Artykuły w czasopismach na temat „Nauli benefits”

This activity is to improve the academic climate that is creative, innovative, visionary, solutive and independent and to improve the quality of students in higher education so that later they can become members of the community who have academic and professional abilities who can apply, develop and disseminate science, technology and art as well as enrich the national culture. This Community Service (PkM) activity was carried out at SMP Negeri 1 Tapian Nauli, Jalan Sibolga-Barus KM 0.8 Tapian Nauli, Central Tapanuli Regency. Community service activities are carried out from 02 to 26 February 2022. Not all learning that takes place in schools can be accepted and understood by students. Every activity carried out is expected to provide benefits, as well as community service activities organized by the HKBP Nommensen Medan FKIP Student Team. This community service activity is expected to increase the enthusiasm for learning for students at SMP Negeri 1 Tapian Nauli.

Salah satu upaya untuk menjaga kelestarian rusa sambar (Rusa unicolor) dan pengembangan pemanfaatannya secara berkelanjutan adalah penangkaran. Penangkaran juga dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai wahana wisata edukasi sehingga diharapkan memberikan manfaat sosial ekonomi bagi masyarakat. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan tujuan menganalisis manfaat sosial ekonomi penangkaran rusa sambar sebagai wahana edukasi bagi masyarakat. Data lapang dikumpulkan pada bulan Juni-Juli 2020. Data lapang baik aspek teknis penangkaran rusa maupun manfaat sosial ekonomi dikumpulkan dengan cara observasi lapang dan pengukuran, wawancara dengan pengelola, anggota masyarakat sebagai tenaga kerja maupun pedagang, serta wawancara dengan pengunjung, serta penelaahan dokumen. Data manfaat sosial ekonomi yang terkumpul dianalisis secara deskriptif kualitatif menggunakan skala Likert untuk menentukan manfaat sosial dan menghitung besarnya kontribusi ekonomi bagi masyarakat. Penangkaran rusa sambar ini juga dinilai masyarakat telah memberikan manfaat sosial dan berdampak positif sebagai sarana pendidikan dan obyek wisata menarik yang ditunjukkan oleh peningkatan jumlah dan frekeunsi kunjungan wisatawan. Adapun manfaat ekonominya antara lain ditunjukkan oleh bertambahnya anggota masyarakat sekitar yang berdagang di areal penangkaran yakni hanya seorang tahun 2018 menjadi 21 orang tahun 2020, kontribusi pendapatan ekonomi terhadap pengeluaran rumah tangga mencapai 85,71%. One of the efforts to conserve the Sambar deer (Cervus unicolor) and to develop its sustainable use is captivity. Captivity can also be used as an educational tourism facility so that it is expected to provide socio-economic benefits for the community. This research was conducted with the aim of analyzing the social and economic benefits of Sambar deer breeding as an educational facility for the community. Field data were collected in June-July 2020. Field data, both technical aspects of deer breeding and socio-economic benefits, were collected through field observations and measurements, interviews with managers, community members as workers and traders, as well as interviews with visitors, and document review. The collected data on socioeconomic benefits were analyzed descriptively qualitatively using a Likert scale to determine social benefits and calculate the amount of economic contribution to society. The Sambar deer was also considered by the community to haveprovided social benefits and had a positive impact as a means of education and attractive tourism objects, as shown by the increase in the number and frequency of tourist visits. The economic benefits were shown, among others, through increasing members of the surrounding community who trade in the captive area (only one person in 2018 to 21 people in 2020), contribution of economic income to household expenditure reaching 85,71%.

AbstrakPerhatian terhadap persoalan keanekaragam hayati muncul karena ledakan populasi manusia yang berimplikasi pada penurunan kondisi lingkungan yang berdampak pada hilangnya manfaat ekonomi potensial suatu daerah. Pendekatan konservasi diharapkan mampu memberikan hasil yang lebih baik dalam menjaga dan melestarikan keanekaragaman hayati meskipun memerlukan waktu yang lebih lama. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan bagaimana perkembangan dan pencapaian keberhasilan Konservasi Gajah Sumatera dan pelaksanaan Rehabilitasi Hutan bagi peruntukan Agrowisata Macademia di Kawasan Hutan Dengan Tujuan Khusus (KHDT) Aek Nauli. Hasil analisis studi menunjukkan implikasi konservasi gajah sudah menunjukkan perkembangan yang baik dengan tersedianya area pakan gajah yang memadai bagi keberlangsungan hidup gajah sumatera. Program rehabilitasi hutan macademia juga memberikan implikasi yang positif bagi masyarakat sekitar kawasan hutan, termasuk peningkatan pendapatan masyarakat dari hasil olahan macademia yang memiliki potensi ekonomi yang tinggi.Kata Kunci: Keanekaragaman Hayati, Konservasi Gajah, Hutan Macademia, Kelurahan Aek Nauli, Kota Pematang SiantarAbstractThe attention to biodiversity issues arises due to the explosion of human population leading to the deterioration of environmental conditions that have an impact on the loss of potential economic benefits of an area. The conservation approach is expected to be able to provide better results in maintaining and conserving biodiversity even though it takes periods to gain outcomes.. This study aims to describe how the development and achievement of success of Sumatran Elephant Conservation and the implementation of Forest Rehabilitation for Macademia Agro Tourism designation in Forest Areas with Special Purpose (KHDT) Aek Nauli. The results of the analysis of the study show that the implications of elephant conservation have shown a good development with the availability of adequate elephant feed areas for the survival of the Sumatran elephant. The macademia forest rehabilitation program also has positive implications for the community around the forest area, including an increase in people's income from processed macademia which has high economic potential.Keywords: Biodiversity, Elephant Conservation, Macademia Forest, Aek Nauli Village, Pematang Siantar City

In the breastfeeding process, there are often obstacles in the production and production of breast milk, so it is necessary to make efforts to express breast milk for some postpartum mothers. In this effort there are 2 things that affect the production and expenditure. Breast milk production is influenced by the hormone prolactin while expenditure is influenced by the hormone oxytocin Through oxytocin massage, namely massage or stimulation of the spine, the neurotransmitter will stimulate the medulla oblongata directly sending messages to the hypothalamus in the posterior pituitary to release oxytocin, causing the breasts to secrete milk. This community service aims to increase mothers' knowledge about oxytocin massage and so that mothers feel the benefits of oxytocin massage. The materials used in this community service are brochures or leaflets containing techniques for performing oxytocin massage. The method of implementing this community service is by giving lectures to provide theory about oxytocin massage and practicing oxytocin massage management. With this service, mothers better understand the benefits of oxytocin massage and feel the benefits of the massage The result of this community service activity is that mothers understand and feel the benefits of oxytocin massage that has been carried out and delivered. Evaluation in this community service activity is carried out by conducting direct demonstrations of the participants.

This service activity aims to provide students with an understanding of learning on physics material through the experimental method using teaching aids. The place where this activity was carried out was SMP N 1 Tapian Nauli. This activity is divided into several stages, the first is the introduction of students by the student-teacher, the second stage is the delivery of learning materials, and the third stage is conducting experiments through teaching aids that have been provided by the teacher. The last stage is conveying the conclusions from the experiments carried out. This activity provides benefits in increasing student understanding of physics learning through the experimental method. With the experimental method used, students become more active and can see directly the physical phenomena that occur through observation. The application of this tutoring through teaching aids is expected to increase students understanding of learning not only with theories and formulas.

ABSTRAKSalah satu upaya untuk melestarikan rusa Sambar (Rusa unicolor) dan mengembangkan pemanfaatannya secara berkelanjutan adalah penangkaran. Secara bioteknologi, keberhasilan penangkaran pada rusa Sambar sangat bergantung pada pengelolaan yang benar dari aspek teknis penangkarannya, seperti perumahan, makanan, kesehatan, dan reproduksi. Pengabdian masyarakat ini dilakukan dengan tujuan untuk menganalisis aspek teknis manajemen penangkaran rusa Sambar termasuk perumahan, makanan, perawatan kesehatan, dan reproduksi. Data yang dikumpulkan tentang aspek teknis penangkaran dianalisis secara kualitatif secara deskriptif, dan kemudian tingkat kualifikasi penangkaran diklasifikasikan sebagai baik atau buruk, dan keberhasilan penangkaran didasarkan pada ada atau tidak adanya pengembangbiakan dan kematian rusa. Pengabdian masyarakat menunjukkan bahwa pengelolaan rusa Sambar di Aek Nauli tergolong baik dan memenuhi standar prinsip kesejahteraan hewan, dengan indikator bahwa semua rusa di penangkaran sehat, tidak memiliki kematian, dan mampu berkembang biak dengan baik. Rusa Sambar juga dianggap masyarakat telah memberikan manfaat sosial dan memberikan dampak positif sebagai sarana edukasi dan objek wisata yang menarik. Kata kunci: manajemen; penangkaran; rusa Sambar ABSTRACTOne of the efforts to conserve the Sambar deer (Rusa unicolor) and to develop its sustainable use is captivity. Biotechnologically, the success of captive breeding in Sambar deer highly depends on the correct management of technical aspects of its captivity, such as housing, food, health, and reproduction. This community service was conducted with the aim of (a) analyzing the technical aspects of the Sambar deer breeding management including housing, food, health care, and reproduction. The collected data on technical aspects of captivity were analyzed qualitatively in a descriptive manner, and then the level of captive qualification was classified as good or bad, and the success of the breeding was based on the presence or absence of breeding and death of deer. community service shows that the management of Sambar deer in AekNauli was classified as good and met the standard of animal welfare principles, with indicators that all deer in captivity were healthy, had no mortality, and were able to reproduce well. The Sambar deer was also considered by the community to have provided social benefits and had a positive impact as a means of education and attractive tourism objects. Keywords: management; captivity; sambar deer

