Rozprawy doktorskie: „Natural resource consumption”

1

Morton, Huon [Verfasser]. "Economic development and natural resource consumption in sub-Saharan Africa / Huon Morton". Hannover : Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Universität, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1172414270/34.

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Tochterman, Thomas L. "Environmental Leadership: Exploring Environmental Dissonance Involving Natural Resource Consumption and Ecosystem Degradation". ScholarWorks, 2016. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/2624.

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As the corporate world, communities, and individuals become more globalized and demands on natural resources increase, a new emphasis on environmental leadership including a new pragmatic environmental ethos is needed to meet certain basic human needs of future generations. The research problem addressed in this study was the lack of knowledge concerning how environmental cognitive dissonance influences consumption practices related to inefficient resource utilization and ecosystem degradation. The purpose of this study was to provide an understanding of the breadth and depth of environmental cognitive dissonance among visitors to the Kruger National Park in South Africa. The research questions addressed the development, manifestation, and mitigation of environmental cognitive dissonance. This qualitative case study was designed for a purposeful sample of 12 participants visiting the Kruger National Park, South Africa. Data were collected via structured interviews, field observations, and questionnaires, and then were analyzed using a data spiral and cross case analysis. The dominant findings indicated that (a) awareness of personal values, culture, and perceptions of the environment were responsible for basic attitudes regarding the environment and consumption; (b) wasteful habits, excessive consumption, and market influences were juxtaposed with nostalgic/episodic memories and deep thoughts about personal consumptive habits; and (c) an interactive multisensory experience in a pristine and wild environment changed perceptions and values regarding ecosystems and ecosystem preservation. The results of this study could help stewards of natural resources develop a new understanding of consumptive behavior and a new consumer ethos of stewardship and environmental leadership, one that inspires healthy and sustainable ecosystems.

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3

Tillotson, Kathryn Helen. "Campaigns, perceptions, and consumption| A mixed methods study of fresh water management in the inland Northwest". Thesis, Washington State University, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3717503.

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Dwindling freshwater resources are one of the largest challenges facing countries worldwide. For regional and local governments the task of managing fresh water resources falls the hardest. Reduced water quantity directly impacts water quality and thus preventing further depletion of freshwater levels is necessary for meeting existing and forth coming water quality regulations. Thus, finding effective ways to better understand water use at the local or regional level and better ways of communicating pressing water management issues with water users is imperative to the longevity of freshwater resources. Environmental communication campaigns are one way of reaching water users. Understanding water users personal relationship with water resources and nature in general can inform environmental campaigns in multiple ways.

This research provides insight into the ways in which environmental campaigns can be framed to effectively reach the target audience. Two methods of assessing stakeholder perceptions of water resources are also explored. First, systems thinking is used to compare the mental models of water managers and members of the development sector in order to find areas of common interest and importance regarding the management of freshwater resources in the Spokane-Coeur d'Alene Corridor of northeast Washington and northern Idaho. Second, a survey is used to evaluate characteristics of water use for residents in Spokane County, Washington.

This dissertation is centered on three primary research questions: (1) How are environmental communication campaigns framed?; (2) How do stakeholder groups who may appear to have very different values for a shared resource perceive a shared that resource?; (3) How do people's perceptions of nature, environmental issues, and their ability to impact those issues influence the way that they use water? Results of this research show that there are key areas of shared interest between water managers and developers suggesting that long-term water management goals do not have to conflict with the goals of local development. This research also suggests that residents who are willing to perform behaviors to reduce their water use are not necessarily doing so, pointing toward further research questions to bridge the gap between willingness and action.

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4

Leenes, Popkje Winfrieda. "Natural resource use for food land, water and energy in production and consumption systems /". [S.l. : [Groningen : s.n.] ; University Library Groningen] [Host], 2006. http://irs.ub.rug.nl/ppn/298187221.

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5

Vann, Barry. "Factors Affecting Wood Fuel Consumption and Environmental Impacts in Warren County, Kentucky". TopSCHOLAR®, 1990. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/1835.

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The purpose of this research is to identify factors that contribute to wood fuel consumption as a space heating source and estimate a county-wide proportion for wood fuel consuming households. In addition, environmental problems associated with deforestation such as erosion and loss of wildlife habitat are delineated; moreover, air pollution resulting from wood fuel emissions are discussed. An exhaustive literature review provided the basis for the study. Data on Warren County wood fuel consumption patterns were derived from a mail survey. Proportion estimates were tested by using a classical two-tail test of hypothesis. Subsequently, factors were identified and used in a multiple regression analysis. The study found that low income households equipped with electric space heating systems located in rural areas are the most wood intensive. Unlike homes equipped with other alternate heating systems, electric space heat equipped households tend to consume wood fuel proportionally to income. The study also found that 26.3 percent of single family residences in the county use wood for space heating.

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6

Johansson, Susanne. "The Swedish foodprint : an agroecological study of food consumption /". Uppsala : Dept. of Ecology and Crop Production Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2005. http://epsilon.slu.se/200556.pdf.

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7

Harris, Neil David John, i n/a. "Corporate Engagement With Planetary Sustainability: The Case of the Non-Renewable Resource Extractive Sector, Australia". Griffith University. Australian School of Environmental Studies, 2006. http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/public/adt-QGU20070109.140640.

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It is increasingly being recognised that global natural resource consumption levels exceed planetary limits and that the present trajectory of industrial development is not sustainable. To achieve a more viable existence necessitates a fundamental shift in priorities from the prevailing economic growth-centred, consumer driven philosophy to one that marries aspirations for economic growth with long-term environmental and social considerations. This shift in priorities requires significant contributions and action at the global, national and local levels by the primary 'wheels' of sustainability: government, corporations and civil society. Over the past 100 years, corporations have become the most powerful institution on the planet with both the financial resources and institutional capacity to take the lead role in shaping a sustainable future for humankind. Yet, within and between industry sectors and across geographic locations there has been great diversity in the extent and level of corporate commitment and engagement in societal efforts relating to planetary sustainability. Hence, greater understanding of what drives corporate interest and involvement in ecological sustainability will become increasingly critical to promoting corporate engagement in processes and practices to secure a long-term future for humanity. However, there has been limited explanatory research oriented upon developing an understanding of the processes and factors associated with corporate 'eco-change'. In recognition of this shortcoming in the literature, the present study utilised the case of the non-renewable resource extractive sector of Australia to examine corporate engagement with processes and practices for planetary sustainability. Specifically, it sought to construct and evidence an explanation of the external and internal factors that have promoted and/or retarded corporate engagement with planetary sustainability in the non-renewable resource extractive sector (NRRES) of Australia. Guided by grounded theory methodology, an instrumental case study of the NRRES in Australia was undertaken. The NRRES was chosen as this sector's profile, visibility and activities over the past twenty years have meant it has come under mounting pressure to incorporate the concept and principles of planetary sustainability into its ethos and operations. As such, the sector represents the opportunity to study this phenomenon within a dynamic context of sectoral and corporate responses to evolving societal expectations. The research was undertaken in three phases and the principal research method was in-depth key informant interviews with purposively sampled members of the sector's stakeholder groups. Each NRRES corporation is situated at the centre of a web of interconnected interests or 'stakes' necessitating efforts to balance the various stakeholder interests to maintain the institution's license-to-operate and secure a long-term existence. The thesis constructs an explanation of the societal drivers of NRRES corporate engagement with planetary sustainability, organised as the three categories of government, civil society and the corporate sector. These three groupings of stakeholders have been clustered into the broad category or theme of Activating Engagement, which recognises their collective role as the stimuli for NRRES corporation engagement in processes and practices for planetary sustainability. While the theme of Activating Engagement emphasises the importance and interrelatedness of the roles and actions within and between the three primary wheels of sustainability, of particular note is the evident rise of civil society as a more active societal stakeholder and more salient driver of corporate uptake of social and environmental issues. As the identified external drivers play a critical role in motivating NRRES corporation engagement, it is a corporation's particular characteristics that ultimately determine the extent and level of uptake of strategies to demonstrate corporate social responsibility. The thesis develops an explanation of the internal factors mediating NRRES corporate engagement comprising the factors of leadership, resources, structures, culture and understanding. These factors are conceptualised as the theme of Capacity for Engagement, which identifies their collective importance in a NRRES corporation's preparedness, impetus and capability relating to interest and participation in planetary sustainability. While all of the five factors are seen as essential to meaningful NRRES corporate engagement, the thesis identifies leadership as the most critical factor in Capacity for Engagement. Based on the findings of the research, several explanatory frameworks are developed. These frameworks aid in deepening our understanding of the NRRES corporate engagement process, in particular, the interconnections between the factors impeding and facilitating corporate interest and engagement with processes and practices for planetary sustainability. As such, these frameworks will make a substantial contribution to building our understanding of how the various factors and their components or 'pieces of the puzzle' interact and interrelate with each other to generate corporate engagement. The frameworks are the culmination of the research and, coupled with the more detailed explanations of their constituent factors, enhance our knowledge and understanding of the dynamics of NRRES corporation engagement with planetary sustainability. This enhanced understanding is significant and could be of considerable value in informing and targeting efforts to advance the depth and breadth of NRRES corporation engagement with processes and practices for planetary sustainability. To advance the standing of the study's findings, a series of case studies could be undertaken targeting the investigation of NRRES corporate engagement in other geographic locations and within different industry sectors.

