self-harm. Most judgments of the European Court of Human Rights have ruled on violations of Article 3 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms in the use of these coercive measures by the personnel of penal institutions, which contained signs of torture and inhuman treatment. The issue of inconsistency with the preventive purpose of executing the type of firearm used while performing tasks for the protection of institutions, convicts and prisoners’ movement as a means of preventing them and other persons from committing criminal offenses is considered. The expediency of restricting the use of military-type long-barreled weapons by the personnel, in order to exclude the possibility of using firearms to stop convicts and prisoners’ escape, and legally provide for the possibility of its use to defeat solely for self-defense and protection of others from obvious attack when life and health threatening is substantiated. The ways to solve the problems covered by the publication of the using firearms by the personnel of penal institutions are offered. The necessity of the right of privates and senior staff to apply coercive measures against offenders is substantiated. This fact is preconditioned by a number of factors, in particular: criminogenic nature of persons detained in institutions, the number of crimes committed on their territory, threats and attacks on the personnel, malicious disobedience to the personnel’s legal requirements, escapes, the presence of a significant number of prohibited items in the restricted areas, including barbed wire. Key words: penal institution, convicts, imprisonment, criminal offense, armed attack, firearms, special means, coercive measures.
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Alexandrova, L. I. "Counterfeit as a criminal phenomenon: means of counteraction". Juridical Journal of Samara University 7, nr 3 (2.02.2022): 59–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.18287/2542-047x-2021-7-3-59-65.
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The market of counterfeit goods by its content is a component of the criminal market, as a complex socio- economic phenomenon. The problem of counterfeit goods is very acute, since it affects not only the interests of copyright holders, but also negatively affects consumers in any sector of the economy. The article analyzes the legislation on counterfeiting, analyzes the reasons for the turnover of counterfeit products, shows the dynamics of detection of counterfeit products by customs authorities from 2015 to 2020, considers the measures taken and necessary in the fight against counterfeiting.
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Idiatullov, T. T., i E. B. Chabanenko. "Small innovative enterprises as a means of commercializing of achievements of the Russian science". Izvestiya MGTU MAMI 7, nr 1-6 (10.11.2013): 173–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/2074-0530-67887.
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The article considers the problems of commercialization of university research, and establishment and operation of small innovative enterprises at universities and research organizations. The authors conducted a statistical analysis of existing businesses and made assumptions about the necessary measures to develop the areas of non-budget funding research in higher education.
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Podmarеv, Alexander A. "Proportionality as a constitutional principle of limiting human and civil rights and freedoms in the Russian Federation". Izvestiya of Saratov University. New Series. Series Economics. Management. Law 21, nr 1 (24.02.2021): 83–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.18500/1994-2540-2021-21-1-83-91.
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Introduction. The 1993 Constitution of the Russian Federation allows for the possibility of restricting rights and freedoms of individuals and establishes imperative conditions (principles) for the introduction and operation of these restrictions. One of these constitutional principles is the principle of proportionality: the rights and freedoms of a person and a citizen can be limited only to the extent necessary to achieve the goals specified in part 3 of Article 55. Theoretical analysis. The principle of proportionality of restrictions to certain goals is currently declared by the constitutions of many states, and is also part of the international legal criteria for restrictions on human rights. Some conceptual issues of the content of the constitutional principle of proportionality are resolved by the Constitutional Court of Russia. In its most general form, the principle of proportionality means that: the measures (means) used to restrict rights and freedoms must be conditioned by constitutional goals; restrictive measures (means) should not be greater than necessary; restrictive measures (means) should not lead to disproportionate, excessive restrictions. Empirical analysis. The analysis of the decisions of the Constitutional Court of Russia shows that in each specific case, the Court determines the necessary measure to restrict a particular right (freedom), comparing, weighing the constitutionally recognized values (on the one hand, the rights of a certain person, on the other, the rights of other persons, the interests of the state, public interests), as well as assessing the adequacy of the legal means used to achieve any constitutionally established goal (s) of restriction. The conclusions reached by the Court regarding the proportionality or disproportion (excess) of the restriction of this or that right are binding not only for the legislator, but also in some cases for the law enforcement officer. Results. It is concluded that the implementation of the constitutional principle of proportionality of restrictions in lawmaking and law enforcement means that when establishing and applying restrictions on rights and freedoms to achieve a certain constitutional goal (goals), exclusively necessary measures (means) must be provided and used in this situation. The principle of proportionality of restrictions is one of the criteria for assessing the constitutionality of the restriction of any right or freedom, as well as one of the guarantees against arbitrary (unreasonable, excessive, unconstitutional) restrictions, since it presupposes the existence of certain boundaries (limits, frameworks, conditions) of lawmaking and law enforcement.
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Gabov, Аndrey V., i Оleg А. Yastrebov. "LOCAL ACTS OF UNIVERSITIES AS A MEANS OF COMBATING CORRUPTION". RUDN Journal of Law 24, nr 2 (15.12.2020): 252–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-2337-2020-24-2-252-273.
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The purpose of the article is to analyze such a relatively new legal means of combating corruption as codes of ethics. The authors note the harm caused by corruption in higher education; they point out that such harm is cumulative. It is noted that currently the legislation is not limited to combating corruption in public authorities. The anti-corruption law since 2012 defines the obligation of each organization to take measures to combat corruption and take the necessary measures to do so. The authors conclude that more and more attention is being paid to the proper performance of this duty by organizations. At the same time, the mechanism for implementing provisions of ethical codes is closely intertwined with other anti-corruption tools used by universities. It is also noted that the provisions contained in the ethical codes lose their nature and grow into legal norms.
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Li, Jun. "On Null-Continuity of Monotone Measures". Mathematics 8, nr 2 (6.02.2020): 205. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math8020205.
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The null-continuity of monotone measures is a weaker condition than continuity from below and possesses many special properties. This paper further studies this structure characteristic of monotone measures. Some basic properties of null-continuity are shown and the characteristic of null-continuity is described by using convergence of sequence of measurable functions. It is shown that the null-continuity is a necessary condition that the classical Riesz’s theorem remains valid for monotone measures. When considered measurable space ( X , A ) is S-compact, the null-continuity condition is also sufficient for Riesz’s theorem. By means of the equivalence of null-continuity and property (S) of monotone measures, a version of Egoroff’s theorem for monotone measures on S-compact spaces is also presented. We also study the Sugeno integral and the Choquet integral by using null-continuity and generalize some previous results. We show that the monotone measures defined by the Sugeno integral (or the Choquet integral) preserve structural characteristic of null-continuity of the original monotone measures.
Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Necessary Means/Measures"
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Murawska, Agnieszka Aleksandra. "Administrative anti-fraud measures within the European Union necessity and means". Baden-Baden Nomos, 2007. http://d-nb.info/986532606/04.
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Kalidou, Ndaw Cheikh. "L'expression 'tous les moyens nécessaires' dans les résolutions du Conseil de sécurité autorisant le recours à la force". Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UPASH007.
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L'expression « tous les moyens nécessaires » est la « formule magique » privilégiée par le Conseil de sécurité de l'ONU pour autoriser des États membres à recourir à la force armée. Elle constitue la clé de voûte de la pratique subséquente qui, bien qu'elle soit en phase avec l'esprit de la Charte des Nations Unies, n'en est pas moins une déformation de sa lettre. À ce titre, elle soulève bien des interrogations qui justifient qu'une étude approfondie lui soit consacrée.S'il est établi que le Conseil de sécurité, agissant dans le cadre du Chapitre VII de la Charte de l'ONU, dispose d'un pouvoir d'autoriser le recours à la force des armes, l'imprécision de la formule usitée et, parfois, des mandats conférés laisse, a priori, une marge d'appréciation importante aux États membres et organismes autorisés. La tentation, pour ces derniers, peut alors être grande d'interpréter ultra petita leurs mandats qui, dès lors, doivent être assortis de garanties suffisantes et de mécanismes de supervision adéquats.Dans cette optique, la présente étude s'intéresse à l'étendue du pouvoir discrétionnaire dont bénéficient les États membres et les organismes autorisés, par le Conseil de sécurité de l'ONU, à faire usage de « tous les moyens nécessaires » ; à sa mise en œuvre, à ses limitations, à l'effectivité et à l'efficacité du contrôle dont il doit faire l'objet et, enfin, aux mécanismes de responsabilité internationale qui ont vocation à sanctionner les éventuelles actions et omissions illicites adoptées à l'occasion des interventions militaires autoriséesThe expression "All Necessary Means" is the "magic formula" favored by the UN Security Council to authorize Member States to use armed force. It is the keystone of the subsequent practice, which, while in keeping with the spirit of the United Nations Charter, is nonetheless a distortion of its letter. As such, it raises several questions justifying to undertake an in-depth study.While it is established that the Security Council, acting under Chapter VII of the UN Charter, has the power to authorize the use of armed force, the imprecision of the formula used and, sometimes, the mandates conferred leaves a wide margin of appreciation to Member States and authorized bodies. The temptation may be strong that they overinterpret their mandates which, therefore, must be accompanied by sufficient guarantees and adequate supervision mechanisms.With this in mind, the present study looks at the scope of the discretionary power enjoyed by Member States and organizations authorized by the UN Security Council to use "All Necessary Means", its implementation, limitations and the effectiveness and efficiency of the control to which it must be subject; and, finally, the mechanisms of international responsibility designed to sanction any illicit actions and omissions adopted on the occasion of authorized military interventions
Książki na temat "Necessary Means/Measures"
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Murawska, Agnieszka Aleksandra. Administrative anti-fraud measures within the European Union: Necessity and means. Baden-Baden: Nomos, 2008.
