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KOSUGE, Takashi, Katunori FURUYA i Motoko OYADOMARI. "System and Characteristics of National Ecotourism Accreditation Program in Australia". Journal of The Japanese Institute of Landscape Architecture 74, nr 5 (2011): 597–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.5632/jila.74.597.
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GOLDSMITH, BENJAMIN E., i MATTHEW LINLEY. "Engaged or Not? Perceptions of Australian Influence among Asian Publics". Japanese Journal of Political Science 13, nr 4 (1.11.2012): 525–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1468109912000254.
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AbstractDespite Australia's increasing economic ties with Asia, little is known about how it is perceived by the typical citizen in the region. This paper seeks to contribute to the Australian discussion on ‘Asian engagement’, as well as to a general understanding of the structure of foreign policy beliefs, by examining perceptions of Australia's influence among the mass publics of 14 Asian polities. Despite some anxiety in Australia on national op-ed pages and among political leaders over how the country is perceived, we find that the average person in Asia probably does not have a strong or meaningful opinion about Australia's foreign policy. Using survey data covering the years 2006 through 2008 from the AsiaBarometer project, we find that, on average, far more people view Australia's influence on their country favorably (40.5%) than view it unfavorably (6.1%). A similar percentage (41.5%), however, have neutral views of Australia's influence, and 12% of people in Asian nations express no opinion on the topic. We suggest these high frequencies of neutral perceptions and non-response are evidence of considerable indifference towards Australia. Furthermore, we investigate the correlates of perceptions of Australia's influence and find that in almost all cases citizens’ views about US and Chinese influence on their country are much better predictors of their views of Australia's influence than core values, identity, information, and demographic characteristics. We posit that opinions about Australia, even those that are favorable, may have less to do with perceptions of Australia specifically, and more to do with respondents’ general internationalist sentiment or perceptions of major powers.
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Romanenko, Olena. "SLAVIC COMMUNITIES IN AUSTRALIA: THE HISTORICAL BACKGROUND AND THE CURRENT SITUATION". Naukovì zapiski Nacìonalʹnogo unìversitetu "Ostrozʹka akademìâ". Serìâ Ìstoričnì nauki 1 (17.12.2020): 14–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.25264/2409-6806-2020-31-14-23.
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Migration to the Australian continent has ancient origins. On 1 January 1901, the Federation of the Commonwealth of Australia included six former colonies: New South Wales, Victoria, South Australia, Tasmania, Queensland, and Western Australia. The British origin had 78% of those who were born overseas. The immigration was high on the national agenda. The most ambitious nation-building plan based on immigration was adopted in Australia in the post-World War II period. The shock of the war was so strong that even old stereotypes did not prevent Australians from embarking on immigration propaganda with the slogan “Populate or Perish”. In the middle 1950s, the Australian Department of Immigration realized that family reunion was an important component of successful settlement. In 1955 the Department implemented “Operation Reunion” – a scheme was intended to assist family members overseas to migrate to the continent and reunite with the family already living in Australia. As a result, 30000 people managed to migrate from countries such as Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland, Romania, the Soviet Union, and the former Yugoslavia under this scheme. Today Australia’s approach to multicultural affairs is a unique model based on integration and social cohesion. On governmental level, the Australians try to maintain national unity through respect and preservation of cultural diversity. An example of such an attitude to historical memory is a database created by the Department of Home Affairs (DHA). For our research, we decided to choose information about residents of East-Central European origin (Ukraine-born, Poland-born, and Czech Republic-born citizens) in Australia, based on the information from the above mentioned database. The article provides the brief historical background of Polish, Ukrainian and Czech groups on the Continent and describes the main characteristics of these groups of people, such as geographic distribution, age, language, religion, year of arrival, median income, educational qualifications, and employment characteristics.
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O'Hara, Rebecca, Heather Rowe, Louise Roufeil i Jane Fisher. "Should endometriosis be managed within a chronic disease framework? An analysis of national policy documents". Australian Health Review 42, nr 6 (2018): 627. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah17185.
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Objective The aim of this study was to determine whether endometriosis meets the definition for chronic disease in Australian policy documents. Methods A qualitative case study approach was used to thematically analyse the definitions contained in Australian chronic disease policy documents and technical reports. The key themes were then compared with descriptions of endometriosis in peer-reviewed literature, clinical practice guidelines and expert consensus statements. Results The search yielded 18 chronic disease documents that provided a definition or characteristics of chronic disease. The thematic analysis identified key elements of chronic diseases pertaining to onset, causation, duration, treatment, disease course and impact (individual and societal). A comparison with endometriosis descriptions indicated that endometriosis meets five of the six chronic disease key elements. Conclusion In Australia, long-term and complex conditions are managed within a chronic disease framework and include mechanisms such as chronic disease management plans (CDMPs) to assist with coordination and management of these conditions. Because endometriosis has most of the characteristics of chronic disease, it could potentially be reframed as a chronic disease in endometriosis clinical practice guidelines and consensus statements. Further, the use of CDMPs may provide a mechanism to promote individualised care and multidisciplinary management of this chronic, enigmatic and debilitating disease. What is known about the topic? In Australia, long-term complex diseases can be managed within a chronic disease framework that include mechanisms for coordinated care such as CDMPs and team care arrangements. Endometriosis is described as an inflammatory, progressive, relapsing and, for some women, debilitating condition, but is rarely described as a chronic disease in the clinical practice guidelines and consensus statements available in Australia. What does this paper add? Endometriosis shares most of the characteristics of a chronic disease so may benefit from chronic disease management systems such as CDMPs. What are the implications for practitioners? CDMPs may be a useful mechanism to coordinate and improve the effectiveness of care for women with endometriosis who experience sustained symptoms of endometriosis.
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Numbers, Ronald L. "Creationists and their critics in Australia: an autonomous culture or 'the USA with Kangaroos'?" Historical Records of Australian Science 14, nr 1 (2002): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/hr02002.
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No country outside the United States has given creationism a warmer reception than Australia, which has spawned an internationally successful creationist ministry and at times even welcomed creation science into the classrooms of state-supported schools. A half-century ago, however, when organized anti-evolutionism first appeared in Australia, it attracted virtually no attention, and for over three decades thereafter it remained isolated on the far margins of Australian society, too obscure and impotent to warrant public concern. As late as 1984 one of the best informed students of Australian fundamentalism predicted that `because of the different national traditions and educational systems, the [creationist] controversy is not likely to become as intense in Australia as in USA�.The following decade proved him a false prophet. The most intense creation-evolution debates in the world have occurred on Australian soil, and Australian creationists have insinuated themselves into the religious, scientific, educational, and political life of the country. In this brief history of creationism and anti-creationism in Australia during the past half-century or so, I highlight two distinctive (though not unique) characteristics of the Australian encounter: the efforts of both sides to tar the other with a `made in America� brush and the contribution of anti-creationists to the success of the creationists. Paradoxically, by hounding and ridiculing creationists, the critics significantly boosted the visibility and viability of creationism in Australia.
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Manshin, Roman V., i Alexey V. Smirnov. "APPROACHES TO ASSESSING THE NUMBER OF RUSSIAN SPEAKING COMMUNITIES IN AUSTRALIA". Scientific Review. Series 1. Economics and Law, nr 4 (2022): 13–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.26653/2076-4650-2022-4-02.
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The article is devoted to the analysis of approaches to assessing the number of Russian-speaking communities in Australia. The Russian-speaking community in Australia was formed under the influence of various waves of migration, differing in the degree of integration into the local society. Thus, six stages of migration to Australia can be distinguished from the end of the 19th century to the present day, which have contributed their own characteristics to the formation of the Russian-speaking community. An analysis of current Russian and Australian statistics made it possible to compare information on migration flows between countries and to identify features and shortcomings of accounting for donor and recipient countries. The results of Australian national censuses make it possible to compensate for some shortcomings in the current accounting of migration processes. The identification of key features that characterize the Russian-speaking communities in Australia made it possible to estimate the size of their main parts. Such signs are: geographical identity (birth on the territory of Russia), linguistic identity (Russian language), religious identity (Orthodoxy), ethnic identity (Russian origin).
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FURUKAWA, T. A., G. ANDREWS i D. P. GOLDBERG. "Stratum-specific likelihood ratios of the General Health Questionnaire in the community: help-seeking and physical co-morbidity affect the test characteristics". Psychological Medicine 32, nr 4 (maj 2002): 743–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291702005494.