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8

Harris, Neil David John. "Corporate Engagement With Planetary Sustainability: The Case of the Non-Renewable Resource Extractive Sector, Australia". Thesis, Griffith University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/366179.

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It is increasingly being recognised that global natural resource consumption levels exceed planetary limits and that the present trajectory of industrial development is not sustainable. To achieve a more viable existence necessitates a fundamental shift in priorities from the prevailing economic growth-centred, consumer driven philosophy to one that marries aspirations for economic growth with long-term environmental and social considerations. This shift in priorities requires significant contributions and action at the global, national and local levels by the primary 'wheels' of sustainability: government, corporations and civil society. Over the past 100 years, corporations have become the most powerful institution on the planet with both the financial resources and institutional capacity to take the lead role in shaping a sustainable future for humankind. Yet, within and between industry sectors and across geographic locations there has been great diversity in the extent and level of corporate commitment and engagement in societal efforts relating to planetary sustainability. Hence, greater understanding of what drives corporate interest and involvement in ecological sustainability will become increasingly critical to promoting corporate engagement in processes and practices to secure a long-term future for humanity. However, there has been limited explanatory research oriented upon developing an understanding of the processes and factors associated with corporate 'eco-change'. In recognition of this shortcoming in the literature, the present study utilised the case of the non-renewable resource extractive sector of Australia to examine corporate engagement with processes and practices for planetary sustainability. Specifically, it sought to construct and evidence an explanation of the external and internal factors that have promoted and/or retarded corporate engagement with planetary sustainability in the non-renewable resource extractive sector (NRRES) of Australia. Guided by grounded theory methodology, an instrumental case study of the NRRES in Australia was undertaken. The NRRES was chosen as this sector's profile, visibility and activities over the past twenty years have meant it has come under mounting pressure to incorporate the concept and principles of planetary sustainability into its ethos and operations. As such, the sector represents the opportunity to study this phenomenon within a dynamic context of sectoral and corporate responses to evolving societal expectations. The research was undertaken in three phases and the principal research method was in-depth key informant interviews with purposively sampled members of the sector's stakeholder groups. Each NRRES corporation is situated at the centre of a web of interconnected interests or 'stakes' necessitating efforts to balance the various stakeholder interests to maintain the institution's license-to-operate and secure a long-term existence. The thesis constructs an explanation of the societal drivers of NRRES corporate engagement with planetary sustainability, organised as the three categories of government, civil society and the corporate sector. These three groupings of stakeholders have been clustered into the broad category or theme of Activating Engagement, which recognises their collective role as the stimuli for NRRES corporation engagement in processes and practices for planetary sustainability. While the theme of Activating Engagement emphasises the importance and interrelatedness of the roles and actions within and between the three primary wheels of sustainability, of particular note is the evident rise of civil society as a more active societal stakeholder and more salient driver of corporate uptake of social and environmental issues. As the identified external drivers play a critical role in motivating NRRES corporation engagement, it is a corporation's particular characteristics that ultimately determine the extent and level of uptake of strategies to demonstrate corporate social responsibility. The thesis develops an explanation of the internal factors mediating NRRES corporate engagement comprising the factors of leadership, resources, structures, culture and understanding. These factors are conceptualised as the theme of Capacity for Engagement, which identifies their collective importance in a NRRES corporation's preparedness, impetus and capability relating to interest and participation in planetary sustainability. While all of the five factors are seen as essential to meaningful NRRES corporate engagement, the thesis identifies leadership as the most critical factor in Capacity for Engagement. Based on the findings of the research, several explanatory frameworks are developed. These frameworks aid in deepening our understanding of the NRRES corporate engagement process, in particular, the interconnections between the factors impeding and facilitating corporate interest and engagement with processes and practices for planetary sustainability. As such, these frameworks will make a substantial contribution to building our understanding of how the various factors and their components or 'pieces of the puzzle' interact and interrelate with each other to generate corporate engagement. The frameworks are the culmination of the research and, coupled with the more detailed explanations of their constituent factors, enhance our knowledge and understanding of the dynamics of NRRES corporation engagement with planetary sustainability. This enhanced understanding is significant and could be of considerable value in informing and targeting efforts to advance the depth and breadth of NRRES corporation engagement with processes and practices for planetary sustainability. To advance the standing of the study's findings, a series of case studies could be undertaken targeting the investigation of NRRES corporate engagement in other geographic locations and within different industry sectors.
Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Australian School of Environmental Studies
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9

Parece, Tammy Erlene. "Managing Water and Electricity Consumption in University Residence Halls: a Study on Promoting Voluntary Resource Conservation by College Students". Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/32717.

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With the worldâ s population growing at a rate faster than the rate at which natural resources are being replenished, the challenge for governments and the worldâ s citizens is how to conserve resources in order to provide a sustainable level of natural resources for the future. Conserving natural resources includes educating the citizens of the world on the connection between natural resource depletion and their levels of consumption of resources, such as energy and water. To help alleviate the increasing burden the worldâ s growing population is placing on natural resources, sustainability should be a part of college studentsâ education in their field of study and in preparing them to become good citizens. This education should take place in the classroom and other activities, including athletics, community organizations, and in their residence life. Teaching students living in on-campus residence halls conservation activities provides information that students can use in their private lives when setting up their own households. On-campus residence halls also provide an opportunity to evaluate any gender differences related to conservation activities since the demographics of the residence halls vary from all-female, to co-ed, to all-male students. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech) was the location for a study on promoting environmentally-relevant behavior (ERB) among students residing in on-campus residence halls. The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between the use of educational strategies and natural resource consumption by promoting ERB among students living in the residence halls during the spring and fall semesters of the 2009 calendar year. Using the literature on promoting ERB, five different strategies were designed for promoting water and electricity conservation. Each strategy involved different stimuli to promote student participation in ERB. The information provided the students included reasons why ERB was important and specific actions to take to conserve resources. In three of the strategies, students were provided the results of their conservation efforts monthly during the study period. The Virginia Tech Office of Residence Life provided detailed information for the 49 on-campus residence halls, including buildingsâ characteristics such as heating and cooling methods, age, construction, renovation history, square footage, if the buildings contained offices or classrooms, and student population figures. Variability among the buildings was eliminated by comparing these differences, and then a random numbers table was used to assign each of the buildings to one of the five different groups. The strategy for each group was applied to four residence halls -- two dormitories and two Greek Houses, for a total of twenty buildings. In each strategy more stimuli were applied in an effort to produce higher consumption reductions. The Virginia Tech Office of Facilities provided four-years historical electricity and seven-years historical water usage, and provided monthly usage for each building during the study period. Electricity consumption reduction was promoted in all twenty halls but water consumption reduction was promoted only in the dormitories, as the University was unable to track water consumption for any one individual Greek House. The historical data showed that water usage per student was higher in most of the female-occupied dormitories, but no statistical difference was seen with regards to historical electricity usage and gender. Percent change in per student usage â kilowatt hours for electricity and gallons for water â was the calculation used to determine change in ERB. The results of this research showed a general relationship between educational strategies and natural resource consumption reduction over both study periods. However, except for the Greek-House Spring semester results, no statistical significant difference was found between any of the different study groups. Electricity reductions were achieved in seventeen of twenty residence halls during the first semester and in all but one residence hall during the second semester. Water reductions were achieved in five of ten dormitories during the first semester and in six of nine dormitories in the second semester. However, the use of more strategies did not lead to a higher percentage of reductions. During the first semester, a statistically significant difference was found in water usage and gender and the difference did not support a female predisposition for ERB. Decreases were achieved in excess of 10% in the male-occupied dormitories, but only a minimal reduction or increases were achieved in any of the dormitories that included female residents. After the first month of the second semester, similar results were seen relative to gender, so additional posters and prompts were placed in the female-occupied dormitories. As a result, water reductions were achieved in six dormitories with only small increases in the other three, and the semester final results did not show a statistical significant difference between genders. The lack of statistical difference between the study groups could be a result of contamination, the active environmental organizations on campus, or an observational effect. The study was contaminated within the first two weeks of the study period when all residence halls across campus learned of the research and requested their inclusion in the study. Since, the residence halls in the control groups were advised of their inclusion in the study, the students may have demonstrated ERB because of the knowledge they were being observed. A survey sent to the students living in the study residence halls revealed that 94.6% of the students had knowledge of the study, and that 77% participated in ERB. Students showed a propensity for ERB when they were informed on their consumptive behaviorsâ effects on natural resource depletion, and by being provided with actions they could take to change their behaviors. This research did not show that adding strategies of feedback and group leaders to information increased the percentage of consumption reductions in college students residing on Virginia Techâ s campus.
Master of Science

