Rozprawy doktorskie na temat „Nations Unies – Environnement”
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Maertens, Lucile. "Quand le Bleu passe au vert : la sécurisation de l’environnement à l’ONU". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015IEPP0032.
Pełny tekst źródłaFor decades, the United Nations (UN) – its member states, its programs and its personnel – have been concerned with how the environment and security are linked. However, academic research does not offer an extensive analysis of the ways environmental issues have been promoted within the UN security agenda. Likewise, the literature on the construction of security issues does not provide comprehensive insight on the role of international organizations in the securitization process. This dissertation aims to fill these gaps. Based on a grounded theory approach and ethnographic methods – participant observations, semi-structured interviews – it investigates the integration of the environment into the definition and management of security within the UN, from the inside. First, research has revealed governments, organizations and individuals have multiple and sometimes competing motives. Second, at the UN, environmental securitization occurs through four main modalities: discursive securitization, institutional securitization, technical securitization, reverse securitization. Efforts to promote securitization may be opposed by the member states or competing UN agencies if such moves are counter to their interests. However, although few effects were observed on the global environmental governance system, securitizing moves are not inconsequential: they promote institutional change for securitizing actors and participate in building a "symbolic order" consisting of obligations and interdependence
Maertens, Lucile. "Quand le Bleu passe au vert : la sécurisation de l’environnement à l’ONU". Thesis, Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015IEPP0032.
Pełny tekst źródłaFor decades, the United Nations (UN) – its member states, its programs and its personnel – have been concerned with how the environment and security are linked. However, academic research does not offer an extensive analysis of the ways environmental issues have been promoted within the UN security agenda. Likewise, the literature on the construction of security issues does not provide comprehensive insight on the role of international organizations in the securitization process. This dissertation aims to fill these gaps. Based on a grounded theory approach and ethnographic methods – participant observations, semi-structured interviews – it investigates the integration of the environment into the definition and management of security within the UN, from the inside. First, research has revealed governments, organizations and individuals have multiple and sometimes competing motives. Second, at the UN, environmental securitization occurs through four main modalities: discursive securitization, institutional securitization, technical securitization, reverse securitization. Efforts to promote securitization may be opposed by the member states or competing UN agencies if such moves are counter to their interests. However, although few effects were observed on the global environmental governance system, securitizing moves are not inconsequential: they promote institutional change for securitizing actors and participate in building a "symbolic order" consisting of obligations and interdependence
Kaygusuz, Mehtap. "L'Organisation des Nations Unies et la protection de l'environnement". Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSE3008.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe globalisation of environmental degradation has led in the late 1960s to the intervention of the United Nations in this area, despite the lack of any explicit reference to the environment in the United Nations Charter. This absence has not prevented the UN to become the main actor in the universalisation of the protection of the environment. This universalisation, marked by the universal character of the Organisation and environmental issues, is therefore at the heart of the relationship between UN and the protection of the environment. This study analyses on the one hand the framework of universalisation of the protection of the environment and, on the other, its legal scope which is shaped in a dynamic and complex relationship, influencing both the Organisation and the object of its protection
Bouriche, Marie. "Les instruments de solidarité en droit international public". Nice, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010NICE0007.
Pełny tekst źródłaSolidarity is a concept difficult to define. Encompassed by political science, economics, social science and law, solidarity, seldom defined, remains a vague and ambiguous concept. Often discredited by positivist jurists, but dear to objectivists, its links to law are not any less concrete. It represents the social link at the base of the formation of a group, and thus at the base of the formation of the law, according to the expression ubi societas, ibi jus. The study of the instruments of solidarity in international law reveals the different forms that solidarity takes, according to whether it develops within the sphere of the society of states, characterised by the supremacy of the principle of sovereignty, or within the sphere of the international community, which implies that states accept their interdependence. This study will allow us to determine the place of solidarity in international law and its scope in the international legal order
Van, den Hove d'Ertsenryk Sybille. "Approches participatives pour les problèmes d'environnement : caractérisation, justification, et illustrations par le cas du changement climatique". Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000VERS015S.
