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Frery, Emanuelle, Laurent Langhi i Jelena Markov. "Natural hydrogen exploration in Australia – state of knowledge and presentation of a case study". APPEA Journal 62, nr 1 (13.05.2022): 223–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj21171.
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Hydrogen will play a major role in Australia’s transition to a net zero emissions energy future. The hydrogen industry and technology are scaling up with hydrogen produced via two pathways, thermochemical and electrochemical, that involve the use of fossil fuel feedstock or the use of an electrical current to split water into hydrogen and oxygen. Exploration for and production of natural hydrogen is one of the most promising ways to get large quantities of green hydrogen cheaper than the ‘blue’ hydrogen produced from methane. Some predictions from this growing industry even estimate that the production of natural hydrogen can quickly become economically viable. We propose to review the state of knowledge of natural hydrogen exploration and production in the world and focus on the exploration of the Australian natural seeps in the frame of the incredible exploration rush we are currently experiencing. Surface emanations often referred to as ‘fairy circles’ are often associated with high hydrogen soil-gas measurement and have been described in numerous countries. In the frame of our research, we recently showed that similar hyrdrogen-emitting structures are present in Australia. New regional scale soil-gas measurements reveal persistent hydrogen concentration along the Darling Fault, in the Perth Basin and on the Yilgarn Craton. Those geological settings promote processes such as deep serpentinisation of ultramafic rocks as potential hydrogen sources that are of massive potential economic value. We review the results of different techniques to explore and quantify the presence of natural hydrogen leakage.
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Wang, Lu, Zhijun Jin, Xiao Chen, Yutong Su i Xiaowei Huang. "The Origin and Occurrence of Natural Hydrogen". Energies 16, nr 5 (2.03.2023): 2400. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16052400.
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Hydrogen is an attractive, clean, sustainable energy source primarily produced via industry. At present, most reviews on hydrogen mainly focus on the preparation and storage of hydrogen, while the development and utilization of natural hydrogen will greatly reduce its cost. Natural hydrogen has been discovered in many geological environments. Therefore, based on extensive literature research, in this study, the distribution and sources of natural hydrogen were systematically sorted, and the identification method and occurrence state of natural hydrogen were examined and summarized. The results of this research show that hydrogen has been discovered in oceanic spreading centers, transform faults, passive margins, convergent margins, and intraplate settings. The primary sources of the hydrogen include alterations in Fe(II)-containing rocks, the radiolysis of water, degassed magma, and the reaction of water- and silica-containing rocks during the mechanical fracturing. Hydrogen can appear in free gas, it can be adsorbed and trapped in inclusions. Currently, natural hydrogen exploration is in its infancy. This systematic review helps to understand the origin, distribution, and occurrence pattern of natural hydrogen. In addition, it facilitates the exploration and development of natural hydrogen deposits, thus enabling the production of low-cost hydrogen.
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Joseph, Aimikhe, Victor, i Eyankware, Emmanuel Oghenegare. "Recent Advances in White Hydrogen Exploration and Production: A Mini Review". Journal of Energy Research and Reviews 13, nr 4 (24.04.2023): 64–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/jenrr/2023/v13i4272.
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The quest for natural or white hydrogen exploration and production emanates from the growing interest in clean, carbon-free hydrogen energy. Countries all over the world are beginning to formulate legislation to promote hydrogen production as a way of combating global warming occasioned by climate change. Currently, all avenues for producing hydrogen are either very expensive or environmentally unsustainable. White hydrogen in commercial accumulations might produce cheaper and more environmentally sustainable hydrogen energy, thus providing a viable alternative to other forms of renewable energy. Despite its potential to become the cheapest hydrogen source, published literature on its occurrence, sources, accumulation, generation processes, and recovery methods are scarce. Consequently, little is known regarding white hydrogen sources, accumulation, and extraction. This study reviewed the various sources and forms in which white hydrogen can exist in nature. The various processes by which white hydrogen is produced and extracted have also been presented. This work aimed to offer new perspectives and direction for future research on white hydrogen exploration and production. Furthermore, the current challenges of white hydrogen exploration and production, and its future outlook, were also presented.
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Baxter, Clare, Frank La Pedalina, Andrew McMahon i Toon Hoong Lim. "Early exploration modelling of natural hydrogen systems through the use of existing open source data". Australian Energy Producers Journal 64, nr 2 (16.05.2024): S320—S324. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ep23210.
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Natural hydrogen’s viability as a sustainable energy source will be enhanced through comprehensive geological modelling. This paper integrates existing open-source data to delve into the geological aspects of natural hydrogen exploration and proposes possible workflows. Geological and geophysical modelling entails characterising subsurface formations conducive to natural hydrogen generation and trapping. Utilising geological surveys, field observation, geophysical seismic and gravity data, alongside existing well logs, this analysis looks to identify regions with favourable geological conditions for the generation, migration and structures for accumulation of natural hydrogen. Furthermore, understanding the subsurface geology aids in the development of safe and efficient extraction techniques. By incorporating geological modelling into the evaluation of natural hydrogen, this paper provides a comprehensive overview of its potential as a sustainable energy solution. Leveraging existing open-source data alongside geological insights ensures a robust foundation for decision-making in exploration, production, storage, and utilisation strategies. This integrated approach empowers stakeholders to make informed choices in shaping a greener, more sustainable energy landscape.
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Gondal, Irfan Ahmad. "Offshore renewable energy resources and their potential in a green hydrogen supply chain through power-to-gas". Sustainable Energy & Fuels 3, nr 6 (2019): 1468–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8se00544c.
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Offshore renewable energies are proposed to generate green hydrogen through PEM electrolysis. Power-to-gas process can be used to store hydrogen gas in synergy with existing oil/gas exploration companies. Offshore CCS is thereafter used to assist in the production of synthetic natural gas entirely offshore.
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Boreham, Christopher J., Dianne S. Edwards, Krystian Czado, Nadege Rollet, Liuqi Wang, Simon van der Wielen, David Champion, Richard Blewett, Andrew Feitz i Paul A. Henson. "Hydrogen in Australian natural gas: occurrences, sources and resources". APPEA Journal 61, nr 1 (2021): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj20044.
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Natural or native molecular hydrogen (H2) can be a major component in natural gas, and yet its role in the global energy sector’s usage as a clean energy carrier is not normally considered. Here, we update the scarce reporting of hydrogen in Australian natural gas with new compositional and isotopic analyses of H2 undertaken at Geoscience Australia. The dataset involves ~1000 natural gas samples from 470 wells in both sedimentary and non-sedimentary basins with reservoir rocks ranging in age from the Neoarchean to Cenozoic. Pathways to H2 formation can involve either organic matter intermediates and its association with biogenic natural gas or chemical synthesis and its presence in abiogenic natural gas. The latter reaction pathway generally leads to H2-rich (>10mol% H2) gas in non-sedimentary rocks. Abiogenic H2 petroleum systems are described within concepts of source–migration–reservoir–seal but exploration approaches are different to biogenic natural gas. Rates of abiogenic H2 generation are governed by the availability of specific rock types and different mineral catalysts, and through chemical reactions and radiolysis of accessible water. Hydrogen can be differently trapped compared to hydrocarbon gases; for example, pore space can be created in fractured basement during abiogenic reactions, and clay minerals and evaporites can act as effective adsorbents, traps and seals. Underground storage of H2 within evaporites (specifically halite) and in depleted petroleum reservoirs will also have a role to play in the commercial exploitation of H2. Estimated H2 production rates mainly from water radiolysis in mafic–ultramafic and granitic rocks and serpentinisation of ultramafic–mafic rocks gives a H2 inferred resource potential between ~1.6 and ~58MMm3 year−1 for onshore Australia down to a depth of 1km. The prediction and subsequent identification of subsurface H2 that can be exploited remains enigmatic and awaits robust exploration guidelines and targeted drilling for proof of concept.
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Deronzier, Jean-François, i Hélène Giouse. "Vaux-en-Bugey (Ain, France): the first gas field produced in France, providing learning lessons for natural hydrogen in the sub-surface?" BSGF - Earth Sciences Bulletin 191 (2020): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bsgf/2020005.
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The former Vaux-en-Bugey field, first French methane production from early 20th century, is revisited as a case study to address the present generation and accumulation theories for gases like hydrogen and helium. The volume of the initial gas in place is estimated to be 22 million m3. Based on a composition of 5% of hydrogen and 0.096% of helium, the volumes of these gases in the field were respectively around 1.1 million m3 for hydrogen and 24 000 m3 for helium. The different hypotheses of hydrogen sources are reviewed: serpentinization, hydro-oxidation of siderite, water radiolysis, bio-fermentation, mechanical generation, degassing from depth trough faults, steel corrosion. For helium generation, the different sources of radioactive minerals and intermediate accumulations are examined. The most probable scenario is the hydrogen production by water radiolysis and helium production by radioactive decay in or near the basement, migrating trough deep faults, stored and concentrating in an aquifer with thermogenic methane, then flushed by methane into the gas field, during Jura thrusting. New measurements with portable gas detector, incomplete but including hydrogen, on a former exploration well with accessible flux of gas, give the opportunity to comment gas saturation evolution more than a century after the 1906 discovery. The decreasing of hydrogen content since the discovery of the field is probably due to Sulphate-Reducing Bacteria activity.
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Boschee, Pam. "Comments: The New “Gold Rush” Hunts for Subsurface Hydrogen". Journal of Petroleum Technology 75, nr 11 (1.11.2023): 10–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/1123-0010-jpt.