The main characteristic of modern science is that its new theories contain the old ones as their particular cases. In this respect, one can speak of "modern" science only since 17th century discoveries of Galileo, Kepler and Descartes. Yet, one can find certain traits of the modern scientific mode of thinking as early as in 14th century; they include interest in the practical use of science, introduction of experiment and mathematical method. Late medieval science was powerfully influenced by the doctrines of Aristotle, who found the essence of scientific pursuit in establishing the causes of the phenomena observed in the world in the inductive process of abstraction, which has three main stages of generalization: physics, mathematics, and metaphysics. In physics the solutions were hinged on the concept of natural directions and the belief that uniform motion requires permanent application of power. The foundations of Aristotelean physics were first questioned in the 14th century. Duns Scotus and Wiliam of Ockham critically discussed the doctrine of induction, originating the shift of interest towards observation. Peter of Abano started the theory of experiment. Some criticism came from the theologians, who questioned certain limitations of the Aristotelean frame of mind. The main subject of controversy was the concept of vacuum, discussed especially with the reference to motion. Here the Aristotelean standpoint was criticised from the positions of atomism and Platonism by a number of scholars starting from Robert Grosseteste, through Giles of Rome and Nicholas of Autrecourt, to Nicholas of Cusa and Giordano Bruno. Other controversial problems included plurality of the worlds, privileged positions in the universe, circular motion of the earth. Here an important contribution was made by Nicolas Copernicus. Another group of scholars, which helped to overcome Aristoteleanism, was the so-called Merton school of Oxford. Their new theories of motion, which distinguished between its kinematic and dynamic aspects, quickly spread through Europe and are said to have influenced Galileo. Yet another source of inspiration was found by Galileo in the views of the nominalist school of Paris, notably Nicholas of Oresme and John Buridan. By reaping the benefit of their innovations and overcoming their deficiencies Galileo was able to lay foundations for the modern science, first fully formulated by Newton.

A recent increase in the introduction and integration of information and communication technologies in education has prompted researchers to investigate the functioning and effectiveness of various digital tools. In the first part of the article, the authors present the benefits of using online platforms in language learning, with special focus on Duolingo. The second part describes the major assumptions, course design and language tasks offered by the platform. The final part concentrates on the results of a small-scale study in the form of interviews, conducted with 32 Duolingo users.

Keunggulan bersaing diartikan sebagai strategi benefit dari UMKM yang melakukan kerjasama untuk menciptakan keunggulan bersaing yang lebih efektif dalam pasarnya. Keunggulan bersaing adalah jantung kinerja pemasaran untuk menghadapi persaingan. Usaha Mikro Kecil dan Menengah (UMKM) memanfaatkan media sosial sebaga sarana pemasaran online untuk memperoleh pangsa pasar yang memuaskan. Saat ini media sosial sudah sangat mudah diakses oleh siapapun diseluruh dunia, termasuk para pebisnis UMKM yang menggunakan media sosial sebagai sarana pemberi dan berbagi informasi tentang produk yang ditawarkan kepada konsumen secara online. Hal tersebut sangat didukung oleh kemampuan UMKM untuk melakukan kreativitas agar konsumen tetap percaya dalam memilih produk UMKM. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui bagaimana Pengaruh Sistem Pemasaran Media Sosial dan Kreativitas Terhadap Keunggulan Bersaing Pada UMKM Bintang Nauli Boneka. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif deskriptif. Data-data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah data primer maupun sekunder, data ini diperoleh peneliti melalui observasi, wawancara dan dokumentasi. Hasil penelitian ini kendala yang dialami Bintang Nauli Boneka dalam melakukan sistem pemasaran media sosial dan kretaivitas yaitu: kendala internal meliputi: terbatasnya ketersediaan produk, kendala eksternal meliputi: persaingan, pengambilan gambar produk (plagiat) pihak lain, penipuan yang dilakukan calon konsumen.

This study aims to analyze income cost and benefit of agroforestry patterns from member and non-members Social Forestry Business Group (SFBG) in Nalui Village, Jaro Distric. This research was conducted in Nalui Village, Jaro District by taking a sensus sample of 13 SFBG members and 15 respondentswho ware not SFBG members using a quantitativemethode based on a structure list of question (questuonnaires). The largest costcomparison is found inrespondents who are not SFBG member of Rp.4.715,361.00/year, the largest income and profit is found in agroforestry SFBG members, which are Rp. 17.731.795,00/year and Rp.22.447.157.00Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis biaya pendpataan dan keuntungan pola agroforestri dari anggota dan bukan anggota Kelompok Usaha Perhutanan Sosial (KUPS) agroforestri di Desa Nalui Kecamatan Jaro. Penelitian ini dilakasanakan di Desa Nalui Kecamatan Jaro dengan pengambilan sampel secara sensus 13 anggota KUPS dan secara sengaja 15 reponden bukan anggota KUPS menggunakan metode kuantitatif berdasarkan daftar pertanyaan terstruktur (kuesioner). Perbandingan biaya terbesar terdapat pada responden bukan anggota KUPS sebesar Rp.4.715.361,00/tahun, perbandingan pendapatan dan keuntungan terbesar terdapat pada anggota KUPS agroforestri yaitu sebesar Rp.17.731.795,00/tahun dan Rp.22.447.157,00

Literature, as a aspect of human life and knowledge, has long turned to rhetoric and has not been able to speak without it, even as literature is often defined as a kind of expression that has a high rhetoric and is separated from people's normal speech because of this rhetoric. The writer or poet has always relied on the rhetorical arts that were common in their time, often measured and evaluated between the two products in the same era because of the rhetorical art that writers used in their texts. It seems that Kurdish literature, as one of the eastern literature, has had a great influence on Arabic rhetoric in two directions: the first is Arabic rhetoric through persians, meaning kurds, just as they have received other classical things from Persia, have demanded their rhetoric. Secondly, it was taken directly through the Arabs, and this direction had less effect, Rather, most Kurdish poets fall under the umbrella of the first direction, which does not mean that kurds have been unaware of the problems and conflicts between Arab speakers, on the contrary, Kurdish poets and writers have had a lot of information in this regard, and one of these poets is Mullah Khidir (Nali). The benefits and benefits of such research are that for the first time, such a subject should be discussed in a practical way and the extent of the negative effect of Arabic rhetoric should be expressed. Key words: (words, meanings, , jahz, gurgani, rhetoric).

Genetically modified (GM) food issue has sparked the debate, particularly in the Western world, on its detrimental effects to public health and the environment. Among the GM food producers and companies, the claim for intellectual property rights arise for food products and seeds for the technology they are licensing to farmers. For some Muslims and other God-conscious people, tampering with nature by implanting genes from one organism into another which nature has not sanctioned through natural processes and such legal claims is considered to be intolerable. The ‘terminator gene’ introduced by the companies are likely to lead to monopoly and encroachment of the world agro-economics, predominantly held in the hands of conglomerates. This study examines the Shariah attitudes towards GM food using aqli and naqli approach analysis. The aqli approach used in this paper includes analysis of modern scientific research to determine the benefits and harms of GM food. The naqli approach includes examination of related legal evidences from Quran, Hadith and scholars’ view. At the same time, the relevant Shariah principles are discussed to determine the validity of GM food.

The aim of the publication is to checking whether women and men, pupils and students, differ in their understanding of motivation to learn and the reasons for shaping it. The research problem was formulated in the form of questions: how is “motivation to learn” understood? and what factors shape this motivation? Two research methods were used: literature analysis and one-dimensional analysis, which was used to describe data. The presentation of the results is a quantitative summary of the answers obtained. As a research tool, an original questionnaire questionnaire was used. The considerations were focused on two issues: understanding the concept of “motivation to learn” and factors shaping motivation to learn. An intersex and intergroup analysis of the obtained research results was carried out. The results of the research procedure made it possible to isolate factors showing that motivation to learn is understood by the respondents mainly as: (1) willingness to learn depending on the ability of this action to satisfy a specific need, and: (2) a positive way of perceiving oneself as a person developing and independent in action. In shaping the motivation to learn, it is important to: (1) be interested in learning and engage in the implementation of the set goals, and: (2) the belief that thanks to science you can achieve various benefits. Empirical research has led to the general conclusion that it would be better to focus on building motivation to learn, as this can be a key factor in achieving the expected results. Activities undertaken in this direction should be comprehensive, adapted to specific conditions.