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Man, Independent. Occasional Letters upon Taxation [microform]: Upon the Means of Raising the Supplies Within the Year, to Answer the Expences of a Necessary War, and upon Such Measures As Would Probably Tend to Secure Great Britain and Its Natural Dependencies The... Creative Media Partners, LLC, 2021.
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Alexander, Peter D. G., i Malachy O. Columb. Presentation and handling of data, descriptive and inferential statistics. Redaktor Jonathan G. Hardman. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642045.003.0028.
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The need for any doctor to comprehend, assimilate, analyse, and form an opinion on data cannot be overestimated. This chapter examines the presentation and handling of such data and its subsequent statistical analysis. It covers the organization and description of data, measures of central tendency such as mean, median, and mode, measures of dispersion (standard deviation), and the problems of missing data. Theoretical distributions, such as the Gaussian distribution, are examined and the possibility of data transformation discussed. Inferential statistics are used as a means of comparing groups, and the rationale and use of parametric and non-parametric tests and confidence intervals is outlined. The analysis of categorical variables using the chi-squared test and assessing the value of diagnostic tests using sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, and a likelihood ratio are discussed. Measures of association are covered, namely linear regression, as is time-to-event analysis using the Kaplan–Meier method. Finally, the chapter discusses the statistical analysis used when comparing clinical measurements—the Bland and Altman method. Illustrative examples, relevant to the practice of anaesthesia, are used throughout and it is hoped that this will provide the reader with an outline of the methodologies employed and encourage further reading where necessary.
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Lyalyuk, Vitaliy, Kateryna Shmeltser i Daria Kassim. Improving the technology production of coke for blast furnace smelting. OKTAN PRINT s.r.o., 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46489/ittpoc-229.
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The most important means of improving blast-furnace performance is to supply high-quality batch – in particular, high-quality coke. Under the conditions of the formed multi-basin raw material base of coking, which predetermines the differences in the technological properties and material composition of imported and domestic coal concentrates, it is necessary to clarify and improve the basic technological methods of preparation for their use in coal mixtures. Achieving optimal characteristics of coke for blast furnace smelting conditions is possible with a comprehensive, scientifically based approach to improving the technology of preparing coal for coking, which consists in developing methods and technological measures aimed at optimizing the composition, properties and degree of grinding of the batch, taking into account its petrographic characteristics.
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Girvin, Stephen, i Vibe Ulfbeck, red. Carbon-Free Shipping and Shipping Carbon. Hart Publishing, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781509972661.
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This book explores the private law implementation of the new international and EU regulatory framework targeting decarbonisation in the shipping industry. Compared with other sectors, the shipping industry has traditionally been labelled a ‘slow mover’ concerning the sustainability agenda. However, new regulatory measures on carbon reduction both internationally and in the EU require fundamentally new developments in the industry. This book focuses on the goal of carbon reduction from a private law perspective and considers how the new regulatory framework can be implemented in the shipping industry. This book studies existing contractual provisions in charterparties and bills of lading alongside new contractual model clauses designed to facilitate carbon reduction. It considers how the new clauses should be interpreted, whether they will transform traditional shipping contracts into more collaborative contracts, and how they will interact with other clauses in the contract and with other contracts in the supply chain. The contractual analysis is considered in context, reflecting on enforcement issues, such as Port State Control (PSC), the Poseidon Principles, and climate change litigation. The book also analyses the related topic of shipping contracts for carbon storage as a necessary means of meeting carbon reduction targets. The book is intended to pave the way for understanding how core shipping contracts can work in this new context and the extent to which the new types of clauses will profoundly transform contracts. It presents contributions by experienced and younger academics and practitioners from Asian, European and Scandinavian legal systems.
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White, Jonathan. Politics of Last Resort. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198791720.001.0001.
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Prominent in the EU’s recent transformations has been the tendency to advance extraordinary measures in the name of crisis response. From emergency lending to macro-economics, border management to Brexit, policies are pursued unconventionally and as measures of last resort. This book investigates the nature, rise, and implications of this politics of emergency as it appears in the transnational setting. As the author argues, recourse to this method of rule is an expression of the deeper weakness of executive power in today’s Europe. It is how policy-makers contend with rising socio-economic power and diminishing representative ties, seeking fall-back authority in the management of crises. In the structure of the EU they find incentives and few impediments. Whereas political exceptionalism tends to be associated with sovereign power, here it is power’s diffusion and functional disaggregation that spurs politics in the emergency mode. The effect of these governing patterns is not just to challenge and reshape ideas of EU legitimacy rooted in constitutionalism and technocracy. The politics of emergency fosters a counter-politics in its mirror image, as populists and others play with themes of necessity and claim the right to disobedience in extremis. The book examines the prospects for democracy once the politics of emergency takes hold, and what it might mean to put transnational politics on a different footing.
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Concha Cantú, Hugo A., Miguel Ángel Lara Otaola i Jesús Orozco Henríquez. Towards a Global Index of Electoral Justice: International IDEA Discussion Paper 2/2020. International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance, and Tribunal Electoral del Poder Judicial de la Federación, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31752/idea.2021.29.
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Globally, a wide variety of indices and indicators evaluate and provide information on different aspects of democracy and electoral procedures. On the one hand, there are indices that measure the quality of democracy and its resilience over time, focusing on building blocks such as the existence of representative governments, civil and political rights and necessary power limits. Other indices evaluate the quality of elections and specific aspects, such as voter registration, campaign financing and the performance of electoral authorities. Finally, others evaluate rule of law and access to justice. However, none of these indices focuses on the dimension of electoral justice, understood as the means and procedural mechanisms that guarantee free and fair elections, carried out in accordance with the law, and that guarantee the exercise and fulfilment of political rights. This is about to change. International IDEA, with the support of the Electoral Tribunal of the Federal Judiciary of Mexico, makes an unprecedented proposal for the construction of a Global Index dedicated exclusively to electoral justice. This document includes a measurement proposal with normative design, process and result indicators, which will offer useful and comparative information on the electoral conflict resolution system of a given country or countries. It will provide comparative knowledge on electoral processes and institutions from around the world and assess the quality of their electoral justice.
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Newell, James L. Corruption in contemporary politics. Manchester University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.7228/manchester/9780719088919.001.0001.
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This book provides an accessible account of current thinking about political corruption, recognising that the phenomenon is a serious problem: since it infringes rules defining legitimate and illegitimate means of the acquisition of wealth and the exercise of power, corruption damages the interests of the advantaged and disadvantaged alike. The advantaged find that wealth cannot be pursued and maintained safely, the disadvantaged that development is thwarted and resources redistributed from the poor to the rich. Against this background, the book takes the reader on a journey – a journey that begins with what corruption is, why its study might be important and how it can be measured. From there it moves on to explore corruption’s causes, its consequences and how it can be tackled – before finally discovering how these things are playing out in the established liberal democracies, in the former communist regimes and in what used to be commonly referred to as ‘the third world’. On the way it takes a couple of detours – first, to ascertain how the minimum of trust necessary for the corrupt transaction to take place at all is established and underwritten, and second to survey the phenomenon of scandal – to which corruption may give rise. The book is therefore offered as an informative ‘travel guide’ of potential interest to journalists and policy makers as well as to students and academics researching matters on which political corruption has a bearing.
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Barrett, Christopher B., i Erin C. Lentz. Food Insecurity. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.438.
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Food plays an essential role in performance and well-being. Apart from its physiological necessity, food is also a source of pleasure. Since both biological needs for food and psychic satisfaction from food vary considerably among and within populations, coming up with precise, operationalizable measures of food security have proved problematic. Furthermore, the concept of food security encompasses not only current nutritional status but also vulnerability to future disruptions in one’s access to adequate and appropriate food. The complexity of the concept of food security has given rise to scores, if not hundreds, of different definitions of the term “food security.” As a result, there have also been variations in thinking about the proximate manifestations and direct and indirect causes and consequences of “food insecurity,” the complement to “food security.” Food security is commonly conceptualized as resting on three pillars that are inherently hierarchical: availability, access, and utilization. Some agencies, such as the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), have added a fourth dimension: stability. Food insecurity is often used interchangeably with the terms “hunger,” “undernutrition,” and “malnutrition.” Threats to food insecurity may be classified as either “covariate” or “idiosyncratic.” Based on these threats, various interventions have been implemented to promote food security by means of increasing availability (improving agricultural productivity), promoting access (economic growth and assistance programs such as food stamps or vouchers, food aid delivery, food banks, school lunch programs), or improving utilization (supplementary feeding programs, therapeutic feeding programs).