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_ A gold strike was announced in late October. But in this case the gold was naturally occurring hydrogen in a former coal basin. Known as “white” or “gold” hydrogen, the reported discovery of naturally formed underground hydrogen was made in northeastern France’s Lorraine coal basin, a region between France and Germany. The last coal mine was shut down 20 years ago. Researchers at the French National Centre of Scientific Research (CNRS) were testing a probe designed to analyze gases dissolved in the water of deep underground rock formations, looking for methane, when they detected hydrogen concentrations at depths of 1100 m (14%) and 1250 m (20%). Their calculations estimated the deposits’ potential as between 6 and 250 million metric tons of hydrogen. This wasn’t their first discovery of underground hydrogen in the area. Philippe de Donato and Jacques Pironon made a similar finding “by chance” as part of the Regalor research project in collaboration with Française de l’Energie (FDE), an independent multienergy company, the University of Lorraine, and CNRS. FDE announced the discovery in a press release in May, saying the measurements of hydrogen were made in its previously drilled Folschviller wellsite in the carboniferous aquifer of the Lorraine basin. Launched in 2018, the project’s aim was to confirm an assessment carried out in 2012 by France’s IFPEN petroleum and new energies institute. After analyzing a sample of the soil under the basin, the institute concluded that it contained 370 billion m3 of methane, which represents 8 years of gas consumption in France. De Donato and Pironon said, “The work carried out within the framework of the Regalor project has made it possible to demonstrate that the fluids within the carboniferous formations of the Lorraine mining basin are very significantly enriched in hydrogen, with a measured concentration of 15% at 1093 m depth and estimated at 98% at 3000 m depth.” FDE said in May that it applied for an exclusive mining exploration permit for the exploration of natural hydrogen in the basin. The permit covers an area of 2254 km² in the Grand Est region. The company said a site for a pilot will be identified based on the results obtained and then built to initiate local production and recovery of natural hydrogen in the Grand Est Region. In its October investor update, FDE said measurements will be performed in three of its existing wells by the end of the year to determine the extent of the hydrogen deposit. Reservoirs have also been discovered in the US, Canada, Finland, the Philippines, Australia, Brazil, Oman, Turkey, and Mali. In Mali, the Bourakebougou water well, Bougou-1, was drilled in 1987 in the Taoudeni Basin (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2018.08.193), a large sedimentary system present mainly in Algeria, Mauritania, and Mali. The well was cemented after a gas explosion occurred during drilling operations at a measured depth of 112 m. Unplugged in 2011 for use as a pilot well for local hydrogen production, gas was reported comprising 98% hydrogen, 1% nitrogen, and 1% methane. Hydrogen was then produced as an energy resource to supply local electricity through a company named Petroma, renamed Hydroma. From 2017 to 2019, the company drilled 24 wells. Among the new breed of gold prospectors are several startup companies including Natural Hydrogen Energy, Koloma, Helios Aragon, Gold Hydrogen, HyTerra, and H2Au. Helios Aragon owns exploration permits in northern Spain’s Aragon region and will begin drilling the Monzon-2 appraisal well in 2024 at a cost of $12 million. Estimates for the well are 1.1 million tons of hydrogen, and the company claims the Monzon field holds 5 to 10 million tons within its permits and more than 100 million tons in the region. Natural Hydrogen Energy and HyTerra claim the “first wildcat well targeting natural hydrogen in Nebraska,” the Hoarty well at Project Geneva. HyTerra also holds leases in the Nemaha Ridge in Kansas. The cost advantages of subsurface hydrogen are frequently cited by the early prospectors. For example, the wells in Mali have the potential to generate hydrogen gas at a cost of 50 cents/kg (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2018.08.193), which is only one-tenth the cost of producing hydrogen via electrolysis using solar, wind, geothermal, or other renewable energy sources. If commercialization and economies of scale pan out, this may become the gold standard for hydrogen energy. For Further Reading The Curious Case of Geologic Hydrogen: Assessing its Potential as a Near-Term Clean Energy Source (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joule.2022.01.005) by E.M. Yedinak, US Department of Energy, Advanced Research Projects Agency-Energy. The Occurrence and Geoscience of Natural Hydrogen: A Comprehensive Review (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2020.103140) by V. Zgonnik, Natural Hydrogen Energy LLC.
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Carrillo Ramirez, Alejandra, Felipe Gonzalez Penagos, German Rodriguez i Isabelle Moretti. "Natural H2 Emissions in Colombian Ophiolites: First Findings". Geosciences 13, nr 12 (22.11.2023): 358. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences13120358.
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The exploration of natural H2 or white hydrogen has started in various geological settings. Ophiolitic nappes are already recognized as one of the promising contexts. In South America, the only data available so far concerns the Archean iron-rich rocks of the Mina Gerais in Brazil or the subduction context of Bolivia. In Colombia, despite government efforts to promote white hydrogen, data remain limited. This article introduces the initial dataset obtained through soil gas sampling within the Cauca-Patia Valley and Western Cordillera, where the underlying geology comprises accreted oceanic lithosphere. In this valley, promising areas with H2 potential were identified using remote sensing tools, in particular vegetation anomalies. The Atmospherically Resistant Vegetation Index (ARVI) appears to be well adapted for this context and the field data collection confirmed the presence of H2 in the soil in all pre-selected structures. The valley undergoes extensive cultivation, mainly for sugar cane production. While H2 emissions lead to alterations in vegetation, unlike reports from other countries, they do not result in its complete disappearance. Soil gas measurements along the thrusts bordering the Cauca Valley also show high H2 content in the fault zones. In the valley, the presence of sedimentary cover above the ophiolites which are presumably the H2 generating rocks, which addresses the possible presence of reservoirs and seals to define potential plays. Drawing parallels with the Malian case, it could be that the intrusive element could serve as seals.
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Kernen, Rachelle, Kathryn J. Amos, Ingrid Anell, Sian Evans i Leticia Rodriguez-Blanco. "The role of salt basins in the race to net zero: a focus on Australian basins and key research topics". Australian Energy Producers Journal 64, nr 2 (16.05.2024): S402—S406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ep23213.
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Globally, many salt basins host highly productive fossil fuel resources and provide excellent opportunities for developing economically viable clean energy systems such as (1) energy storage in salt caverns, including hydrogen, helium, natural gas, and other economic gases; (2) permanent sequestration of carbon dioxide; (3) development of geothermal energy; (4) critical mineral exploration and extraction, and (5) natural hydrogen production. Despite the high potential to deploy financially viable clean energy solutions related to the formation and evolution of salt basins, our current knowledge regarding critical aspects of salt basin characterisation in Australia is limited. New research is necessary to develop these sustainable energy systems and achieve net zero emissions; therefore, it is critical to re-evaluate the geology of salt basins. Key research areas to enable these opportunities relate to the precipitation, deposition, and deformation of salt basins. This paper reviews the potential for a range of energy systems within salt basins, outlines emerging research topics, and demonstrates the value of Australian salt basin outcrop analogues for improved subsurface interpretation globally.
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Viswanathan, V., i Nage Deepashri. "Influence of pH on Hydrogen Absorption in Duplex Stainless Steel". Advanced Materials Research 794 (wrzesień 2013): 592–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.794.592.
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With rising demands, oil and gas exploration of high-pressure high-temperature (HPHT) wells are increasing worldwide. Due to aggressiveness of HPHT environments, piping and equipments are constructed with high-strength corrosion resistant alloys (CRAs). Duplex stainless steel is one of the candidate alloys that offer high strength along with corrosion resistance. It possesses the advantages of both austenitic and ferritic stainless steels and hence, the name duplex or dual phase stainless steel. In order to control corrosion, cathodic protection is commonly being employed on the structures and equipment. Cathodic protection is accomplished by applying a direct current to the structure which causes the structure potential to change from the natural corrosion potential (Ecorr). The required cathodic protection current is supplied by sacrificial anode materials or by an impressed current system. Hydrogen embrittlement (HE) is an associated phenomenon, which results in the production of hydrogen ions, leading to its absorption in the protected metal and subsequent hydrogen embrittlement of metals and welds. To prevent this embrittlement, cathodic protection is closely studied in terms of finding the critical potential, pH, temperature etc. that does not cause hydrogen embrittlement. This paper describes the study carried out to find the role of pH on the absorption of hydrogen in Duplex Stainless steel. It has been observed that at a critical pH, hydrogen intake in the sample is very high, as compared to the pH below and above the critical pH. Critical pH observed for duplex stainless steel is a trade of between hydrogen evolution and absorption for given duplex structure.
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Meju, Max A., i Ahmad Shahir Saleh. "Using Large-Size Three-Dimensional Marine Electromagnetic Data for the Efficient Combined Investigation of Natural Hydrogen and Hydrocarbon Gas Reservoirs: A Geologically Consistent and Process-Oriented Approach with Implications for Carbon Footprint Reduction". Minerals 13, nr 6 (30.05.2023): 745. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min13060745.
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The recycling or burial of carbon dioxide in depleted petroleum reservoirs and re-imagining exploration strategies that focus on hydrogen reservoirs (with any associated hydrocarbon gas as the upside potential) are a necessity in today’s environmental and geopolitical climate. Given that geologic hydrogen and hydrocarbon gases may occur in the same or different reservoirs, there will be gains in efficiency when searching for both resources together since they share some commonalities, but there is no geophysical workflow available yet for this purpose. Three-dimensional (3D) marine controlled-source electromagnetic (CSEM) and magnetotelluric (MT) methods provide valuable information on rock-and-fluid variations in the subsurface and can be used to investigate hydrogen and hydrocarbon reservoirs, source rocks, and the migration pathways of contrasting resistivity relative to the host rock. In this paper, a process-oriented CSEM-MT workflow is proposed for the efficient combined investigation of reservoir hydrocarbon and hydrogen within a play-based exploration and production framework that emphasizes carbon footprint reduction. It has the following challenging elements: finding the right basin (and block), selecting the right prospect, drilling the right well, and exploiting the opportunities for sustainability and CO2 recycling or burial in the appropriate reservoirs. Recent methodological developments that integrate 3D CSEM-MT imaging into the appropriate structural constraints to derive the geologically robust models necessary for resolving these challenges and their extension to reservoir monitoring are described. Instructive case studies are revisited, showing how 3D CSEM-MT models facilitate the interpretation of resistivity information in terms of the key elements of geological prospect evaluation (presence of source rocks, migration and charge, reservoir rock, and trap and seal) and understanding how deep geological processes control the distribution and charging of potential hydrocarbon, geothermal, and hydrogen reservoirs. In particular, evidence is provided that deep crustal resistivity imaging can map serpentinized ultramafic rocks (possible source rocks for hydrogen) in offshore northwest Borneo and can be combined with seismic reflection data to map vertical fluid migration pathways and their barrier (or seal), as exemplified by the subhorizontal detachment zones in Eocene shale in the Mexican Ridges fold belt of the southwest of the Gulf of Mexico, raising the possibility of using integrated geophysical methods to map hydrogen kitchens in different terrains. The methodological advancements and new combined investigative workflow provide a way for improved resource mapping and monitoring and, hence, a technology that could play a critical role in helping the world reach net-zero emissions by 2050.