Pełny tekst źródłaThis dissertation addresses the relevance of participatory approaches for decision-making on environmental and sustainable development issues. Calls for stakeholders'participation are more and more frequent. The objective is to determine whether such calls are just statements of belief, devoid of any analytical basis, or if one can build justifications to them, that are grounded on the one hand on theoretical correspondences between environmental issues, the nature of life in society and participatory approaches, and, on the other hand, on tangible empirical effects. Perspectives from different social sciences - economics, sociology, philosophy, law, political sciences, anthropology - are integrated to address the question of stakeholder participation. This leads to the anchoring of the participation concept in a transdisciplinary theoretical justification. Three main themes guide the proposed analysis, characterisation and justifications : complexity, rationality and democracy. At the practical level, real-life participatory approaches are presented and investigated. On this basis, paths and tools for the alalysis and evaluation of such approaches are proposed. In particular we develop : (i) a linkage between environmental issue characteristics and consequent problem-solving requirements ; (ii) a typology of potential effects of participatory approaches ; (iii) a set of criteria for the analysis, including the related potential limits ; (iv) a set of criteria to evaluate the democratic dimension of participatory approaches. The global issue of climate change is the main empirical field of this dissertation. Several case studies of participatory approaches relating to the political management of this problem are proposed. They follow an analysis of the climate change issue and of the political answer offered at the international level through the Unidted Nations framework convention on climate change and the Kyoto protocol negotiations
Barros, Annick Osthoff Ferreira de. "Mécanismes de convergence des intérêts dans les négociations internationales sur l'environnement : une comparaison entre négociations sur la protection des forêts et celles sur le climat". Paris, EHESS, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001EHES0022.
Pełny tekst źródłaTabau, Anne-Sophie. "Les interactions des contrôles international et communautaire de la mise en oeuvre du Protocole de Kyoto". Aix-Marseille 3, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009AIX32071.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe universality of climate change challenges and interdependance in the reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions called for a collective response in a multilateral framework. However, because of discrepancies on the appropriate desin for an international regime the European Community (EC) took the lead on the international stage in the negotiation and the application of the Kyoto Protocol. Thus, an international regime - a mixed agreement to which both the EC and its Member States are parties- and a regional regime in the framework of the European Union coexist. In both regimes, one of the core challenges remains to ensure the effective application of the law, which requires the set up of compliance control mechanisms. At the international level, an innovative observance procedure organizes a continuous monitoring which combines traditional techniques with more intrusive procedures. The system is also remarkable as regards the legal qualification of and reaction to non-compliance situations. For its part, the EC created a specific non-contentious mechanism and can make us of a reinforced jurisdictional armory and a reinforced sanctioning power. The EC's control mechanism should be able to take over the observance mechanism in order to reinforce the effectiveness of adopted rules. Through the study of these mechanism's interactions, this research aims at assessing the capacity of the control system as a whole to ensure the very credibility of the Protocol and the reliability of the international and European economic tools to reduce GHG emissions at least cost. Finally, the study allows envisaging the possible evolutions of the legal regime of the fight against climate change
Calsing, Renata de Assis. "Les contrats de droit privé et la privatisation de l'intérêt général : le cas particulier du mécanisme de développement propre du protocole de Kyoto". Paris 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA010267.
Pełny tekst źródłaCouratier, Josyane. "Le système Antarticque". Paris 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA010291.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe geographic and climatic specificity of the antarctic continent has generated problems in international law regarding sovereignty, jurisdiction and management of activities and resources in the area. The purely nationa-listic answers of states to these problems have been replaced since 1959, when the Antarctic treaty was signed, by a kind of collective administration. With the passing of time and the emergence of new problems related environnemental protectio and the conservation and exploitation of living and mineral resources consultative mechanisme provided for by the treaty have generated important le-gal and institutional developments. These mechanisms which, together with their offsprings have develop their own dynamics, have been labelled "the Antarctic treaty system", by comparison and opposition with the un system and other regional legal systems. The present study covers the relations between the antartic traety sys-tem and general international law and the un system. Such an examination bears a particular interest at a time when the group 77 is questioning the regime establishes by the treaty in 1959. A last part of the study tries to analyse the reasons behind the success of the system
Joumni, Haitham. "Les instruments d'appui au développement des énergies renouvelables dans les PED : une évaluation comparative dans le cadre du développement durable et du protocole de Kyoto". Versailles-St Quentin-en-Yvelines, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007VERS022S.
Pełny tekst źródłaLam, Van Trien. "Les enjeux juridiques de l'intégration des pays en développement dans le régime climatique de "l'après Kyoto"". Rouen, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013ROUED012.
Pełny tekst źródłaDEBAGNA, NACER-EDDINE. "Les organisations regionales paneuropeennes et le developpement du droit international de l'environnement : contribution de l'organisation sur la securite et la cooperation en europe, de la commission economique des nations-unies pour l'europe et du conseil de l'europe". Paris 2, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA020097.
Pełny tekst źródłaBaillat, Alice. "Le weak power en action : la diplomatie climatique du Bangladesh". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017IEPP0010.