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Background. In evidence-based medicine, stratum-specific likelihood ratios (SSLRs) are now being increasingly recognized as a more convenient and generalizable method to interpret diagnostic information than an optimal cut-off and its associated sensitivity and specificity. We previously examined the SSLRs of the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) in primary care settings. The present paper aims to examine if these SSLRs are generalizable to the community settings.Methods. The Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) and the GHQ were administered on a representative sample of the Australian population in the Australian National Survey of Mental Health and Well-Being. We first compared the SSLRs of GHQ in urban Australia with the estimates that we had previously obtained from the developed urban centres in the WHO Psychological Problems in General Health Care study. If the SSLRs in the community were found to differ significantly from those in the primary care, we sought for explanatory variables.Results. The SSLRs in urban Australia and in the urban centres in the WHO study were significantly different for three out of the six strata. When we limited the sample to those with physical problems who visited a health professional, however, the SSLRs in the Australian study were strikingly close to those observed for primary care settings.Conclusions. Different sets of SSLRs apply to primary care and general population samples. For general population surveys in developed countries, the results of the Australian National Survey represent the currently available best estimates. For developing countries or rural areas, the results are less definitive and an investigator may wish to conduct a pilot study.
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Flander, Louisa, Evelien Dekker, Berit Andersen, Mette Bach Larsen, Robert J. Steele, Nea Malila, Tytti Sarkeala i in. "What can We Learn From High-Performing Screening Programs to Increase Bowel Cancer Screening Participation in Australia?" Cancer Control 29 (styczeń 2022): 107327482211213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/10732748221121383.
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Background Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second most diagnosed cancer in men and women and second most common cause of cancer death in Australia; Australia’s CRC incidence and mortality are among the world’s highest. The Australian National Bowel Cancer Screening Program began in 2006; however, only 33% of those approached for the first time by the Program between 2018 and 2019 returned the kit. Of the 5.7 million kits sent during this period, only 44% were returned. Our aim was to identify practices and features of national bowel cancer screening programs in countries with similar programs but higher screening participation, to identify potential interventions for optimising Australian CRC screening participation. Methods We searched published and grey literature for CRC screening programs reporting at least 50% screening participation using postal invitation and free return of iFOBT home kits. Interviews were conducted with cancer registry staff and academic researchers, focused on participant and practitioner engagement in screening. Results National programs in Netherlands, Scotland, Denmark, and Finland reported over 50% screening participation rates for all invitation rounds. Shared characteristics include small populations within small geographic areas relative to Australia; relatively high literacy; a one-sample iFOBT kit; national registration systems for population cancer screening research; and screening program research including randomised trials of program features. Conclusions Apart from the one-sample kit, we identified no single solution to persistent Australian low uptake of screening. Research including randomised trials within the program promises to increase participation. Impact This screening program comparison suggests that within-program intervention trials will lead to increased Australian screening participation.
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Robinson, Maxine F., Cathrine Mihalopoulos, Tracy Merlin i Elizabeth Roughead. "CHARACTERISTICS OF MANAGED ENTRY AGREEMENTS IN AUSTRALIA". International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 34, nr 1 (26.12.2017): 46–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462317001106.
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Objectives: Australia relies on managed entry agreements (MEAs) for many medicines added to the national Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS). Previous studies of Australian MEAs examined public domain documents and were not able to provide a comprehensive assessment of the types and operation of MEAs. This study used government documents approved for release to examine the implementation and administration of MEAs implemented January 2012 to May 2016.Methods: We accessed documents for medicines with MEAs on the PBS between January 2012 and May 2016. Data were extracted on Anatomical Therapeutic Classification (ATC), type of MEA (financial, financial with outcomes, outcomes, and subcategories within each group), implementation and administration methods, source of MEA recommendation, and type of economic analysis.Results: Of all medication indication pairs (MIPs) recommended for listing, one-third had MEAs implemented. Our study of eighty-seven MIPs had 170 MEAs in place. The Government's expert health technology assessment (HTA) committee recommended MEAs for 90 percent of the eighty-seven MIPs. A total of 81 percent of MEAs were simple financial agreements: the majority either discounts (32 percent) or reimbursement caps (43 percent). Outcome-based MEAs were least common (5 percent). Ninety-two percent of MEAs were implemented and operated through legal agreements. Approximately half of the MIPs were listed on the basis of accepted claims of cost-minimization. Forty-nine percent of medicines were in ATC L group.Conclusion: Advice from HTA evaluations strongly influences the implementation of ways to manage uncertainties while providing access to medicines. The government relied primarily on simple financial agreements for the managed entry of medicines for which there were perceived risks.
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Millbank, Jenni. "Health Practitioner Regulation: Has the National Law Produced National Outcomes in Serious Disciplinary Matters?" Federal Law Review 47, nr 4 (13.09.2019): 631–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0067205x19875028.
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Since 2010, a national scheme regulates the registration, accreditation and discipline of health professionals in Australia (the ‘National Law’). This research examines disciplinary cases from tribunals nationwide to address the question: Has the national regulation of health professionals produced consistency in outcomes in serious cases of professional misconduct? All publicly available Australian tribunal-level decisions concerning complaints of serious misconduct and/or impairment brought against the five most populous regulated health professions (nurses and midwives, doctors, psychologists, pharmacists and dentists) were analysed for the period from 1 July 2010 to 30 June 2017. Each case was coded by reference to a typology of misconduct, practitioner characteristics and outcome, allowing for comparisons to be drawn both as between the professions and as between jurisdictions. Major disparities were identified in outcomes across the professions, with doctors being subject to less severe outcomes than other professions, in particular in comparison with nurses, even when the same main head of misconduct was in issue. Marked disparities were also identified between outcomes in different states and territories, suggesting that the National Law is not being applied in a uniform manner. This article examines these disparities and explores possible contributing factors.
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Way, J., P. Cistulli i Y. Bin. "P132 Self-reported indicators of sleep health in Australia: a cross-sectional population-based study". SLEEP Advances 3, Supplement_1 (1.10.2022): A72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sleepadvances/zpac029.200.
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Abstract Introduction Poor sleep health is associated with adverse physical and mental health outcomes. This study aims to examine the indicators of sleep health in an Australian-based population and to analyse the relationship between sleep and sociodemographic characteristics and health conditions. Method We investigated a nationally representative sample of adults aged over 18 (n = 21,562) who participated in the 2011-2013 Australian Health Survey (AHS). Participants in the AHS were assigned to either the National Health Survey (NHS) or the National Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey (NNPAS). The NHS collected data on sleeping tablets taken for a mental health condition. Sleep duration was self-reported in the NNPAS which we categorised into three groups: short sleep (< 7 hours), recommended sleep (7 to 9hours) and long sleep (> 9 hours). Progress to Date Prevalence of sleeping tablets use among Australian adults who had a mental health condition was 9.5%. The majority used sleeping tablets for a duration of 6 months or more (73.9%) and many took it every night (42.0%). On a typical night, a majority self-reported having the recommended amount of sleep for adults (67.2%). The sociodemographic characteristics and health conditions are currently being analysed. Intended Outcome and Impact Adequately monitoring the domains of sleep health can potentially improve the overall health and wellbeing of a population. This study will highlight the current gap in the surveillance of sleep health in Australia. With limited Australian data available, there is a need to prioritise sleep-related indicators in future national health surveys.
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Lee, Sangha, Daniel Bonnar, Brandy Roane, Michael Gradisar, Ian C. Dunican, Michele Lastella, Gemma Maisey i Sooyeon Suh. "Sleep Characteristics and Mood of Professional Esports Athletes: A Multi-National Study". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, nr 2 (14.01.2021): 664. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18020664.
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Esports is becoming increasingly professionalized, yet research on performance management is remarkably lacking. The present study aimed to investigate the sleep and mood of professional esports athletes. Participants were 17 professional esports athletes from South Korea (N = 8), Australia (N = 4), and the United States (N = 5) who played first person shooter games (mean age 20 ± 3.5 years, 100% male). All participants wore a wrist-activity monitor for 7–14 days and completed subjective sleep and mood questionnaires. Participants had a median total sleep time of 6.8 h and a sleep efficiency of 86.4% per night. All participants had significantly delayed sleep patterns (median sleep onset 3:43 a.m. and wake time 11:24 a.m.). Participants had a median sleep onset latency of 20.4 min and prolonged wake after sleep onset of 47.9 min. Korean players had significantly higher depression scores compared to the other groups (p < 0.01) and trained longer per day than the Australian or United States teams (13.4 vs. 4.8 vs. 6.1 h, respectively). Depression scores were strongly correlated with number of awakenings, wake after sleep onset, and daily training time (p < 0.05). As the first pilot sleep study in the esports field, this study indicates that esports athletes show delayed sleep patterns and have prolonged wake after sleep onset. These sleep patterns may be associated with mood (depression) and training time. Sleep interventions designed specifically for esports athletes appear warranted.