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Schneider, Margarethe. Exploring farmers´ motivation for collective action : A Q study on collaboration in Dutch agri-environment schemes. Technische Universität Dresden, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.25368/2022.410.
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Within the European Union’s Common Agricultural Policy, agri-environment schemes (AES) have been designed to address the degradation of the natural environment caused by agriculture. To improve the schemes’ ecological effectiveness, a collective approach focusing on a landscape instead of a single farm level is recommended. This approach is rarely applied across Europe except for the Netherlands, where all AES have to be realised collectively since 2016. As participation in the schemes is voluntary, understanding farmers’ motivation to join is crucial since the uptake and implementation of measures is prerequisite for achieving any effects. Hence, the aim of this study is to explore Dutch farmers’ motivation to participate in collective AES and to find out about the scheme’s main advantages and disadvantages perceived by the farmers. A Q study with 15 farmers from six provinces shows three dominant motivational views: a collective-oriented, a business-oriented and an environment-oriented perspective. All farmers unites their affection and care for nature, which is accompanied by different levels of problem awareness and affiliation to the collective. Financial compensation is deemed important by all, yet rather as necessary mean to enable required changes in farming practices than as additional source of revenue. While the Dutch schemes can still be further improved to allow for more flexibility, a better integration of the farmers’ knowledge and enhanced communication, all farmers dismiss many caveats related to collective action, indicating a potential to promote the Dutch approach beyond national borders.
Części książek na temat "Necessary Means/Measures"
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Hetemäki, Lauri, i Jyrki Kangas. "Forest Bioeconomy, Climate Change and Managing the Change". W Forest Bioeconomy and Climate Change, 1–17. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-99206-4_1.
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AbstractIn order to realise Agenda 2030, or the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals, and the Paris Climate Agreement, the business-as-usual model––the policies, production and consumption habits we have been following thus far––will not work. Instead, it is necessary to change the existing economic model and how we advance societal well-being. Here, we argue that a forest-based bioeconomy will be a necessary, albeit insufficient, part of this transformation. The European forest-based sector has significant potential to help in mitigating climate change. However, there is no single way to do this. The means to accomplish this are diverse, and these measures also need to be tailored to regional settings. Moreover, the climate mitigation measures should be advanced in synergy with the other societal goals, such as economic and social sustainability. Climate mitigation in the forest- based sector requires a holistic perspective.
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Zhang, Chenyang. "Settlement and Mediation". W Win in Chinese Courts, 163–66. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-3342-6_11.
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AbstractChinese courts, influenced by the concept “Harmony is the Top Priority” in Chinese culture, have always been encouraging the parties to resolve disputes by means of settlement and/or court-connected mediation. In order to prevent the other party from reneging after signing a settlement or mediation agreement, the parties need to obtain effective legal documents from the court so that they can apply with the court for enforcement where necessary. In the process of settlement and mediation, the concessions made by the parties that are unfavorable to themselves cannot be deemed as a self-admission of the parties. However, it is necessary for the parties to take certain measures to prove that these concessions are indeed made in the process of settlement and mediation. Generally, the information involved in settlement and mediation is confidential.
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Lucertini, Giulia, i Francesco Musco. "Circular City: Urban and Territorial Perspectives". W Regenerative Territories, 123–34. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-78536-9_7.
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AbstractThe United Nation’s 17 Sustainable development Goals (SDG) can be considered as the lighthouse of the great challenges which humanity will be confronted with. Many of these goals are related to our behaviors and our “take, make, and dispose,” namely, the linear dominant economic model that, in the last centuries, is leading to an ongoing increase of resource consumption and, consequently, a huge generation of waste. In fact, the rate of both natural resource consumption and waste generation are urgent issues, especially in the urban and peri-urban areas that will require proper solutions. The city is and will be even more in the future the most affected and the major drivers of resource consumption since it is expected that by 2050 more than 70% of the population will live in urbanized areas, and cities will grow in number and size. It means that land, water, food, energy, and other natural resource are increasingly necessary, but because resources are limited, it is required to change the linear consumption model in a new circular model of use and consumption where waste is avoided. In the last few years, emerged that waste management practices are improving according to the European Waste Hierarchy guidance, but there is still a wide possibility of improvement. This chapter explores, on one hand, what means the circular city, and on the other hand how to build it suggesting some policy recommendations. Considering urban and peri-urban areas as the space of material and people flows, thus optimizing the space used by flows and improving their interactions, it will be possible to construct another step toward circularity. In that view, the circular city acquires an urban and territorial perspective that can be managed with the urban and territorial tools, measures, policies, and plans, able to link also issues like climate adaptation, resilience, and sustainability. Finally, we argue that important work must be done in the immediate future in order to re-think and re-design urban spaces, urban practices, and infrastructures, thus shift from linear to circular city.
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Zhang, Chenyang. "Service of Court Documents". W Win in Chinese Courts, 51–61. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-3342-6_4.
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AbstractThe court documents will be served after the determination of adjudicatory personnel. In China, the service of court documents is effected by the court, with necessary assistance from the party if needed. Chinese courts may serve court documents by personal service, service by mail and the like. In practice, service by mail is the preferred method of service among most Chinese courts. However, to improve the efficiency of service, Chinese courts are now actively trying electronic service. If court documents cannot be served by the foregoing means, the court may also resort to service by publication. Due to fast and widespread population migration and intentional evasion of the service of court documents, Chinese courts are facing “difficulty in effecting service of court documents” to a certain extent, which in turn upsets the litigation efficiency. To solve this problem, Chinese courts have taken various measures, which significantly improve the efficiency of service. If the defendant is a foreign party without domicile in China, the Chinese court may serve court documents on its designated personnel or organization in China. In the absence of such personnel or organization, Chinese courts usually serve court documents in accordance with international treaties such as the Convention on the Service Abroad of Judicial and Extrajudicial Documents in Civil or Commercial Matters (hereinafter referred to as the “Hague Service Convention”). To the extent permitted by the internal law of the state of the person to be served, Chinese courts may also serve court documents by mail and electronic means. Anyway, service by publication still remains the last resort for service of court documents of Chinese courts. As a contracting state to the Hague Service Convention, China is obligated to assist foreign courts in service of court documents in accordance therewith. For this purpose, Chinese courts have also stipulated a clear process for assisting foreign courts in service of court documents. If there are bilateral treaties between China and other contracting states to the Hague Service Convention, there will be some flexibilities in the application of either the Hague Service Convention or bilateral treaties.
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Samans, Richard. "Introductory Overview: Institutionalizing Inclusion, Sustainability and Resilience in Market Economies". W Human-Centred Economics, 1–10. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-37435-7_1.
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AbstractThis chapter argues that the root of the increasingly serious crisis facing capitalism and liberalism more generally can be located in a fundamental distortion in the way its canon of economic principles and tools have evolved since the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, and especially in the way they have been applied over the past several decades. In effect, generations of economists and policymakers have been trained to behave as if Adam Smith's “invisible hand” of market-based resource allocation can be relied upon to optimize not only the wealth of nations (its core function as stated by Smith) but also the well-being of their populations at large. A rising tide of GDP, as it were, ultimately lifts all boats. But Smith and other important pioneers of the field assumed no such thing. They believed that market-oriented measures to increase the production and wealth of nations were a necessary but by no means sufficient condition for raising the broad standard of living of their people. A range of institutions—legal and other norms, policy incentives and administrative capacities mainly but not only in the public sector—were required to ensure appropriate levels of social inclusion, environmental sustainability and human and systemic resilience. Modern economics’ policy immobility and political tin ear in the face of these challenges is rooted in a certain indoctrinated incomprehension. Its implicit assumption that GDP growth eventually diffuses or “trickles down” into broad socioeconomic progress and security has never been properly recognized and interrogated. The essential principle the book posits is that the broad living standards of nations—the main facets of the median household’s material well-being—deserve as much direct policy attention and institutional cultivation by economists and policymakers as the wealth of nations, that is to say, national income or GDP.
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Niggli, Urs, Martijn Sonnevelt i Susanne Kummer. "Pathways to Advance Agroecology for a Successful Transformation to Sustainable Food Systems". W Science and Innovations for Food Systems Transformation, 341–59. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-15703-5_18.
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AbstractAgroecology is a powerful strategy that reduces the trade-offs between productivity and sustainability. It promotes the diversity of crops and livestock, fields, farms and landscapes, which together are key to improving the sustainability of food and farming systems in terms of long-term productivity, food actors’ empowerment and inclusion and environmental health. Agroecology is a bundle of measures taken by farmers that, individually or combined, mobilize biodiversity and ecosystem services for productivity. Ideally, it leads to economically and ecologically resilient production systems that are high-yielding. It does not necessarily mean a predefined farming system, and the shift from simplified by industrial standards to agroecological farms is gradual. The transformation and upscaling of agroecological practices requires changes that affect not only the management of farms, or production and consumption patterns at the food system level, but also the institutional framework conditions and the way in which we measure the performance of agricultural and food systems. In our chapter, we describe four domains of transformation – knowledge systems, markets, collaborations and policy coherence – each with enabling and constraining factors.