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10

Björklund, Johanna. "Emergy analysis to assess ecological sustainability : strengths and weaknesses /". Uppsala : Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences, 2000. http://epsilon.slu.se/avh/2000/91-576-5794-7.pdf.

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11

Ciccone, Brianne N. "Modeling of Evaporative Losses in Industrial Pasteurization". Youngstown State University / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ysu1339587036.

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12

Gan, Yu. "Assessing the Impacts of Mineral and Hydrocarbon Resources Exploitation and Consumption". Research Showcase @ CMU, 2017. http://repository.cmu.edu/dissertations/1085.

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The exploitation of natural resources lays the foundation for the economic and social development, but also is the root cause of various environmental issues. The study aims to analyze the process of natural resource exploitation, to optimize the extraction and utilization processes, maximizing their economic and social values while reducing the accompanied negative environmental impacts. This dissertation focuses on the impacts of exploitation of mineral and hydrocarbon resources in emerging countries on global warming effect, economy and society. Chapter 2 of the dissertation analyzes the life cycle GHG emissions associated with iron ore mining and processing in China. With rapid economic development and nationwide urbanization, the iron ore demand grows while the ore grade declines significantly, leading to the increasing GHG emissions from iron ore production. Results of the research show that the mean life-cycle GHG emissions for Chinese iron ore production are 270 kg CO2e/tonne, with a 90% confidence interval of 210 to 380 kg CO2e/tonne. The two largest contributors to overall GHG emissions are agglomeration (60%) and ore processing (23%). Iron content (ore grade) varies from 15% to 60% and is the largest contributor (40%) to the uncertainty of the results. Chapter 3 explores the impact of China’s outsourcing of iron resources on the global warming effect. This chapter applies the same life cycle assessment framework of Chinese iron ore in Chapter 2 to Australian and Brazilian ore production, and compares the LCA results of Australian and Brazilian ore to Chinese iron ore. Results show that among the three iron ore sources, Australian iron ore is the optimal choice for reducing GHG emissions. The mean life cycle GHG emissions of Australian iron ore fines is 60% less than that of Chinese iron ore fines (42 kg CO2e/tonne versus 110 kg CO2e/tonne). There is no significant difference between the imported iron ores sourced from Brazil versus the China’s domestic supplied iron ores, but if Chinese ore grade falls below 20% in the future, Brazilian iron ores would be preferred. The largest source of GHG emissions for Australian and Brazilian iron ores comes from ocean shipping (accounts for 58% and 75% of the overall GHG emissions respectively). Chapter 4 studies the impacts of the exploitation of pre-salt natural gas in Brazil. Natural gas production and its associated downstream industries are currently underdeveloped in Brazil, while the on-going exploitation of deep-sea pre-salt reservoir would potentially change the current situation. This study analyzes the impacts of the increasing pre-salt gas production and potential natural gas use pathways in downstream industries. Results reveal that GHG emissions associated with pre-salt gas production vary according to the stage of reservoir exploitation. At the early stage, the estimate of GHG emissions is 5.4 (90%CI: 4.5~6.4) gCO2e/MJ, and the value becomes 7.1 (90% CI: 6.3~8.0) gCO2e/MJ for the intermediate stage. All six natural gas use pathways analyzed in the study emit less GHG on average than their current corresponding incumbent pathways. The mean GHG emissions reduction from natural gas use for power generation, nitrogen fertilizer production, methanol production, as the reducing agent for steel making, ethylene-based polymer production, heavy-duty vehicle fueling are estimated to be 0.83, 2.3, 0.38, 35, 2.6 and 0.078 million tonnes CO2 equivalent per year, respectively. The specific economic profits of the six pathways are affected by the prices of natural gas and traditional fuel. Under current fuel prices, the net annual profits for the six pathways are -270, 87, 92, 1700, 190 and -1500 million dollars, respectively. The job creation potential from the pathways of power generation, nitrogen fertilizer production, methanol production and as reducing agent for steel production are estimated to be 28, 17, 5 and 36 thousand, respectively.

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13

Wennerlind, Carl C. "The historical specificity of scarcity : historical and political investigations /". Digital version accessible at:, 1999. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/main.

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14

Stage, Jesper. "Mixing oil and water : studies of the Namibian economy /". Umeå : Univ, 2003. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-117.

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15

Trusler, Bonnie R. "Energy watch: an energy conservation project for elementary schools". CSUSB ScholarWorks, 1994. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/38.

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The goal of this project was to organize and implement an energy conservation program for second and fifth grade students that would increase their overall awareness and understanding of energy concepts and energy conservation.

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16

Munro, Hugh M. "The impact of national oil companies on the energy security of OECD countries". Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2012. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=186098.

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National oil companies (NOCs) control over 80 percent of world oil reserves and over 50 percent of gas reserves and hold exclusive rights to exploration and development of oil and gas reserves within their home countries. Because of host government involvement and supervision, NOCs may also act as instruments of state, implementing government foreign and domestic policies such as wealth re-distribution through the provision of subsidised oil products, job creation, and economic development. Such activities can lead to restricted availability of funds for finding and developing reserves for future production and to inefficiencies in current production and distribution. This thesis assesses the geopolitical factors that influence the conduct, strategies and priorities of NOCs and how these may impact on the continuing security of energy supplies to countries which are members of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). It will focus on ten NOCs supplying oil to world markets and two which supply gas to the European market. The study will also review the activities and .scope for influence as state instruments of Sovereign Wealth Funds which have been established by states with NOCs, in particular, those which have earned substantial petro-dollar surpluses, during the period of high oil and gas prices of2006-2008. In an age of global interdependence between nations, specific objectives of this thesis are to consider the implications of anticipated growth in world demand for oil and gas supplies over the next 20 years, whether world production capacity is likely to grow to meet increases in world demand, the potential impact on world oil and gas supplies of the policies and practices of NOCs, in particular, the desire of host governments to require NOCs to follow non- commercial objectives, and the responses from OECD countries to threats to their energy security from potential restrictions on supplies.

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ROCHA, Clarissa Maria Ramalho de Sá. "Calculadora da pegada hídrica residencial". Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, 2014. http://dspace.sti.ufcg.edu.br:8080/jspui/handle/riufcg/915.