Open science includes open access to publications, research data and open educational content, open science redefines the whole process of scientific communication by encouraging dialogue, open review, open sources and tools. Demanding processes of digital transformation of scientific communication require significant support of academic libraries in the processes of advocacy and implementation of open science. Academic libraries in this context, and among other things, need to be recognized as indispensable partners in various open access initiatives at higher education institutions. In this regard, the aim of this research is to establish the specifics and current trends of e-publishing at the University of Sarajevo (UNSA), collect data on active open access journals published by UNSA organizational units, by website content analysis method, and in conclusion to address the benefits of cooperation with libraries of scientific institutions in planning the publishing of scientific journals in open access, as a segment of open science.

The following article refers to the benefits and possible uses of English in the process of learning German. The author presents and explores the results of an inquiry conducted among students of Applied Linguis-tics at the Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz who learn English as L1 and German as L2, which demonstrates their effective language learning strategies. The study shows conclusions drawn from the students’ answers and with examples shows that English can be a source for positive transfer to German.

This article is devoted to selected aspects of scientific communication in Poland. Its aim is to draw attention to the role of scientific communication in public understanding of science and to indicate the most important determinants of the development of scientific communication in Poland. It is assumed in the article that scientific communication and the popularization of research results are activities undertaken by scientists, science units and entities acting for the benefit of science in specific systemic, financial, legal or political conditions. Therefore, in order to assess the determinants of the development of scientific communication in a given country it is necessary, first of all, to get know the conditions in which it takes place. An institutional-legal analysis was used to prove this thesis. In the first, descriptive part of the article the history of the development of public understanding of science and its relationship with the development of scientific communication are mentioned, the second, research part refers to the results of the analysis of basic legal acts and available data in the scope of: the place and role of scientific communication in Polish scientific policy, including the present state of the higher education system and the solutions proposed in the reform of higher education prepared by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education; the place and role of popularization of research results in the development strategy of a scientific unit on the example of the University of Gdańsk and university/researcher's obligations in the field of scientific communication towards research funding institutions.

The colossal progress made by science in recent times has given a number of new and highly important disciplines. Further specialization may lead to the disintegration of science. The place of scientists who in the past encompassed universal knowledge is today taken by higly specialized experts in very narrow fields. On the other hand, the close interrelation between all fields of life, nature and man obviously calls for a close interrelation of all sciences. Moreover there have emerged new branches of science which link problems of natural and social life. Integration of the separate disciplines of science and the intimate relation of research into all phenomena with all the accompanying circumstances are prequisites to the further development and progress of science as a whole. С. P. Snow wrote recently: ’’The habit of truth, on which science depends- as no other human activity does, is in itself a moral habit; investigation is in itself a moral act”.Proper evaluation is therefore decisive for the value of any research, any creative scientific work. This leads us to the wider conclusion: on which both theory and practice are at one, that is the principle of unity of all science. Errors committed in the past have frequently exposed law to the jibes of satirists and caricature artists, and provided material for masters of literature. Although it has been rather the practitioner of the legal profession which has constituted the main target, yet jurisprudence has not, and rightly so been spared. Socialism alone can overcome what Engels called ’’the legal view” — conservatism and dogmatism — and ensure rehabilitation by according to the science of law the appropriate rank and significance due to it Having once overcome the errors committed or not committed, jurisprudence should develope on a scale which its importance justifies. Today, jurisprudence is closer to social practice than over in the past. The marked trend towards specialization, however, with the consequent separation and subdivision of the various disciplines of law, has done no little harm. The major responsibility to be shouldered by jurists — scientific. workers — therefore, to liquidate these delaterious trends, to develop closer co-operation between the various disciplines of law and between jurisprudence and such other branches of the social sciences as philosophy, sociology, economics and history. The co-operation should embrace spheres of both theory and practice. The study, conducted by specialists in various disciplines, of the current development in socialist countries involves the study of various aspects of the same phenomena. The larger the number of disciplines encompassed and the wider the results taken into account, the more comprehensive the achievements of research. Thus, scientific progress calls not only for the synchronization and co-ordination of research as between the specific disciplines of the social sciences, but also necessitates taking into account the research conducted by technologists, naturalists and mathematicians. The Institute of Legal Sciences of the Polish Academy of Sciences has already taken steps towards the integration of certain research work. Our efforts are being directed towards the development -of co-operation: within the framework of the legal sciences — intersectoral; between theory and practice; between representatives of the sciences of law and of other domains of the social sciences. Particular importance is attached to research concerning issues related,to the administration of national economy, and to research into the conditions of peaceful coexistence as between the two social and economic systems. Poland considers these fields of research to be of utmost importance to national economy — a fact which explains why these issues take priority in the Institute’s research programme. Our plans are, however, not restricted to those two issues. Let us consider examples of other research projects now under way. These concern the development of socialist democracy (the problem of the organization and activity of People’s Councils, the participation of civic organizations in the performance of state tasks, and the problem of the functional mechanism of institutions of socialist democracy); the protection of social property, problems related to the transformation of the agricultural system, key problems of labour law, and problems bound up with the development and activity of the Council for Mutual Economic Aid. The Institute conducts its research work collectively. The various departments and research units are not composed of specialists in a single field. To give an example — specialists in civil, administrative and public law, as well as economists and sociologists are working in one unit on the problem of administration of national economy. Similarly, representatives of allied fields in the social sciences, such as philosophy, economics, sociology and history, co-operate in other research units. Other participants in the work of the units include practitioners such as judges and prosecutors, official of the Labour and Pay Committee, of the Institute of Agricultural Economics, journalists, employees of various branches of state administration, members of the People’s Councils, and civic leaders. The units function by preparing monographs which serve as basic synthesis, holding joint meetings and scientific discussions etc. The dominant principle at the Institute is that of collective work. In none of our work can we or should we restrict ourselves to the area of our individual countries. Although history and life pose problems which are not universally identical, yet we ought to benefit from one another’s achievements and experience. That we do in many sectors of life — in politics and economics — so that we cannot fail to do the same in science, and particularly in the field which concerns us, namely jurisprudence. Division of labour, co-operation and co-ordination in the economic sector — referred to by Prime Minister Krushchev in his work on current problems of the world socialist system — must be reflected in scientific research. The practical value of our science will increase as our research becomes more complex. This is the only way to the realization of the thesis that ’’science must become a direct productive force in the full sense of the word”. By broadening our scientific base, we shall be able more effectively to conduct cur scientific dialogue with the capitalist world. This ideological contest, obviously, is an essential factor in peaceful coexistence. Consequently, it is exceptionally important that we exchange experience and views on the co-operation between jurisprudence and other branches of social science and on international co-operation in the domain of jurisprudence. Such exchange will serve to enrich the programme of every Institute and will enable the Institutes to adopt recommendations and decisions of common application. Even if we advance only a single step, that will mean that the research and co-ordination set in motion will have been of fundamental importance.

This work falls within the framework of quantitatively evaluating the primary metabolites and qualitatively the secondary metabolites of the three inedible organs (bark, leaves and flowers) of the two pomegranate cultivars (Nabli and Gabsi) in order to better enhance this natural resource. . The main objective is to carry out a global study which focuses on both the study of the biochemical composition and the organoleptic study of inedible organs. The results show that protein, sugar and fatty acid composition accumulate differently depending on the cultivar. These by-products can be considered as a potential crop that could be useful in designating pomegranate by-products as an ingredient in food processing, which could provide potential health benefits. In addition, the infusions of bark, flowers and leaves have organoleptic characteristics adapted to the requirements of the panellists. We can conclude that these extracts can be used in human food.

I'lal in morphology is the most important part of linguistics that the Arabic scholars have paid great attention to in the past and present, because of its accuracy and complexity of the problem. This study aims to (1) find out the forms of I'lal in Surat An-Nur, (2) find out how to use them in learning morphology, (3) find out the supporting factors for the I'lal learning process. This study uses a qualitative approach with a descriptive method. The results of this study are as follows: (1) I'lal in Surat An-Nur there are 47 words, in detail: 20 words I'lal bi Al-Qolb, 12 words I'lal bi Al-Hadf, 8 words I'lal bi An-Naqli, 4 words I'lal bi At-Taskin and 1 word I'lal bi An-Naqli wa Al-Qolb, and two words I'lal bi Al-Qolb wa Al-Hadf, (2) Benefits of knowing the forms of I'lal in the teaching of morphology is to make it easier for teachers to teach I'lal rules with models from these words, and to make it easier for students to understand morphology, especially I'lal rules, (3) The factors that support the I'lal teaching process are recognizing the origin the letters of the letters 'illah and their substitutions from one letter to another, recognize the substitution of the letter sahih from the letter mu'tal, and recognize the morphological origin of the word, especially when turning hamzah into ya' or waw, and recognize the displacement of the vowel from the letter ' illah to saheeh letters, and recognize the omitted 'illah letter, making it easier to know the wazn of a sentence. The conclusion is that this study increases Arabic language learners’ understanding of the reasoning by reading the examples in Surat Al-Nur, and it also increases morphology teachers’ understanding of the method of teaching the reasoning.