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Gentilcore, David, i Egidio Priani. "The Aetiological Turn (The Nineteenth Century)". W Mental Health in Historical Perspective, 41–54. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-22496-6_3.
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AbstractBeginning in the 1830s, medical investigators began to think of organic disorders as having single causes that were both universal and necessary. For this to be possible required a radical shift in the way doctors defined diseases: from symptoms to causes. The so-called aetiological approach to disease meant that every case of the disease had the same cause. This, in turn, meant that any prophylactic or therapeutic measures directed at that cause, which were effective in one case, would be effective in every case. The crux of the matter now shifted to identifying a disease’s causation, beyond dispute. And when it came to pellagra, this was precisely the problem. By the middle of the nineteenth century, all the medical actors involved agreed on the close link between pellagra and maize consumption. What they disagreed on was the exact causal nature of that link, propounding two divergent, indeed mutually exclusive, explanatory models. How the cultural dominance of one explanatory model, at the expense of another, came about; what it tells us about the nature of Italian medical science in the second half of the nineteenth century; and what its dominance meant for sufferers, is the subject of this chapter.
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Zaefferer, Martin, Olaf Mersmann i Thomas Bartz-Beielstein. "Global Study: Influence of Tuning". W Hyperparameter Tuning for Machine and Deep Learning with R, 283–301. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-5170-1_12.
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AbstractExpanding the more focused analyses from previous chapters, this chapter takes a broader view at the tuning process. That means, rather than tuning an individual model, this investigation considers the tuning of multiple models, with different tuners, and varying data sets. The core aim is to see how characteristics of the data and the model choice may impact the tuning procedure. We investigate five hypotheses, concerning the necessity of tuning, the impact of data characteristics, the impact of the target variable type, the impact of model choice, and benchmarking. Not only does this entail an in-depth tuning study, but we also tie our results to a measure of problem difficulty and use consensus ranking to aggregate the diverse experimental results.
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Mendes, Emilia. "How Accurate is an Effort Model?" W Cost Estimation Techniques for Web Projects, 62–77. IGI Global, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-59904-135-3.ch003.
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Building effort models or using techniques to obtain a measure of estimated effort does not mean that the effort estimates obtained will be accurate. As such, it is also important and necessary to assess the estimation accuracy of the effort models or techniques under scrutiny. For this, we need to employ a process called cross-validation. Cross-validation means that part of the original data set is used to build an effort model, or is used by an effort estimation technique, leaving the remainder of the data set (data not used in the model-building process) to be used to validate the model or technique. In addition, in parallel with conducting cross-validation, prediction accuracy measures are also obtained. Examples of de facto accuracy measures are the mean magnitude of relative error (MMRE), the median magnitude of relative error (MdMRE), and prediction at 25% (Pred[25]).
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Ruiz, Gerardo Reyes. "QR Multilevel Codes to Reduce Cybersecurity Risks in the Logistics of Freight Transport in Ports". W Cybersecurity Measures for Logistics Industry Framework, 322–49. IGI Global, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-6684-7625-3.ch011.
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A country's national security depends on many combined and constantly changing factors. However, one of the most preponderant aspects is the access control of goods and people entering and leaving the country through its customs, as a result of mobility and international trade currently taking place. Throughout the territory of a country, the entry and exit of both merchandise and people of different natures or nationalities, respectively, are carried out by different means of transport. Therefore, it is necessary to establish more efficient control points that manage, supervise, and, where appropriate, tax this activity, because otherwise products, materials, or people that pose a risk to human health may enter the country. In this context, this chapter shows a practical tool, based on multilevel QR codes, to improve the identification and supervision of goods entering a country through its port customs to show a technology that reduces cybersecurity risks in freight transport logistics.
Streszczenia konferencji na temat "Necessary Means/Measures"
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Poretti, Paula, i Vedrana Švedl Blažeka. "REMOTE JUSTICE IN CORONAVIRUS CRISIS – DO THE MEANS JUSTIFY THE ENDS, OR DO THE ENDS JUSTIFY THE MEANS?" W The recovery of the EU and strengthening the ability to respond to new challenges – legal and economic aspects. Faculty of Law, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.25234/eclic/22410.
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The coronavirus related crisis affected severely all aspects of life and judiciary is no exception. The world has been confronted with new challenges. New circumstances have created significant impact on the functioning of access to justice. New ways of administrating the legal system were introduced in the last decade, allowing for the use of the means of electronic communication, reducing certain stages of court procedures, opting for solutions for peaceful dispute settlement and promoting out-of-court dispute resolution. However, the coronavirus caused, beyond any doubt, severe delays in court proceedings and even shut down courts in some European Union Member States, Croatia included. Thus, additional efforts were required in order to ensure remote justice to citizens and businesses. More importantly, it called for a swift response, issuing and applying emergency measures, to safeguard the right to access courts and provide for effective administration of justice. The paper thus seeks to explore the ways in which European Union Member States responded to emerging challenges and the consequences these challenges had on administration of justice. Croatian example will be introduced specifically due to obvious struggles in handling the coronavirus caused difficulties in national judiciary system. Along with the analysis of measures taken, there are several questions, which need to be answered. What was the level of readiness of the Member States’ judiciaries for providing justice by means of electronic communications, with Croatia in focus? What are the effects of measures taken in Croatian judiciary system? Should it be left to the courts or other competent bodies to take actions on a case-to-case basis in order to provide the necessary protection of procedural rights to parties? In terms of the effect of the emergency measures, do they allow for the same or similar quality of remote justice? In conclusion, the paper will try to answer the aforementioned questions, deliberate on the efficiency of measures taken in response to the coronavirus crisis, with Croatia in focus and possibilities of future improvements.
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Constantin, Mihai. "Management of the "Syrian Refugee Crisis" - Repercussions on European Security. Impact/Measures Analysis". W International Conference Innovative Business Management & Global Entrepreneurship. LUMEN Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18662/lumproc/ibmage2020/17.
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The Syrian crisis is the most complex crisis (political, social, humanitarian, security) in the world, since World War II. In regards to the 1951 „Geneva Convention on the Status of Refugees”, states have an obligation to provide refugees with a form of primary protection, which is not intended to replace asylum, but rather to provide an intermediate and immediate protection measure. At European level, for asylum seekers and refugees, there are several programs (developed by international institutions such as "UN for refugees" and "UNHCR") for integration into the host country during the temporary stay and return to the country of origin, when there are safety conditions. If this solution is not viable, they can opt for relocation to a third country. Effective management of the crisis created by the refugees flow requires the adoption of a common political agenda for European states to eliminate inequalities between states and focus on building viable economic strategies. Therefore, it is necessary to develop policies or strategies designed to provide refugees with a sense of security in the host country and their social assimilation, without being forced to give up their cultural identities. This article aims to analyse the strategies of the European states involved in this phenomenon, applied in the "Syrian refugee crisis". At the moment, the biggest part of the effort of counter-terrorism is focused on the criminal justice system. This means focusing almost exclusively on those who already intend to commit a crime and not on prevention. The legal repercussions can further encourage radicalization, which can degenerate later.
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Fazil Saad Albatat, Muntazar, i Faiza Hassan Masjt Aljashie. ""Changes in exchange rates and their effects on the economic reality In Iraq for the period 2003-2021 "". W 11th International Conference of Economic and Administrative Reform: Necessities and Challenges. University of Human Development, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21928/uhdicearnc/5.
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The aim of the research is to explain the most impact of changes in the exchange rate on the Iraqi economy through its impact on many macroeconomic variables, as well as to clarify the most important reasons that led the Iraqi government to resort to devaluing the Iraqi dinar and the most important economic effects that resulted from this reduction. The research concluded that the devaluation of the currency has resulted in many negative effects on the economy, as it has greatly affected the living standards of individuals, and the research recommended that the Central Bank should take all necessary means and measures to maintain the stability of the currency value, which is reflected positively on economic stability with the necessity of Strict and effective control over the process of transferring and smuggling currency abroad.
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Fazil Saad Albatat, Muntazar, i Faiza Hassan Masjt Aljashie. ""Changes in exchange rates and their effects on the economic reality In Iraq for the period 2003-2021 "". W 11th International Conference of Economic and Administrative Reform: Necessities and Challenges. University of Human Development, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21928/icearnc/5.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
The aim of the research is to explain the most impact of changes in the exchange rate on the Iraqi economy through its impact on many macroeconomic variables, as well as to clarify the most important reasons that led the Iraqi government to resort to devaluing the Iraqi dinar and the most important economic effects that resulted from this reduction. The research concluded that the devaluation of the currency has resulted in many negative effects on the economy, as it has greatly affected the living standards of individuals, and the research recommended that the Central Bank should take all necessary means and measures to maintain the stability of the currency value, which is reflected positively on economic stability with the necessity of Strict and effective control over the process of transferring and smuggling currency abroad.
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Liu, Xiang, M. Rapik Saat i Christopher P. L. Barkan. "Safety Effectiveness of Integrated Accident Prevention Strategies". W 2013 Joint Rail Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/jrc2013-2472.