Pełny tekst źródłaCross-checking the sociology of international relations with public policy analysis and mobilizing qualitative – participant observation, semi-structured interviews – and quantitative – textual analysis – methods, this dissertation analyses the development and implementation of the Bangladesh’s climate diplomacy. For a long time, the literature on global climate governance has focused on the role of dominant players in the climate regime. But this body of work does not provide a comprehensive insight on the negotiation capacities of dominated players and the limits to their effective participation. Based on a detailed empirical study, this research aims to fill this gap. It demonstrates the existence of a weak power that is defined as the ability of a « weak » actor to circumvent and/or transform its lack of structural power into comparative advantage, thanks in particular to borrowing resources to other actors, to influence the process and results of negotiations. This research shows how Bangladesh has acquired an ambiguous identity in climate regime, being both “the most vulnerable” country to climate change impacts and the “adaptation leader”. This dual identity allows Bangladesh to raise its voice in climate negotiations, to attract international funding and attention, and to legitimise its claims. This dissertation sketches out the contours of an analytical model enabling to analyse activation conditions, resources, diplomatic strategies and forms of leadership specific to weak power. In doing so, it contributes to a better understanding of the “structuralist paradox” identified by William Zartman and to the role of dominated states in international negotiations
Frozel, Barros Natália. "Un océan d'incertitudes : problématisations et mise en forme légale des fonds marins par le travail diplomatique". Thesis, Paris 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA01D069.
Pełny tekst źródłaThis thesis analyzes the creation, amendment and continuous mobilization of the Common Heritage of Mankind (CHM) regime through the lens of diplomatic multilateral negotiations in the United Nations (1960-2016). It’s striking that this idealistic principle keeps on emerging in international politics, while its evolution unveils the transformation from an idealistic public international law to a managerial one. This thesis studies diplomatic activity through the sociology of public action. It analyzes the law-transformation phenomenon as a transformation in the manner in which diplomats problematize seabed-related problems and manage uncertainties (technical, economic, political). Through four re-problematizations (security, moral-economic, marketoriented, environmental), diplomats are less oriented by political-diplomatic divisions and more by the role their countries play in the world market. At least three reasons account for this: strengthening of managerial tools in national and international public arenas; the need to “de-state” in the sense of depersonalizing the solutions diplomats bring to the table; and the decline of clear political alignments from the time of the Cold War. A transformation on how the law is written takes place : diplomats no longer decrease uncertainties by the means of a clear political game, capable of producing its own certainties. Henceforth, by producing flexible law, they contend with the uncertain
Assouvi, Coffi Dieudonné. "L'influence du droit international des changements climatiques sur le droit européen de l'environnement". Thesis, Limoges, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LIMO0025/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaIn the legal pluralism and increasing inter-normativity context, this thesis demonstrates the influence of international climate change law on the formation and development of European Union (EU) environmental law through the techniques, methods and rules of integration provided for by international law as well as by European law. European environmental law now includes the concepts (green economy, sustainable development, carbon market ...) and principles (common but differentiated responsibility, precaution, prevention, responsibility, etc.) of the climate change international Law. Thus, the Europeanisation and constitutionalisation of international climate change law resulted in its insertion into the legal system of member states. Indeed, by virtue of its international commitments to combat global warming, the EU has adopted legally binding instruments that impact national legal systems and is committed to Kyoto II. The dynamics, controversies, clashes and the woes of the multilateral climate policy and negotiations have led to the establishment of a well-structured European climate diplomacy and a green economy policy that do not fail to come up against challenges of international cooperation, international collective action, global public goods equitable production and consumption, as well as technical,technological, institutional, human, economic, financial, sovereignist, social, energy, and ecological and transformational barriers.On the basis of the binding effect and enforceability of the provisions of international climate law and European primary law, the international climate regime produces legal effects within the member states and even towards third states dealing with the European organization. Indeed, because of supranationality, direct effect and the primacy of European law, the international legal rules relating to the fight against climate change, transposed and integrated, are binding in the national legal orders where they require a uniform application. As a consequence, the EU law, by virtue of its supranational character and its control and sanction mechanisms, including jurisdictional ones, has become the instrument of effectiveness and efficiency of international conventional climate law. As a result, the shortcomings of this right relating to the absence of compulsory jurisdiction, the non-compliance by States with their international commitments and the weakness of international control are largely offset by the effectiveness of the European and national legal system
Lassus, Saint-Geniès Géraud de. "La prise en compte des aspects économiques du défi climatique dans le régime juridique international du climat". Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/26033.
Pełny tekst źródłaLemoine-Schonne, Marion. "Le mécanisme pour un développement propre du protocole de Kyoto, révélateur des évolutions de la normativité internationale". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM1008.