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Capes
A pegada hídrica é definida como o volume de água total usada durante a produção e consumo de bens e serviços, bem como o consumo direto e indireto no processo de produção. O uso de água ocorre, em sua maioria, na produção agrícola, destacando também um número significativo de volume de água consumida e poluída, derivada dos setores industriais e domésticos. Portanto, determinar a Pegada Hídrica é tornar possível a quantificação do consumo de água total ao longo de sua cadeia produtiva. O objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar uma ferramenta para a estimativa da pegada hídrica de famílias brasileiras, levando-se em consideração os hábitos de consumo no Brasil. Foi desenvolvido um software, a Calculadora da Pegada Hídrica Residencial (HIDROCALC) onde são disponibilizadas diversas categorias de consumo para a estimativa do cálculo. A eficiência do programa foi avaliada comparando-o a calculadoras desenvolvidas mundialmente, bem como a calculadora mundial da Water Footprint Network (WFN). Os resultados indicam que o HIDROCALC possibilita estimativas confiáveis e contínuas da pegada hídrica residencial em escalas diária, mensal e anual.
The water footprint is defined as the total volume of water used during production and consumption of goods and services, as well as direct and indirect consumption in the production. The use of water occurs mostly in agricultural production, highlighting a significant quantity of water consumed and polluted, derived from industrial and domestic sectors. Therefore, achieve the water footprint is to make possible the quantification of the total water consumption throughout its supply chain. Thus, the main goal of this work is to present a tool for estimating the water footprint to the Brazilians families taking into consideration Brazil's consumption habits. It was developed a software, Calculadora da Pegada Hídrica Residencial (HIDROCALC) wich are available several categories of consumption calculation. The efficiency of the program was evaluated comparing it to calculators developed worldwide, as well as the world calculator of the Water Footprint Network (WFN). The results indicate that the HIDROCALC provides reliable and continuous results to estimates residential water footprint scale on daily, monthly or yearly consumption.

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18

Silva, Geomar Galdino da. "Desenvolvimento e qualidade da água de fruto de cultivares de coqueiro anão". Universidade Federal da Paraíba, 2006. http://tede.biblioteca.ufpb.br:8080/handle/tede/8191.

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Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq
The coconut tree is an originary plant of southeastern Asian. Although the cultivation of this fruitbowl occurs predominantly in the Northeast region, currently, new regions of the country are exploring this culture. Coconut tree is the bigger economic expression in the income generation, feeding and a products variety. In relation to the fruit, few studies had been carried out relating development, harvest point and the water quality. Given the importance of the coconut cultivation and the expansion of the new areas planting with dwarf coconut tree, the aimed of this research was to evaluate the development of fruits of different dwarf cultivars aiming to get subsidies for the determination of more adjusted indices of harvest for the market to in natura and/or industrialized coconut water. To this, three experiments with Green Dwarf of Jiqui, Yellow of Malaysia, Yellow of Gramame, Red of Gramame, Red of Cameroon and Malaysia Red cultivars cultivated in an experimental area located at Unidade de Execução de Pesquisa da Embrapa Meio-Norte, in Parnaíba, Piauí state. In the first phase of the research, plants were selected at random and inflorescences that presented fertile flowers were marked, that is, fifteen days after the opening of the espata. After that, harvests since marking until the 210 days age were made. The analyses were carried out at Laboratório de Fisiologia e Tecnologia Pós-colheita da Embrapa Agroindústria Tropical, in Fortaleza, Ceará state. Was used a completely randomized design in 6 x 10 factorial scheme with three composed replications with five fruits for plot. During the development, the fruits were evaluated about fresh and dry mass, color, diameter and length (fruit and internal cavity), solid endosperm thickness, volume and water mass. In the second and third phases of the research the water was evaluated in relation to soluble solids content (TSS), total soluble sugars (TSA), reducing sugar (AIR), trititable acidity (AT), pH, SST/AT ratio, turbidez, sensorial and mineral analysis. The period understood between 120 and 180 days, corresponded the biggest growth taxes of the fruit, increase in the fresh mass and final volume of water in almost all cultivars. The harvest of the fruits for the in natura and/or industrialized water consumption can be made between 180 and 210 days, after anteses, when the same ones reach the maximum growth with better quality of waters. The water of cultivars presented expressive calcium, sodium and phosphorus amounts, being potassium the mineral element more exported by the coconut fruit.
O coqueiro é uma planta originária do sudeste asiático. Embora o cultivo dessa fruteira ocorra predominantemente, na região Nordeste, atualmente, novas regiões do país estão explorando essa cultura. É uma das fruteiras de maior expressão econômica na geração de renda, alimentação e uma variedade de produtos. Em relação ao fruto, poucos estudos foram realizados correlacionando desenvolvimento, ponto de colheita e a qualidade da água. Dada a importância da cocoicultura e à expansão de novos plantios com novas cultivares de coqueiro Anão, o objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar o desenvolvimento de frutos de diferentes cultivares de coqueiro Anã visando obter subsídios para a determinação de índices mais adequados de colheita para o mercado de água, in natura e/ou industrializada. Para tanto, foram realizados três experimentos com as cultivares Anão Verde do Jiqui, Amarelo da Malásia, Amarelo de Gramame, Vermelho de Gramame, Vermelho de Camarões e Vermelho Malásia cultivadas em uma área experimental localizada na Unidade de Execução de Pesquisa da Embrapa Meio-Norte, em Parnaíba, Piauí. Na primeira fase da pesquisa, plantas foram selecionadas ao acaso e marcadas as inflorescências que apresentavam flores fecundadas, ou seja, quinze dias após a abertura da espata. Em seguida, foram realizadas colheitas desde a marcação até aos 210 dias de idade. As análises foram realizadas no Laboratório de Fisiologia e Tecnologia Pós-colheita da Embrapa Agroindústria Tropical, em Fortaleza-Ceará. O experimento foi instalado em delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 6 x 10 com três repetições compostas de cinco frutos por parcela. Durante o desenvolvimento, os frutos foram avaliados quanto à massa fresca e seca, cor, diâmetro e comprimento (fruto e cavidade interna), espessura do endosperma sólido, volume e massa da água. Na segunda e terceira fases da pesquisa a água foi avaliada quanto aos teres de sólidos solúveis totais (SST), açúcares solúveis totais (AST), açúcar redutor (AR), acidez titulável (AT), pH, relação SST/AT, turbidez, análise sensorial e minerais. O período compreendido entre 120 e 180 dias correspondeu as maiores taxas de crescimento do fruto, aumento na massa fresca e volume final de água em quase todas as cultivares. A colheita dos frutos para o consumo de água in natura e/ou industrializada pode ser feita entre 180 e 210 dias, após a antese, quando as cultivares atingem o crescimento máximo com melhor qualidade de suas águas. A água das cultivares apresentou expressivas quantidades de cálcio, sódio e fósforo, sendo o potássio o elemento mineral mais exportado pelo fruto do coqueiro.

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Scheepers, Kelly. "Harvesting strategies of fuelwood and kraalwood users at Machibi : identifying the driving factors and feedbacks". Thesis, Rhodes University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007167.

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Forest and woodland ecosystems provide a variety of natural resources such as fuelwood, brushwood and kraal posts to local communities, as well as possess important cultural and spiritual value. However, many forests and woodlands worldwide have been unsustainably used and managed. Thus, under pressure from the international conservation community to recognise the importance of people's relationships with their surrounding natural environment, particularly for the natural resources it can provide, and given a move away from the management of forests and woodlands for sustained yields, and according to simple cause and effect models, in favour of systems approaches, South Africa has developed some of the most progressive natural resource management policies in the world. Nevertheless, for these policies to be sensitive to local contexts, there remains a need for a better understanding of how local people in different contexts, determine forest and woodland ecosystems to be of use to them, and what 'usefulness' means to different groups of resources users. This is a case study, which examines the role of fuelwood, brushwood and kraal posts in the rural livelihoods of the people of Machibi village, located in the Eastern Cape province of South Africa, through people's preferences for particular landscapes and species, accessed for these purposes, and the trade-offs people make between resource availability and resource accessibility. Key objectives of the study are to 1) determine the preferred landscapes and species for fuelwood, brushwood and kraal posts at Machibi, 2) determine the landscapes and species actually used for fuelwood, brushwood and kraal posts, and 3) with the help of a conceptual model, and using iterative modelling as a tool, determine the factors that influence people's harvesting strategies in terms of the costs and benefits associated with the different landscape and species options. On the basis of this knowledge, the study provides some guiding principles for the better use and management of these landscapes and species for fuelwood, brushwood and kraal posts. An innovative research approach and methodology that integrates social and ecological systems, works across disciplines, and draws on different types of knowledge is used to develop and test a conceptual model of the harvesting strategies of fuelwood and kraalwood users at Machibi. Participatory methods such as workshops, participatory resource mapping, ranking exercises and trend-lines were used to tap into local knowledge while plotless vegetation sampling and GIS maps were used to capture the scientific information. Results showed that people did not always use the landscapes and species they preferred. However, the local people did behave in a rational manner by weighing up the returns from harvesting and accessibility costs associated with the respective options available to them, before selecting the option(s) associated with the greatest net benefits. At the landscape level, people made trade-offs between the returns from harvesting and the accessibility costs of using particular landscapes in addition to costs associated with the physical work of harvesting fuelwood, brushwood or kraal posts from these landscapes. At the species level, people made trade-offs between the returns from harvesting and the accessibility costs of harvesting particular species for fuelwood, brushwood and kraal posts, or the costs of commercial alternatives. Costbenefit factors that influenced people's resource use patterns also differed across landscapes and species for fuelwood, brushwood and kraal posts, respectively. Consequently, a range of diverse and flexible management options and strategies is recommended for the wise use and management of these landscapes and species, focused on short, medium and long term goals. These strategies examine the use of cost - benefit incentives to influence people’s landscape and species use patterns.