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Nyunda, Ricky Putra Banyim, Ni Made Rita Wiantini, Ni Made Pitri Susanti i Ni Putu Linda Laksmiani. "Comparative in-silico analysis of vitexin and orientin as potential antiphotoaging agents against MMP enzymes". Pharmacy Reports 3, nr 2 (31.03.2024): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.51511/pr.60.
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Photoaging, a result of excessive UV exposure, increases ROS production and collagen degradation by MMPs, causing skin wrinkles and roughness. This study explores the potential of vitexin and orientin as natural antiphotoaging agents through in-silico molecular docking, comparing their efficacy against retinol in inhibiting MMP-1, MMP-3, and MMP-9 enzymes involved in photoaging. The research utilized Hyperchem 8 for compound optimization, Chimera 1.11 for target protein preparation, and AutodockTools 1.5.6 for docking analysis. Results demonstrated that vitexin and orientin exhibit stronger affinity towards MMP-1, MMP-3, and MMP-9, indicated by more negative binding energies than retinol. Their interaction with the MMP enzymes, characterized by specific hydrogen bonds with key amino acid residues, suggests a potent inhibitory effect. This affinity indicates vitexin and orientin’s potential as effective antiphotoaging agents, providing a basis for further exploration in skin care applications.
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Sharma, Prakash, Flor Lucia De la Cruz i Jonathan Sultoon. "Finding winners in the hydrogen hype". APPEA Journal 62, nr 2 (13.05.2022): S67—S71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj21168.
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The global energy trade is set for its greatest transformation since the 1970s and the rise of OPEC (The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries). Electrification is central to this as countries plough money into renewables to reduce emissions and enhance energy security. But electrification can take the world only so far. With higher carbon prices looming on the horizon, fossil fuel exporters and industrial sectors – as well as heavy-duty trucking, shipping and aviation – need alternatives to decarbonise. Most are looking to electricity-based fuels and feedstocks such as hydrogen, ammonia and methanol to replace hydrocarbons. This will revolutionise energy trade, with total trade declining by as much as 50% and virtually all remaining traded oil gas and coal being either completely decarbonised or backed by offsets. With 147 GWel (giga‐watts electrolyser capacity) in announced projects, green hydrogen produced from renewable electricity is ahead of the game. And while its export supply chains are complex, requiring conversion into a ‘product’ to allow delivery, there is no exploration risk as in oil and gas projects. Worldwide, national hydrogen roadmaps are being passed, with virtually all oil and gas companies, utilities and industrials backing at least one hydrogen project. Focus is now shifting to future sources of hydrogen supply. Lenders will be drawn to locations with a proven track record of exporting natural resources, suitable conditions for low-cost renewable electricity and the potential for large-scale carbon capture. A few countries already stand out, but none more so than Australia. Using our proprietary research, we will present a case study evaluating hydrogen supply options from Australia, Saudi Arabia and Canada – delivered into key markets like Japan for different applications. We will also assess when costs will fall across the value chain – production, midstream and downstream – and reach parity to incumbent fuels.
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Szymczak, Pat Davis. "World’s Largest Gas-Producing Nations: Natural Gas Will Keep the Lights on for the Next Generation". Journal of Petroleum Technology 73, nr 04 (1.04.2021): 18–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/0421-0018-jpt.
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Natural gas is almost certain to be the fastest-growing fossil fuel in the global energy mix for decades to come, comprising 28% of the global energy mix by 2050. Together with renewables, natural gas will likely fuel 60% of global electricity production, be it as pipeline gas, liquefied natural gas (LNG), or blue hydrogen. These are among the forecasts that appear in the 2020 edition of the GECF (Gas Exporting Countries Forum) Global Gas Outlook 2050 released in February 2021 and providing short-, medium-, and long-term energy projections based on assumptions regarding macroeconomic conditions, energy prices, and policies. The report is updated yearly and is the flagship publication of the organization, which represents countries that control 71% of global gas reserves. It is unique in that it focuses exclusively on the global gas industry, which today is providing for 23% of global energy needs. Headquartered in Doha, Qatar, the GECF is an intergovernmental organization comprising 11 member countries and nine observer states, established in 2001 by Russia and Iran. Moscow and Tehran had hoped that GECF would eventually morph into a “Gas OPEC” but that never happened. The organization’s analyses and forecasts do, however, present a worthwhile snapshot of how the world’s largest gas producers see the industry. Member states in GECF include Algeria, Bolivia, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Iran, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Russia, Trinidad and Tobago, and Venezuela. Observer countries are Angola, Azerbaijan, Iraq, Kazakhstan, Malaysia, Norway, Oman, Peru, and the UAE. Unconventional Gas To Play Growing Role In its report, the GECF noted that unconventional resources will be playing a growing role in the market and that gas producers will need to emphasize unconventional projects to satisfy growing demand, as well as to invest heavily into exploration to identify and tap into new gas reserves and develop greenfield projects. “It is also important to highlight the increasing interest in hydrogen as a lever to support the deep decarbonization of the world’s economies,” Yury P. Sentyurin, GECF’s Secretary General, wrote in his introduction to the annual outlook. In mentioning hydrogen, Sentyurin is speaking about “blue hydrogen” which is produced from natural gas, and which, when combined with CCUS (carbon capture, utilization, storage) can marry commercial and environmental interests, further positioning natural gas as a transition fuel to bridge the gap between fossil fuels and renewable sources of energy. Blue hydrogen is in fact expected to satisfy half of the hydrogen demand projected worldwide by 2050, Sentyurin points out. Policies being set by countries in the European Union have focused more on costly “green hydrogen” produced from renewable sources; but not in the policies of other nations in regions of the world where growth in energy demand is expected to be the highest. Growth in European energy demand is largely flat.
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İSTANBULLUGİL, Fatih Ramazan, Nuri TAŞ, Ulaş ACARÖZ, Damla ARSLAN-ACAROZ, Ömer ÇAKMAK, Sezen EVRENKAYA i Zeki GÜRLER. "A Review on the Antimicrobial Effect of Honey on Salmonella and Listeria monocytogenes: Recent Studies". Manas Journal of Agriculture Veterinary and Life Sciences 13, nr 2 (22.12.2023): 210–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.53518/mjavl.1379465.
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Foodborne pathogens like Salmonella and Listeria monocytogenes are microbial agents capable of causing severe illnesses, and they pose a perpetual menace to the food industry. Given their potential to jeopardize human health, both food producers and consumers hold significant concerns regarding these pathogens. The quest for novel strategies and natural preservatives in the domain of food safety holds paramount importance in the effort to curtail the dissemination and contamination of these pathogens. In this context, honey stands out as a notable natural product with substantial potential. Honey, through its bioactive constituents, including phenolic compounds, specialized enzymes, and particularly the production of hydrogen peroxide, can serve as an efficacious tool in combatting microorganisms. This review undertakes an exploration of the antimicrobial impacts of honey on Salmonella and Listeria monocytogenes by conducting a comprehensive assessment of existing literature and consolidating available data. The existing data strongly indicates the potential of honey's antimicrobial components to hinder the proliferation and dissemination of these pathogens. This review's principal aim is to outline a path for future research and applications, acknowledging the essential need for additional data and thorough investigations before efficiently deploying honey as a countermeasure against these pathogens.
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Gelfgat, Mikhail, Alexey Alkhimenko i Sergey Kolesov. "Corrosion and the role of structural aluminum alloys in the construction of oil and gas wells". E3S Web of Conferences 121 (2019): 04003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201912104003.
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This paper presents the main research results and examples of structural aluminium alloys (SAA) effective use in the oil and gas wells construction onshore and offshore. The known application cases are drill pipes, tubing and casing. Competitive properties of SAA for hydrocarbons exploration and production were identified as strength-to-weight ratio, high total corrosion resistance, including dissolved hydrogen sulphide and carbon dioxide, absence of cold-shortness effect. The issues with the natural properties of aluminum alloys requiring process and structural corrections were addressed as well. Technical solutions to neutralize characteristics, which limited SAA use in the wells construction have been advised and examples of implementation shown. Among them, technology of surface layers modification, coatings and methods of isolation contacts with other material, system of integrated corrosion protection and optimization of operation environment. Aluminum drilling riser (ADR) is one of the most striking examples of the object from SAA. ADR presents integrated solution of SAA application problems. Finally, SAA could successfully address well construction corrosion issues.
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Sirasagikar, Reshma N., Ustad Bushra, Ashok Sudarshan i Agsar Dayanand. "Detection of actinobacteria from sediment soil: Exploration of metabolites as fungal plant pathogen inhibitors and plant growth promoters". Research Journal of Biotechnology 18, nr 9 (15.08.2023): 155–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.25303/1809rjbt1550169.
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The rhizosphere is an area with dense microbial activity. Actinobacteria are one among the rhizomicroflora inhabiting in the plant rhizosphere by protecting plants from pathogens by producing secondary metabolites, as plant growth promoters and by producing hydrolytic enzymes. But in the modern era of agriculture, the outrageous use of chemical fertilizers in the agriculture fields is causing major environmental pollution and the agricultural soil is losing its texture and fertility. So, in the present study, we aimed to isolate and screen indigenous actinobacterial strains which are capable of producing antifungal metabolites, plant growth promoting ability and hydrolytic enzymes. A total of 23 isolates of actinobacteria have been isolated. Among all the other actinobacterial isolates, Streptomyces sp. DRPG-15, which was isolated from the sediment soil of the Tamankal River, revealed a noticeable antagonistic activity against Macrophomina phaseolina for Sorghum and Sclerotium rolfsii for Chickpeas respectively. 16S rRNA sequence analysis showed that the Streptomyces sp. DRPG-15 exhibited 100% homology with Streptomyces enissocaesilis DRPG-15 OP985046. All 23 isolates were screened for the production of indole acetic acid, hydrogen cyanide, ammonia production and nitrate reduction and were also screened for various hydrolytic enzymes like Caseinase, Protease, Cellulase, Amylase, Chitinase, Pectinase, Gelatinase, L-asparaginase and Streptomyces sp. DRPG-15 was the only isolate that showed positive results for antagonistic activity, plant growth-promoting ability and enzymatic activity. The entire study indicates that the selected strain of Streptomyces sp. DRPG-15 is implying its possible utilization as a natural bioinoculant for sustainable agriculture.