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There are potential interactions among approaches to reduce or prevent certain accident causes. Given the overlapped safety benefits of various measures for accident prevention, it is necessary to identify their interactions and quantify the safety effectiveness of combined accident prevention strategies. This study focuses on strategies to prevent broken rails and broken wheels, respectively. Improved wheel condition reduces the impact load on the rail, thereby may reduce broken-rail-caused derailments. In this paper, we propose a quantitative framework to assess the safety effectiveness of combined accident prevention strategies under various operational conditions. In the larger context of railroad hazardous materials risk management, integrated accident prevention can be compared to other means of risk reduction measures, such as tank car safety design enhancement or operational changes.
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Evcenko, Dimitri, Holger Kett i Jürgen Falkner. "Equipment-as-a-Service – necessary changes for service-based business models". W 5th International Conference on Human Systems Engineering and Design: Future Trends and Applications (IHSED 2023). AHFE International, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1004162.
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Everything-as-a-Service (XaaS) describes a paradigm in which all resources of an ecosystem are offered as services. If this approach is applied in the manufacturing industry with physical goods such as machines or equipment, we talk about Equipment-as-a-Service (EaaS). Depending on the value proposition of the EaaS, a distinction can be made between availability, utility, result, and success centric EaaS business models. For example, in availability centric EaaS business models, the value proposition consists of the availability of a service with agreed performance standards, with the billing parameter being the time in which it is being made available. In dependency of the value proposition the service provider takes over several risks. One risk he always must take over is the investment risk for the equipment To be able to realize the value propositions listed above and to assess and take over the risks, there is a need for change in the company of the provider. This work shows this need for change as a basis for the planning and implementation of EaaS services.To identify the need for change we conducted three workshops of 120 minutes each with 7 small and medium-sized enterprises (SME) from the field of mechanical and plant engineering to develop one of their transactional business models conceptually into an EaaS business model. The methodical approach of the workshops followed three phases which are necessary for the development of an EaaS business model: (1) target group orientation, (2) EaaS service and delivery and (3) benefit and pricing model. In the first phase, the focus is on the target group and its needs, which shall be satisfied with an EaaS service. The second phase focuses on the EaaS itself, which consists of physical and digital service components. In addition, the own organizational and technical as well as the cooperative structures required for the service provision are considered. In the third phase, a subscription-based pricing model must be developed based on the provided benefits.The results show that understanding EaaS users is fundamental in the development of an EaaS service. Since these are a combination of physical and digital service components, they can be designed very individually to meet the customer needs. This combination means that different types of users can and should be addressed in a company. This requires the development of additional services and the definition of performance guarantees, whose fulfillments should be made transparent to the service user. To do that corresponding technical and organizational measures are necessary, for which, for example, the digital support of administrative processes by monitoring systems or the change in sales or product management is required. If these requirements cannot be met with the company's internal structures, strategic partnerships with insurance companies, banks or IT providers are necessary to support the EaaS provider. All these changes require not only technological and organizational adjustments but also new pricing models, which are reflected in new methods for price calculation and usage assessment.
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F. Catapan, Márcio, Maria Lucia Okimoto, Mateus Villas Boas i Roberto Waldhauer. "Statistical Analysis of the Height of Human Head in the Use of Ballistic Helmets". W Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics Conference. AHFE International, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1001309.
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The adequacy and improvements of the artifacts have been the concern of ergonomics, where the focus is the preservation of the physical, mental and social human being. This is the view of the anthropometry which is the measurement science and art of human knowledge of geometry, so it can be defined as the part of anthropology that studies the proportions and measurements of the human body. To defining a new measure anthropometric a statistical study is required with the correct number of samples for the experiment, definitions of the standard deviation and its variance, identification and comparison of means between groups, as the size for example, among other studies as design of the experiment. Knowing that the ballistic helmets used by national armed forces show up discomfort for many users, you must define new measures in the human head for a better dimensioning of the correct helmet proposing a new artifact for that function. Thus in this study a human head anthropometric survey of some potential users ballistic helmets, following a defined statistically, through its basic measures such as circumference, width and height of the head, as well as a new measure that is the height of human head for use of ballistic helmets. This new measure is statistically analyzed for its proof. It is in this scope that fits the purpose of this work that statistically analyzes the height measurement of the human head, based on the sizes of helmets S, M and L and verifies what is the required height for better seating of the product in question. So be correlated which of the measures of the head that is related to this point, in order to check whether it is necessary to analyze this measure for all users or you can check out other measures that are directly related.
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Saito, Akira. "A Study of Detecting for Dragging Anchor". W ASME 2020 39th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2020-18399.
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Abstract Frequent attack of typhoon leads to crucial accidents caused by anchor dragging. In 2018, 21st typhoon hit west of Japan and the vessel, which was fallen into anchor dragging, collided with the bridge connecting Kansai International Airport and opposite shore. This accident had serious damage to the transportation of people and logistics. Moreover, when 15th typhoon in 2019, which gave crucial damages such as house damages and suspension of the electric power and the water supply, hit Chiba prefecture located in east of Japan, 107 vessels which were equivalent to one third of all vessels anchored in Tokyo Bay had the symptom of anchor dragging. Seafarers must take measures as precaution to anchor dragging. However, missing its opportunity causes irreparable disasters. As the attack of typhoon becomes more frequent and serious, the means, which can evaluate the risk quantitatively to anchor dragging and help them make a decision, are necessary because seafarers have possibilities to fall into unexpected situation even if they are skilled and familiar with ship’s characteristics. This study aims at detecting the signal of earlier stage of anchor dragging and visualizing the level of danger, as a mean to make a decision for taking precautions in an appropriate opportunity. With the acceleration meter, which can measure quantitatively ship’s lists and vibrations what human cannot recognize, acceleration data of ship’s motion were measured and evaluated. However, they don’t always show necessary factors for analyzing ship’s motion because they include all motions on the ship, such as wind, wave force and vibrations from its generator. Then, the system, sorting of each range of frequency from measured accelerations and extracting necessary data, was created. This enables extraction of ship’s motion at anchor. The analysis results between the outer force affecting to the ship at anchor and the data extracted by this system, specified the signal of anchor dragging. In addition, the new system was built for indicating the risk of anchor dragging, by evaluating relationship between the signal of anchor dragging and the effect by outer force. Measuring their data on actual ship showed the validity of this system. Thus, with measuring acceleration data at anchor and analyzing them, detecting ship’s motion, which indicates the signal of anchor dragging, proved to be possible.
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Kawaguchi, Satoshi, Satoshi Mizuno i Yoshihiro Oyama. "Long-Term Cooling Strategy for the Primary Containment Vessel of the Kashiwazaki-Kariwa Nuclear Power Station in a Severe Accident". W 2017 25th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone25-67317.
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This paper explains the strategy of our company (Tokyo Electric Power, TEPCO) regarding means of long-term heat removal from the primary containment vessel (PCV) of Units 6 and 7 (ABWR) of the Kashiwazaki-Kariwa Nuclear Power Station in a severe accident. If the PCV continues in a high-temperature state for a long time, the strength of the PCV concrete will decline, and the risk of being affected by an earthquake will increase. Therefore, it is crucial for safety to cool the PCV and reduce its temperature to the maximum working temperature or lower. TEPCO provides a means of cooling the reactor pressure vessel (RPV) and PCV called the alternative coolant circulation system (ACCS). This system uses the heat exchanger of the residual heat removal (RHR) system, the make up water condensate (MUWC) pump, and alternative heat exchanger vehicles. By using these measures, it is possible reduce temperature in the PCV over the long term to the maximum working temperature (design value) or less, even in severe accident scenarios such as a large LOCA + ECCS function failures + SBO (station blackout). This function has quite high reliability, but in a scenario where these measures cannot be used, expectations are placed on the filtered vent (FV). However, due to FV characteristics, it is impossible to reduce to below the saturation temperature of 100°C at atmospheric pressure using FV alone, and it will be necessary in the medium/long-term to cool the PCV while also restoring the cooling equipment. Therefore, the following restoration operation of PCV cooling and its dose evaluation were studied. (1) RPV heat removal by restoring the RHR system (2) RPV and PCV heat removal using a portable pump employing a portable heat exchanger (3) RPV and PCV heat removal using the suppression pool water clean up system (SPCU) employing portable heat exchangers (4) RPV heat removal using the clean up water system (CUW) By clarifying beforehand issues such as feasibility of these systems, the on-site environment for restoration measures, and the necessary gear/systems, the authors were able to secure means of long-term cooling of the PCV, and further enhance PCV reliability.
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Nass, Susanne, Andre Sprenger i Reiner Anderl. "Methodology for Estimation of Life Cycle Orientated Optimizatation Measures of Investment Goods". W ASME 2010 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2010-39693.