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Murray, Cameron Keith. "New insights into rebound effects : theory and empirical evidence". Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2009. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/27655/1/Cameron_Murray_Thesis.pdf.

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The main objective of the thesis is to seek insights into the theory, and provide empirical evidence of rebound effects. Rebound effects reduce the environmental benefits of environmental policies and household behaviour changes. In particular, win-win demand side measures, in the form of energy efficiency and household consumption pattern changes, are seen as ways for households and businesses to save money and the environment. However, these savings have environmental impacts when spent, which are known as rebound effects. This is an area that has been widely neglected by policy makers. This work extends the rebound effect literature in three important ways, (1) it incorporates the potential for variation of rebound effects with household income level, (2) it enables the isolation of direct and indirect effects for cases of energy efficient technology adoption, and examines the relationship between these two component effects, and (3) it expands the scope of rebound effect analysis to include government taxes and subsidies. MACROBUTTON HTMLDirect Using a case study approach it is found that the rebound effect from household consumption pattern changes targeted at electricity is between 5 and 10%. For consumption pattern changes with reduced vehicle fuel use, the rebound effect is in the order of 20 to 30%. Higher income households in general are found to have a lower total rebound effect; however the indirect effect becomes relatively more significant at higher household income levels. In the win-lose case of domestic photovoltaic electricity generation, it is demonstrated that negative rebound effects can occur, which can potentially amplify the environmental benefits of this action. The rebound effect from a carbon tax, which occurs due to the re-spending of raised revenues, was found to be in the range of 11-32%. Taxes and transfers between households of different income levels also have environmental implications. For example, a more progressive tax structure, with increased low income welfare payments is likely to increase greenhouse gas emissions. Subsidies aimed at encouraging environmentally friendly consumption habits are also subject to rebound effects, as they constitute a substitution of government expenditure for household expenditure. For policy makers, these findings point to the need to incorporate rebound effects in the environmental policy evaluation process.’

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Murray, Cameron Keith. "New insights into rebound effects : theory and empirical evidence". Queensland University of Technology, 2009. http://eprints.qut.edu.au/27655/.

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The main objective of the thesis is to seek insights into the theory, and provide empirical evidence of rebound effects. Rebound effects reduce the environmental benefits of environmental policies and household behaviour changes. In particular, win-win demand side measures, in the form of energy efficiency and household consumption pattern changes, are seen as ways for households and businesses to save money and the environment. However, these savings have environmental impacts when spent, which are known as rebound effects. This is an area that has been widely neglected by policy makers. This work extends the rebound effect literature in three important ways, (1) it incorporates the potential for variation of rebound effects with household income level, (2) it enables the isolation of direct and indirect effects for cases of energy efficient technology adoption, and examines the relationship between these two component effects, and (3) it expands the scope of rebound effect analysis to include government taxes and subsidies. MACROBUTTON HTMLDirect Using a case study approach it is found that the rebound effect from household consumption pattern changes targeted at electricity is between 5 and 10%. For consumption pattern changes with reduced vehicle fuel use, the rebound effect is in the order of 20 to 30%. Higher income households in general are found to have a lower total rebound effect; however the indirect effect becomes relatively more significant at higher household income levels. In the win-lose case of domestic photovoltaic electricity generation, it is demonstrated that negative rebound effects can occur, which can potentially amplify the environmental benefits of this action. The rebound effect from a carbon tax, which occurs due to the re-spending of raised revenues, was found to be in the range of 11-32%. Taxes and transfers between households of different income levels also have environmental implications. For example, a more progressive tax structure, with increased low income welfare payments is likely to increase greenhouse gas emissions. Subsidies aimed at encouraging environmentally friendly consumption habits are also subject to rebound effects, as they constitute a substitution of government expenditure for household expenditure. For policy makers, these findings point to the need to incorporate rebound effects in the environmental policy evaluation process.’

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Mills, Julianne H. "Economic Prosperity, Strong Sustainability, and Global Biodiversity Conservation: Testing the Environmental Kuznets Curve". The Ohio State University, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1243432252.

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Raliselo, 'Muso Andreas. "Camelthorn (Acacia erioloba) firewood industry in Western Cape, South Africa". Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/53318.

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Thesis (MFor)--University of Stellenbosch, 2003.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The reliance of firewood demand on indigenous trees such as Acacia erioloba is a continuing phenomena despite the concern that over-exploitation of these resources will degrade the environment. This study tested the hypothesis that the cutting of A. erioloba in the Northern Cape is driven by (a) market demand in the Western Cape, (b) ignorance of the long-term ecological consequences and/or (c) ignorance of legislation along the chain of custody of this product. The assumption is that whoever is involved in the A. erioloba firewood industry (resource owner, trader or user) is neither aware of the protected status of the resource nor the negative consequences associated with the over-exploitation of the resource or they are driven by short term monetary gains. Therefore, there is a need to understand the needs of every participant in the chain and to further find out if there may be substitutes for A. erioloba firewood. The results of this study show that there is a market for firewood in the study area and that this demand is driven mainly by the availability rather than the quality of firewood. It will also be shown that Acacia mearnsii which is available in the study area is a better product than A. erioloba and therefore it can be a suitable replacement but consumers were found to bum almost everything that would give them embers. The most preferred firewood in the study area is A. cyclops. The concept of indigenous trees is not clearly understood by retailers and consumers. The major role players in the supply chain were found to be the retailers and the transport owners who may be targeted when firewood trade is to be stopped in the short-term. The results further highlighted the fact that the majority of consumers were aware that indigenous trees were protected in South Africa but the majority of retailers were not aware. The study recommends that firewood trade should be stopped completely by strict enforcement of the law or by the involvement of every role-player and/or that the trade should be regulated.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die fenomeen dat die aanvraag vir vuurmaakhout staatmaak op inheemse bome soos Acacia erioloba duur steeds voort ten spyte van die kommer dat oorbenutting van hierdie hulpbronne, ter versadiging van die behoeftes van 'n steeds toenemende populasie, die omgewing sal degradeer. Hierdie studie het die hipotese getoets dat die afsny van A. erioloba in die Noord- Kaap aangedryf word deur (a) die mark aanvraag in die Wes-Kaap, (b) onkunde oor die langtermyn ekologiese gevolge en/of (c) onkunde oor die wetgewing van hierdie produk by die skakels in die verskaffersketting. Die aanname is dat wie ook al betrokke is by die A. erioloba vuurmaakhout-industrie (hulpbron eienaar, handelaar of gebruiker) is beide onbewus van die beskermde status van die hulpbron asook van die negatiewe gevolge geassosieer met die oorbenutting van die hulpbron of hulle is aangedryf deur korttermyn monetêre gewin. Daarom is dit nodig om die behoefte van elke deelnemer in die ketting te verstaan en om verder uit te vind of daar plaasvervangers vir A. erioloba vuurmaakhout is. Die resultate van hierdie studie toon dat daar 'n aanvraag is vir vuurmaakhout in die studie-area en dat hierdie aanvraag hoofsaaklik gedryf word deur die beskikbaarheid, eerder as die kwaliteit van die hout. Daar salook aangetoon word dat Acacia mearnsii, wat in die studie-area beskikbaar is, 'n beter produk is as A. erioloba en dus 'n geskikte plaasvervanger kan wees, maar dit wil voorkom of die verbruikers omtrent enigiets sal brand wat kole sal verskaf. A. cyclops is die vuurmaakhout van voorkeur in die studie-area. Handelaars en verbruikers verstaan nie die konsep van inheemse bome duidelik nie. Die vernaamste rolspelers in die verskaffersketting is die handelaars en die eienaars van die vervoer en hulle kan die teikengroep wees as die handel in vuurmaakhout in die korttermyn stopgesit word. Die resultate het verder na vore gebring dat die meerderheid verbruikers daarvan bewus is dat inheemse bome beskermd is in Suid-Afrika, maar die meerderheid handelaars is nie hiervan bewus me. Hierdie studie maak die aanbeveling dat handel in vuurmaakhout totaal gestaak moet word deur strenger wette of deur die betrokkenheid van elke rolspeler en/of dat handel gereguleer moet word.