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Khurmy, Ammr M., Ahmad Al Harbi, Abdul Gani Abdul Jameel, Nabeel Ahmad i Usama Ahmed. "Conversion of Vacuum Residue from Refinery Waste to Cleaner Fuel: Technical and Economic Assessment". Sustainability 15, nr 21 (27.10.2023): 15362. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su152115362.
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Environmental concerns surrounding the use of high-sulfur fuel oil (HFO), a marine fuel derived from refinery vacuum residue, motivate the exploration of alternative solutions. Burning high-sulfur fuel oil (HFO) is a major source of air pollution, acid rain, ocean acidification, and climate change. When HFO is burned, it releases sulfur dioxide (SO2) into the air, a harmful gas that can cause respiratory problems, heart disease, and cancer. SO2 emissions can also contribute to acid rain, which can damage forests and lakes. Several countries and international organizations have taken steps to reduce HFO emissions from ships. For example, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) has implemented a global sulfur cap for marine fuels, which limits the sulfur content of fuel to 0.5% by mass. In addition, there is a worldwide effort to encourage the use of low-carbon gases to help reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. There are several alternative fuels that can be used in ships instead of HFO, such as liquefied natural gas (LNG), methanol, and hydrogen. These fuels are cleaner and more environmentally friendly than HFO. The aim of this study is to develop a process integration framework to co-produce methanol and hydrogen from vacuum residue while minimizing the sulfur and carbon emissions. Two process models have been developed in this study to produce methanol and hydrogen from vacuum residue. In case 1, vacuum residue is gasified using oxygen—steam and the syngas leaving the gasifier is processed to produce both methanol and hydrogen. Case 2 shares the same process model as case 1 except it is concentrated on mainly methanol production from vacuum residue. Both models are techno-economically compared in terms of methanol and H2 production rates, specific energy requirements, carbon conversion, CO2 specific emissions, overall process efficiencies, and project feasibility while considering the fluctuation of vacuum residue feed price from 0.022 $/kg to 0.11 $/kg. The comparative analysis showed that case 2 offers an 86.01% lower specific energy requirement (GJ) for each kilogram (kg) of fuel produced. The CO2 specific emission also decreased in case 2 by 69.76% compared to case 1. In addition, the calculated total net fuel production cost is 0.453 $/kg and 0.223 $/kg at 0.066 $/kg for case 1 and 2, respectively. Overall, case 2 exhibits better project feasibility compared to case 1 with higher process performance and lower production costs.
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Pasquet, Gabriel, Rokiya Houssein Hassan, Olivier Sissmann, Jacques Varet i Isabelle Moretti. "An Attempt to Study Natural H2 Resources across an Oceanic Ridge Penetrating a Continent: The Asal–Ghoubbet Rift (Republic of Djibouti)". Geosciences 12, nr 1 (29.12.2021): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences12010016.
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Dihydrogen (H2) is generated by fluid–rock interactions along mid-ocean ridges (MORs) and was not, until recently, considered as a resource. However, in the context of worldwide efforts to decarbonize the energy mix, clean hydrogen is now highly sought after, and the production of natural H2 is considered to be a powerful alternative to electrolysis. The Afar Rift System has many geological features in common with MORs and offers potential in terms of natural H2 resources. Here, we present data acquired during initial exploration in this region. H2 contents in soil and within fumaroles were measured along a 200 km section across the Asal–Ghoubbet rift and the various intervening grabens, extending from Obock to Lake Abhe. These newly acquired data have been synthesized with existing data, including those from the geothermal prospect area of the Asal–Ghoubbet rift zone. Our results demonstrate that basalt alteration with oxidation of iron-rich facies and simultaneous reduction in water is the likely the source of the hydrogen, although H2S reduction cannot be ruled out. However, H2 volumes at the surface within fumaroles were found to be low, reaching only a few percent. These values are considerably lower than those found in MORs. This discrepancy may be attributed to bias introduced by surface sampling; for example, microorganisms may be preferentially consuming H2 near the surface in this environment. However, the low H2 generation rates found in the study area could also be due to a lack of reactants, such as fayalite (i.e., owing to the presence of low-olivine basalts with predominantly magnesian olivines), or to the limited volume and slow circulation of water. In future, access to additional subsurface data acquired through the ongoing geothermal drilling campaign will bring new insight to help answer these questions.
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Brinkert, Katharina, Álvaro Romero-Calvo, Oemer Akay, Shaumica Saravanabavan i Eniola Sokalu. "(Keynote) Releasing the Bubbles: Efficient Phase Separation in (Photo-)Electrochemical Devices in Microgravity Environment". ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-01, nr 56 (28.08.2023): 2715. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-01562715mtgabs.
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One of the major challenges human space exploration faces is the absence of buoyancy forces in orbit. Consequently, phase separation is severely hindered which impacts a large variety of space technologies including propellant management devices, heat transfer and life support systems e.g., during the production of oxygen and the recycling of carbon dioxide. Of particular interest are hereby (photo-)electrochemical (PEC) devices as they can produce essential chemicals such as oxygen and hydrogen in two set-ups: either, by coupling the electrochemical cell to external photovoltaic cells as currently utilized on the International Space Station or by direct utilization of sunlight in a monolithic device, where integrated semiconductor-electrocatalyst systems carry out the processes of light absorption, charge separation and catalysis in analogy to natural photosynthesis in one system. The latter device is particularly interesting for space applications due to present mass and volume constraints. Here, we discuss two combined approaches to overcome phase separation challenges in (photo-)electrolyzer systems in reduced gravitational environments: using the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) as a model reaction, we combine nanostructured, hydrophilic electrocatalyst surfaces for efficient gas bubble desorption with magnetically-induced buoyancy to direct the produced hydrogen gas bubbles on specific trajectories away from the (photo-)electrode surface. (Photo-)current-voltage (J-V) profiles obtained in microgravity environments generated for 9.2 s at the Bremen Drop Tower show that our systems can operate with our two-fold approach near terrestrial efficiencies. Simulations of gas bubble trajectories accompany our experimental observations, allowing us to attribute the achieved phase separation in the PEC cells to the increased electrode wettability as well as the systematic use of diamagnetic and Lorentz forces.
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Lin, Hao, Yao Xiao, Aixia Geng, Huiting Bi, Xiao Xu, Xuelian Xu i Junjiang Zhu. "Research Progress on Graphitic Carbon Nitride/Metal Oxide Composites: Synthesis and Photocatalytic Applications". International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, nr 21 (26.10.2022): 12979. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms232112979.
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Although graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) has been reported for several decades, it is still an active material at the present time owing to its amazing properties exhibited in many applications, including photocatalysis. With the rapid development of characterization techniques, in-depth exploration has been conducted to reveal and utilize the natural properties of g-C3N4 through modifications. Among these, the assembly of g-C3N4 with metal oxides is an effective strategy which can not only improve electron–hole separation efficiency by forming a polymer–inorganic heterojunction, but also compensate for the redox capabilities of g-C3N4 owing to the varied oxidation states of metal ions, enhancing its photocatalytic performance. Herein, we summarized the research progress on the synthesis of g-C3N4 and its coupling with single- or multiple-metal oxides, and its photocatalytic applications in energy production and environmental protection, including the splitting of water to hydrogen, the reduction of CO2 to valuable fuels, the degradation of organic pollutants and the disinfection of bacteria. At the end, challenges and prospects in the synthesis and photocatalytic application of g-C3N4-based composites are proposed and an outlook is given.
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Broadhead, Ronald F. "Helium - Relationships to other reservoir gases and some implications for exploration: The New Mexico Example". Mountain Geologist 60, nr 4 (1.12.2023): 141–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.31582/rmag.mg.60.3.141.
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Helium (He) is the second most abundant element in the universe after hydrogen but is relatively rare on earth. He occurs as two stable isotopes, 3He and 4He. 4He is the dominant isotope in crustal gases and is a radiogenic decay product of uranium and thorium mainly in granitic basement rocks. 3He is dominantly primordial and primarily originates from the earth’s mantle. 3He may also be formed by radiogenic decay of 6Li (Lithium) which may be found in argillaceous sediments deposited in evaporitic settings. Although He occurs in most natural gases, it almost always occurs in extremely low, subeconomic concentrations, less than 0.1%. It is rare in concentrations more than 1%. A very few small reservoirs have gases with more than 7% He. Other gases that constitute the dominant components of helium-bearing natural gases are nitrogen (N2), carbon dioxide (CO2), and methane (CH4). The highest He concentrations occur where the dominant gas is N2 but most He has historically been produced as a byproduct of gases that are hydrocarbons. Hydrocarbons are generated from petroleum source rocks. Their presence in a reservoir is dependent upon the presence of a mature source rock in the basin and a migration path between the source rock and the reservoir. Large accumulations of CO2 in the southwestern U.S. resulted from the degassing of rising Tertiary magmas and subsequent migration of the gases into crustal reservoirs. N2 appears to originate mostly from degassing of the mantle but may also be formed in some strata by the thermal maturation of kerogens or by diagenetic alteration of clays or organic compounds in red bed sequences. The presence of economic concentrations of He in reservoir gases is dependent not only on an adequate source of 4He generated from granitic basement rocks but also on accommodating flux rates of N2, CO2, and CH4. These gases differ in their origins, places of generation and rates of generation, migration and emplacement. While basement-derived 4He and N2 enter reservoirs at slow rates over long periods of geologic time, hydrocarbons and CO2 enter the reservoir over much shorter time periods and dilute the 4He and N2. Basement-derived gases may be characterized by differing N2:He ratios which may indicate greater rates of He production within the crust in some areas. Exploratory drilling for He on Chupadera Mesa in the late 1990’s and early 2000’s encountered He-rich gases in Lower Permian strata. Isotopic analyses suggest that 93% of Chupadera Mesa He originated from radiogenic decay in crustal rocks while 7% is derived from the mantle or with a possible contribution by evaporitic Permian shales. Marked differences in the CO2 concentrations in different strata indicate that some strata acted as carrier beds for magmatically-derived CO2 while strata with N2-rich and CO2-poor gases were isolated from CO2 sources.