Economic thought is defined as research, theory and economic troubleshooting methods for ideas and efforts from Islamic scholars based on the benefits and syara’. The flourish of the Islamic economic thought discussion began since the early period of Prophet Muhammad SAW because one of the aspects in the al-Quran and al-Sunnah is about economy. With the expansion of Islamic civilization, the discussion regarding economy was flourish as well, especially with the emergence of the fiqh scholars and the sects of fiqh. Fiqh scholars were one of the people who played vital roles in expressing ideas based on naqli and aqli propositions, in addition of arranging discussions in regard to economics. Conservative scholars in the Malay Archipelago such as Syeikh Daud al-Fatani had also played the same role in the Malay World. Thus, this study aims at analyzing the economic thought regarding the concept of gharar in one of his work (the text of Sullam al-Mubtadi) using content analysis method. The focus of the research is on the Mua’wadah contract.

Early marriage or marriage at a young age is an inner and outer bond that is carried out by a young man or woman who has not yet reached the ideal level to make a marriage, in other words that the marriage is being done before adulthood age. Early marriage still often occurs in Badegan District, Ponorogo. Conducting a field reseach regarding the views of Ponorogo ulama (religious scholars) about early marriage, data collection is done through direct interviews. Then the data is re-examined (editing), systematically arranged in the form of exposure (organizing) and analyzed in accordance with the discussion by using rules, theory and proposition so that it finds valid results. From the data collection, discussion with descriptive analysis method was carried out, namely describing the problem of information that would be used as the object of discussion in order to get a view and legal settlement of the Ponorogo scholars as the end of the research. From this study it can be concluded that (1) Early marriage from the perspective of ulama in Ponorogo according to Fiqh perspective is legal, while in the eyes of positive law in Indonesia, it should be avoided; (2) The basis of the argumentation of scholars in Ponorogo Regency in judging early marriage is naqli and aqli. The naqli basis used in establishing the validity is the proposition of the text of a hadith which narrates that Rasulullāh married Aisha at the age of 9, and the basis of the aqli used is benefit to avoid greater harm. As contained in the Marriage Law (UU Pokok Perkawinan) No. 1 of 1974 that limits the age of marriage with the aim of avoiding harm.

Aristolochia indica Linn. (Aristolochiaceae) is popularly known as Ishwari and Nakuli in Samhitha Granthas. Ishwari is used in different forms for condition like sheethajwara, sarpavisha, vrana, ekangashopha, unmada, apasmara etc. One of methods of plant wealth conservation is by promoting use of plant parts other than root in therapeutics. Flower is one such plant part which can be studied as substitute for therapeutic benefits of root. Prior to such trials such proposed substitutes must undergo various pharmacognostical, analytical, toxicological and pharmacological studies. Microscopy, phtochemical examination, HPTLC and acute toxicity studies of A. indica flowers were performed flowing standard procedure. Powder microscopy revealed some specific characters for its identification. Phytochemical study showed presence of steroid, carbohydrate, flavonoids and saponins. HPTLC fingerprint of the flowers was derived. On toxicity evaluation no adverse effects were observed on administration of powder of flower orally in rat. These diagnostic features can be used as a fingerprint for the identification and differentiation of their substitute and adulterants of the plant. As there is no toxicity up to 2000 mg/kg body weight, 1/10 of the dose i.e. 200 mg/kg can be considered as therapeutic dose for further studies on this drug.

To investigate “Twin Deficit Challenge: An Evidence from Pakistan Economy” this study employed SAM 2010-11 for Pakistan (Dorosh, Niazi, and Nazli, 2015). This study used a static CGE model. The theoretical structure of the core model closely follows the Lofgren et al. (2001) model, with an extension to incorporate commonly observed specifications of a developing country (Naqvi 2011). The study concludes that the lag value of budget deficit and trade deficit are the main factors contributing to the twin deficit. Two experiments were conducted to check the effects. The experiments were conducted on Direct and Indirect tax to remove internal deficit in the economy. The study explored that the internal resources play a vital role in removing the twin deficit gap. The objective of this experiment was to determine the possibility of implementation of direct and indirect tax in the case of Pakistan and to analyze its benefits at the macro and household levels. The findings of the study recommend that budget deficits possess threats to fiscal policy. Results show that a policy mix of sales tax, income tax and government expenditure help to reduce income inequality while it reduces the financial dependency of the economy. Therefore, Pakistan should strive to reduce the budget deficit using a mix of macroeconomic policies.

Plums are good sources of various bioactive phytochemical compounds such as vitamins, anthocyanins, and carotenoids, whereby all of which are noted for multiple potential health benefits. However, knowledge regarding plum carotenoid profiles remains limited. Hence, the total and individual carotenoids in the edible parts (skin and flesh) of ten plum cultivars were determined using a spectrophotometer and high-performance liquid chromatography–diode array detection, respectively. Total and individual carotenoid contents in skin were significantly higher (p < 0.05) than those in flesh among all plum cultivars tested. The cultivars with the highest content of total carotenoids in skin were Naili (36.73 μg/g FW), followed by Yinhongli (21.81 μg/g FW) and Yuhuangli (19.70 μg/g FW), with the lowest in Angeleno (8.97 μg/g FW). Lutein, zeaxanthine, β-cryptoxanthin, α-carotene, and β-carotene were the major types of carotenoids detected, with lutein and β-carotene being the predominant constituents of the skin and flesh tissues, respectively. Lutein, zeaxanthine, and total carotenoid contents were positively correlated with the expressions of PSY, LCYB, and LCYE, and negatively correlated with the expressions of PDS and CRTISO. Characterizing the carotenoid profiles and investigating variations in carotenoid biosynthetic gene expressions among plum cultivars are crucial for advancing genetic improvements in plums.

Millets have a long-standing history in India, and one can trace their cultivation and consumption to ancient times. This critical review aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the history, practices, significance, and diverse applications of millets in India by drawing information from a range of ancient texts. Millets have played a crucial role in India's agriculture and dietary landscape for millennia. However, despite their historical importance, there has been a recent resurgence of interest in millets due to their potential health benefits, climate-resilient nature, and sustainable agricultural practices. The literature on millets is scattered across various historical texts such as Veda, Purana, and Samhita, making it imperative to consolidate this information systematically. The review of historical sources reveals a rich diversity of millets in India, with over 28 distinct species. These include Balbaja, Kangu, Priyangu, Shyamaka, Kodrava, Nivara, Yavanala, Gavedhuka, Chinaka, Uddalaka, Charuka, Chanaka, Venuyava, Varuka, Varaka, Varattika, Todaparani, Madhulika, Nandimukhi, Nala, Nali, Mukunda, Sarabeejam, Shimbira, Nartaka, Prashatika, Ragi, and Kuri. Historical texts provide insights into millet cultivation techniques, traditional practices, and their importance in Indian diets. The consolidation of historical knowledge about millets is essential for understanding their potential as a sustainable and nutritional food source. Further research is needed to explore the mechanistic aspects of their nutritional and ecological significance.

Abstract Background: In a previous randomized phase I trial, addition of CBM-588 to the nivolumab/ipilimumab (N/I) regimen showed improved objective response rate, clinical benefit rate, and progression free survival compared to N/I alone in patients (pts) with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC; Meza et al., ASCO 2021). Furthermore, genomic alterations such as PBRM1 have been associated with clinical benefit to anti-PD-1 monotherapy in patients with mRCC (Miao et al., Science 2018). The primary aim of this study was to investigate tumor genomic characteristics according to treatment arms. Methods: We retrospectively identified pts with mRCC who received N/I alone or with CBM-588 supplementation along with whole exome and transcriptome sequencing (Ashion Analytics). Responses were measured according to RECIST v1.1. A two-tailed Fischer’s exact test was performed to compare genomic characteristics across arms. Results: In this study, 29 mRCC pts were randomized to receive N/I +/- CBM-588 and 21 (72%) pts (71% in N/I with CBM-588 arm and 29% N/I arm) had available genomic data. Within this cohort, the median age was 66.8 (range 46-90) and 71% of pts were male. Eleven (52.4%) pts had clear-cell histology and 10 (47.6%) pts had sarcomatoid features; 15 pts received N/I with CBM-588 and 6 pts received N/I alone. The most commonly mutated genes in the overall cohort were VHL (61.9%), PBRM1 (42.9%), and SETD2 (33.3%). Alterations in VHL, PBRM1, and SETD2 were seen in 66.7% vs. 73.3% (p=0.115), 50.0% vs. 40.0% (p=0.523) and 33.3% vs. 33.3% (p=0.686), in N/I vs. N/I with CBM-588 arm, respectively. Conclusions: There was no significant difference observed in clinically relevant genomic features across study arms. The clinical benefit from CBM-588 appears to be independent of tumor genomic characteristics. More extensive investigations are needed to characterize the determinants of benefit from CBM-588 supplementation. Citation Format: Daniela V. Castro, Nazli Dizman, Zeynep B. Zengin, Jasnoor Malhotra, Luis A. Meza, Ramya Muddasani, Ameish Govindarajan, Neal S. Chawla, Alex Chehrazi-Raffle, JoAnn Hsu, Paulo G. Bergerot, Cristiane D. Bergerot, Tanya B. Dorff, Yung Lyou, Sumanta K. Pal. Genomic characteristics of nivolumab/ipilimumab with or without CBM-588 supplementation in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2022; 2022 Apr 8-13. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(12_Suppl):Abstract nr 6293.