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Cordell, Dana. "The Story of Phosphorus : Sustainability implications of global phosphorus scarcity for food security". Doctoral thesis, Linköping : Department of Water and Environmental Studies, [The Tema Institute], Linköping University, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-53430.

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Oloufade, Djoulassi Kokou. "Analysis of Legal Institutions, Conflict and Trade". Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/23165.

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In the first paper, the effects of trade openness and conflict risk on income inequality are investigated. I obtain that the effect of trade openness on inequality depends on the level of conflict risk. More precisely, there exists a threshold effect: trade openness worsens income inequality in countries where the risk of internal and external conflicts is high. Moreover, I find that countries with higher risk of conflicts are more unequal, and that more ethnically diverse countries increase income inequality. Finally, I obtain that democratic regimes decrease inequality. In the second paper, we analyze the general-equilibrium consequences of property right enforcement in the natural resource sector. Assuming that exclusion requires both private and public enforcement efforts, we compare states that differ by their ability to provide protection services. This ability is referred to as state capacity. We obtain that public protection services can effectively act as either substitutes or complements to private enforcement, and this strongly depends on state capacity. Under low state capacity, an increase in state protection services leads to a drop in national income as labor is drawn away from the directly productive activities. The opposite holds for high-capacity states. As a result, public protection services have an ambiguous effect on national income even though they can unambiguously increase resource rents. In the third paper, we argue that the right to hold dual citizenship can generate important social and economic benefits beyond its political dimension. We assemble a large panel dataset on dual citizenship. We find that in developing countries, dual citizenship recognition increases remittance inflows by US$1.19 billion, GDP and household consumption, and improves child survival. In developed countries, however, dual citizenship recognition decreases remittance inflows by US$1.44 billion, but increases FDI by US$828 billion, raises household consumption, gross capital formation and trade, and provides incentives for skilled workers to move to other countries.

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Lannerstad, Mats. "Water Realities and Development Trajectories : Global and Local Agricultural Production Dynamics". Doctoral thesis, Linköpings universitet, Tema vatten i natur och samhälle, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-18457.

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Water constraints for humans and nature are gaining more and more public attention as a critical environmental dilemma that needs to be addressed. When aquifers and rivers are running dry, the debate refers to an ongoing “world water crisis”. This thesis focuses on the water and agricultural production complexity in a global, regional and local perspective during different phases of development. It addresses the river basin closing process in light of consumptive water use changes, land use alterations, past and future food production in waterscarce developing countries in general, and a south Indian case study basin in particular, the Bhavani basin in Tamil Nadu. The study focuses on early phases of global agricultural development and addresses consumptive use and river depletion in response to land use change and irrigation expansion. It shows that focus must be shifted from a water use to a consumptive water use notion that considers both green and blue water resources. The Bhavani basin development trajectory reveals a dynamic interplay between land and water resources and different socio-political groups during the “green revolution” period. The present system has emerged as a step-by-step adaptation in response to hydro-climatic variability, human demands and infrastructure constraints. The study reveals three kinds of basin closure: allocation closure; hydrological closure; and perception wise closure. Many concerted actions on multiple scales have contributed to an increasing water use complexity even after closure. The study shows the extent to which natural variability hides creeping changes, and that the “average year” is a deceptive basis for water allocation planning. Future consumptive water requirements to feed growing populations in the developing world is analysed with a back-casting country-based approach. The study shows a doubling of water requirements by 2050 and how the challenge can be halved by increased water productivity. Since blue water accessibility for irrigation clearly will be insufficient, additional green water has to be acquired by horizontal agricultural expansion into other terrestrial ecosystems. The task will be substantial and increase the importance of global food trade.
Vattenbrist för människor och ekosystem är en mer och mer uppmärksammad miljöfråga. Sjunkande grundvattennivåer och uttorkade floder gör att många talar om en ”global vattenkris”. Denna avhandling fokuserar på de komplexa sambanden mellan vatten och jordbruksproduktion utifrån ett globalt, regionalt och lokalt perspektiv under olika utvecklingsfaser under fyra sekler. Den redogör för hur avrinningsområden överintecknas och slutligen ”stängs” för ytterligare vattenutvinning. Effekterna av ökad vattenutvinning i relation till historisk och framtida matproduktion analyseras generellt i utvecklingsländer med vattenbrist, och i detalj i en fallstudie i Bhavani avrinningsområde i Tamil Nadu i södra Indien. Studien visar för den tidiga jordbruksutvecklingen på global nivå hur förändrad markanvändning och bevattningsexpansion leder till förändrad balans mellan evapotranspiration och avrinning, med uttorkning av vattendrag som följd. Den visar vidare vikten av ett paradigmskifte där fokus flyttas från vattenanvändning till ”konsumerande” vattenanvändning, och som inkluderar både grönvatten- och blåvattenresurser. Analysen av Bhavaniområdets utvecklingskurva under det senaste seklets jordbruksutveckling visar på ett dynamiskt växelspel mellan land- och vattenresurser och mellan olika samhällsgrupper. Den nuvarande vattenanvändningssituationen har stegvis växt fram som en respons på hydroklimatisk variabilitet, människors behov och infrastrukturbegränsningar. Studien påvisar att ett avrinningsområde kan ses som ”stängt” på tre skilda sätt: när flödet är överintecknat, när utflödet sinar, och när vattenanvändare upplever att behoven överstiger tillgången. Även efter ”stängning” har etablering och intensifiering av vattenutvinning fortsatt och resulterat i ett alltmer komplext och sammanflätat vattenanvändningsmönster. Studien visar vidare hur hög hydroklimatisk variabilitet, dels gör att ”genomsnittlig vattentillgång” är förledande vid planering av vattenfördelning i ett avrinningsområde, och dels döljer smygande kumulativa effekter av ökad vattenutvinning. Slutligen anlyseras ländervis framtida vattenbehov för att möta matbehovet i världens utvecklingsländer, vilket visar på en fördubbling fram till 2050. Tack vare ökad vattenproduktivitet kan behovet emellertid halveras. Endast en bråkdel av det resterande behovet kan mötas genom ökad bevattning, dvs. med mera blåvatten. En stor del av vattenbehovet måste istället täckas med mera grönvatten via uppodling av andra terrestra ekosystem. Uppgiften innebär en betydande utmaning och global handel med jordbruksprodukter kommer att öka avsevärt i betydelse.

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Švec, Martin. "Revitalizace hotelového zařízení, Přehrada Brno". Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta architektury, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-216102.