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Hawthorne, Wayne J., Sussan Davies, Hee-chang Mun, Yi Vee Chew, Lindy Williams, Patricia Anderson, Natasha Rogers i Philip J. O’Connell. "Successful Islet Outcomes Using Australia-Wide Donors: A National Centre Experience". Metabolites 11, nr 6 (5.06.2021): 360. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/metabo11060360.
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Cold ischemia and hence travel time can adversely affect outcomes of islet isolation. The aim of this study was to compare the isolation and transplant outcomes of donor pancreata according to the distance from islet isolation facility. Principally, those within a 50 km radius of the centre were compared with those from regional areas within the state and those from interstate donors within Australia. Organ donors were categorised according to distance from National Pancreas Transplant Unit Westmead (NPTU). Donor characteristics were analysed statistically against islet isolation outcomes. These were age, BMI, cause and mechanism of death, days in ICU, gender, inotrope and steroid use, cold ischemia time (CIT) and retrieval surgical team. Between March 2007 and December 2020, 297 islet isolations were performed at our centre. A total of 149 donor pancreata were local area, and 148 non-local regions. Mean distance from the isolation facility was 780.05 km. Mean pancreas CIT was 401.07 ± 137.71 min and was significantly different between local and non-local groups (297.2 vs. 487.5 min, p < 0.01). Mean age of donors was 45.22 years, mean BMI was 28.82, sex ratio was 48:52 F:M and mean time in ICU was 3.07 days. There was no significant difference between local and non-local for these characteristics. The mean CIT resulting in islet transplantation was 297.1 ± 91.5 min and longest CIT resulting in transplantation was 676 min. There was no significant difference in islet isolation outcomes between local and non-local donors for characteristics other than CIT. There was also no significant effect of distance from the isolation facility on positive islet transplant outcomes (C-peptide > 0.2 at 1 month post-transplant). Conclusions: Distance from the isolation centre did not impact on isolation or transplant outcomes supporting the ongoing nationwide use of shipping pancreata for islet isolation and transplantation.
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Guy, Rebecca J., Ann M. McDonald, Mark J. Bartlett, Jo C. Murray, Carolien M. Giele, Therese M. Davey, Ranil D. Appuhamy i in. "Characteristics of HIV diagnoses in Australia, 1993-2006". Sexual Health 5, nr 2 (2008): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh07070.
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Objective: To describe recent trends in the diagnosis of HIV infection in Australia. Methods: National HIV surveillance data from 1993 to 2006 were analysed with a focus on geographic differences by HIV exposure route and late presentation (HIV within 3 months of a first AIDS-defining illness or a CD4 count of less than 200 cells μL–1). Results: In 1993–99, the number of HIV diagnoses declined by 32%, and then increased by 39% from 1999 to 2006. From 2000 onwards, rates increased significantly in Victoria, Queensland, South Australia and Western Australia. The most frequently reported routes of HIV exposure were male to male sex (71%) and heterosexual contact (18%), and the population rate of diagnoses have increased in both categories. Among the cases reported as heterosexually acquired (n = 2199), 33% were in people born in a high-prevalence country and 19% in those with partners from a high-prevalence country. Late presentation was most frequent in heterosexually acquired infections in persons who had a partner from a high-prevalence country: 32% compared with 20% overall. Conclusions: Recent increases in annual numbers of HIV diagnoses in Australia underline the continuing need for HIV-prevention programs, particularly among men having male to male sex. Early diagnosis and access to care and treatment should also be emphasised, as a substantial proportion of people with HIV infection are unaware of their status until late in the course of disease.
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McPhedran, Samara, Angela R. Gover i Paul Mazerolle. "A cross-national comparison of police attitudes about domestic violence: a focus on gender". Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management 40, nr 2 (15.05.2017): 214–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/pijpsm-06-2016-0083.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is twofold. The first goal is to conduct a cross-national examination of law enforcement officer attitudes about domestic violence (DV) by comparing officer attitudes in the USA to officer attitudes in Australia. The second goal is to examine law enforcement officer attitudes about DV using a gender lens to identify whether patterns in attitudes among male and female officers in the USA are similar to those among Australian male and female law enforcement officers. Design/methodology/approach The current study involves a comparative analysis of DV attitudes in two different countries (the USA and Australia). Officers in the USA were asked to indicate their level agreement with 28 attitudinal statements about DV. The Australian survey adapted the Gover et al. (2011) instrument by including 24 of the 28 attitudinal statements. The survey followed a mixed-methods design with both quantitative and qualitative components. Bivariate analyses were conducted to determine whether attitudes varied by country and gender of the responding officers. Analyses of attitudinal questions and categorical variables (e.g. gender) were conducted using t-tests. Findings According to survey data gathered from police officers in Colorado (USA) and Queensland (Australia), male and female officer attitudes within each country are more similar than different. When comparing the overall sample of American officer attitudes to Australian officer attitudes, they significantly differ about half the time. Research limitations/implications The Australian survey had a considerably low response rate, and therefore it cannot be stated with certainty whether the responses given are truly representative of the views of Australian officers as a whole, although the demographic characteristics of the sample were comparable with the overall police population demographics. Another limitation is that not all demographic and background variables were collected by both surveys. For example, the US survey asked about officers’ ethnicity, while the Australian survey did not, and the Australian survey asked about how many DV jobs officers attended per month, while the US survey did not. Practical implications Improving knowledge about police attitudes towards DV can help to inform future policy or practice implementation, as well as training programmes and better overall responses to the pervasive and ongoing problem of DV internationally. Originality/value This is a unique and original piece of research as it is a partial cross-national replication of an existing survey. This work does have the potential for great impact in understanding and developing innovative law enforcement responses to DV. In developing such responses officer attitudes need to be considered and integrated into the response, as their opinions will guide the support of future interventions.
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Sharman, Melanie J., Monique C. Breslin, Alexandr Kuzminov, Andrew J. Palmer, Leigh Blizzard, Martin Hensher i Alison J. Venn. "Population estimates and characteristics of Australians potentially eligible for bariatric surgery: findings from the 2011–13 Australian Health Survey". Australian Health Review 42, nr 4 (2018): 429. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah16255.
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Objective The aim of the present study was to determine the potential demand for publicly and privately funded bariatric surgery in Australia. Methods Nationally representative data from the 2011–13 Australian Health Survey were used to estimate the numbers and characteristics of Australians meeting specific eligibility criteria as recommended in National Health and Medical Research Council guidelines for the management of overweight and obesity. Results Of the 3 352 037 adult Australians (aged 18–65 years) estimated to be obese in 2011–13, 882 441 (26.3%; 95% confidence interval (CI) 23.0–29.6) were potentially eligible for bariatric surgery (accounting for 6.2% (95% CI 5.4–7.1) of the adult population aged 18–65 years (n = 14 122 020)). Of these, 396 856 (45.0%; 95% CI 40.4–49.5) had Class 3 obesity (body mass index (BMI) ≥40 kg m–2), 470945 (53.4%; 95% CI 49.0–57.7) had Class 2 obesity (BMI 35–39.9 kg m–2) with obesity-related comorbidities or risk factors and 14 640 (1.7%; 95% CI 0.6–2.7) had Class 1 obesity (BMI 30–34.9 kg m–2) with poorly controlled type 2 diabetes and increased cardiovascular risk; 458 869 (52.0%; 95% CI 46.4–57.6) were female, 404 594 (45.8%; 95% CI 37.3–54.4) had no private health insurance and 309 983 (35.1%; 95% CI 28.8–41.4) resided outside a major city. Conclusion Even if only 5% of Australian adults estimated to be eligible for bariatric surgery sought this intervention, the demand, particularly in the public health system and outside major cities, would far outstrip current capacity. Better guidance on patient prioritisation and greater resourcing of public surgery are needed. What is known about this topic? In the period 2011–13, 4 million Australian adults were estimated to be obese, with obesity disproportionately more prevalent in areas of socioeconomic disadvantage. Bariatric surgery is considered to be cost-effective and the most effective treatment for adults with obesity, but is mainly privately funded in Australia (>90%), with 16 650 primary privately funded procedures performed in 2015. The extent to which the supply of bariatric surgery is falling short of demand in Australia is unknown. What does this paper add? The present study provides important information for health service planners. For the first time, population estimates and characteristics of those potentially eligible for bariatric surgery in Australia have been described based on the best available evidence, using categories that best approximate the national recommended eligibility criteria. What are the implications for practitioners? Even if only 5% of those estimated to be potentially eligible for bariatric surgery in Australia sought a surgical pathway (44 122 of 882 441), the potential demand, particularly in the public health system and outside major cities, would still far outstrip current capacity, underscoring the immediate need for better guidance on patient prioritisation. The findings of the present study provide a strong signal that more funding of public surgery and other effective interventions to assist this population group are necessary.