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Dzulkharnien, Nur Syafiqah Farhanah, i Rosiah Rohani. "A Review on Current Designation of Metallic Nanocomposite Hydrogel in Biomedical Applications". Nanomaterials 12, nr 10 (10.05.2022): 1629. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12101629.
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In the past few decades, nanotechnology has been receiving significant attention globally and is being continuously developed in various innovations for diverse applications, such as tissue engineering, biotechnology, biomedicine, textile, and food technology. Nanotechnological materials reportedly lack cell-interactive properties and are easily degraded into unfavourable products due to the presence of synthetic polymers in their structures. This is a major drawback of nanomaterials and is a cause of concern in the biomedicine field. Meanwhile, particulate systems, such as metallic nanoparticles (NPs), have captured the interest of the medical field due to their potential to inhibit the growth of microorganisms (bacteria, fungi, and viruses). Lately, researchers have shown a great interest in hydrogels in the biomedicine field due to their ability to retain and release drugs as well as to offer a moist environment. Hence, the development and innovation of hydrogel-incorporated metallic NPs from natural sources has become one of the alternative pathways for elevating the efficiency of therapeutic systems to make them highly effective and with fewer undesirable side effects. The objective of this review article is to provide insights into the latest fabricated metallic nanocomposite hydrogels and their current applications in the biomedicine field using nanotechnology and to discuss the limitations of this technology for future exploration. This article gives an overview of recent metallic nanocomposite hydrogels fabricated from bioresources, and it reviews their antimicrobial activities in facilitating the demands for their application in biomedicine. The work underlines the fabrication of various metallic nanocomposite hydrogels through the utilization of natural sources in the production of biomedical innovations, including wound healing treatment, drug delivery, scaffolds, etc. The potential of these nanocomposites in relation to their mechanical strength, antimicrobial activities, cytotoxicity, and optical properties has brought this technology into a new dimension in the biomedicine field. Finally, the limitations of metallic nanocomposite hydrogels in terms of their methods of synthesis, properties, and outlook for biomedical applications are further discussed.
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Ullah, Irfan, Akhtar Munir, Ali Haider, Najeeb Ullah i Irshad Hussain. "Supported polyoxometalates as emerging nanohybrid materials for photochemical and photoelectrochemical water splitting". Nanophotonics 10, nr 6 (11.03.2021): 1595–620. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2020-0542.
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Abstract Sunlight and water are among the most plentiful and sustainable resources of energy. Natural photosystem II in the plants uses these resources in ecofriendly manner for the production of atmospheric oxygen and energy. Inspired by this natural process, the development of artificial catalytic system to facilitate the solar-induced water splitting for the continuous production of hydrogen is the holy grail of the chemist and energy experts to meet the future energy demand at minimal environmental cost. Despite considerable research efforts dedicated to this area in the last decade, the development of highly efficient, stable and economic photocatalysts remain a challenging task for the large scale H2 production from water. Polyoxometalates (POMs)-based materials are emerging photo/photoelectrocatalysts in this quest owing to their multi-electron redox potential and fast reversible charge transfer properties, which are the essential requirements of photo-assisted water splitting catalysis. They are generally soluble in aqueous medium and thus their inherent catalytic/co-catalytic properties can be better exploited by incorporating/immobilizing them over suitable support materials. Therefore, exploration of discrete POM units over the support materials possessing high surface area, functionalizable architecture, flexible pore size and good light harvesting ability is an attractive area of research that has resulted in the generation of a strong library of heterocatalysts. The underlying support not only offers stability and recyclability attributes to the POM units but also provides decent dispersion, easy/maximum accessibility to the active sites, enhanced absorption capability, and synergistically enhances the activity by transfer of electrons and efficient charge/carriers separation by creating POM-support junctions. This mini-review emphasizes on the strategies for the incorporation of POMs on various porous supports like metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), covalent-organic frameworks (COFs), oxide-based semiconductors, carbonaceous materials, etc., and their applications as effective photo/photoelectrocatalysts for water splitting. In addition, the mechanistic study, comparative analysis and the future potential of these novel nanoscale materials is also highlighted. We believe that this review article will provide a new direction and scientific interest at the boundary of materials engineering, and solar-driven chemistry for the sustainable energy conversion/storage processes.
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Houacine, Chahinez, Sakib Saleem Yousaf, Iftikhar Khan, Rajneet Kaur Khurana i Kamalinder K. Singh. "Potential of Natural Biomaterials in Nano-scale Drug Delivery". Current Pharmaceutical Design 24, nr 43 (28.03.2019): 5188–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612825666190118153057.
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<P>Background: The usage of natural biomaterials or naturally derived materials intended for interface with biological systems has steadily increased in response to the high demand of amenable materials, which are suitable for purpose, biocompatible and biodegradable. There are many naturally derived polymers which overlap in terms of purpose as biomaterials but are equally diverse in their applications. </P><P> Methods: This review examines the applications of the following naturally derived polymers; hyaluronic acid, silk fibroin, chitosan, collagen and tamarind polysaccharide (TSP); further focusing on the biomedical applications of each as well as emphasising on individual novel applications. </P><P> Results: Each of the polymers was found to demonstrate a wide variety of successful biomedical applications fabricated as wound dressings, scaffolds, matrices, films, sponges, implants or hydrogels to suit the therapeutic need. Interestingly, blending and amelioration of polymer structures were the two selection strategies to modify the functionality of the polymers to suit the purpose. Further, these polymers have shown promise to deliver small molecule drugs, proteins and genes as nano-scale delivery systems. </P><P> Conclusion: The review highlights the range of applications of the aforementioned polymers as biomaterials. Hyaluronic acid, silk fibroin, chitosan, collagen and TSP have been successfully utilised as biomaterials in the subfields of implant enhancement, wound management, drug delivery, tissue engineering and nanotechnology. Whilst there are a number of associated advantages (i.e. biodegradability, biocompatibility, non-toxic, nonantigenic as well as amenability) the selected disadvantages of each individual polymer provide significant scope for their further exploration and overcoming challenges like feasibility of mass production at a relatively low cost.</P>
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HARlIA, EllIN HARlIA, MARlINA ET, MASITA R i RAHMAH KN. "POTENTIAL OF LIVESTOCK MANURE FOR COAL ACTIVATION". Jurnal Biologi Udayana 21, nr 1 (30.06.2017): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/jbiounud.2017.vol21.i01.p06.
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The natural methane formed by bacteria in anaerobic conditions is known as biogenic gas. Gas trapped in coal, formed through thermogenesis as well as biogenesisis known as coal-bed methane (CBM). The availability of organic material as decomposition of this material into methane is continuously required for the production of methane in the coal aquifer. The aim of this research was to investigate whether or not cattle feces bacteria were able to grow and produce methane in coal. Parameters measured were Volatile Fatty Acids (VFA) and the production of biogas, such as nitrogen, hydrogen, carbon dioxide, and methane. Explorative method was used and data obtained was analyzed by descriptive approach. The results showed that the bacteria found in the feces survived in the coal and produce biogas. On day 2 when the process was at the acidogenesis phase, it produced VFA with the largest component of acetic acid. Acetic acid would undergo decarboxylation and reduction of CO2 followed by reactions of H2and CO2 to produce methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) as the final products. ,
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JPT staff, _. "E&P Notes (February 2022)". Journal of Petroleum Technology 74, nr 02 (1.02.2022): 17–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/0222-0017-jpt.