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A manufacturer of any kind of product has to be in contrast to competitive to survive on market. A major point to win a customer over is the arrangements of costs. In investment goods industry asset cost are just the tip of the iceberg. Most of their costs accrue by use. Because of that it is important to overview the whole costs of the product life cycle. Product life cycle costs describe the cost of a product over its whole life. This includes all expenses from development, production and use to recycling and refers to manufacturer and customer equally. The majority of costs are determined in the stages of product development. As a manufacturer of complex investment goods (e.g. machine for production) the question of new development investments has to be answered. There are three important dimensions to consider. These dimensions concern the right part of product for improvement, the right kinds of costs and the owner of these costs. In detail they have to decide which part of product should be improved to get the main effect concerning reduction of life cycle costs. But in that case it is also important to know what kinds of costs of the chosen part have to be reduced (for example energy cost, cost for maintenance or repair). The third dimension in case of product life cycle costs aims at the owner of the cost, manufacturer or customer. This is a problem when new developments cause savings on one side but expenses for the other. In that context the best leverage of these combinations is searched for which means that exactly this kind of costs has to be identified, whose savings get the biggest benefit in relation to necessary expenses. This paper presents an approach to address this problem. For the pre-selection of possible functions established methods derived from product development are used in this context. Afterwards a procedure of quantification is presented. Calculation and rating of new defined management ratios provide the biggest leverage in order to reduce the product life cycle costs. This approach represents an instrument for manufacturer’s business of investment goods to make decisions about their future investments in the field of product development.
Raporty organizacyjne na temat "Necessary Means/Measures"
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Samochowiec, Jakub, Johannes C. Bauer i Kathrin Neumüller. Strategies for Dealing With the Labour Shortage – An Overview. Gdi-verlag, GDI Gottlieb Duttweiler Institute, czerwiec 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.59986/hcmm6371.
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The Swiss labour market will shrink without immigration. But even with high immigrationnfigures, it will not be possible to maintain the previous growth of the labour market. Employers need to adapt to this situation. This study compiles and arranges different measures for dealing with the labour shortage, with the aim of showing different approaches to deal with the situation. The measures are arranged following the formula: Number of person-hours x efficiency = output The increase in the number of person-hours includes, on the one hand, measures to make employers more attractive. These are relative competitive advantages in the labour market. In a survey, 1,000 employees from German-speaking Switzerland were asked about their satisfaction with different aspects of their work and these areas of satisfaction were compared with their overall satisfaction, loyalty toward their employer and intentions of quitting their jobs. It showed that development opportunities (both personal and in terms of their career) and the appreciation by an employer who matches one’s values are the most important employer attributes for employees, but it is precisely the development opportunities that are often not offered to a satisfactory extent. The increase in the number of person-hours comprises, on the other hand, measures to expand labour market participation, which means that more person-hours are worked in the market. There are many options for this. Where remote working has become the norm, there are not many obstacles to offshoring work abroad. In addition, pensioners are open to working on a project-by-project basis and, if need be, could be recruited via “gig-economy” style platforms for individual tasks. A corporate platform could lower the hurdle for pensioners who worked for that company (in terms of psychology and also the bureaucracy) and create a broad but casual recruitment pool. Furthermore, career and pension advice could encourage women to increase their working hours or at least to not to give up their jobs completely despite high childcare costs. Political measures could also be introduced to lower the latter. It is probable that the labour market of the future will have to cope with fewer people, despite all efforts to increase person-hours. The formula suggests another factor: the increase in efficiency. Automation of work processes is one example of an efficiency measure. In a survey of managers, half of the respondents thought that about 20% of the work could already be automated today. However, there was a lack of competencies (also a consequence of the labour shortage), of a technology-savvy culture and of confidence that quality can be maintained. In addition, respondents to the employee survey also perceive about 20% of the work they do as unnecessary (excessive emails, meetings, administrative tasks, etc.). This is partly attributed to too much in-house bureaucracy and too many managers – which is the occupational group that has grown the most in the swiss labor market since 1991. The connection between wages and value generation seems to be restricted both within companies and in society as a whole. The labour shortage is often also caused by an allocation problem. Even measures to increase efficiency do not necessarily lead to less need for staff. Rather, the consequence of increased efficiency is often an almost automatic expansion GDI Gottlieb Duttweiler Institute 5 of output. In order to cope with the labour shortage, it is necessary to deal with output carefully and to reflect on where output should be expanded, capped or even reduced so that any reduction in output is done in a controlled manner. Especially in the context of an increasing relevance of sustainability, there are services and products in all companies that need to be questioned and the elimination of which would promote the credibility of sustainability strategies and thus also increase the chance that the corporate values match those of young employees. Perhaps other legal forms are necessary in order to avoid the pressures for growth which are linked with a shareholder structure. Alternative models are possible.
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Lewis, Dustin. Three Pathways to Secure Greater Respect for International Law concerning War Algorithms. Harvard Law School Program on International Law and Armed Conflict, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.54813/wwxn5790.
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Existing and emerging applications of artificial intelligence in armed conflicts and other systems reliant upon war algorithms and data span diverse areas. Natural persons may increasingly depend upon these technologies in decisions and activities related to killing combatants, destroying enemy installations, detaining adversaries, protecting civilians, undertaking missions at sea, conferring legal advice, and configuring logistics. In intergovernmental debates on autonomous weapons, a normative impasse appears to have emerged. Some countries assert that existing law suffices, while several others call for new rules. Meanwhile, the vast majority of efforts by States to address relevant systems focus by and large on weapons, means, and methods of warfare. Partly as a result, the broad spectrum of other far-reaching applications is rarely brought into view. One normatively grounded way to help identify and address relevant issues is to elaborate pathways that States, international organizations, non-state parties to armed conflict, and others may pursue to help secure greater respect for international law. In this commentary, I elaborate on three such pathways: forming and publicly expressing positions on key legal issues, taking measures relative to their own conduct, and taking steps relative to the behavior of others. None of these pathways is sufficient in itself, and there are no doubt many others that ought to be pursued. But each of the identified tracks is arguably necessary to ensure that international law is — or becomes — fit for purpose. By forming and publicly expressing positions on relevant legal issues, international actors may help clarify existing legal parameters, pinpoint salient enduring and emerging issues, and detect areas of convergence and divergence. Elaborating legal views may also help foster greater trust among current and potential adversaries. To be sure, in recent years, States have already fashioned hundreds of statements on autonomous weapons. Yet positions on other application areas are much more difficult to find. Further, forming and publicly expressing views on legal issues that span thematic and functional areas arguably may help States and others overcome the current normative stalemate on autonomous weapons. Doing so may also help identify — and allocate due attention and resources to — additional salient thematic and functional areas. Therefore, I raise a handful of cross-domain issues for consideration. These issues touch on things like exercising human agency, reposing legally mandated evaluative decisions in natural persons, and committing to engage only in scrutable conduct. International actors may also take measures relative to their own conduct. To help illustrate this pathway, I outline several such existing measures. In doing so, I invite readers to inventory and peruse these types of steps in order to assess whether the nature or character of increasingly complex socio-technical systems reliant upon war algorithms and data may warrant revitalized commitments or adjustments to existing measures — or, perhaps, development of new ones. I outline things like enacting legislation necessary to prosecute alleged perpetrators of grave breaches, making legal advisers available to the armed forces, and taking steps to prevent abuses of the emblem. Finally, international actors may take measures relative to the conduct of others. To help illustrate this pathway, I outline some of the existing steps that other States, international organizations, and non-state parties may take to help secure respect for the law by those undertaking the conduct. These measures may include things like addressing matters of legal compliance by exerting diplomatic pressure, resorting to penal sanctions to repress violations, conditioning or refusing arms transfers, and monitoring the fate of transferred detainees. Concerning military partnerships in particular, I highlight steps such as conditioning joint operations on a partner’s compliance with the law, planning operations jointly in order to prevent violations, and opting out of specific operations if there is an expectation that the operations would violate applicable law. Some themes and commitments cut across these three pathways. Arguably, respect for the law turns in no small part on whether natural persons can and will foresee, understand, administer, and trace the components, behaviors, and effects of relevant systems. It may be advisable, moreover, to institute ongoing cross-disciplinary education and training as well as the provision of sufficient technical facilities for all relevant actors, from commanders to legal advisers to prosecutors to judges. Further, it may be prudent to establish ongoing monitoring of others’ technical capabilities. Finally, it may be warranted for relevant international actors to pledge to engage, and to call upon others to engage, only in armed-conflict-related conduct that is sufficiently attributable, discernable, and scrutable.
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Garciga, Christian L., Randal J. Verbrugge i Saeed Zaman. The Effect of Component Disaggregation on Measures of the Median and Trimmed-Mean CPI. Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland, styczeń 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.26509/frbc-wp-202402.
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For decades, the Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland (FRBC) has produced median and trimmed-mean consumer price index (CPI) measures. These have proven useful in various contexts, such as forecasting and understanding post-COVID inflation dynamics. Revisions to the FRBC methodology have historically involved increasing the level of disaggregation in the CPI components, which has improved accuracy. Thus, it may seem logical that further disaggregation would continue to enhance its accuracy. However, we theoretically demonstrate that this may not necessarily be the case. We then explore the empirical impact of further disaggregation along two dimensions: shelter and non-shelter components. We find that significantly increasing the disaggregation in the shelter indexes, when combined with only a slight increase in non-shelter disaggregation, improves the ability of the median and trimmed-mean CPI to track the medium-term trend in CPI inflation and marginally increases predictive power over future movements in CPI inflation. Finally, we examine the practical implications of our preferred degree of disaggregation. Our preferred measure of the median CPI suggests that trend inflation was lower pre-pandemic, while both our preferred median and trimmed-mean measures suggest a faster acceleration in trend inflation in 2021. We also find that higher disaggregation marginally weakens the Phillips curve relationship between median CPI inflation and the unemployment gap, though it remains statistically significant.