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Taylor, Bruce V., Andrew Palmer, Steve Simpson, Robyn Lucas, Rex D. Simmons, Deborah Mason, John Pearson i in. "Assessing possible selection bias in a national voluntary MS longitudinal study in Australia". Multiple Sclerosis Journal 19, nr 12 (25.03.2013): 1627–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1352458513481511.
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Background: Surveying volunteer members of a multiple sclerosis registry is a very cost-effective way of assessing the impact of the disease on life outcomes. However, whether the data from such a study can be generalised to the whole population of persons living with MS in a country or region is unclear. Methods: Here we compare the demographic and disease characteristics of participants in one such study, the Australian Multiple Sclerosis Longitudinal Study (AMSLS), with two well-characterised MS prevalence studies with near-complete ascertainment of MS in their study regions. Results: Although some differences were found, these largely represented the effects of geography (sex ratios) and local factors (national immunomodulatory therapy prescribing requirements), and the cohorts were otherwise comparable. Overall, despite comprising only 12–16% of MS cases in Australia, the AMSLS is highly representative of the MS population. Conclusions: Therefore with some minor caveats, the AMSLS data can be generalised to the whole Australasian MS population. Volunteer disease registries such as this can be highly representative and provide an excellent convenience sample when studying rare conditions such as MS.
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Gardner, Glenn, Anne Gardner, Sandy Middleton, Julie Considine, Gerard Fitzgerald, Luke Christofis, Anna Doubrovsky, Margaret Adams i Jane O'Connell. "Mapping workforce configuration and operational models in Australian emergency departments: a national survey". Australian Health Review 42, nr 3 (2018): 340. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah16231.
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Objective Hospital emergency departments (ED) in Australia and internationally have been experiencing increased demand, resulting in reduced hospital quality, impaired access and adverse health outcomes. Effective evaluation of new ED service models and their effect on outcomes is reliant on baseline measures of the staffing configuration and organisational characteristics of the EDs being studied. The aim of the present study was to comprehensively measure these variables in Australian EDs. Methods Australian hospital EDs with 24-h medical and nursing cover were identified and invited to participate in the study. Telephone interviews were conducted with nursing or medical department managers to collect data related to hospital characteristics, ED workforce and training and ED service and operational models. Results Surveys were completed in 87% of the population sample (n = 135). Metropolitan EDs were significantly more likely to retain higher full-time equivalents (FTEs) in several medical (staff specialist, registrar, resident and intern) and nursing (nurse practitioner (NP), nurse educator, nurse unit manager and registered nurse) positions. NPs were employed by 52% of Australian EDs overall, but this ranged from 40% to 75% depending on jurisdiction. The most commonly used operational models were FastTrack teams (72% of EDs), short-stay/observational unit (59%) and patient liaison models for aged care (84%) and mental health (61%). EDs that employed NPs were significantly more likely to use FastTrack (P = 0.002). Allied health services most frequently available within these EDs were radiology (60%), social work (69%), physiotherapy (70%) and pharmacy (65%). Conclusions The present study has established a baseline measure of the staffing configuration and organisational characteristics of Australian EDs. What is known about the topic? EDs are overcrowded due, in part, to the combined effect of increased service demand and access block. Innovative service and workforce models have been implemented by health departments aiming to improve service and performance. National uptake of these service and workforce innovations is unknown. What does this paper add? The present study is the most comprehensive to date profiling Australian EDs covering hospital characteristics, workforce configuration, operational models and NP service patterns and practice. What are the implications for practitioners? Information from the present study will assist health service planners to evaluate workforce and service reform models, and to monitor trends in emergency service development.
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CHAMBERS, Georgina. "How Did We Get Here and Where are We Going?" Fertility & Reproduction 04, nr 03n04 (wrzesień 2022): 92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2661318222740048.
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The YourIVFSuccess website was created to help people make informed decisions about IVF treatment. It was developed by the University of New South Wales in collaboration with clinicians and consumers with funding from the Australian Government and launched in early 2021. The Website provides a searchable database of all fertility clinics in Australia, and includes comparable information on the types of patients, their treatment and their success rates compared to national averages. It also includes an IVF Success Estimator which allows patients to enter their own characteristics and receive an individualised estimate their chances of having a baby using IVF, based on data from over 600,000 IVF cycles performed in Australia. This presentation will provide background to the Website development, why each measure of success was chosen, and planned future enhancements.
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Lee, S., D. Bonnar, B. Roane, M. Gradisar, E. Jang i S. Suh. "0192 Sleep Characteristics and Mood of Professional Esports Athletes: A Multi-National Study". Sleep 43, Supplement_1 (kwiecień 2020): A75—A76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsaa056.190.
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Abstract Introduction Esports is becoming increasingly professionalized, yet research on performance management is remarkably lacking. The present study aimed to investigate sleep and mood in professional esports athletes. Methods Participants were 17 professional esports athletes from South Korea (8), Australia (4) and the US (5) who played First Person Shooter games (mean age 20±3.5 years, 100% male). All participants wore a wrist-activity monitor for 7–14 days, and completed subjective sleep and mood questionnaires. Results Based on data from the wrist-activity monitory, participants averaged 409±37 minutes of total sleep time, and 87±1% of sleep efficiency per night. All participants had significantly delayed sleep patterns (Average bed Time 3:41 am and wake Time 11:11 am). Participants had an average SOL of 26.15 minutes and prolonged wake after sleep onset of 51.91 (±31.84) minutes. Korean players had significantly higher depression scores compared to the other groups (p=.006) and trained longer than the Australian or US teams (13.38 vs. 4.75 vs. 6.10 hours, respectively). Depression scores were strongly correlated with number of awakenings, wake after sleep onset and training time per day (ps<.05). Conclusion As the first exploratory study in the esports field, the study indicates that esports athletes show delayed sleep patterns and have prolonged wake after sleep onset. These sleep patterns may be associated with mood (depression) and training time. There may also be cultural differences that contribute to sleep disturbance in this population. Support Korean Society of Sleep Medicine
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Fincher, R. "Gender, Age, and Ethnicity in Immigration for an Australian Nation". Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 29, nr 2 (luty 1997): 217–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a290217.
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Since the Second World War, large-scale immigration has been promoted by successive Australian governments as vital to national development. Most accounts of the content and implementation of the resulting immigration policies, particularly until the demise of the White Australia policy in 1972, have emphasised their racism. The ideal immigrant under these policies, however, was not merely of particular birthplace and ethnicity, but also had specified gender and age characteristics. The author proposes that selection of immigrant settlers in Australia since World War 2 has been gendered as well as racialised, often combining particular sexisms with particular racisms and specifying the ways that ethnicity and gender should coexist in immigrants of different age groups. She notes implications for immigrants once in Australia (especially women) of the category under which they have entered the country. And she suggests that a new phase relating immigration to redefinition of the Australian nation, in which the temporary migration of skilled workers is preferred to their permanent migration, may be beginning; a phase whose modes of regulation and outcomes are as distinctively gendered as were those of their predecessors.
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Hordacre, Brenton G., Tara Stevermuer, Frances Simmonds, Maria Crotty i Kathy Eagar. "Lower-limb amputee rehabilitation in Australia: analysis of a national data set 2004 - 10". Australian Health Review 37, nr 1 (2013): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah11138.