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This is the proposal of the new utilization of the former recreational centre, which is situated in the beautiful surrounding of the Brno lake. It has been abandoned for many years and is suffering from decay. It has been built in the 1970's for the demand of the Socialistic youth union (remark: the youth organisation of the communist's party). There were held international political conventions and educational sojourns for the students of high schools and universities. The new utilization will be analogous. Only the communist's ideals will be replaced with the ideals of today's democratical society – especially friendly relations between mankind and environment. There will be created the environmental educational centre with the meeting spaces, conference hall and accomodation. The universal concept enables the usage of the facility also for the international students' workshops, training courses, teambuilding events etc. The ecological educational centre primarily makes the good example and is the live educational requisite. Thanks to the concept of the original facility is very convenient the refurbishment to the standard of the energetically passive building, which consists from the natural materials and utilizes renewable energy resources. Because of the very poor technical condition and devastation of the building will be re-used only basement and steel framework. This solution is more economical than the demolition and following new construction. The construction core of the building is almost for free. However, only if we make minimal changes in the framework and we preserve the original building's shape. On the steel framework will be created the new lightweight housing, which will be made from wood, straw pannels and filled with the cannabis thermal insulation. Almost all the roofs will be covered with the photovoltaic foils and the heat source will be air heat pump. The area is very pleasant place to stay. It's full of sunshine all day long and offers very beautiful view of the lake. The main building and bungalows profit of the attractive views. All the former recreational area has was designed to make the people meeting together and to provide the freedom of move and wide variety of activities. However, the rooms and bungalows provide the highest privacy. The inside and outside of the buildings are shading into each other. All the recreational ground – in exterior and interior – is full of liveliness, in the opposite of the rooms, which are the private islands. This aspect, which is present in the former concept from the 1970's, is to be preserved. The former hotel building is distinguished by the quality architectural concept, above-average in the age of origin. It is thanks to the dynamically balanced composition – inspirative today too, and visually interesting interior design of the meeting spaces. This proposal attempts to continue in this qualities. The ground is enriched with the relaxational spaces and the outside gym path. In the opposite of the original state the area is open to the public and is utilized as a park for leisure activities.

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Lane, William Drew. "Effects of turbidity on daily consumption rate and prey use of largemouth bass". 2010. http://digital.library.okstate.edu/etd/Lane_okstate_0664M_10878.pdf.

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Espargosa, Maria Teresa Garcia Correia de Alte. "How can food providers improve their business models In order to increase a sustainable consumption?" Master's thesis, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10071/23261.

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In the current business environment, the concern with sustainability and food waste has gained high notoriety. Companies, in this case, restaurants, demonstrate, in fact, a concern with this issue and assume it to be a problem that needs to be solved or, at least, minimized. This research demonstrates the importance of innovation in the business models in order to become more sustainable and also presents some solutions and suggestions of strategies to be applied in the restaurant sector. Following a set of interviews carried out with professionals in positions of high responsibility in the catering industry, the results reveal that, although sustainability is on the management's mind, there is still little information in terms of strategies and tools that they can adopt in their day-to-day work. They already execute some of these strategies, but there is still a way to go. On the other hand, the consumer is often the motivating agent that leads companies to act in a certain way, and according to the interviewees, their customers are not yet aware of the need to solve this problem, which becomes a major barrier. From a general perspective, companies should educate consumers and should also seek more information in order to complete or restructure their strategies with the aim of becoming exemplary agents that promote responsible attitudes aimed at improving the planet.
No atual ambiente empresarial, a preocupação com a sustentabilidade e com o desperdício alimentar tem ganho elevada notoriedade. As empresas, neste caso, restaurantes demonstram, de facto, uma preocupação com este tema e assumem ser um problema que precisa de ser resolvido ou, pelo menos, minimizado. Esta investigação demonstra a importância da inovação nos modelos de negócio de forma a tornarem-se mais sustentáveis e apresenta ainda algumas soluções e sugestões de estratégias a aplicar no setor da restauração. Na sequência de um conjunto de entrevistas realizadas a profissionais com posições de elevada responsabilidade no ceio da restauração, os resultados revelam que, embora a sustentabilidade esteja na mente de gestão, ainda existe pouca informação em termos de estratégias e ferramentas que podem adotar no seu dia-a-dia. Já executam algumas dessas estratégias, mas há ainda um caminho a percorrer. Por outro lado, o consumidor é, muitas vezes, o agente de motivação que leva as empresas a agir de determinada forma, e de acordo com os entrevistados, os seus clientes ainda não estão mentalizados para a necessidade de resolução deste problema, o que se torna numa grande barreira. Numa perspetiva geral, as empresas devem educar os consumidores e devem ainda procurar mais informação de forma a completarem ou reestruturarem as suas estratégias com o objetivo de se tornarem exemplares agentes fomentadores de atitudes responsáveis que visem uma melhoria do planeta.

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Marques, Rodrigo dos Santos. "Eco-innovation impact on CO2 emissions and energy productivity in EU countries". Master's thesis, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10071/23435.

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Climate crisis is one of the biggest problems that humanity is facing, and the solution seems to be far away from being reached, since there are other problems that depend on the economic performance of the countries that need also to be addressed by governments. For this reason, solutions must be studied in line with both objectives relating to economic activity and environmental protection. Eco-innovation can be one of those solutions and, therefore, it has been attracting the attention of researchers. This study intends to make a contribution to this theme. To understand the impact of Eco-innovation, two variables are used, namely, a ratio with GDP/Energy and another with GDP/Emissions. These variables will allow understanding the impact of Eco-innovation on Energy and CO2 Emissions productivity. Using a panel data and an ARDL model, this relationship is explored, both in the short and in the long term, allowing controlling for the Cross-sectional Dependence, a problem that arises due to the high dependency between the countries of the EU, which constitute the sample of our study. The results do not suggest a long-term relationship between Eco-innovation and GDP/Energy and GDP/Emissions. The same is verified for GDP/Emissions in the short term, though a very small-scale negative effect was found for GDP/Energy. The results suggest that it is possible to maintain the same level of GDP using Eco-innovation, at least for Energy consumption in EU countries.
A crise climática é um dos maiores problemas que a humanidade está a enfrentar e a solução parece estar longe de ser alcançada, já que, outros problemas, dependentes do desempenho económico dos países, também prendem a atenção dos governos. Por esta razão, devem ser estudadas soluções em consonância com os objetivos relativos à atividade económica e de proteção ambiental. A Eco-inovação poderá ser uma dessas soluções e, por isso, tem vindo a atrair a atenção de investigadores. Este estudo pretende, então, dar um contributo acerca deste tema. Para compreender o impacto da Eco inovação, são utilizadas duas variáveis, nomeadamente, um rácio com PIB/Energia e outro com PIB/Emissões. Estas variáveis permitem entender o impacto da Eco-inovação na produtividade energética e de emissões. Utilizando dados em painel e um modelo ARDL, esta relação é explorada, tanto no curto como no longo prazo, permitindo controlar a Dependência Transversal, problema que decorre devido à elevada dependência entre os países da União Europeia, que constituem a amostra do nosso estudo. Os resultados não sugerem relação de longo prazo entre Eco-inovação e PIB/Energia e PIB/Emissões. O mesmo se verifica no curto prazo em relação à variável PIB/Emissões, embora tenha sido encontrado um efeito negativo de muito pequena escala em relação ao PIB/Energia. Os resultados obtidos sugerem que é possível manter o mesmo nível de PIB utilizando a Eco-inovação, pelo menos para o consumo energético em países da UE.

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Raposo, Rita Isabel Correia Palma. "Economia comportamental: o impacto da norma social e da informação nas decisões de consumo energético dos portugueses". Master's thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10071/15716.

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O ramo da Economia Comportamental estuda a forma como o comportamento dos consumidores afeta o seu processo de tomada de decisão, conduzindo a enviesamentos face aos pressupostos dos modelos económicos clássicos. A influência da norma social ou, na prática, a comparação com os outros, é um dos fatores que tem vindo a ser abordado por vários autores, cujas experiências revelaram algum tipo de impacto na ação dos indivíduos, ainda que com efeitos mistos e nem sempre mensuráveis. O presente estudo apresenta evidência empírica relativa ao consumo energético de uma amostra de 212 agregados domésticos portugueses, na cidade de Évora. Com a parceria da operadora Galp Energia, foi levada a cabo uma experiência de campo natural, que consistiu no envio da comparação social e de dicas de eficiência e poupança energética para 110 agregados da amostra, durante um período de 3 meses, por forma a analisar o impacto da norma social e da informação no comportamento dos consumidores energéticos. O estudo inclui ainda a reação de alguns dos elementos do grupo de tratamento à experiência. Os dados foram analisados através do método "Differences-in-Differences" e os resultados revelaram uma influência pouco expressiva da norma social e da informação na tomada de decisão dos consumidores energéticos, bem como uma reação mista por parte dos participantes. Todavia, e embora alguns inquiridos tenham negado o impacto da comparação, parece haver um interesse em continuar a receber este tipo de relatório mensal e uma convergência entre as reações dos participantes e os comportamentos abordados pela literatura.
The field of Behavioral Economics studies how consumers' behavior affects their decision-making process, leading to assumptions bias that contradict classical economic models. The influence of social norm or, simply, the comparison with others, is one of the factors that has been approached by several authors, whose experiments have revealed different impacts on human action, although with mixed effects, not always measurable. The present study provides empirical evidence on the energy consumption of 212 Portuguese households in the city of Évora. With the partnership of Galp Energia, an energy company, was held a natural field experiment, which consisted of sending the social comparison as well as energy conservation and efficiency tips to 110 households of the sample, for a three-month period, in order to study the impact of social norms and information on energy consumers’ behavior. This paper also includes the reaction to the experiment from some elements of the treatment group. Applying the Differences-in-Differences method the results revealed a small and nonconclusive influence of the social norm and information on the energy consumers’ decision-making, as well as mixed reactions from the participants. However, while some respondents denied the impact of the comparison, there seems to be an interest in continuing to receive the monthly report and a convergence between participants' answers and the behaviors addressed in the literature.