The present investigation entitled, “Studies on ginger based intercropping systems for higher yield and income” was carried out in Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications in plot size of 3 m × 1 m and spacing 30 cm × 20 cm at Vegetable Research Farm and Quality Analysis Laboratory of the Department of Vegetable Science, Dr YSPUHF, Nauni, Solan (HP) during Kharif 2022. The treatments comprised of seven treatments i.e. Fenugreek, Coriander, Oriental Mustard, Sweet corn, French bean, Arhar and Elephant foot yam. The observations recorded were plant height (cm), tiller girth (cm), number of tillers per plant, number of leaves per tiller, leaf length (cm), leaf width (cm), incidence of rhizome rot (%), rhizome length (cm), rhizome breadth (cm), yield of main crop per plant (g) and per hectare (q), yield of intercrops per plant (g) and per hectare (q), total ginger yield and ginger equivalent projected yield per hectare (q), dry matter recovery (%), oleoresin content (%), essential oil (%), crude fibre (%) and benefit cost ratio. Therefore, it was concluded that ginger variety Solan Giriganga intercropped with three crops of Sweet corn during Summer, Kharif and Rabi seasons with planting ratio 2:2 gave the highest yield of ginger (188.33 q/ha) and Sweet corn (444.16 q/ha) along with maximum net returns per hectare (₹ 5,29,442) and B:C ratio (1.81) under mid hill conditions of Himachal Pradesh.

Finger millet (Eleusine coracana), also known as Nachani, Ragi or Nagli, is one of third most important millet (sorghum and pearl millet) grown in tropical semi-arid regions of the world primarily in India and Africa. The aim of the study is to review the potential health benefits of finger millet. Desk reviews were collected from Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli University, Central Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Bhopal, libraries and other web sources etc. Finger millet is rich in several nutrients as well as non-nutrients such as phenols. It has high energy, has less starch, high fiber (3.6 g/ 100 g, most of which is insoluble), has low glycemic index (55) and is gluten free. The protein content ranges from 5.6 to 12.70 % and it is low in lysine, tryptophan, threonine and the sulfur-containing amino acids. The energy of millet is greater than sorghum and nearly equal to that of brown rice because the lipid content is generally higher (1.3 to 2 %). Total ash content is higher in finger millet than in commonly consumed cereal grains. The ash content has been found to be nearly 1.7 to 4.13 % in finger millet. Calcium and iron content of finger millet ranged from 162 to 487 mg % and 3.61 mg/100 g to 5.42 mg % respectively. Calcium deficiency leading to bone and teeth disorder, iron deficiency leading to anemia can be overcome by introducing finger millet in our daily diet. They are also recognized for their health beneficial effects, such as anti-diabetic, anti-tumerogenic, atherosclerogenic effects, antioxidant and antimicrobial properties.

Tales are formed orally by their nature and continue their existence for generations by maintaining their anonymous structure. Inspired by the power of the parole, story telling creates a visual memory through words, and it is thought to contribute to the formation of the individual's first aesthetic understanding. Aesthetic symbols designed for the child subject also serve the educational function and convey the first ethical information. It can be predicted that the individual, who has started to collect data on aesthetics in infancy, will acquire this as a skill in the continuation of his life. Aestheticized symbols used in fairy-tales are usually simple objects, colors, or concepts that children are familiar with and relatively easy to understand. In this study, ethical-aesthetic teachings related to child education in fairy-tales have been examined within the context of the phenomenon of beauty on the basis of Arthur Schopenhauer's views in Metaphysics of Beauty: Secrets of Art and Beauty. While the universe of the study are tales, the sample is composed of the tales in Pertev Naili Boratav's collection titled Az Gittik Uz Gittik (We went less, We went Far). According to the findings of the study, Arthur Schopenhauer’s philosophy of beauty and the conceptions of beauty in Boratav’s fariy-tales are in line with each other. Both of them associate beauty with metaphysics. Additionally in Boratav’s fairy-tales the values that signify family ties such as mother, father, sibling, and the importance of being good and virtuous are at the forefront of ethical teachings and ethical values were determined to be transferred with aestheticized items. From this point of view it is aimed to emphasize that the new approaches and methods related to education can benefit from aesthetic-ethical expression opportunities of fairy-tales.

Continued research on the physiochemical properties of soil is critical for the long-term maintenance of cropping systems, (including trees), in order to harness their economic benefits. The current study was carried out in the Department of Tree Improvement and Genetic Resources, COF, Nauni, Solan (H.P.) during the period 2020-2023 to quantify the impact of soil nutrient variation on the morphological characteristics of Grewia optiva Drummond in different districts with variable climate and heterogeneous soils. The impacts on growth parameters (tree height, crown spread, leaf traits) of selected populations of Grewia optiva Drummond statistically analyzed using Karl Pearson correlation coefficient. Two composite soil samples representative of the different populations were drawn from the two depths i.e., 0-15 cm (surface layer) and 15-30 cm (subsurface layer). These samples were collected underneath the selected populations of Grewia optiva Drummond. The collected soil samples were tested using standard soil methods and results were analysed using OPSTAT software. There was highly positive correlation observed between leaf area and soil N (0.509), leaf area and SOC (0.407), leaf area and soil P (0.728) and leaf area and soil K (0.577). Leaf length showed a highly significant correlation with SOC (0.401), soil N (0.509), soil P (0.710), and soil K (0.592). The tree height (0.385), tree diameter (0.602), crown spread (N-S) (0.629), crown spread (E-W) (0.334), branch nodal length (0.436) and leaf width (0.470) showed a significant positive correlation with soil P. Soil K showed a significant positive correlation with tree height (0.774), tree diameter (0.645), crown spread (N-S) (0.576), crown spread (E-W) (0.314), branch nodal length (0.737) and leaf width (0.592). Soil pH demonstrated highly significant correlation with Leaf width (0.449). The correlation developed between tree morphological and soil characteristics will help in quantify the impact of different soil characteristics on tree and leaf morphometric characteristics. It will further help in identification and selection of superior genotypes of Grewia optiva for further propagation to get improved genetic gain and for production of quality planting material.

An experiment, on effect of tree-crop combinations and nitrogen levels on economic returns from Mucuna pruriens L. based Agroforestry Systems, was carried out during 2004-2005 and 2005-2006 in experimental farm of Department of Silviculture and Agroforestry, Dr. Y. S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan, Himachal Pradesh. M. pruriens was grown in association with Prunus persica (Peach), Grewia optiva, Morus alba and Setaria sphacelata. Three nitrogen doses applied to M. pruriens were 40, 80 and 120 kg/ha. The net returns were calculated on financial (farmer’s land) and economic (rented land) basis. Mucuna seeds accrued maximum net financial returns of Rs. 20436/ha and 20286/ha, grown in association with Grewia and Setaria and Peach and Setaria, respectively. Application of nitrogen level from 40, 80 to 120 kg per hectare increased the yield of seed and hence the net returns giving maximum at 120 kg N/ha. Peach and setaria under Peach + Setaria + M. pruriens system gave maximum net returns to the tune of Rs. 38328/ha, followed by Peach, Morus and Setaria (Peach + Morus + Setaria + M. pruriens) giving Rs. 37052/ha. Total net financial returns from all components were maximum (Rs. 58614/ha) from Peach + Setaria + M. pruriens followed by Peach + Morus + Setaria + M. pruriens amounting to Rs. 56889/ha. Sole crop accrued minimum net returns (Rs. 20286/ha). The benefit cost ratio (B:C ratio) was maximum (2.41) for Peach + Setaria + M. pruriens, followed by Morus + Setaria + M. pruriens, whereas, sole crop of Mucuna gave minimum B:C ratio of 1.77. Thus, the net returns from Agroforestry Systems were higher as compared to sole crop. The nitrogen application increased the yield and hence net returns from intercrop also had similar effect. Thus, fruit based systems gave higher returns per rupee investment as compared to fodder based systems on farmer’s own land as well as if the entrepreneur is practicing these systems on rented land.