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Objective. Examine demographics, clinical characteristics and rehabilitation outcomes of lower-limb amputees, using the Australasian Rehabilitation Outcomes Centre (AROC) database. Methods. Lower-limb amputee rehabilitation separations between 2004 and 2010 were identified using AROC impairment codes 5.3–5.7.1 Analysis was conducted by year, impairment code, Australian National Sub-acute and Non-Acute Patient (AN-SNAP) classification (S2–224, Functional Independence Measure (FIM) motor(Mot) score 72–91; S2–225, FIM (Mot) score 14–71) and states of Australia. Results. Mean length of stay (LOS) for all lower-limb amputee episodes was 36.1 days (95% confidence interval (CI): 35.4–36.9). Majority of episodes were unilateral below knee (63.6%), males (71.8%) with a mean age of 67.9 years (95% CI: 67.6–68.3). Year-on-year analysis revealed a trend for increasing LOS and decreasing age. Analysis by impairment code demonstrated no significant difference in rehabilitation outcomes. Analysis by AN-SNAP found that LOS was 16.2 days longer for S2–225 than for S2–224 (95% CI: 14.7–17.8, P < 0.001), and FIM (Mot) change was 12.0 points higher for S2–225 than for S2–224 (95% CI: 11.5–12.6, P < 0.001). Analysis by states revealed significant variation in LOS, FIM (Mot) change and FIM (Mot) efficiency which may be associated with variations in organisation of rehabilitation services across states. Conclusion. Although amputees represented a comparatively small proportion of all rehabilitation episodes in Australia, their LOS was significant. Unlike many other rehabilitation conditions, there was no evidence of decreasing LOS over time. AN-SNAP classes were effective in distinguishing rehabilitation outcomes, and could potentially be used more effectively in planning rehabilitation programs. What is known about the topic? Literature reporting on the rehabilitation outcomes of cohorts of lower-limb amputees in Australia is limited to individual sites. No previous literature was identified that reported national data. What does this paper add? This study investigates amputee rehabilitation at a national level over a 7-year observation period (2004–10) and comprises 6588 episodes. It reports the national demographics, clinical characteristics and rehabilitation outcomes, with the aim of identifying findings that have implications for practitioners. What are the implications for practitioners? Although only a small proportion of all episodes in the AROC database, this subset of lower-limb amputee episodes has provided a useful snapshot of the current state of amputee rehabilitation in Australia. We believe these findings have significant implications for practitioners in delivery of amputee rehabilitation services across Australia. Practitioners may benefit from adjusting service delivery based upon the decreasing age of lower limb amputees. Findings from this study also indicate that AN-SNAP classifications are effective in discriminating amputee rehabilitation outcomes and may be used to streamline rehabilitation services and provide a more efficient and effective rehabilitation service to prevent further increases in LOS.
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Lemieux, Frederic, Samantha Bricknell i Tim Prenzler. "Mass shootings in Australia and the United States, 1981-2013". Journal of Criminological Research, Policy and Practice 1, nr 3 (21.09.2015): 131–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jcrpp-05-2015-0013.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to compare the incidence and main characteristics of mass shooting events in Australia and the USA in the period 1981-2013. Design/methodology/approach – The study adopted a conservative definition of mass shootings derived from the US Federal Bureau of Investigation, covering four or more fatalities not including the offender. Australian cases were accessed from the Australian Institute of Criminology’s National Homicide Monitoring Programme (NHMP) database and several secondary sources. The US data were collected from the Mother Jones database, a report prepared for Mayors Against Illegal Guns and a New York Police Department report. The time series data were related to changes in firearms regulations in the two jurisdictions. Findings – For Australia, the study identified 13 mass shooting events and 104 fatalities from gunshot wounds. For the USA, there were 73 events and 576 victims. Of note is the fact that all cases in Australia pre-dated the implementation of the restrictive 1996 National Firearms Agreement. In the USA, a small decline was evident during the 1994-2004 Federal Assault Weapon Ban. Incidents and fatalities increased after 2004. Research limitations/implications – Of necessity, the paper adopts a conservative FBI-based definition of mass shootings that limits the number of cases captured. The absence of an official government US database also most likely limits the number of cases identified. Practical implications – The findings lend support to policy considerations regarding regulating access to firearms. Originality/value – The paper is unique in comparing mass shootings in these two jurisdictions over three decades in association with changes in firearms regulation.
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Gaans, Deborah Van, Neil Coffee, Mark Daniel i David Roder. "Breast Screen Service Characteristics as a Measure of Accessibility". Research in Health Science 3, nr 4 (29.11.2018): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/rhs.v3n4p103.
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<p><em>Breast Screen Australia is a national breast cancer screening program which aims to reduce illness and death from breast cancer through early detection using mammography. Through this program women aged 40 and over in Australia are eligible for a free mammogram every two years. Around 55% of the target population participate in the program. Understanding the accessibility of breast screen services has the potential to improve the uptake of screening services. Spatial analysis of individual breast screen services: opening hours, disability and accessibility infrastructure, parking and transport data can be used to describe the accessibility of breast screen services. Through highlighting regional accessibility to breast screen services it is possible to identify regions where accessibility to services could be increased to improved equity in health service provision.</em></p>
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Fowler, A. J., M. A. Steer, W. B. Jackson i M. T. Lloyd. "Population characteristics of southern sea garfish (Hyporhamphus melanochir, Hemiramphidae) in South Australia". Marine and Freshwater Research 59, nr 5 (2008): 429. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf07230.
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Population dynamics, demography and spatial distribution of an important species of ‘halfbeak’, the southern sea garfish (Hyporhamphus melanochir), were studied in South Australia, which accounts for most of the national catch. Commercial catch and effort data were used to indicate spatial and temporal abundance. Catch sampling provided fish measurements and estimates of age, sex and reproductive maturity. Catches were from throughout South Australia’s gulf region, but three areas separated by hundreds of kilometres produced the highest catches. These relatively protected areas support extensive beds of intertidal and subtidal seagrasses. Statewide commercial fishery catches demonstrated considerable inter-annual variation of 240–320 t year–1. Catches were dominated by 1+ and 2+ fish, with few individuals from the 3+ to 5+ age classes. Females dominated the sex ratios, were the largest individuals, and the largest from each age class. No running ripe fish were sampled. Seasonal variation in the catch and in the lack of spawning fish suggested that adults might move from fishing areas during the spawning season. Length/weight and length/age relationships did not differ between areas separated by hundreds of kilometres, suggesting large-scale movement. Possible population truncation related to fishery exploitation has prompted a stock rebuilding program for the South Australian stock.
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Banens, R. J., i J. R. Davis. "Comprehensive approaches to eutrophication management: the Australian example". Water Science and Technology 37, nr 3 (1.02.1998): 217–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1998.0211.
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Eutrophication is one of the major environmental issues facing Australia. Responses to this issue include short-term management strategies principally focusing on operational activities, and long-term strategies focusing on nutrient reduction, flow management, education, monitoring and research. Because nutrients were found to be largely derived from rural areas, community education and involvement of land holders formed a central element of the longer-term strategies. The voluntary and co-operative approach adopted was considered to be more effective than a regulatory or coercive approach in improving diffuse phosphorus source management. Research was particularly necessary because of a relatively poor Australian knowledge base, and the need to rely on overseas understandings and management experiences. Australia has a number of environmental characteristics - episodic rainfall and runoff, higher year-round temperatures, old shallow soils and higher river turbidity - to suggest that research into the causes and management of eutrophication under Australian conditions is necessary. Historical reports suggest that some of these factors may make Australian waters naturally susceptible to eutrophication. The National Eutrophication Management Program was established to fund, co-ordinate and communicate research activities. Preliminary research findings suggest that the accepted northern hemisphere eutrophication paradigm does not always fit.
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McLaughlin, M. J., N. K. Fleming, P. G. Simpson, M. D. A. Bolland, R. J. Gilkes, P. W. G. Sale, G. J. Blair i in. "National Reactive Phosphate Rock Project —aims, experimental approach and site characteristics". Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 37, nr 8 (1997): 885. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea96105.
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Summary. Field-based cutting trials, which formed part of the National Reactive Phosphate Rock Project, were established across Australia in a range of environments to evaluate the agronomic effectiveness of 5 phosphate rocks, and 1 partially acidulated phosphate rock, relative to either single superphosphate or triple superphosphate. The phosphate rocks differed in reactivity. Sechura (Bayovar) and North Carolina phosphate rocks were highly reactive (>70% solubility in 2% formic acid), whilst Khouribja (Moroccan) and Hamrawein (Egypt) phosphate rock were moderately reactive. Duchess phosphate rock from Queensland was relatively unreactive (<45% solubility in 2% formic acid). Phosphate rock effectiveness was assessed by measuring pasture production over a range of phosphorus levels, and by monitoring bicarbonate-soluble phosphorus extracted from soil samples collected before the start of each growing season. Other treatments included single large applications of triple superphosphate, partially acidulated phosphate rock and North Carolina phosphate rock applied at 2 rates, and the application of monocalcium phosphate and North Carolina phosphate rock sources without sulfur to evaluate the importance of sulfur in the potential use of phosphate rock fertilisers at each site. A broad range of environments were represented over the 30 sites which were based on pastures using annual and/or perennial legumes and perennial grasses. Rainfall across the network of sites ranged from 560 to 4320 mm, soil pH (CaCl2) from 4.0 to 5.1, and Colwell-extractable phosphorus ranged from 3 to 47 µg/g before fertiliser application. Two core experiments were established at each site. The first measured the effects of phosphate rock reactivity on agronomic effectiveness, while the second measured the effects of the degree of water solubility of the phosphorus source on agronomic effectiveness. The National Reactive Phosphate Rock Project trials gave the opportunity to confirm the suitability of accepted procedures to model fertiliser response and to develop new approaches for comparing different fertiliser responses. The Project also provided the framework for subsidiary studies such as the effect of fertiliser source on soil phosphorus extractability, cadmium and fluorine concentrations in herbage, evaluation of soil phosphorus tests, and the influence of particle size on phosphate rock effectiveness. The National Reactive Phosphate Rock Project presents a valuable model for a large, Australia-wide, collaborative team approach to an important agricultural issue. The use of standard and consistent experimental methodologies at every site ensured that maximum benefit was obtained from data generated. The aims, rationale and methods used for the experiments across the network are presented and discussed.