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Vinha, Maria Beatriz Faria de Nogueira. "The influence of green marketing on the Worten customer". Master's thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10071/21849.

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Continued shortage and overuse of natural resources have brought catastrophic environmental consequences that have led to ecosystem degradation, species extinction and, climate change. As a result, environmental concern is continuously increasing, which is highly visible in the new priorities, trends, and habits of the new consumer that has never been so green. Consequently, sustainability is becoming more and more important for organizations that want to address consumer needs by taking their responsibility and minimizing their environmental impact while adding a social contribution. Green marketing (GM) is the tool that allows to promote a social and ecological corporate awareness and gain competitive advantages such as improving corporate environmental performance, image, and reputation. For this, it must be effectively and consistently managed. Nevertheless, although GM is an increasingly common practice within businesses, in general, organizations do not evaluate the impact of the brand's GM on the customer. Thus, this study focuses on understanding the influence of GM on the Worten consumer. A leading electronics consumer company which, although it has a strong and coherent environmental program, lacks knowledge of its effect on its customer. This represents the problem submitted by the green retailer that was researched and answered. The main results achieved led to the conclusion that there is a strong environmental concern reflected in the Worten consumer's predisposition to adopt green behaviors and consumption decisions despite the constraining price barrier. However, the Worten customer is unaware and not engaged in the brand's green efforts mainly due to the company's difficulty in communicating them effectively to its customer. Finally, five improvement proposals in this regard are suggested.
A contínua escassez e utilização excessiva dos recursos naturais provocou consequências ambientais catastróficas que levaram à degradação dos ecossistemas, à extinção de espécies e às alterações climáticas. Como resultado, a preocupação ambiental está continuamente a aumentar o que é claramente visível nas prioridades, tendências, e hábitos do novo consumidor, que nunca foi tão verde. Consequentemente, a sustentabilidade está a tornar-se cada vez mais importante para as organizações que querem responder às necessidades dos consumidores, assumindo a sua própria responsabilidade e minimizando o seu impacto ambiental, acrescentando simultaneamente uma contribuição social. O marketing verde (MV) é a ferramenta que permite promover uma consciência empresarial social e ecológica e obter vantagens competitivas, tais como a melhoria do desempenho ambiental, da imagem e da reputação da empresa. Para tal, é imperativo que esta ferramenta seja gerida de forma eficaz e consistente. No entanto, embora o MV seja uma prática cada vez mais comum nas empresas, em geral, as organizações não avaliam o impacto do MV da marca no cliente. Assim, este estudo centra-se na compreensão da influência do MV no consumidor Worten. Uma empresa líder no consumo de eletrónica que, embora tenha um programa ambiental forte e coerente, carece de conhecimento sobre seu efeito no seu cliente. Este representa o problema colocado pelo retalhista que foi investigado e respondido. Os principais resultados atingidos concluíram que existe uma forte preocupação ambiental refletida na predisposição do consumidor Worten para adotar comportamentos e decisões de consumo verdes, apesar da barreira condicionante do preço. Contudo, o cliente Worten desconhece e não participa nos esforços verdes da marca sobretudo devido à dificuldade da empresa em comunicá-los de forma eficaz. Finalmente, são sugeridas cinco propostas de melhoria neste sentido.

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Bruno, João Rodrigues. "Business plan: hermit, the brand with ecologic identity". Master's thesis, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10071/24327.

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This thesis is a business plan of a brand that will approach the market in an innovative manner, by prioritizing sustainability over profits. Hermit is a casual and outwear clothing and accessories brand that wants to raise awareness to conscious consumption, by offering products that truly contribute for environmental protection, through a give-back policy. Its research problematic decomposes itself in two branches. On a micro level it investigates the business’ viability. On macro level it assesses the possibility of incentivizing other companies to adopt similar strategies. The business plan and its strategy are based upon a vast theoretical literature and a rigorous research methodology. The data analysis indicates a significant potential for market growth and highlights the willingness of consumers to become more conscious when they purchase. The external and internal analysis identifies the socio-cultural conjecture and the brand identity as the main opportunities and resources, respectively. On the other hand, it shows potential threats such as second-hand clothes. Hermit’s strategy lies on three pillars that must work in harmony: maximum sustainability of products, mitigation of trade-off between economy and ecology, and strong brand identity built around its core values. To increase the probability of success, the strategy must be coordinated with a threephased marketing strategy: creation of a community who knows the brand, promotion and sale of products, and marketing of the environmental investments’ results. Under realistic assumptions, the free cashflow forecast showed a positive NPV of 55 104,39 € for a seven years’ time horizon. The break-even point for sales level is 4573 units and the payback period is 6,17 years. The overall conclusion for the research problematic is that Hermit is a viable sustainable business, even though it’s sensible to the sales level. On the other hand, it’s not possible to conclude the project could become a benchmark for other companies, as viability is not the only relevant variable to answer that question. What one may infer from this work is that companies could do much better to attenuate the trade-off between economy and ecology.
A presente tese é um plano de negócios de uma marca que irá entrar no mercado de uma forma inovadora, priorizando a sustentabilidade em detrimento dos lucros. Hermit é uma marca de roupa casual e outdoor que quer incentivar o consumerismo, oferecendo produtos que contribuam verdadeiramente para a proteção do ambiente, através de uma política de devolução. O seu objeto de estudo decompõe-se em dois ramos. A nível micro, investiga a viabilidade do negócio. A nível macro, considera a possibilidade de incentivar outras empresas a adotar estratégias similares. O plano de negócios e a sua estratégia baseiam-se numa vasta literatura teórica e numa rigorosa metodologia de pesquisa. A análise de dados indica um potencial de crescimento do mercado significativo e destaca a intenção dos consumidores de se tornarem cada vez mais conscientes ao adquirir algo. A análise externa e interna identifica a conjuntura sociocultural e a identidade da marca como a principal oportunidade e recurso, respetivamente. Por outro lado, mostra potenciais ameaças como a roupa em segunda mão. A estratégia da Hermit é sustentada por três pilares que têm de funcionar em harmonia: máxima sustentabilidade dos produtos, mitigação do trade-off entre ecologia e economia; e forte identidade da marca construída ao redor dos valores principais. Para aumentar a probabilidade de sucesso, a estratégia tem de ser coordenada com uma estratégia de marketing trifásica: criação de uma comunidade que conhece a marca; promoção e venda de produtos; e marketing dos resultados dos investimentos ambientais. Considerando assunções realistas, a previsão de free cash-flows mostrou uma Valor Atual positivo de 55 104,39 € para um horizonte temporal de sete anos. O ponto de equilíbrio para o nível de vendas é 4573 unidades e o período de retorno é 6,17 anos. A conclusão global para o objeto de estudo é que a Hermit é um negócio sustentável viável, ainda que seja sensível ao nível de vendas. Por outro lado, não é possível concluir que o projeto pode tornarse uma referência para outras empresas, uma vez que a viabilidade não é a única variável relevante para responder a essa questão. O que se pode concluir deste trabalho é que as empresas poderiam fazer muito melhor para atenuar o trade-off entre economia e ecologia.

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