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Walz, Yvonne, Florence Nick, Oscar Higuera Roa, Udo Nehren i Zita Sebesvari. Coherence and Alignment among Sustainable Land Management, Ecosystem-based Adaptation, Ecosystem-based Disaster Risk Reduction and Nature-based Solutions. United Nations University - Institute for Environment and Human Security, listopad 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.53324/mwgp9896.
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Approaches integrating environmental management practices have been gaining importance in recent years. Sustainable Land Management (SLM), Ecosystem-based Adaptation (EbA), Ecosystem-based disaster Risk Reduction (Eco-DRR) and Nature-based Solutions (NbS) are widely applied approaches that tackle certain drivers of challenges such as food insecurity, water scarcity, decline in biodiversity and threats to livelihoods, while also considering both human well-being and ecosystem functions and services. Better understanding the similarities, differences and relationships between these approaches helps to improve efficiency in implementation and leverage synergies. By shedding more light on where these approaches align, investments in land-based solutions in response to different types of environmental challenges can be more effectively designed to achieve multiple targets. In response to the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) decision 19/COP.14 paragraph 4, the main objective of this report is to understand and elaborate upon the characteristics of SLM, EbA, Eco-DRR and NbS. The report begins with an overview of the historical backgrounds and origins of SLM, EbA, Eco-DRR and NbS. Despite differences in their specific goals and targeted benefits, all approaches aim for the support of biodiversity, land-based ecosystems and ecosystem services and functions, and employ measures to conserve, restore and sustainably use land to support ecosystem services and functions, including SLM technologies. Furthermore, irrespective of their different goals, the projects developed under any approach can generate comparable co-benefits, especially due to their support of biodiversity. The capacity for all these approaches to deliver multiple co-benefits means that projects of each approach can directly contribute to implementing the specific goals of the other approaches as well. Thus, multiple global and national targets, frameworks, strategies and conventions which call for the implementation of one or more of these approaches, can benefit from this report by avoiding duplication and reducing the overall investments necessary to achieve the set targets and goals. This is critical for achieving the ambitious Agenda 2030, including voluntary land degradation neutrality (LDN) targets and climate action under the Paris Agreement. It will also be the case for the post-2020 global biodiversity framework currently under development. The added value that will come from optimizing the links among these approaches extends from national policymakers to the practitioners of SLM, EbA and Eco-DRR projects, which all share the ultimate goal of sustainable development. To capture the coherence and alignment among these approaches, their similarities and differences have been summarized in a conceptual framework. The framework has been designed to help practitioners understand the specific goals of each approach, and to link these to the relevant global and national targets, frameworks, strategies and conventions, which can support monitoring and evaluation as well as reporting processes. The synergies among these approaches are further illustrated based on three case studies in order to demonstrate opportunities for leveraging multiple co-benefits and targets at implementation level irrespective of the different objectives under each. The results of this assessment demonstrate that activities under one approach can be beneficial to achieve the specific goals of other approaches with little additional effort. It is essential for policymakers, project developers and practitioners to recognize that. This is key to the achievement of sustainable development.
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Mayfield, Colin. Higher Education in the Water Sector: A Global Overview. United Nations University Institute for Water, Environment and Health, maj 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.53328/guxy9244.
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Higher education related to water is a critical component of capacity development necessary to support countries’ progress towards Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) overall, and towards the SDG6 water and sanitation goal in particular. Although the precise number is unknown, there are at least 28,000 higher education institutions in the world. The actual number is likely higher and constantly changing. Water education programmes are very diverse and complex and can include components of engineering, biology, chemistry, physics, hydrology, hydrogeology, ecology, geography, earth sciences, public health, sociology, law, and political sciences, to mention a few areas. In addition, various levels of qualifications are offered, ranging from certificate, diploma, baccalaureate, to the master’s and doctorate (or equivalent) levels. The percentage of universities offering programmes in ‘water’ ranges from 40% in the USA and Europe to 1% in subSaharan Africa. There are no specific data sets available for the extent or quality of teaching ‘water’ in universities. Consequently, insights on this have to be drawn or inferred from data sources on overall research and teaching excellence such as Scopus, the Shanghai Academic Ranking of World Universities, the Times Higher Education, the Ranking Web of Universities, the Our World in Data website and the UN Statistics Division data. Using a combination of measures of research excellence in water resources and related topics, and overall rankings of university teaching excellence, universities with representation in both categories were identified. Very few universities are represented in both categories. Countries that have at least three universities in the list of the top 50 include USA, Australia, China, UK, Netherlands and Canada. There are universities that have excellent reputations for both teaching excellence and for excellent and diverse research activities in water-related topics. They are mainly in the USA, Europe, Australia and China. Other universities scored well on research in water resources but did not in teaching excellence. The approach proposed in this report has potential to guide the development of comprehensive programmes in water. No specific comparative data on the quality of teaching in water-related topics has been identified. This report further shows the variety of pathways which most water education programmes are associated with or built in – through science, technology and engineering post-secondary and professional education systems. The multitude of possible institutions and pathways to acquire a qualification in water means that a better ‘roadmap’ is needed to chart the programmes. A global database with details on programme curricula, qualifications offered, duration, prerequisites, cost, transfer opportunities and other programme parameters would be ideal for this purpose, showing country-level, regional and global search capabilities. Cooperation between institutions in preparing or presenting water programmes is currently rather limited. Regional consortia of institutions may facilitate cooperation. A similar process could be used for technical and vocational education and training, although a more local approach would be better since conditions, regulations and technologies vary between relatively small areas. Finally, this report examines various factors affecting the future availability of water professionals. This includes the availability of suitable education and training programmes, choices that students make to pursue different areas of study, employment prospects, increasing gender equity, costs of education, and students’ and graduates’ mobility, especially between developing and developed countries. This report aims to inform and open a conversation with educators and administrators in higher education especially those engaged in water education or preparing to enter that field. It will also benefit students intending to enter the water resources field, professionals seeking an overview of educational activities for continuing education on water and government officials and politicians responsible for educational activities
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Ultrasound Measurement of Shear Wave Speed for Estimation Liver Fibrosis, Clinically Feasible Profile. Chair David Fetzer, Stephen McAleavey i Stephen Rosenzweig. Radiological Society of North America (RSNA) / Quantitative Imaging Biomarkers Alliance (QIBA), styczeń 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1148/qiba/20240115.
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The goal of a QIBA Profile is to help achieve a useful level of performance for a given biomarker. Profile development is an evolutionary, phased process; this Profile is in the “Clinically Feasible” (formerly “Technically Confirmed") stage. The performance claims represent expert consensus and will be empirically demonstrated at a subsequent stage. Several sites have performed the profile, found it to be practical, and expect it to achieve the claimed performance. Users of this Profile are encouraged to refer to the following site to understand the document’s context: http://qibawiki.rsna.org/index.php/QIBA_Profile_Stages. The Claim (Section 2) describes the biomarker performance. The Activities (Section 3) contribute to generating the biomarker. Requirements are placed on the Actors that participate in those activities as necessary to achieve the Claim. Assessment Procedures (Section 4) for evaluating specific requirements are defined as needed. Conformance (Section 5) regroups Section 3 requirements by Actor to conveniently check Conformance. This QIBA Profile (Ultrasound Measurement of Shear Wave Speed for Estimation of Liver Fibrosis) addresses estimation of liver fibrosis, which is often used to determine when and how to treat patients with diffuse liver disease, and also monitor progression or response to treatment. It places requirements on ultrasound scanners (acquisition devices), Scanner Manufacturer/Vendor, Technologists/Sonographers, QA (Quality Assurance) Manager, Radiologists, and Image Analysis Tools involved in pre-delivery steps, scanner installation, periodic QA procedures, subject selection and handling, SWS image acquisition, image QA, and image analysis. The requirements are focused on achieving sufficient accuracy and avoiding unnecessary variability of the estimation of liver fibrosis. Estimates of liver fibrosis are based on a measurement of shear wave speed (SWS) in the tissue using ultrasound, which in turn is based on the stiffness of the liver tissue. The clinical performance target is to achieve SWS measurements with a bias of the mean value of ≤ 5% and an overall coefficient of variation (SD/mean) of ≤ 5%. The standard against which to measure bias has not yet been fully defined, so currently there is no bias claim. At the present time, bias is determined by comparison to the measured SWS and stiffness using a Verasonics ultrasound system in a calibrated QIBA SWS phantom. Currently bias and precision depend on the magnitude of measured SWS (as determined in phantom studies) so bias and variance claims are given for three ranges of measured SWS values. Also, bias and precision depend on the conditions under which the measurements are made. Bias and precision claims are therefore also given for various measurement conditions. This document is intended to help clinicians basing decisions on this biomarker, imaging staff generating this biomarker, vendor staff developing related products, purchasers of such products, and investigators designing trials with imaging endpoints. Note that this document only states requirements to achieve the claim, not “requirements on standard of care.” Conformance to this Profile is secondary to properly caring for the patient. QIBA Profiles addressing other imaging biomarkers using CT, MRI, PET and Ultrasound can be found at https://qibawiki.rsna.org/index.php/Main_Page
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Schmid, Juan Pedro. How Much Anti-Money Laundering Effort is Enough? The Jamaican Experience. Inter-American Development Bank, kwiecień 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0008454.