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Darke, Shane, Sharlene Kaye i Johan Duflou. "Rates, characteristics and circumstances of methamphetamine-related death in Australia: a national 7-year study". Addiction 112, nr 12 (11.07.2017): 2191–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/add.13897.
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Moonen, Avalon, Martin K. C. Ng, David Playford, Geoff Strange, Gregory M. Scalia i David S. Celermajer. "Atrial functional mitral regurgitation: prevalence, characteristics and outcomes from the National Echo Database of Australia". Open Heart 10, nr 1 (luty 2023): e002180. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/openhrt-2022-002180.
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AimsAtrial functional mitral regurgitation (AFMR) is characterised by left atrial and consequent mitral annular dilatation causing mitral regurgitation. AFMR is likely to become more common with population ageing, alongside increases in atrial fibrillation and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; conditions causing atrial dilatation. Here, we aim to define the prevalence and characterise the patient and survival characteristics of AFMR in the National Echocardiographic Database of Australia (NEDA).Methods and results14 004 adults with moderate or severe FMR were identified from NEDA. AFMR or ventricular FMR (VFMR) was classified by LA size, LV size and LVEF. AFMR was found in 40% (n=5562) and VFMR in 60% (n=8442). Compared with VFMR, the AFMR subgroup were significantly older (mean age 78±11 years), with a higher proportion of females and of AF. Participants were followed up for a median of 65 months (IQR 36–116 months). After adjustment for age, sex, AF, and pulmonary hypertension, the prognosis for VFMR was significantly worse than for AFMR (HR 1.57, 95% CI 1.47 to 1.68 for all-cause and 1.73, 95% CI 1.60 to 1.88, p<0.001 for both). After further adjustment for LVEF, mortality rates were similar in VFMR and AFMR patients (HR 0.93, p=NS), though advancing age and pulmonary hypertension remained independently associated with prognosis.ConclusionsAFMR is a common cause of significant functional MR that predominantly affects elderly female patients with AF. Advancing age and pulmonary hypertension independently associated with survival in FMR. Prognosis was better in AFMR compared with VFMR; however, this difference was accounted for by LV systolic impairment and not by MR severity.
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Allan, John A., Gary D. Hanson, Nicole L. Schroder, Anna J. O’Mahony, Roxanne M. P. Foster i Grant E. Sara. "Six years of national mental health seclusion data: the Australian experience". Australasian Psychiatry 25, nr 3 (4.04.2017): 277–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1039856217700298.
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Objectives: Reducing or eliminating seclusion from mental health care settings has been a national priority for Australia since 2005. This paper describes Australia’s national seclusion data collection, and summarises changes in seclusion rates in Australian public mental health services. Methods: Seclusion events per 1000 patient days were calculated from 2009–2010 to 2014–2015 utilising state and territory administrative data sources. Combined national data were used to calculate results for a number of service characteristics, such as target population and location of the service. Results: The rate of seclusion events decreased by 43% over the 6 years. Child and adolescent services reported consistently higher rates of seclusion, but a shorter duration of seclusion episodes, compared with other service types. There is high variation in seclusion rates between individual services (range 0.0–53.0 seclusion events per 1000 bed days in 2014–2015). Conclusions: Seclusion event rates in Australia’s specialised public acute mental health hospital services are declining. The use of existing administrative data was instrumental in establishing a national data source to facilitate the monitoring and reporting of progress of seclusion reduction strategies.
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Sudeshika, Thilini, Mark Naunton, Gregory M. Peterson, Louise S. Deeks, Jackson Thomas i Sam Kosari. "Evaluation of General Practice Pharmacists: Study Protocol to Assess Interprofessional Collaboration and Team Effectiveness". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, nr 3 (22.01.2021): 966. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18030966.
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The inclusion of pharmacists into general practices has expanded in Australia. However, there is a paucity of research examining interprofessional collaboration and team effectiveness after including a pharmacist into the general practice team in primary or community care. This is a protocol for a cross-national comparative mixed-methods study to (i) investigate interprofessional collaboration and team effectiveness within the general practice team after employing pharmacists in general practices in the Australian Capital Territory (ACT) and (ii) to compare interprofessional collaboration and team effectiveness of pharmacists in general practice across Australia with international sites. The first objective will be addressed through a multiphase sequential explanatory mixed-method design, using surveys and semi-structured interviews. The study will recruit general practice pharmacists, general practitioners, and other health professionals from eight general practices in the ACT. Quantitative and qualitative results will be merged during interpretation to provide complementary perspectives of interprofessional collaboration. Secondly, a quantitative descriptive design will compare findings on interprofessional collaboration (professional interactions, relationship initiation, exchange characteristics, and commitment to collaboration) and team effectiveness of general practice pharmacists in Australia with international sites from Canada and the United Kingdom. The results of the study will be used to provide recommendations on how to best implement the role of general practice pharmacists across Australia.
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Taylor, Lee, Delyse Hutchinson, Ron Rapee, Lucy Burns, Christine Stephens i Paul S. Haber. "Clinical Features and Correlates of Outcomes for High-Risk, Marginalized Mothers and Newborn Infants Engaged with a Specialist Perinatal and Family Drug Health Service". Obstetrics and Gynecology International 2012 (2012): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/867265.
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Background. There is a paucity of research in Australia on the characteristics of women in treatment for illicit substance use in pregnancy and the health outcomes of their neonates.Aims. To determine the clinical features and outcomes of high-risk, marginalized women seeking treatment for illicit substance use in pregnancy and their neonates.Methods. 139 women with a history of substance abuse/dependence engaged with a perinatal drug health service in Sydney, Australia. Maternal (demographic, drug use, psychological, physical, obstetric, and antenatal care) and neonatal characteristics (delivery, early health outcomes) were examined.Results. Compared to national figures, pregnant women attending a specialist perinatal and family drug health service were more likely to report being Australian born, Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander, younger, unemployed, and multiparous. Opiates were the primary drug of concern (81.3%). Pregnancy complications were common (61.9%). Neonates were more likely to be preterm, have low birth weight, and be admitted to special care nursery. NAS was the most prevalent birth complication (69.8%) and almost half required pharmacotherapy.Conclusion. Mother-infant dyads affected by substance use in pregnancy are at significant risk. There is a need to review clinical models of care and examine the longer-term impacts on infant development.
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Kravinskaya, Yulia Yu, i Elena V. Polkhovskaya. "The Specificity of Postcolonial Text of Settler Societies in Australia and New Zealand: A Comparative Aspect". Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta, nr 458 (2020): 41–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/15617793/458/5.
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A brief comparative review of English-language literatures of Australia and New Zealand is given in the article. The aim of the article is to highlight the similarities and differences at the stages of the literary process development from the point of view of postcolonial studies. The historical genesis specificity of the region and the uniqueness of national identity formation at the juncture of colonial and colonized cultures stipulate the definition of Australia and New Zealand as settler societies. Tasks needed to be resolved are to disclose the notion “settler societies”, to determine common characteristics of the studied national literatures as postcolonial ones, to give their comparative outline, to make a textual analysis of a number of literary works which are indicative for each stage of the literary process development. In the course of the study, the authors refer to a comparative historical method of scientific enquiry to highlight similarities in the literary process development and the degree of influence of metropolitan literature on it. They also use a sociological method to estimate the impact of the settler societies development on the literary process and a hermeneutic interpretative method in textual analysis to interpret the transformation of a typical hero at various stages of the literary process in Australia and New Zealand. The article is divided into theoretical and practical parts. In the theoretical part, the authors define “settler societies”, overview the place of “settler” countries in the postcolonial space, and note factors allowing to review the national literatures comparatively as postcolonial ones. In the practical part, the authors characterize three stages of the literary process development observed in the national literatures of Australia and New Zealand, conduct an interpretative analysis of the works in which the prolific features of a typical hero are shown. On conducting the research the authors come to the following conclusions. The national literatures of Australia and New Zealand are under the influence of the metropolitan culture and literaturel, but the relation started to loosen at a contemporary stage of the literary process development due to the formation of the national identities of Australians and New Zealanders. The impact of colonized indigenous peoples’ cultures on the literary process defines the difference between the national literatures. For the countries, the national identity formation is characteristic in the cultural sphere, which makes the further study of identification processes presentation in literary text promising.