Pełny tekst źródłaWhy are legal norms complied with in practice? In the context of an evolutionary process of complexification of international legal regimes, with emergence of changing forms of normativity, the international climate change regime offers an interesting illustration. As collective answer to the challenge of mitigation of the green house gas emissions at the global level, an open market of carbon credits was created, in order to make attractive and financially interesting the mitigation projects. As a pioneer, the Clean Development Mechanism, one of the flexibility mechanisms of the Kyoto Protocol, is at the disposal of the industrialized States and of the private sector to reduce their carbon emissions in the territory of developing States. This Mechanism gives raise to an intense practice, regulated by a complex normative architecture. This architecture is composed by norms very diverse in nature and scope, designed by the infatuation of the States and private sector. Good practices, codes of conduct, recommendations, as norms, despite their non-binding character, that are particularly effective. Through the tentative of qualification of this legal system, this analysis describes a participative law- making process, where norms are continuously debated among actors. The system organizes new ways in order to ensure legal certainty, whereas the key question of its coherence is raised. This research finally allows envisaging a tool of identification of factors of the legal effectiveness, which could inspire other emerging normative models
Baillat, Alice. "Le weak power en action : la diplomatie climatique du Bangladesh". Thesis, Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017IEPP0010.
Pełny tekst źródłaCross-checking the sociology of international relations with public policy analysis and mobilizing qualitative – participant observation, semi-structured interviews – and quantitative – textual analysis – methods, this dissertation analyses the development and implementation of the Bangladesh’s climate diplomacy. For a long time, the literature on global climate governance has focused on the role of dominant players in the climate regime. But this body of work does not provide a comprehensive insight on the negotiation capacities of dominated players and the limits to their effective participation. Based on a detailed empirical study, this research aims to fill this gap. It demonstrates the existence of a weak power that is defined as the ability of a « weak » actor to circumvent and/or transform its lack of structural power into comparative advantage, thanks in particular to borrowing resources to other actors, to influence the process and results of negotiations. This research shows how Bangladesh has acquired an ambiguous identity in climate regime, being both “the most vulnerable” country to climate change impacts and the “adaptation leader”. This dual identity allows Bangladesh to raise its voice in climate negotiations, to attract international funding and attention, and to legitimise its claims. This dissertation sketches out the contours of an analytical model enabling to analyse activation conditions, resources, diplomatic strategies and forms of leadership specific to weak power. In doing so, it contributes to a better understanding of the “structuralist paradox” identified by William Zartman and to the role of dominated states in international negotiations
Castro, Monica. "Au nom de la biodiversité : de la construction d’une norme internationale à son application au niveau local". Paris, EHESS, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013EHES0031.
Pełny tekst źródłaThis thesis, mobilizing Foucauldian theories of governmentality and a political ecology approach, wanted to trace the various itineraries of biodiversity conservation discourses and to elucidate their role in the greening of public policies at different scales and in different contexts. The multi-scale analysis has provided a valuable key to understanding how this ideology has specific spatial and today is hardly politically articulated by ecological governance systems that extend at different scales, from global to local. First we study the history of biodiversity from its origins among preservationists and managers in North America. Then we analyze the texts of international environmental conventions concerning nature. Next we followed the conceptual and textual making of a biodiversity management policy resulting from the Convention on Biological Diversity: the ecosystem approach. We then confronted the overall analysis of the international discourse on biodiversity to its application in the field at two specific places: the Natural Regional of Luberon in France and the duo Território Portal da Amazônia / Biological Corridor of South Amazonian eco-tones in Brazil. Following our results, the governance of biodiversity appears as a complex process of interaction between the international system and local contexts. The study of the genesis of the international system (normative) to govern the living proved to be an appropriate system to validate the concept of governmentality as a concept for studying biodiversity management systems. The study of the implementation at the local level of those global normative frameworks showed that their introduction transforms the relationship between men with their environment, leading them to think and act in new ways. Family farmers become spokespersons of Nature, fazendeiros become conservationists, and conservationists began, through agroecology, to invest in agriculture. However, the link between the integration of biodiversity at international level and its application in local contexts is not direct. International norms do not percolate directly at “lower” scalar levels by transforming the legislative frameworks. Each scalar level, each territory maintains its own logic. Territories are moderately transformed, when they incorporate through action and into local actors’ ideas, the principles of biodiversity management
Aykut, Stefan Cihan. "Comment gouverner un 'nouveau risque mondial' ? : la construction du changement climatique comme problème public à l'échelle globale, européenne, en France et en Allemagne". Phd thesis, Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales (EHESS), 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00757106.
Pełny tekst źródłaBaruti, Munda Simamba. "Structure internationale, environnement national et politique scientifique et techno-industrielle des États-Unis de Dwight D. Eisenhower à George W. Bush : analyse économétrique de l'intervention gouvernementale dans l'innovation /". 2005. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?index=0&did=1079667761&SrchMode=1&sid=9&Fmt=6&VInst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=PQD&TS=1180114950&clientId=9268.
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