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Shell Signs Concession for Oman Block 10 Shell, along with its partners OQ and Marsa Liquefied Natural Gas LLC (a joint venture between TotalEnergies and OQ), have signed a concession agreement with the Ministry of Energy and Minerals on behalf of the government of the Sultanate of Oman to develop and produce natural gas from Block 10. The parties also signed a separate gas sales agreement for gas produced from the block. The two agreements follow an interim upstream agreement signed in February 2019. The concession agreement establishes Shell as the operator of Block 10, holding a 53.45% working interest, with OQ and Marsa LNG holding 13.36% and 33.19%, respectively. For the initial phase, Petroleum Development Oman (PDO) is building the infrastructure for the project, including the main pipeline to the Saih Rawl gas processing facility, on behalf of the Block 10 venture partners. The venture will drill and hook up wells to maintain the production beyond the initial phase. The block is expected to reach production of 0.5 Bcf/D. Startup is expected within the next 2 years. In addition, Shell and Energy Development Oman (EDO) signed an agreement to process the natural gas from Block 10 in EDO’s Saih Rawl facility. Shell and the government have agreed that, in parallel to the development of Block 10, Shell will develop options for a separate downstream gas project in which Shell could produce and sell low-carbon products and support the development of hydrogen in Oman. Equinor Encounters Oil at Toppand Equinor has discovered oil in the Troll and Fram area in exploration wells 35/10-7 S and 35/10-7 A in the Toppand prospect. Preliminary calculations indicate between 21 million and 33 million BOE of recoverable reserves. Well 35/10-7 S encountered an oil column of around 75 m in the lower part of the Ness formation and in the Etive formation. There were also traces of hydrocarbons in the shale- and coal-dominated upper part of the Brent Group. A total of around 68 m of effective sandstone reservoir of good to very good reservoir quality was encountered in the Ness and Etive formations combined. Exploration well 35/10-7 A encountered a 60-m oil-filled sandstone-dominated interval in the lower part of the Ness formation and in the Etive formation. A total of around 67 m of effective sandstone reservoir of good to moderate quality were encountered in the Ness and Etive formations combined. Geir Sørtveit, senior vice president for exploration and production west operations for Equinor, said, “We are pleased to see that our success in the Troll- and Fram area continues. We also regard this discovery to be commercially viable and will consider tying it to the Troll B or Troll C platform. Such discoveries close to existing infrastructure are characterized by high profitability, a short payback period, and low CO2 emissions.” These wells are the second and third exploration wells in Production License 630. The license was awarded in the 2011 Award in Predefined Areas. The wells were drilled around 8 km west of the Fram field and 140 km northwest of Bergen. Equinor holds a 50% stake and operates Toppand. Partner Wellesley holds the remaining 50% interest. Petrobras Sells Polo Carmópolis Stake to Carmo Petrobras has signed a deal to sell its stake in the onshore Polo Carmópolis area to Carmo Energy for $1.1 billion. The operator said $275 million would be paid up front, another $550 million when the deal closes, and a further $275 million 1 year after closure of the deal, which still needs regulatory approval. The Polo Carmópolis area comprises 11 onshore concessions in the state of Sergipe. Petrobras said in a statement that it is increasingly concentrating its resources on deep and ultradeepwater assets, where it has shown a competitive edge over the years, producing better-quality oil and with lower greenhouse-gas emissions. The Carmópolis Cluster recorded an average production of 7,600 BOPD and 43,000 m3/D of gas from January to November 2021. Eni, EGPC in $1-Billion Pact To Explore Gulf of Suez, Niger Delta Egyptian General Petroleum Corp. (EGPC) has signed an agreement with Italian energy group Eni for oil exploration in the Gulf of Suez and Nile Delta regions. The deal is valued at no less than $1 billion of investments, the petroleum ministry said in late December. The agreement also included a commitment from Eni to additionally spend “not less than $20 million” to drill four wells, the ministry added in a statement. The deal comes as part of the ministry’s strategy to increase production rates and to attempt to offset the natural decline of wells by using the latest technologies in oil-producing areas. Last October, Eni announced three new discoveries in the Meleiha and South West Meleiha concessions in the Western Desert. Eni has been operating in Egypt since 1954 with a current production of about 360,000 BOED. Chevron Transfers Stake in Suriname Block 5 to Shell Chevron has transferred one-third of its 60% equity interest in an offshore Suriname block for which it has a production-sharing agreement to a unit of Royal Dutch Shell, Suriname’s state oil company confirmed. Paradise Oil Company, a subsidiary of Suriname’s state-run Staatsolie, retains its 40% stake in the Block 5 venture as a nonexecutive partner, according to the farmout contract. Staatsolie and Chevron signed a production-sharing contract last October for Block 5, which covers an area of 2235 km2. The deal marked the first time that Staatsolie will participate as a partner in offshore activities. Equinor Increases Ownership in the Statfjord Field Equinor has entered into an agreement to acquire all of Spirit Energy’s production licenses in the Statfjord area which spreads across the Norwegian and UK continental shelves and are developed by three integrated production platforms (Statfjord A, B, C). All licenses are operated by Equinor. Equinor will pay $50 million, plus a contingent payment linked to commodity prices for the period between October 2021 to December 2022. The transaction has a commercial effective date from 1 January 2021, which is expected to result in a net payment to Equinor at closing. Spirit Energy’s daily production from the Statfjord area in the third quarter of 2021 was around 21,000 BOED. The transaction is part of a larger deal including Spirit Energy’s shareholders, Centrica Plc and Stadtwerke München, who are exiting their portfolio in Norway and selling their assets to Sval Energi. The sale to Sval Energi includes all assets with the exclusion of Statfjord. Statfjord marked its 40th year of production in 2019. One of the earliest oil fields on the Norwegian Continental Shelf, it has produced 5.1 billion BOE. Equinor has recently launched a plan to extend the life of the field toward 2040. The closing of the transaction is subject to certain conditions, including customary government approval, and is expected to be completed by the first half of 2022. Shell Hits Oil at Blacktip North in US GOM Shell has struck oil at the Blacktip North prospect located in the Alaminos Canyon block 336 in the deepwater US Gulf of Mexico. The Blacktip North well encountered about 300 ft net oil pay at multiple levels. The well was drilled to a total depth of 27,770 ft by Transocean drillship Deepwater Poseidon. Blacktip North is about 30 miles northeast of the Whale discovery, 4.5 miles northeast of the 2019 Blacktip discovery, and 42 miles from the Perdido spar hub platform. Shell operates the Blacktip North prospect with an 89.49% interest. Spain’s Repsol holds the remaining 10.51% stake. Petrobras Plans Equatorial Margin Drilling Program Petrobras is preparing to drill the first of 14 planned wells at South America’s new deepwater frontier, the Equatorial Margin at its Northern maritime border, a company executive told the World Petroleum Congress in December. Petrobras plans to invest $2 billion in exploration at the Equatorial Margin through 2026, Reservoir Executive Manager Tiago Homem said. The company estimates an overall investment of $2.5 billion in seismic activities over the same period. CLOV Tieback Goes Onstream Offshore Angola TotalEnergies, operator of Block 17 in Angola, has begun production from the CLOV Phase 2 project, connecting to the existing CLOV FPSO. The tieback project is expected to reach a production of 40,000 BOED in mid-2022. Located about 140 km from the Angolan coast, in water depths from 1100 to 1400 m, the CLOV Phase 2 resources are estimated at around 55 million BOE. Block 17 is operated by TotalEnergies with a 38% stake, Equinor (22.16%), ExxonMobil (19%), BP Exploration Angola Ltd. (15.84%), and Sonangol P&P (5%). The contractor group operates four FPSOs in the main production areas of the block: Girassol, Dalia, Pazflor, and CLOV. Canacol Strikes Gas With Siku-1 in Colombia Canacol Energy’s Siku-1 exploration well encountered 33 ft true vertical depth of net gas pay with an average porosity of 20% within the primary Cienaga de Oro sandstone reservoir target. The company has completed casing the well and will return with a workover rig in early 2022 to complete and tie the well into permanent production. The well was drilled to a total depth of 8,825 ft. The rig was mobilized to drill the Clarinete-6 development well, which reached a total depth of 7,478 ft measured depth and encountered 174 ft true vertical depth of net gas pay. The well was tied into the Clarinete production manifold and has been placed on permanent production. Next up for the rig is the Toronja-2 development well, which is targeting gas-bearing sandstones within the Porquero sandstone reservoir. Following the completion of that well, the rig will be mobilized to spud the Carambolo-1 exploration well, expected in the second half of February. The well is expected to take 5 weeks to drill and complete.
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Mishra, Srikanta, i Akhil Datta-Gupta. "Guest Editorial: How To Leverage E&P Expertise for the New Energy Economy". Journal of Petroleum Technology 75, nr 04 (1.04.2023): 10–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/0423-0010-jpt.
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_ The term “new energy economy” broadly refers to the transition to a low-carbon future for sustaining human development while reducing CO2 emissions. Such a shift is considered to be the third energy transition of the modern era, after the shift from biomass to coal as the primary source of energy in the early 1900s, followed by oil overtaking coal’s dominant position in the 1960s–1970s. This trend towards decarbonization (i.e., diversification from carbon-intensive fossil fuels to sustainable greener energy feedstocks and carriers) is motivated by the understanding that emissions need to be reduced to moderate the potential impacts of global temperature rise on future climatic changes. Strategies common to proposed decarbonization pathways include - Improving energy efficiency (i.e., slower increase in energy demand compared to GDP/population increase). - Increasing energy supply from renewable sources (i.e., wind, solar, geothermal, nuclear) coupled with hydrogen underground storage (HUS) as a way of storing surplus electrical energy. - Switching to low-carbon energy carriers (i.e., hydrogen) for end-use applications in transportation, buildings, and industry. - Removing carbon emissions, via carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS), from fossil-fuel-fired power plants and hard-to-abate industrial sources. The key takeaway for readers is how the two subsurface-oriented decarbonization strategies—CCUS and HUS—are relevant for application/adaptation of expertise from the exploration and production (E&P) sector of the oil and gas industry. Their rise will be built upon decades of experience with CO2-EOR, gas injection, produced-water disposal, and underground natural gas storage (NGS). Carbon Capture, Utilization and Storage (CCUS) As shown in Fig. 1, CCUS involves capturing CO2 from a fossil-fuel-fired power plant or industrial facility and processing it to a practically pure form, transporting it to a nearby geologic storage site using pipelines, and injecting it into saline aquifers for long-term sequestration or depleted oil/gas fields for enhanced oil recovery (EOR) and associated storage. Research and field demonstration projects over the past few decades have demonstrated that CCUS is a viable technology for curtailing atmospheric CO2 emissions buildup. Some of the key elements of CCUS projects and their overlap with corresponding E&P expertise are summarized below.
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Oliveira, Julierme G. C., Yana B. Brandão, Dinaldo C. Oliveira, Jailson R. Teodosio, Cristiane M. Moraes, Attilio Converti, Alessandro Alberto Casazza, Leonie Asfora Sarubbo i Mohand Benachour. "Treatment of Effluent Containing p-Cresol through an Advanced Oxidation Process in a Batch Reactor: Kinetic Optimization". Energies 16, nr 13 (28.06.2023): 5027. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16135027.
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The present research is related to the study of p-cresol oxidation reaction in aqueous phase. Firstly, the conventional advanced oxidation process (AOP) in a lab-scale batch reactor was used, seeking to identify the most impacting process variables and then to propose an optimization approach for ensuring the complete p-cresol degradation and the highest total organic carbon (TOC) conversion. In the AOP with the use of hydrogen peroxide as the oxidizing agent, the oxidation reaction was optimized with the aid of a factorial design, and a maximum TOC conversion of 63% was obtained. The Lumped Kinetic Model (LKM) was used to describe the profile of residual TOC concentration due to chemical species, which were categorized into two groups (refractory and non-refractory compounds). The model was able to satisfactorily describe the profile of the residual fractions of these two classes of organic compounds and allowed estimating the related kinetic constants (k) at two different temperatures, namely (a) 3.19 × 10−1 and 2.82 × 10−3 min−1 for non-refractory and refractory compounds at 80 °C and (b) 4.73 × 10−1 and 5.09 × 10−3 min−1 for the same compound classes at 90 °C, while the activation energy (Ea) of the process was 42.02 and 62.09 kJ mol−1, respectively. The kinetic modeling of organic pollutants oxidation in liquid effluents would allow to perform in situ seawater treatment on vertical reactors installed in offshore platforms and to properly release treated water into the oceans. In this way, ocean contamination caused by the exploration on offshore platforms of oil and natural gas, the main energy sources and vectors in the current world, may be remarkably reduced, thus favoring a more eco-friendly energy production.