Audrius Andrijauskas1, Juozas Ivaškevičius1, Manvilius Kocius2, Narūnas Porvaneckas21 Vilniaus universiteto Anesteziologijos ir reanimatologijos klinika, Šiltnamių g. 29, LT-04130 Vilnius2 Vilniaus universiteto Reumatologijos, ortopedijos, traumatologijos, plastinės ir rekonstrukcinėschirurgijos klinika, Šiltnamių g. 29, LT-04130 VilniusEl paštas: Audrius.Andrijauskas@mf.vu.lt Perioperacinis skysčių ir kraujo komponentų skyrimas yra labai svarbi chirurginio paciento perioperacinio gydymo dalis, neatskiriama anestezijos ir intensyviosios terapijos priemonė. Tai turi daug reikšmės širdies, inkstų ir plaučių funkcijai, audinių oksigenacijai ir žaizdų gijimui, pooperacinei žarnyno motorikai ir kraujo krešėjimui, komplikacijų dažniui ir hospitalizacijos laikui, paciento savijautai ir optimaliam gydymo išteklių naudojimui. Nors žinios apie skysčių terapijos ypatumus perioperaciniu laikotarpiu pastaraisiais metais reikšmingai išsiplėtė, klinikinėje praktikoje vis dar lieka daugiau klausimų negu atsakymų. Dar dažnai atliekama per daug intensyvi skysčių terapija, dėl to per didelis krūvis tenka širdies ir kraujagyslių sistemai, skatinama organų disfunkcija. Neapakankamai skiriant skysčių, skatinama žarnyno išemija, taigi ir sepsis, dauginės organų disfunkcijos vystymasis. Daug vilčių teikia naujas metodas – į tikslą nukreipta skysčių terapija (angl. goal-directed fluid therapy). Šiuo metodu stebimas minutinio širdies tūrio atsakas į pakartotinius bandomuosius infuzijos tūrius. Kai atsakas tampa nereikšmingas, toliau skirti skysčių yra netikslinga ir net pavojinga. Šioje apžvalgoje aprašoma, kaip panašiai gali būti stebimas arterinio kraujospūdžio atsakas į skysčių infuziją, kai gydoma perioperacinė hipotenzija. Priimant perioperacinės eritrocitų transfuzijos sprendimą, irgi išlieka daug neapibrėžtumo. Dėl to gydytojų pasirenkamos individualios taktikos įvairovė yra didelė. Taigi instituciniai standartai ir algoritmai yra veiksmingiausia darnios kolektyvinės klinikinės praktikos priemonė. Pastaruoju metu skatinama kurti į chirurginę intervenciją ir individą nukreiptus skysčių terapijos metodus ir kraujo transfuzijos algoritmus. Šioje apžvalgoje ne tik apibendrinami perioperacinės skysčių terapijos ypatumai atliekant planinį kelio ir klubo endoprotezavimą, bet ir pateikiami autorių sukurti nauji algoritmai, kuriuose skysčių terapija susieta su sprendimais perpilti kraujo. Pagrindiniai žodžiai: anemija, kraujas, transfuzija, algoritmas Issues of perioperative transfusion and fluid therapy in elective total hip and knee arthroplasty surgery Audrius Andrijauskas1, Juozas Ivaškevičius1, Manvilius Kocius2, Narūnas Porvaneckas21 Vilnius University Clinic of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Vilnius UniversityClinic of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Šiltnamių 29 LT-04130 Vilnius-43, Lithuania2 Vilnius University Clinic of Rheumatology, Orthopaedics, Traumatology, Plastic andReconstructive Surgery, Šiltnamių 29, LT-04130 Vilnius-43, LithuaniaE-mail: Audrius.Andrijauskas@mf.vu.lt Fluid and red cell administration is a critical component of perioperative treatment in major surgery. It is apparent from the literature that operating a normohydrated patient is associated with fewer complications and a shorter hospital stay. However, numerous patients receive excessive fluid therapy with the resulting volume overload and organ dysfunction. Oedema contributes to tissue hypoxia, delayed wound healing and an increased risk of infection. On the other hand, inadequate fluid resuscitation promotes gut ischaemia which is one of the initiating causes of sepsis and multi-organ failure. Therefore, optimizing the patients’ perioperative hydration may improve the clinical outcome. However, traditionally used haemodynamic parameters, such as arterial blood pressure, central venous or pulmonary arthery wedge pressures, are unreliable for optimizing fluid therapy. The most promising method, the “goal-directed fluid therapy”, implies that cardiac output is measured before and after consequitive intravenous test-fluid loads. The procedure is repeated until no further increase in cardiac output is achieved. In such a way the circualting blood volume is optimized so that cardiac output is maximized. Similarly, in the treatment of perioperative hypotension, the blood pressure response to the test-fluid load can be monitored, suggesting that the patient will not benefit from the further fluid infusion when the haemodynamic response becomes inadequate. The transfusion decission-making continues being a never-ending debate. Acknowledging the need for surgery and patient specific strategies in perioperative fluid management and transfusion decision-making, as well as the existing variability in individual practices, in this review the authors introduced their new algorithms applicable to patients who undergo elective total hip and knee arthroplasty. Keywords: anemia, blood, fluid, transfusion, algorithm