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The worldwide fight against money laundering (AML) is escalating. Individuals and businesses that conduct and depend on legitimate international financial transactions are feeling the impact of measures meant to counter illegitimate ones. Countries flagged as having weak AML regulations encounter substantial challenges maintaining correspondent banking relations. However, recent experiences have shown that fulfilling the AML standards, albeit necessary, is not sufficient to persuade financial institutions to keep international financial relations. This is particularly the case with international fund transfers via correspondent banks. Jurisdictions such as Jamaica--even if generally complying with AML standards--face challenges to use banks for correspondent services. Reasons to avoid having correspondent banking relations with certain financial institutions include the following: First, correspondent banking is risky in itself, given the difficulty for the respondent to effectively supervise the AML capacity of the correspondent. In addition, the risk of a transaction depends on country-specific factors, most notably the strength and enforcement of a sound AML system and the type of clients. Money services businesses constitute one category that is perceived as more vulnerable to money laundering. Given these elements, respondent banks may simply decide to sever correspondent banking relations to avoid risks--real or perceived--altogether. This tendency to avoid perceived risks makes finding a potential solution challenging. Not only would countries have to attain the highest possible level of compliance with AML standards, they would also need to develop a communication strategy that effectively conveys that the government and private sector recognize and embrace the money laundering issue and are committed to the implementation of AML efforts.
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Pritchett, Lant, Kirsty Newman i Jason Silberstein. Focus to Flourish: Five Actions to Accelerate Progress in Learning. Research on Improving Systems of Education (RISE), grudzień 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-rise-misc_2022/07.
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There is a severe global learning crisis. While nearly all children start school, far too many do not learn even the most foundational skills of reading, writing, and basic mathematics during the years they spend there. The urgent need to address this crisis requires no elaborate reasoning. If one starts with love for a child, a human universal, it is easy to see that in the modern world a child’s dignity, self-worth, and freedom to define their own destiny require an adequate education. An adequate education is what will then enable that child to lead a full adult life as a parent, community member, citizen, and worker in the 21st century. To enable every child to leave school with the foundational skills they need will require fundamental changes to education systems. Since 2015, the Research on Improving Systems of Education (RISE) Programme, with which we are affiliated, has been conducting research exploring how to make these changes through country research teams in seven countries (Ethiopia, India, Indonesia, Nigeria, Pakistan, Tanzania, and Vietnam) and crosscutting teams on the political economy of education reform. Drawing on the cumulative body of research on learning outcomes and systems of education in the developing world, both from the RISE Programme and other sources, we advocate for five key actions to drive system transformation. (See next page.) A message cutting across all five actions is “focus to flourish”. Education systems have been tremendously successful at achieving specific educational goals, such as expanding schooling, because that is what they committed to, that is what they measured, that is what they were aligned for, and that is what they supported. In order to achieve system transformation for learning, systems must focus on learning and then act accordingly. Only after a system prioritises learning from among myriad competing educational goals can it dedicate the tremendous energies necessary to succeed at improving learning. The research points to these five actions as a means to chart a path out of the learning crisis and toward a future that offers foundational skills to all children. The first section that follows provides background on the depth and nature of the learning crisis. The remainder of the document explains each of the five actions in turn, synthesising the research that informs each action, contrasting that action with the prevailing status quo, and describing what the action would entail in practice.
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Snyder, Victor A., Dani Or, Amos Hadas i S. Assouline. Characterization of Post-Tillage Soil Fragmentation and Rejoining Affecting Soil Pore Space Evolution and Transport Properties. United States Department of Agriculture, kwiecień 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7580670.bard.
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Tillage modifies soil structure, altering conditions for plant growth and transport processes through the soil. However, the resulting loose structure is unstable and susceptible to collapse due to aggregate fragmentation during wetting and drying cycles, and coalescense of moist aggregates by internal capillary forces and external compactive stresses. Presently, limited understanding of these complex processes often leads to consideration of the soil plow layer as a static porous medium. With the purpose of filling some of this knowledge gap, the objectives of this Project were to: 1) Identify and quantify the major factors causing breakdown of primary soil fragments produced by tillage into smaller secondary fragments; 2) Identify and quantify the. physical processes involved in the coalescence of primary and secondary fragments and surfaces of weakness; 3) Measure temporal changes in pore-size distributions and hydraulic properties of reconstructed aggregate beds as a function of specified initial conditions and wetting/drying events; and 4) Construct a process-based model of post-tillage changes in soil structural and hydraulic properties of the plow layer and validate it against field experiments. A dynamic theory of capillary-driven plastic deformation of adjoining aggregates was developed, where instantaneous rate of change in geometry of aggregates and inter-aggregate pores was related to current geometry of the solid-gas-liquid system and measured soil rheological functions. The theory and supporting data showed that consolidation of aggregate beds is largely an event-driven process, restricted to a fairly narrow range of soil water contents where capillary suction is great enough to generate coalescence but where soil mechanical strength is still low enough to allow plastic deforn1ation of aggregates. The theory was also used to explain effects of transient external loading on compaction of aggregate beds. A stochastic forInalism was developed for modeling soil pore space evolution, based on the Fokker Planck equation (FPE). Analytical solutions for the FPE were developed, with parameters which can be measured empirically or related to the mechanistic aggregate deformation model. Pre-existing results from field experiments were used to illustrate how the FPE formalism can be applied to field data. Fragmentation of soil clods after tillage was observed to be an event-driven (as opposed to continuous) process that occurred only during wetting, and only as clods approached the saturation point. The major mechanism of fragmentation of large aggregates seemed to be differential soil swelling behind the wetting front. Aggregate "explosion" due to air entrapment seemed limited to small aggregates wetted simultaneously over their entire surface. Breakdown of large aggregates from 11 clay soils during successive wetting and drying cycles produced fragment size distributions which differed primarily by a scale factor l (essentially equivalent to the Van Bavel mean weight diameter), so that evolution of fragment size distributions could be modeled in terms of changes in l. For a given number of wetting and drying cycles, l decreased systematically with increasing plasticity index. When air-dry soil clods were slightly weakened by a single wetting event, and then allowed to "age" for six weeks at constant high water content, drop-shatter resistance in aged relative to non-aged clods was found to increase in proportion to plasticity index. This seemed consistent with the rheological model, which predicts faster plastic coalescence around small voids and sharp cracks (with resulting soil strengthening) in soils with low resistance to plastic yield and flow. A new theory of crack growth in "idealized" elastoplastic materials was formulated, with potential application to soil fracture phenomena. The theory was preliminarily (and successfully) tested using carbon steel, a ductile material which closely approximates ideal elastoplastic behavior, and for which the necessary fracture data existed in the literature.
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Gow, Kirsten, Margaret Currie, Paula Duffy, Ruth Wilson i Lorna J. Philip. Gow’s Typology of Scotland’s Islands: Technical notes. University of Aberdeen, listopad 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.57064/2164/22333.
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While classifications of Scotland’s islands already exist, these are often based on geographical location or local authority boundaries, which fails to acknowledge key differences between islands in close geographical proximity and overlooks commonalities between geographically dispersed islands. Measures of population size and travel time to larger population centres are routinely used in domestic and international examples of such classifications. However, these do not capture island-specific factors affecting those who live and work in islands, which are key considerations for research and policy making. Gow’s Typology of Scotland’s Islands was developed as part of a doctoral research project exploring island connections and return migration in order to address these issues and tackle some of the difficulties associated with ensuring the anonymity of research participants and the communities they live in when working with islands with small populations. The typology is framed by two concepts, capacity and reliance, and classifies inhabited islands that met the inclusion criteria set for the research project. Specifically, the typology examines: (i) the capacity an island has to meet the day-to-day needs of its inhabitants, and (ii) the island’s reliance, by which we mean the extent to which it must rely on external actors to meet these needs, and the ease or difficulty island residents might experience in doing so. The concepts, factors and associated dimensions are described in section 5 and have been used to create the classes, or ‘types’ outlined in section 6. Gow’s Typology of Scottish Islands necessarily indicates aspects of capacity and reliance in Scotland’s islands at a specific point in time. However, it has been developed in a way that allows it to be updated and also has the potential to be extended for wider use, both by adding additional factors to complement the conceptual framework, and/or by adding dimensions to existing factors. Further, it is possible that a similar approach could be adopted for other global island groupings.