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Zhang, Baosen, Yunchong Jiang, Baojin Chen, Haidong Li i Yanchao Mao. "Recent Progress of Bioinspired Triboelectric Nanogenerators for Electronic Skins and Human–Machine Interaction". Nanoenergy Advances 4, nr 1 (17.01.2024): 45–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nanoenergyadv4010003.
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Advances in biomimetic triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) have significant implications for electronic skin (e-skin) and human–machine interaction (HMI). Emphasizing the need to mimic complex functionalities of natural systems, particularly human skin, TENGs leverage triboelectricity and electrostatic induction to bridge the gap in traditional electronic devices’ responsiveness and adaptability. The exploration begins with an overview of TENGs’ operational principles and modes, transitioning into structural and material biomimicry inspired by plant and animal models, proteins, fibers, and hydrogels. Key applications in tactile sensing, motion sensing, and intelligent control within e-skins and HMI systems are highlighted, showcasing TENGs’ potential in revolutionizing wearable technologies and robotic systems. This review also addresses the challenges in performance enhancement, scalability, and system integration of TENGs. It points to future research directions, including optimizing energy conversion efficiency, discovering new materials, and employing micro-nanostructuring techniques for enhanced triboelectric charges and energy conversion. The scalability and cost-effectiveness of TENG production, pivotal for mainstream application, are discussed along with the need for versatile integration with various electronic systems. The review underlines the significance of making bioinspired TENGs more accessible and applicable in everyday technology, focusing on compatibility, user comfort, and durability. Conclusively, it underscores the role of bioinspired TENGs in advancing wearable technology and interactive systems, indicating a bright future for these innovations in practical applications.
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He, Wentong, Youhong Sun i Xuanlong Shan. "Geochemical Characteristics of the Lower Cretaceous HengTongshan Formation in the Tonghua Basin, Northeast China: Implications for Depositional Environment and Shale Oil Potential Evaluation". Applied Sciences 11, nr 1 (22.12.2020): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11010023.
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The Tonghua Basin in Northeast China potentially contains shale oil and gas resources, but the exploration and development of these resources has been limited. The Sankeyushu depression represents the sedimentary center of the Tonghua Basin, and a large thickness of shale, the Hengtongshan Formation, was deposited in this depression. Exploratory engineering discoveries in recent years have confirmed that the Hengtongshan Formation has the potential to produce oil and gas. A series of methods, including inorganic and organic geochemistry and organic petrology, have been used to study the source material, organic matter maturity, depositional environment and oil-generating potential of the Hengtongshan Formation. Investigation of drill core samples has revealed that the Hengtongshan Formation in the Sankeyushu depression is mainly composed of black shale, with a small amount of plant fossils and thin volcanic rocks, and the content of brittle minerals (quartz + carbonate minerals) is high. The provenance of organic matter in the source rocks in the Hengtongshan Formation is a mixture of aquatic organisms (algae and bacteria) and higher plants, and there may be some marine organic components present in some strata.The organic matter was deposited and preserved in a saline reducing environment. Volcanism may have promoted the formation of a reducing environment by stratification of the lake bottom water, and the lake may have experienced a short-term marine ingression with the increase in the salinity. The maturity of the organic matter in all the source rocks in the Hengtongshan Formation is relatively high, and hydrocarbons have been generated. Some source rocks may have been affected by volcanism, and the organic matter in these rocks is overmature. In terms of the shale oil resource potential, the second member of the Hengtongshan Formation is obviously superior to the other members, with an average total organic carbon (TOC) of 1.37% and an average hydrogen index (HI) of 560.93 mg HC/g TOC. Most of the samples can be classified as good to very good source rocks with good resource potential. The second member can be regarded as a potential production stratum. According to the results of geochemical analysis and observations of shale oil and natural gas during drilling, it is predicted that the shale oil is present in the form of a self-sourced reservoir, but the migration range of natural gas is likely relatively large.
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Idress, Shahril, Zuraidin i Jasamai. "Experimental Investigation of Methane Hydrate Induction Time in the Presence of Cassava Peel as a Hydrate Inhibitor". Energies 12, nr 12 (17.06.2019): 2314. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12122314.
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The oil and gas industry faces numerous problems, from the exploration to the production phase. One of the most common problems faced by the industry is the formation of gas hydrates in the pipeline during the deep-water operation. The advancement of kinetic hydrate inhibitors (KHIs) has been rapid. However, as the natural degradation of conventional KHIs, such as polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and polyvinylcaprolactam (PVCap), is challenging, there is a need to develop environmental-friendly KHIs with enhanced biodegradability to improve possible environmental risks. Thus, green inhibitors have been developed as a new class of KHIs. Research for enhancement of green hydrate inhibitors, as an alternative for existing low dosage hydrate inhibitors (LDHIs), has increased. In this paper, the effect of induction time with presence of cassava peels on the formation of methane hydrate was studied and compared with commercialized inhibitor, PVP. The performance of cassava peels as a kinetic hydrate inhibitor was investigated using high pressure micro differential scanning calorimetry (µ-DSC). For the induction time measurement, linear cooling ramps at a constant cooling rate of 0.5 K/min were used under isobaric conditions. Aqueous solutions of 0.5 wt % and 1.0 wt % of cassava peels were prepared and the induction time of methane hydrate formation in these solutions was measured at pressure ranges from 4.0 to 10.0 MPa. One of the characteristics to be a good kinetic inhibitor is the presence of hydroxyl functional group in inhibitors, which assist to form hydrogen bonds with water molecules, thus preventing hydrates formation. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis confirms the presence of hydroxyl groups in cassava peels with wavenumber value of 3370.68 cm−1. Cassava peel solution is observed to delay the induction times at all pressure settings and it is better at 1.0 wt % concentration. However, at lower pressures of 4 and 6 MPa, the performance is less effective when compared to a commercial inhibitor, PVP. At high pressures of 8 and 10 MPa, it can be seen that the performance is as effective as PVP. This research paper shows that cassava peels have high potential to be developed as a gas hydrate green kinetic inhibitor that can be applied for industry usage in the future.
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Mainson, Mederic, Charles Heath, Bobby Pejcic i Emanuelle Frery. "Sensing Hydrogen Seeps in the Subsurface for Natural Hydrogen Exploration". Applied Sciences 12, nr 13 (23.06.2022): 6383. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12136383.
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The recent detection of natural hydrogen seeps in sedimentary basin settings has triggered significant interest in the exploration of this promising resource. If large economical resources exist and can be extracted from the sub-surface, this would provide an opportunity for natural hydrogen to contribute to the non-carbon-based energy mix. The detection and exploration of hydrogen gas in the sub-surface is a significant challenge that requires costly drilling, sophisticated instrumentation, and reliable analytical/sampling methods. Here, we propose the application of a commercial-based sensor that can be used to detect and monitor low levels of hydrogen gas emissions from geological environments. The sensitivity, selectivity (K > 1000), and stability (<1 ppm/day) of the sensor was evaluated under various conditions to determine its suitability for geological field monitoring. Calibration tests showed that the hydrogen readings from the sensor were within ±20% of the expected values. We propose that chemical sensing is a simple and feasible method for understanding natural hydrogen seeps that emanate from geological systems and formations. However, we recommend using this sensor as part of a complete geological survey that incorporates an understanding of the geology along with complementary techniques that provide information on the rock properties.
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Truche, Laurent, i Elena F. Bazarkina. "Natural hydrogen the fuel of the 21st century". E3S Web of Conferences 98 (2019): 03006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20199803006.
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Much has been learned about natural hydrogen (H2) seepages and accumulation, but present knowledge of hydrogen behavior in the crust is so limited that it is not yet possible to consider exploitation of this resources. Hydrogen targeting requires a shift in the long-standing paradigms that drive oil and gas exploration. This paper describes the foundation of an integrated source-to-sink view of the hydrogen cycle, and propose preliminary practical guidelines for hydrogen exploration.
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MEGALOFONOS, S., i N. PAPAYANNAKOS. "Hydrogen production from natural gas and hydrogen sulphide". International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 16, nr 5 (1991): 319–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0360-3199(91)90168-i.
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Whitcombe, Josh, Neil McDonald, Roger Cressey, Billy Hadi Subrata, Steve Falloon, Neil Carr i Frank Glass. "Ramsay 1 and Ramsay 2, learnings from the first natural hydrogen exploration wells in Australia". Australian Energy Producers Journal 64, nr 2 (16.05.2024): S453—S458. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ep23119.
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In October and November 2023, Gold Hydrogen, an ASX listed natural hydrogen explorer, drilled Ramsay 1 and Ramsay 2, the first natural hydrogen exploration wells in Australia. Twinning an historic well, the Ramsay Oil Bore 1 well in PEL687 in South Australia, the objective of the Ramsay 1 and Ramsay 2 wells was to find movable naturally generated hydrogen in the subsurface and establish the presence of a commercially attractive natural hydrogen resource base. This paper highlights some of the learnings from the process of designing and executing these natural hydrogen exploration wells and how the initial hurdles of demonstrating the presence of a hydrogen resource were overcome during the drilling phase. Using modified standard drilling technology and dedicated hydrogen detection tools (calibrated real time mud gas analysis), Gold Hydrogen has shown that exploration for natural hydrogen resources can be done safely and cost effectively. The main learnings included the application of a calibrated hydrogen detection methodology to derive a pseudo hydrogen saturation log and the successful selection of drilling mud and casing compliant with long term hydrogen exposure. As global drilling for natural hydrogen is still in its infancy, these modifications to the exploration well design and execution could have a significant impact on future drilling for this highly attractive carbon free energy source. With a program of seismic data acquisition and follow-up wells planned for 2024, Gold Hydrogen is leading a group of Australian natural hydrogen explorers, who are trying to unlock commercial natural hydrogen resources in the world.