ABSTRACT Finger millet (Eleusine coracana (L) commonly known as ragi is an important crop used for food, forage and industrial products. Finger millet has a wide ecological and geographical adaptability and resilience to various agro-climatic adversities hence, it is highly suited to drought condition and marginal land and requires low external input in cultivation.. Farmers participatory field demonstrations of ragi variety Arjun and Bhairabi were conducted at two villages ie Pedawada of Malkangiri block and MPV -1 of Kalimela block of Malkangiri district, comprising 40 farmers in cluster approach in Kharif 2018 and 2019 , by Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Malkangiri , in South Eastern Ghat Zone of Odisha . Conducting front line demonstrations on farmer’s field help to identify the constraints and potential of the finger millet in the specific area as well as it helps in improving the economic and social status of the farmers. Observation on growth and yield parameters were taken and economic analysis was done. The final seed yield was recorded at the time of harvest and the gross return in (Rs ha -1) was calculated based on prevailing market prices. The results from the demonstration conclusively proved that finger millet variety Arjun (OEB-526) recorded the higher yield ( 18.8 q ha-1) , followed by Bhairabi ( 15.3 q ha-1) and farmer’s traditional variety Nali Mandia ( Dasaraberi) recorded an average yield of (8.6 q ha-1 ) . HYV Finger millet variety Arjun with proper nutrient management and plant protection measures gave 118 % higher over farmer’s practices. The technological and extension gap was 1.9 q ha-1 and 12.07 q ha-1 respectively. Similarly, technological index was 8.2 percent. The benefit cost ratio was 2.4 and 1.9 in case of Arjun and Bhairabi respectively and in case of farmer’s variety Nali Mandia it was 1.4. Hence the existing local finger millet variety can be replaced by HYV Arjun ans Bhairabi , since it fits good to the existing rainfed farming situation for higher productivity. By conducting front line demonstrations on millet on large scale in farmer’s field, yield potential of finger millet can be enhanced largely which will increase in the income level of farmers and improve the livelihood condition of the farming community. Introduction Among small millets, finger millet (Elusine coracana L,) locally known as Ragi/Mandia is the most important crop grown in tribal districts of Odisha and it is the staple food of the tribals. It was originated about 5000 years ago in east Africa (possibly Ethiopia) and was introduced into India, 3000 years ago (Upadhyaya et al., 2006) and it is highly suited to drought condition and marginal land and requires low external input in cultivation. Millet is a collective term referring to a number of small seeded annual grasses that are cultivated as grain crops, primarily on marginal lands in dry areas in temperate, subtropical and tropical regions (Baker, 1996). Nutritionally finger millet is superior to major cereal crops and rich source of micronutrients such as calcium, phosphorous, magnesium and iron. And it has several health benefits. Finger millet grains contain higher amount of proteins, oils and minerals than the grains of rice, maize or sorghum (Reed et al., 1976). Vadivoo and Joseph (1998) mentioned finger millet grains contain 13.24% moisture, 7.6% protein, 74.36% carbohydrate, 74.36% carbon, 1.52% dietary fiber, 2.35% minerals, 1.35% fat and energy 341.6 cal/100g. (Joshi and Katoch, 1990; Ravindran, 1991). It is a rich source of micronutrients such as calcium, phosphorus, magnesium and iron. Cysteine, tyrosine, tryptophan and methionine are the right spectrum of amino acids found in finger millet protein (Rachie, 1975). The increase in global temperature leads to climate changes that directly affect crop production and increase people's hunger and malnutrition around the world.. With regard to protein (6-8%) and fat (1-2%) it is comparable to rice and with respect to mineral and micronutrient contents it is superior to rice and wheat (Babu et al., 1987). It is also known for several health benefits such as anti-diabetic, anti-tumerogenic, atherosclerogenic effects, antioxidant, which are mainly attributed due to its polyphenol and dietary fiber contents. Being indigenous minor millet it is used in the preparation of various foods both in natural and malted forms. Grains of this millet are converted into flours for preparation of products like porridge, puddings, pancakes, biscuits, roti, bread, noodles, and other snacks. Besides this, it is also used as a nourishing food for infants when malted and is regarded as wholesome food for diabetic's patients. Diversification of food production must be encouraged both at national and household level in tandem with increasing yields. Growing of traditional food crops suitable for the area is one of the possible potential successful approaches for improving household food security. Malkangiri is one of the seven districts where a flagship programme called “Special Programme for Promotion of Millets in Tribal Areas of Odisha (hereafter, Odisha Millets Mission, (OMM)” has been launched by Department of Agriculture and Farmers Empowerment, Odisha in order to revive millets in rainfed farming systems and household consumption. It was started in kharif 2017 in four blocks of the district, namely Chitrakonda, Korkunda, Mathili and Khairiput. The Government of Odisha launched Odisha Millets Mission (OMM) also known as the Special Programme for Promotion of Millets in Tribal Areas of Odisha in 2017 to revive millets in farms and on plates. The aim was to tackle malnutrition by introducing millets in the public distribution system (PDS) and other state nutrition schemes. The focus is on reviving millets in farms and putting it on plates.” Millet, a nutritious and climate-resilient crop, has traditionally been cultivated and consumed by tribal communities in the rainfed regions of southern Odisha. Technology gap, i.e. poor knowledge about newly released crop production and protection technologies and their management practices in the farmers’ fields is a major constraint in Ragi production. So far, no systematic approach was implemented to study the technological gap existing in various components of Ragi cultivation. Awareness of scientific production technology like HYV of ragi, seed treatment with fungicide, use of insecticide and bio-fertilizers, is lacking in Malkangiri district which were a key reason for low productivity. The production potential could be increased by adopting recommended scientific and sustainable management production practices with improved high yielding varieties and timely use of other critical inputs. Objective The field experiment was undertaken to study the performance of three finger millet varieties Local Mandia (Nali Mandia), Bhairabi and Arjun in rainfed upland situation in kharif season. The present investigation was undertaken to evaluate the field performance of newly released finger millet varieties Arjun and Bhairabi under rainfed condition. The demonstrations were carried out in Malkangiri district covering two villages like Pedawada and MPV-6 to find out the existing technological and extension gap along with technology index with an objective to popularize the ragi varieties having higher yield potential. Material and methods The study was carried out in operational area of Krishi Vigyan Kendra (KVK), Malkangiri during Kharif season in the year 2018 and 2019. The study was under taken in Malkangiri and Kalimela blocks of Malkangiri district of Odisha and the blocks were selected purposefully as Finger millet is the major cereals crop grown in large area in Kharif season. The demonstrations were conducted in two different adopted villages Pedawada and MPV-6 in cluster approach. The Front Line Demonstration (FLD) is an applied approach to accelerate the dissemination of proven technologies at farmer’s fields in a participatory mode with an objective to explore the maximum available resources of crop production and also to bridge the productivity gaps by enhancing the production in national basket.The necessary steps for selection of site and farmers and layout of demonstrations etc were followed as suggested by Choudhary (1999). Forty numbers front line demonstrations on HYV Ragi were conducted in two clusters comprising 40 numbers of farmers. All the participating farmers were trained on various aspects of Ragi production technologies and recommended agronomic practices and certified seeds of Ragi variety Arjun and Bhairabi were used for demonstration. The soil of demonstration site was slightly acidic in reaction (pH-5.0 to 5.25) with sandy loam in texture and EC was 0.134 (dS m −1). The available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium was between 214 .00, 22 .00, 142 .00 (Kg ha−1) respectively with 0.48 (%) Organic Carbon. The crop was sown in under rainfed condition in the first to second week of July. The crop was raised with recommended agronomic practices and harvested within 4th week of November up to 2nd week of December. Krishi Vigyan Kendra ( KVK), Malkangiri conducted front line demonstration with HYV varieties like Bhiarabi and Arjun and farmer’ local var Dasaraberi as check Finger millet Variety Arjun (OEB-526) is having Maturity duration 110 days and average yield 20.7q/ha with moderate resistance to leaf, neck and finger blast and brown seed and Bhairabi is a HYV of Ragi with Maturity duration 110 days and average yield 17.6 q/ha. Moderate resistance to leaf, neck blast and brown seeded and protein content 81%. Local variety Dsaraberi or Nali Mandia is having 105 days duration and drought tolerant variety used as farmers variety as local check . The technologies demonstrated were as follows: Popularization of high yielding Ragi variety, Seed treatment with Trichoderma viride @ 4g kg-1 seed , Line sowing with, soil test based fertilizer application along with need based plant protection measures. The field was ploughed two times and planking was done after each plugging, Need based plant protection measures were taken; along with soil test based fertilizer application was done with fertilizer dose 40:30:60 kg. N: P2O5: K2O kg ha -1. In case of local checks existing practices being used by farmers were followed. The observations were recorded for various parameters of the crop. The farmers’ practices were maintained in case of local checks. The field observations were taken from demonstration plot and farmer’s plot as well. Parameters like Plant height, number of fingers per plant, length of finger , no of fingers per year, 1000 seed weight and seed yield were recorded at maturity stage and the gross returns (Rs ha -1 ) were calculated on the basis of prevailing market price of the produce. The extension gap, technology gap, technology index along with B: C ratio was calculated and the data were statistically analyzed applying the statistical techniques. Statistical tools such as percentage, mean score, Standard deviation, co-efficient of variation, Fisher‘s “F” test, were employed for analysis of data. The farmer’s practices (FP) plots were maintained as local check for comparison study. The data obtained from intervention practices (IP) and famers practices (FP) were analyzed for extension gap, technological gap, technological index and benefit cost ratio study as per (Samui et al., 2000) as given below. Technology gap = Pi (Potential yield) - Di (Demonstration yield) Extension gap = Di (Demonstration Yield) - Fi (Farmers yield) Technology index = X 100 Result and Discussion The results obtained from the present investigation are summarized below. The Table 1 depicts the major differences observed between demonstration package and farmer’s practices in ragi production in the study area. The major differences were observed between demonstration package and farmer’s practices were regarding recommended varieties, seed treatment, soil test based fertilizer application, keeping optimum plant population by thinning, weed management and plant protection measures. The data of Table 1 shows that under the demonstrated plot only recommended high yielding variety, proper weeding and optimum plant population maintaining by thinning and the farmers used herbicides and the farmers timely performed all the other package and practices. It was also observed that farmers were unaware about balanced fertilizer application, seed treatment, and use of fertilizers application and maintenance of plant population for enhancing the yield. Majority of the farmers in the study area were unaware about use of weed management practices. The findings are in corroborated with the findings of (Katar et al., 2011) From the Table 2 it was revealed that in the district Malkangiri the productivity of finger millet was 6.38 (q ha-1) as compare to state average productivity 8.67 (q ha-1), but there exists a gap between potential yield and farmers yield, which can be minimized by adoption High yielding varieties with improved management practices. The productivity of finger millet was very low in the district as the crop is mostly grown along the hillsides on sloppy land on light textured soil. It was also coupled with negligence in adoption of improved varieties no input like fertilizers use and no plant protection measures and improper method and time of sowing. However, there is a wide gap between the Potential and the actual production realized by the farmers due to partial adoption of recommended package of practices by the growers. Several constraints contributed to yield fluctuation on Ragi production, including: unreliable rainfall; lack of high yielding variety ,disease tolerant varieties; pests and diseases incidence; low producer prices; poor agronomic practices; and lack of institutional support (Bucheyeki et al., 2008; Okoko et al., 1998). One of the central problems of ragi production and processing in this district is due to an uncertain production environment owing to rain fed cultivation, the low resource base of smallholder farmers and processors, and no scope for post harvest management and value addition facilities and poor marketing facility. The results clearly indicated from the Table 3 that the positive effects of FLDs over the existing practices. HYV Ragi Arjun recorded higher yield 18.8(q ha-1) followed by Bhairabi 15.53 (q ha-1) which was 21 % more and the yield performance of these two HYV varieties was higher than the farmer’s variety. This is due to higher of panicle length, more number of tillers and more number of fingers per panicle in HYV of ragi as compared to local variety. The results are in conformity with the findings of (Tomar et al. , 2003). The results clearly indicated the positive effects of FLDs over the existing practices towards enhancing the productivity. It is revealed form table 4 that, as the calculated ‘F’ value at α=0.05 level was found to be larger than table value, indicating significant difference in yield between farmer’s variety and recommended varieties. There was significant difference between average yield of ragi under Farmers practice (FP) and Recommended practice (RP) in variety Arjun under this demonstration. It was concluded that the yield of these HYV ragi varieties was significantly higher as compared to farmer’s variety. The economics and B:C ratio of farmers practice and Demonstration practice has been presented in Table 6. From the table it was revealed that Benefit: Cost ratio (B:C) was recorded to be higher under demonstrations against control treatments during all the years of experimentation. The cost of cultivation in HYV variety was higher due to more labour cost involved in transplanting and also it included cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals and also net returns was higher as compared to farmer’s practice. The B: C ratio was found to be 2.4 in case of variety Arjun as compared to 1.9 in case of variety Bhairabi. The results on economic analysis indicated that HYV ragi Arjun and Bhairabi performed better than local variety Ragi. The HYV variety Arjun recorded higher gross return upto Rs 54,332 and followed by Bhairabi Rs 44,289 per ha which was significantly higher than farmers practice and it was due to higher productivity of varieties under demonstration. Conclusion The results revealed that in Malkangiri district finger millet variety Arjun rerecorded highest yield followed by Variety Bhirabi with proper package and practices under rainfed upland condition. From the above study it was concluded that use of finger millet varieties like Arjun or Bhairabi with scientific methods and technological practices of can reduce the technological gap and enhance the productivity in the district. Yield improvement in Finger Millet in the demonstration was due to use of HYV seed and scientific management practices adopted by the farmers. Yield of Finger Millet can be increased to a great extent by conducting effective front line demonstrations in larger area with proven technologies. Finger millet is one of future smart food crop of India and can be grown in the drought condition. This crop is rich in nutrient for food insecurity and within few years because of increase in population of world and depletion of area of production.. The principal reasons of lower productivity of finger millet in the district Malkangiri were lack of knowledge among the farmers about cultivation of HYV finger millet varieties and improper fertilization, late season sowing and severe weed infestation in crop at critical stages. From the above findings, it can be concluded that use of scientific methods of Finger millet cultivation can reduce the technology gap to a considerable extent thus leading to increased productivity of millets in the district. Moreover, extension agencies in the district need to provide proper technical support to the farmers through different educational and extension methods to reduce the extension gap for better production. Acknowledgments The OUAT Bhubaneswar and ICAR-ATRI Kolkata, is acknowledged for financial support to the research program. Conflicts of interest The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. References: Babu, B. V.; Ramana, T.; Radhakrishna, T.M. Chemical composition and protein in hybrid varieties of finger millet. Indian J. Agric. Sci. 1987, 57(7), 520-522. Biplab, M.; Samajdar, T. Yield gap analysis of rapeseed-mustard through Front Line Demonstration. Agricultural Extension Review. 2010, 16-17. Bucheyeki, T. L.; Shenkalwa, E. M.; Mapunda, T. X.; Matata, L.W. On-farm evaluation of promising groundnut varieties for adaptation and adoption in Tanzania. 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This research is motivated by the low ability of the Village Government in managing Village-Owned Enterprises (BUMDes). BUMDes, which is one of the institutions engaged in the social and economic sector as a service provider to the community, especially regarding the business sector, has not been able to have a big effect on society. BUMDes in Tambiski Nauli Village has not developed optimally and has not been able to provide benefits for the community and for the Village Government. This study aims to (i) analyze the management of BUMDes in Tambiski Nauli Village, Naga Juang District, Mandailing Natal Regency. (ii) To analyze the obstacles faced in the management of BUMDes in Tambiski Nauli Village. This research uses qualitative research methods, data collection methods are carried out by interviews and observation through field research. The results showed (i) the management of BUMDes in Tambiski Nauli Village was not optimal, the BUMDes that were formed had not had a major effect on improving the community’s economy. The management that is carried out is not yet structured and not well directed. The role of the Village Head who has a control function in management is not optimal. (ii) Obstacles faced in managing BUMDes include lack of creativity in developing BUMDes, weak management skills and weak coordination. Keywords: BUMDes; community’s economy; management skills