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Ng, Kenny. "Combating marine invasive alien species effectively in Australia". Asia Pacific Journal of Environmental Law 24, nr 1 (24.09.2021): 41–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4337/apjel.2021.01.02.
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Marine invasive alien species are sea-based organisms that are non-native to a marine ecosystem, and which can or have spread to a degree that has an adverse impact on biodiversity and human livelihoods. In a globalized and inter-connected world, the threats posed by marine invasive alien species are here to stay. Accordingly, it often has been lamented that the threats from marine alien species are too difficult to combat effectively. In Australia, these threats are exacerbated by the country's unique characteristics such as its sheer size, as well as its geographical and historical isolation from the rest of the world. More importantly for the purposes of this article, Australia's unique constitutional framework that entrenches its national system of federalism has led to complex power-sharing arrangements between the Commonwealth, and the State and Territory governments in the management of invasive alien species, which are arguably inadequate to combat marine invasive alien species effectively. In Australia, laws have been made to manage only one vector of marine invasive species, ballast water from vessels, but not for other vectors. This article analyses how marine invasive alien species are currently managed within the Australian legal framework, and discusses what can be done to improve the status quo in order effectively to control the spread of such foreign organisms. It argues with optimism that marine invasive alien species can be effectively managed under a strong legal framework that seeks to prevent their occurrence and minimize the negative impacts of their occurrence. Such a legal framework consists of sound domestic laws and institutions, the effects of which can be enhanced by greater international cooperation.
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Gardasevic, Jovan, Dusko Bjelica, Ivan Vasiljevic i Bojan Masanovic. "DIFFERENCES IN BODY COMPOSITION WITH WATER POLO NATIONAL TEAMS PLAYERS PARTICIPATED IN THE WORLD CHAMPIONSHIP". Kinesiologia Slovenica 27, nr 1 (12.05.2021): 97–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.52165/kinsi.27.1.97-107.
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This research aimed to determine the differences between the junior (U20) water polo players of national teams of Serbia, Montenegro, and Australia in the anthropometric characteristics and body composition. The first sub-sample of the subjects consisted of 15 water polo players of the Serbian national team, the vice-champions of the FINA World Men's Junior Water Polo Championship in Kuwait 2019. The second sub-sample consisted of 18 water polo players of the Montenegrin national team, who occupied the sixth position and the last sub-sample of the examinees consisted of 13 water polo players of the Australian national team, who occupied the eleventh position on the championship. The players were tested at the final preparations just before the World Championship. Anthropometric characteristics and body composition were evaluated using a battery of 11 tests: body height, body weight, triceps skinfold, biceps skinfold, skinfold of the back, abdominal skinfold, upper-leg skinfold, lower leg skinfold, body mass index, fat percentage, and muscle mass. The results of the ANOVA displayed that the water polo players of the three national teams do not have statistically significant differences in the variables for assessing anthropometric characteristics and body composition. The results obtained in this research showed average team values for the estimated variables of water polo players of the three national teams (U20) who participated in the World Championship. That can serve as model parameters for all teams who want to participate in U20 water polo World Championship. Differences in classification among water polo players may be related to the motor abilities, technical and tactical parameters as their anthropometric parameters were found to be similar.
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김지현. "Characteristics and Use of Digital Music Archives in National libraries of the U.S., Canada and Australia". journal of Ewha Music Research Institute 19, nr 2 (wrzesień 2015): 107–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.17254/jemri.2015.19.2.005.
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Rowe, Heather, Sara Holton, Maggie Kirkman, Christine Bayly, Lynne Jordan, Kathleen McNamee, John McBain, Vikki Sinnott i Jane Fisher. "Abortion: findings from women and men participating in the Understanding Fertility Management in contemporary Australia national survey". Sexual Health 14, nr 6 (2017): 566. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh17004.
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Background There are few reliable Australian abortion data. The aim was to investigate prevalence, sexual experiences and socioeconomic characteristics of women and men who report having had or being a partner in an abortion. Methods: A cross-sectional survey of women and men aged 18–50 years randomly selected from the Australian Electoral Roll was used. Weighted multivariable analyses were conducted. Results: Data from 2235 returned (of 15 480) mailed surveys were analysed. One in six women and one in 10 men had experienced or been a partner in an abortion. In adjusted analyses, for women, experience of sexual coercion [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 2.18, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.46, 3.24] was associated with significantly increased odds of abortion, and socioeconomic advantage (AOR = 0.57; 95% CI 0.39, 0.84), being comfortable negotiating contraceptive use (AOR 0.26; 95% CI 0.09, 0.73) and importance of religion in fertility choices (AOR = 0.55; 95% CI 0.35, 0.87) were associated with significantly reduced odds. For men, sexual coercion (AOR = 3.05; 95% CI 1.51, 6.18) and metropolitan residence (AOR = 1.70; 95% CI 1.06, 2.75) significantly increased the odds of reporting being a partner in an abortion. Conclusions: The findings contribute to scarce information about abortion in Australia. The high prevalence of abortion suggests that effective contraceptive counselling and accessible contraception services are not sufficient, and that there is a continuing need for universal pregnancy advice and abortion services. The association between sexual coercion and abortion warrants further investigation.
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Hapuarachchi, Hapu Arachchige Prasantha, Mohammed Abdul Bari, Aynul Kabir, Mohammad Mahadi Hasan, Fitsum Markos Woldemeskel, Nilantha Gamage, Patrick Daniel Sunter i in. "Development of a national 7-day ensemble streamflow forecasting service for Australia". Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 26, nr 18 (29.09.2022): 4801–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-4801-2022.
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Abstract. Reliable streamflow forecasts with associated uncertainty estimates are essential to manage and make better use of Australia's scarce surface water resources. Here we present the development of an operational 7 d ensemble streamflow forecasting service for Australia to meet the growing needs of users, primarily water and river managers, for probabilistic forecasts to support their decision making. We test the modelling methodology for 100 catchments to learn the characteristics of different rainfall forecasts from Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) models, the effect of statistical processing on streamflow forecasts, the optimal ensemble size, and parameters of a bootstrapping technique for calculating forecast skill. A conceptual rainfall–runoff model, GR4H (hourly), and lag and route channel routing model that are in-built in the Short-term Water Information Forecasting Tools (SWIFT) hydrologic modelling package are used to simulate streamflow from input rainfall and potential evaporation. The statistical catchment hydrologic pre-processor (CHyPP) is used for calibrating rainfall forecasts, and the error reduction and representation in stages (ERRIS) model is used to reduce hydrological errors and quantify hydrological uncertainty. Calibrating raw forecast rainfall with CHyPP is an efficient method to significantly reduce bias and improve reliability for up to 7 lead days. We demonstrate that ERRIS significantly improves forecast skill up to 7 lead days. Forecast skills are highest in temperate perennially flowing rivers, while it is lowest in intermittently flowing rivers. A sensitivity analysis for optimising the number of streamflow ensemble members for the operational service shows that more than 200 members are needed to represent the forecast uncertainty. We show that the bootstrapping block size is sensitive to the forecast skill calculation. A bootstrapping block size of 1 month is recommended to capture maximum possible uncertainty. We present benchmark criteria for accepting forecast locations for the public service. Based on the criteria, 209 forecast locations out of a possible 283 are selected in different hydro-climatic regions across Australia for the public service. The service, which has been operational since 2019, provides daily updates of graphical and tabular products of ensemble streamflow forecasts along with performance information, for up to 7 lead days.
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Velentzis, Louiza S., Sam Egger, Emily Banks i Karen Canfell. "Menopausal hormone therapy: Characterising users in an Australian national cross-sectional study". PLOS ONE 16, nr 8 (11.08.2021): e0253725. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0253725.