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Feng, Wei, Tianwei Tan, Peijun Ji i Danxing Zheng. "Exploration of hydrogen production in a membrane reformer". AIChE Journal 52, nr 6 (czerwiec 2006): 2260–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.10797.
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Wang, Lu, Jiewei Cheng, Zhijun Jin, Qiang Sun, Ruqiang Zou, Qingqiang Meng, Kouqi Liu, Yutong Su i Qian Zhang. "High-pressure hydrogen adsorption in clay minerals: Insights on natural hydrogen exploration". Fuel 344 (lipiec 2023): 127919. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2023.127919.
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Ji, Sang Min, Hwichan Jun, Jum Suk Jang, Hyo Chang Son, Pramod H. Borse i Jae Sung Lee. "Photocatalytic hydrogen production from natural seawater". Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry 189, nr 1 (czerwiec 2007): 141–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotochem.2007.01.011.
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Conner, Stephen L., Jim Lee i Christian Okoye. "Simulation of Future Natural Gas Production and Exploration". SIMULATION 64, nr 4 (kwiecień 1995): 215–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/003754979506400404.
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Knez, Dariusz, i Omid Ahmad Mahmoudi Zamani. "Up-to-Date Status of Geoscience in the Field of Natural Hydrogen with Consideration of Petroleum Issues". Energies 16, nr 18 (13.09.2023): 6580. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16186580.
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The perspective of natural hydrogen as a clear, carbon-free, and renewable energy source appears very promising. There have been many studies reporting significant concentrations of natural hydrogen in different countries. However, natural hydrogen is being extracted to generate electricity only in Mali. This issue originates from the fact that global attention has not been dedicated yet to the progression and promotion of the natural hydrogen field. Therefore, being in the beginning stage, natural hydrogen science needs further investigation, especially in exploration techniques and exploitation technologies. The main incentive of this work is to analyze the latest advances and challenges pertinent to the natural hydrogen industry. The focus is on elaborating geological origins, ground exposure types, extraction techniques, previous detections of natural hydrogen, exploration methods, and underground hydrogen storage (UHS). Thus, the research strives to shed light on the current status of the natural hydrogen field, chiefly from the geoscience perspective. The data collated in this review can be used as a useful reference for the scientists, engineers, and policymakers involved in this emerging renewable energy source.
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Bybee, Karen. "Economics of Hydrogen Production From Natural Gas". Journal of Petroleum Technology 59, nr 08 (1.08.2007): 78–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/0807-0078-jpt.
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Boschee, Pam. "Comments: Who Holds the Rights to US Geothermal Heat Sources?" Journal of Petroleum Technology 75, nr 08 (1.08.2023): 8–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/0823-0008-jpt.
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A recently enacted law in Texas, which went into effect in mid-June, declares the landowner or the owner of surface rights as the holder of subsurface geothermal energy and associated resources. If the surface and mineral rights of the land have been separated, the owner of the surface estate prevails. Senate Bill 785 amended a section of the Natural Resources Code to define heat as a byproduct of geothermal energy and associated resources, but excludes mineral, oil, gas, or any product of oil or gas. It also excludes “the ownership and use of groundwater,” including “minerals dissolved or otherwise contained in groundwater, including hot brines.” The law entitles the owner “to drill for and produce the geothermal energy and associated resources.” As with pore space rights for underground carbon storage, legislating surface and subsurface rights for geothermal energy and underground hydrogen storage is an evolving frontier. Privately held rights vs. state or federal lands contribute to the complexity of these relatively nascent efforts to advance decarbonization. Ownership of geothermal rights varies widely from state to state, often dictated by a state’s definition of what constitutes “geothermal resources.” California’s definition, for example, says “the natural heat of the earth, the energy, in whatever form, below the surface of the earth present in, resulting from, or created by, or which may be extracted from, such natural heat, and all minerals in solution or other products obtained from naturally heated fluids, brines, associated gases, and steam, in whatever form, found below the surface of the earth, but excluding oil, hydrocarbon gas, or other hydrocarbon substances.” Other states, such as Utah, define a geothermal resource by a temperature threshold (“water or steam at temperatures greater than 120°C naturally present in a geothermal system”). At that mark, a separate lease is required because the resource is no longer part of the water rights. Once geothermal resources are defined, who holds the rights may be murky. In California, Hawaii, and New Mexico, the mineral estate is the owner. Wyoming considers geothermal heat as part of the water rights—“underground water, including hot water and geothermal.” Other states consider rights as held by the surface estate unless they have been specifically transferred. Yet, many states have no clearly defined guidance about privately held ownership, and the parties involved in disputes head to the courts to hash out the ambiguity. The rules governing development of geothermal energy on federal lands are more defined. Geothermal was the first type of renewable energy that the US Department of the Interior Bureau of Land Management approved for production on public lands. The first project was given the go-ahead in 1978. A federal lease allows future exploration and development. However, it does not include the right to move ahead with any ground-disturbing activities to explore for or develop the resources. Each stage of development under the lease requires separate authorizations and compliance with the National Environmental Policy Act. Two examples of state-controlled lands are well-known geothermal fields in California, The Geysers and the Salton Sea projects. The state’s leases in The Geysers are on school lands. Revenue and royalties are deposited into the California State Teachers’ Retirement fund. Royalty rates range from 10 to 12.5% of the gross value of geothermal steam, calculated by multiplying the gross value of electric power with the agreed percentage of steam that began initially as 36% in 1999, increasing to a maximum of 42% of the value of electricity. While innovation steadily advances technologies to produce geothermal energy, the determination of clear law and regulations is playing catch-up ... state by state and case by case in courts. And until it does, scaling up of this promising energy source in the US is at risk of being hamstrung.
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Prinzhofer, Alain, Christophe Rigollet, Nicolas Lefeuvre, Joao Françolin i Paulo Emilio Valadão de Miranda. "Maricá (Brazil), the new natural hydrogen play which changes the paradigm of hydrogen exploration". International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 62 (kwiecień 2024): 91–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2024.02.263.
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Greene, Duncan M. "Washington Oil and Gas Update". Texas Wesleyan Law Review 19, nr 2 (marzec 2013): 623–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.37419/twlr.v19.i2.32.
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This Article provides a brief survey of the past, present, and potential future of petroleum exploration and production in Washington State, with an emphasis on recent natural gas exploration efforts. Section II of this Article describes Washington's petroleum geology and the history of petroleum exploration in the state. Section III summarizes the state and local regulatory framework governing natural gas exploration and production. Section IV concludes by discussing the implications of this survey for potential producers of natural gas in Washington State.
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Roh, Hyun-Seog. "Nanocatalysts for Hydrogen Production". Catalysts 11, nr 2 (22.02.2021): 288. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal11020288.
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Rising concerns about the effects of global warming and climate change have led to a search for environmentally clean and energy efficient technologies. Hydrogen is one of the most popular new types of energy, which is considered as a clean energy carrier for the future. Hydrogen is primarily produced by the steam reforming of natural gas. Other methods have also been developed, such as the gasification of coal/biomass/waste, water splitting by electrolysis, and so on. All the ways are using nanocatalysts to obtain a high efficiency of hydrogen production [...]
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Hoppej, Dominik, i Miroslav Variny. "Industrial-Scale Hydrogen Production Plant Modelling". Advances in Thermal Processes and Energy Transformation 4, nr 1 (2021): 09–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.54570/atpet2021/04/01/0009.
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Considering the process characteristics, hydrogen production via steam methane reforming is a vital part of oil refinery not just in terms of materials, but of energy integration as well. This work extends the mathematical model describing hydrogen production by ATE (Approach to Equilibrium) parameters implemented within the chemical reactors’ models. Equations for ATE parameter prediction, i.e. mass flow of process feed (natural gas) and reaction temperature, were formulated. Verification of the whole model as well as of its parameters was performed using process data from a real hydrogen plant. The extended mathematical model is suitable for the evaluation of the influence of increased hydrogen content in natural gas on plant´s material and energy efficiency, as renewable hydrogen injection and co-transport in natural gas pipelines in future is proposed by the European Union as a means of decreasing carbon dioxide emissions.
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Choiron, Miftahul, Seishu Tojo i Tadashi Chosa. "Effect of Natural Buffer on Biohydrogen Production". Jurnal Teknik Industri 23, nr 2 (21.12.2021): 121–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.9744/jti.23.2.121-128.
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Hydrogen is the promising ideal energy carrier with no emission but water on its combustible in the next generation. Hydrogen production using biological methods is greener than other methods using fossil fuel. One of the major factors affecting the operation of biohydrogen production is pH level in bioreactors. Restrain of declining pH is expected to increase hydrogen production. Pretreatment is one key factor in successful biohydrogen fermentation using mixed microbes. This study aims to investigate the natural buffer effect on biohydrogen using hot compressed water pretreatment. This batch fermentation experiment was operated in a 110 mL glass reactor with 3.75 g/L glucose as substrate. Mixed culture was obtained from cow dung compost treated with hot compressed water pretreatment at 150 ºC, 0.5 MPa for 40 minutes. Fine dried eggshell powder and calcinated eggshell were added with 1 g/L, 3 g/L, and 5 g/L concentrations as buffer agents. The result showed that the addition of 1 g/L eggshell obtained the highest hydrogen production rate of 0.92 mol H2/mol glucose. Butyric acid and acetic acid are recognized as an indicator of hydrogen production and the Butyric/Acetic molar ratio over 2.6 as efficient biohydrogen fermentation. The highest B/A ratio in this experiment was 4.62 on 3g/L addition of eggshell powder.
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Ma, Liang-Chih, Nikolaos K. Kazantzis i Yi Hua Ma. "Natural gas in hydrogen production: a cost study". Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Energy 168, nr 1 (luty 2015): 61–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/ener.14.00017.
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