Naše vnímanie je založené na preferencii vizuálnych podnetov. Spolu s možnosťami smartfónov sa vyvíjajú aj technológie umelej inteligencie, vďaka ktorým sa nástroje vizuálneho vyhľadávania dostávajú do popredia a našli svoje uplatnenie najmä v e-commerce. Vizuálne vyhľadávanie, jeho benefity, konkrétne nástroje vizuálneho vyhľadávania a porovnanie nástrojov predstavuje tento článok.

Ontology is an established knowledge representation enriched with a semantic interpretation that offered a mechanism for sharing mutual ideas and understanding among the members of a related domain. Semantic interpretation provided by the ontology has a structure that could facilitate the presentation of information for the users. This paper presents the ontology construction of prophetic food specifically for Dates and Goats Milk by using the OASys approaches. The ontology content focusing on the dates attributes, the developing stages of dates, defect and diseases of dates, health benefits, its compositions, and the chain of operation. Besides, the ontology content for goat’s milk includes its nutrition, its cure for a medical problem, and the production. The construction of this ontology can be used to answer user queries, data integration to other applications as well as expand the ontology to a context mining semantic information retrieval search engine known as Naqli Aqli Integrated Search Engine (NAISE). This system is a query system based on integrated Naqli and Aqli knowledge heterogeneous sources on prophetic food.

The purpose of the article is to analyze the principle of social justice regualted by the Polish constitution as a category of legal language, the legal principle and the principle on which Catholic social teaching is built. Both in the opinion of the doctrine and the jurisprudence, clear references to claims in the field of Christian morality are visible. A man as a person (according to UDHR - All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights) should be supported by the community, including the state, especially if it belongs to the category of weaker or excluded entities. At the same time, however, as a member of this community he must adopt an active attitude, acting for the benefit of others. Catholic social teaching perfectly complements legal interpretation with a coherent axiological aspect.

A study was carried out for two successive years (2017/2018 and 2018/2019) in the Research Farm of Vegetable Science, Dr YSP, UHF, Nauni, Solan, HP. The maximum value for number of flower clusters per plant (12.64), number of fruits per cluster (6.51), fruit weight (80.47 g), number of fruits per plot (140.71 kg) and yield per hectare (992.94 q) were obtained in treatment module P1M1T1 (raised bed, black polythene mulch and two stem training system). Pericarp thickness (4.99 mm), TSS (5.10 degree Brix) and lycopene content (6.42 mg per 100 g of fresh fruit) was also found best for the same treatment combination. The incidence of buckeye rot (3.46 %) and Alternaria leaf bight (2.80 %) was minimum in P1M1T1 (raised bed, black polythene mulch and two stem training system). The treatment combination P1M1T1 (raised bed, black mulch and two stem training system) also produced highest cost benefit ratio (3.84 %).

Background: Capsicum annuum L., popularly known as bell pepper, sweet pepper and shimla mirch, is a vegetable crop in the Solanaceae family. Because of its various nutritional benefits, capsicum is ranked one of the healthiest vegetables; therefore desire for this is expanding every day. Through its importance and market requirement in consideration, a study was conducted to assess the impact of planting methods, mulches and NAA treatment on bell pepper growth, yield and economics. Methods: The study was performed at Experimental Farm of the Department of Vegetable Science, Dr Y.S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan (HP) during Kharif seasons of year 2017-18 and 2018-19 (two years). The experiment was laid out in arandomized block design with three replications comprising twelve treatments. Result: Study revealed that T3 yielded maximum (384.69 q/ha) as well as recorded maximum values of gross return (Rs. 577,035.00/-), net return Rs. 3,52,416.93/- and comparatively less B:C ratio (1:57). Meanwhile, T1 recorded 77.80% control in weed population and have maximum (64.12%) efficiency to control emerging weeds as compared to T12.

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the economics and profitability of rooted carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) cutting production influenced by fertilizer modules. Four commercial carnation cultivars, viz. White Wedding, Farida, Niva, Madras and five fertilizer modules were undertaken for investigation at the Department of Floriculture and Landscaping, Dr Y S Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan. Maximum net returns and benefit cost ratio was obtained from cultivar Niva (` 12 34 091.20 and 8.55:1) followed by Farida (₹ 11 40 851.20 and 7.90:1) and Madras (₹ 11 35 811.20 and 7.87:1) with fertilizer module comprising of 20-5-5 g/m2 NPK as basal dose and 200 ppm N + 280 ppm K as fertigation twice a week (FM5), while, lowest was associated with cultivar White Wedding. The cultivar White Wedding showed maximum net returns (₹ 10 95 435.43) and benefit cost ratio (7.59:1) with fertilizer module FM4 composed of 20-15-10 g/m2 NPK as basal dose and 175 ppm N + 245 ppm K as fertigation twice a week. However, the minimum benefit cost ratio was noticed in the cultivars White Wedding (5.86:1), Farida (5.46:1) and Madras (6.26:1), respectively, from fertilizer module FM1 comprised of basal fertilizer dose of 20-20-10 g/m2 NPK and fertigation with 100 ppm N + 140 ppm K twice a week except the cultivar Niva (5.33:1) where fertilizer module FM2 composed of 20-15-5 g/m2 NPK as basal dose along with 125 ppm N + 175 ppm K given as fertigation twice a week was predominant. Thus, farmer can get average net income ranges ₹ 7 68 206.57 with fertilizer module FM2 to ₹ 12 34 091.20 with fertilizer module FM5 in cultivar Niva from 500 meter square area. Further, this fertilization module may be undertaken to produce the desired quantity of rooted carnation cuttings to meet the demand and to get the maximum returns.

Background: Yield of summer tomato do not always reach the full production potential. Improved management such as, training and pruning could improve the yield and fruit quality of tomatoes. The production of the healthy and improved quality tomato crop depends on various cultural practices like training systems as it prevents overcrowding for sunlight thus improves air circulation under humid and moist conditions where tomato plants are more prone to fungal diseases, avoids poor fruit set and assimilates competition. Methods: The study was carried out during kharif seasons of 2017 and 2018 with Solan Lalima variety, in the Research Farm of Dr. YSP UHF Nauni, Solan, HP to find out the response of plants to management practices on yield, quality and cost of production. The experiment consisting of two planting methods, three mulching treatments, two level of training system, laid out in randomized complete block design with three repetitions. Result: Plants trained to two stem gave the maximum fruit TSS (4.75 oB), ascorbic acid content (30.79 mg/100 g), lycopene content (5.84 mg/100 g) and shelf life (11.35 days). From the economics, it was apparent that tomato produced by the two stem training system exhibited better performance in terms of benefit cost ratio.