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Menopausal hormone therapy (MHT) is effective for menopausal symptoms, however, its use is also associated with risks of serious health conditions including breast, ovarian and endometrial cancer, stroke and venous thromboembolism. MHT-related health risks increase with longer durations of use. In Australia, while overall MHT use fell when risk-related findings were published in 2002, a significant number of women continue using MHT long-term. We aimed to examine socio-demographic, health-related and lifestyle characteristics in relation to post-2002 MHT use, and to compare use for <5 and ≥5 years. Data from 1,561 participants from an Australian, national, cross-sectional survey of women aged 50–69 in 2013 were analysed. Odds ratios (ORs) were calculated using logistic regression for characteristics related to overall MHT use post-2002 and multinomial logistic regression for associations between MHT duration of use [never/<5 years/≥5 years] and personal characteristics, adjusting for sociodemographic, reproductive, health and lifestyle factors. Post-2002 MHT use was associated with increasing age (p-trend<0.001), hysterectomy versus no hysterectomy (OR:2.55, 95%CI = 1.85–3.51), bilateral oophorectomy vs no oophorectomy (OR:1.66, 95%CI = 1.09–2.53), and ever- versus never-use of therapies other than MHT for menopausal symptoms (OR:1.93, 95%CI = 1.48–2.57). Women with prior breast cancer (OR:0.35, 95%CI = 0.17–0.74) and with more children (p-trend = 0.034) were less likely than other women to use MHT. Prior hysterectomy was more strongly associated with MHT use for ≥5 years than for <5 years (p = 0.004). Ever-use of non-MHT menopausal therapies was associated with MHT use for <5 years but not with longer-term use (p = 0.004). This study reinforces the need for MHT users and their clinicians to re-evaluate continued MHT use on an ongoing basis.
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Enticott, Joanne C., Graham N. Meadows, Frances Shawyer, Brett Inder i Scott Patten. "Mental disorders and distress: Associations with demographics, remoteness and socioeconomic deprivation of area of residence across Australia". Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 50, nr 12 (11.11.2015): 1169–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0004867415615948.
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Objectives: Australian policy-making needs better information on socio-geographical associations with needs for mental health care. We explored two national surveys for information on disparities in rates of mental disorders and psychological distress. Methods: Secondary data analysis using the 2011/2012 National Health Survey and 2007 National Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing. Key data were the Kessler 10 scores in adults in the National Health Survey ( n = 12,332) and the National Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing ( n = 6558) and interview-assessed disorder rates in the National Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing. Estimation of prevalence of distress and disorders for sub-populations defined by geographic and socioeconomic status of area was followed by investigation of area effects adjusting for age and gender. Results: Overall, approximately one person in 10 reported recent psychological distress at high/very-high level, this finding varying more than twofold depending on socioeconomic status of area with 16.1%, 13.3%, 12.0%, 8.4% and 6.9% affected in the most to least disadvantaged quintiles, respectively, across Australia in 2011/2012. In the most disadvantaged quintile, the percentage (24.4%) with mental disorders was 50% higher than that in the least disadvantaged quintile (16.9%) in 2007, so this trend was less strong than for Kessler10 distress. Conclusion: These results suggest that disparities in mental health status in Australia based on socioeconomic characteristics of area are substantial and persisting. Whether considering 1-year mental disorders or 30-day psychological distress, these occur more commonly in areas with socioeconomic disadvantage. The association is stronger for Kessler10 scores suggesting that Kessler10 scores behaved more like a complex composite indicator of the presence of mental and subthreshold disorders, inadequate treatment and other responses to stressors linked to socioeconomic disadvantage. To reduce the observed disparities, what might be characterised as a ‘Whole of Government’ approach is needed, addressing elements of socioeconomic disadvantage and the demonstrable and significant inequities in treatment provision.
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Bowman, P. J., P. M. Visscher i M. E. Goddard. "Customized selection indices for dairy bulls in Australia". Animal Science 62, nr 3 (czerwiec 1996): 393–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1357729800014946.
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AbstractCustomized sire selection indices were developed for Australian dairy bulls in order to promote more objective use of estimated breeding values in commercial breeding programmes. It was assumed that the breeding goal for commercial dairy farmers is the profitability of a bull's progeny. Seven characteristics of the progeny were identified as having a major impact on profitability and were included in the breeding objective: milk, fat and protein yield, survival, body weight, milking speed and temperament. Traits in the selection indices used to predict profit were milk, fat and protein yield, survival, milking speed, temperament, size, overall type and fore teat placement. Size was included because of its correlation with body weight, and overall type and front teat placement because of their correlation with survival. To avoid double counting the benefits of milk production traits, temperament and milking speed, the survival trait in the objective was defined as survival independent of voluntary culling for these traits. Customization of the breeding objective was achieved by adjusting the economic weights for traits in the objective to take account of important characteristics of farmers' herds, the milk payment system under which they operate and make allowance for their own value judgements. An assessment of the impact of customization suggested that, even though there is a wide range in the economic weights that are applicable in different areas of Australia, there would be little loss of efficiency in using a single national index. However, customization is still believed to be desirable given that it is likely that a substantial proportion offarmers will be reluctant to use a national index, especially in those states which have quotas and focus on the liquid milk market. The algorithms described in the paper have been incorporated into a user-friendly microcomputer program called $electabull which is now commercially available to farmers.
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Garde, Erin L., Victoria Manning i Dan I. Lubman. "Characteristics of clients currently accessing a national online alcohol and drug counselling service". Australasian Psychiatry 25, nr 3 (1.02.2017): 250–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1039856216689623.
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Objective: Multiple barriers contribute to low rates of help-seeking for problematic alcohol and other drug (AOD) use in Australia, and highlight the importance of flexible delivery models. This study explored the characteristics of clients accessing a national AOD online counselling service (Counselling Online) over time and across jurisdictions. Method: 2003 clients completed a brief demographics questionnaire before commencing their Counselling Online session. Demographic (e.g. gender, primary drug of concern) and service provision (timing of session, length of session) characteristics were explored to build a profile of individuals accessing online support for AOD concerns. Results: Service provision and client characteristics remained relatively stable over time; alcohol remained the most common drug of concern, but methamphetamines overtook cannabis as the second most common drug of concern. Consistency in characteristics was also observed across states and territories, except for clients in the Northern Territory, where amphetamines were the most common primary drug of concern, and counselling sessions were significantly longer. Discussion: Counselling Online continues to be a wide-reaching, easily accessible service for those concerned about their or others substance use. The characteristics of clients who access the service also suggest that it is responsive to contemporary needs and concerns.
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Santoso, Agus, Harry Hendon, Andrew Watkins, Scott Power, Dietmar Dommenget, Matthew H. England, Leela Frankcombe i in. "Dynamics and Predictability of El Niño–Southern Oscillation: An Australian Perspective on Progress and Challenges". Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 100, nr 3 (marzec 2019): 403–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-18-0057.1.
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AbstractEl Niño and La Niña, the warm and cold phases of El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), cause significant year-to-year disruptions in global climate, including in the atmosphere, oceans, and cryosphere. Australia is one of the countries where its climate, including droughts and flooding rains, is highly sensitive to the temporal and spatial variations of ENSO. The dramatic impacts of ENSO on the environment, society, health, and economies worldwide make the application of reliable ENSO predictions a powerful way to manage risks and resources. An improved understanding of ENSO dynamics in a changing climate has the potential to lead to more accurate and reliable ENSO predictions by facilitating improved forecast systems. This motivated an Australian national workshop on ENSO dynamics and prediction that was held in Sydney, Australia, in November 2017. This workshop followed the aftermath of the 2015/16 extreme El Niño, which exhibited different characteristics to previous extreme El Niños and whose early evolution since 2014 was challenging to predict. This essay summarizes the collective workshop perspective on recent progress and challenges in understanding ENSO dynamics and predictability and improving forecast systems. While this essay discusses key issues from an Australian perspective, many of the same issues are important for other ENSO-affected countries and for the international ENSO research community.
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Waudby, Helen P. "Population characteristics of house mice (Mus musculus) on southern Yorke Peninsula, South Australia". Australian Mammalogy 31, nr 2 (2009): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am08021.
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Seasonal population characteristics of house mice (Mus musculus), including the effect of season on body mass, were studied at Innes National Park, southern Yorke Peninsula. Mice were caught with Elliott traps, ear-notched, and released. Over 1550 trap-nights (January to December 2006, excluding May), 202 mice were caught. The overall capture success rate was 13.03 mice per 100 trap-nights. The recapture rate was 42.57%. Body mass of adult house mice varied significantly among seasons (P = 0.009). In particular, mouse body mass varied between autumn and winter (P = 0.018), and spring and winter (P = 0.023). The body mass of mice captured in autumn and then recaptured in winter was also significantly different (P = 0.006). This study is the first published for M. musculus population characteristics on Yorke Peninsula and adds to the relatively limited information available on house mouse populations in non-agricultural habitats.
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Feng, Y., i A. Elshaug. "The Association of Neighbourhood Built and Social Environment and Cancer: Evidence From Australia". Journal of Global Oncology 4, Supplement 2 (1.10.2018): 135s. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jgo.18.75400.
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Background and context: Australia is among the worst countries in terms of cancer incidence and displays substantial variations in cancer outcomes across multiple geographic scales. Aim: This research project aims to examine how neighborhood social and environmental attributes interact with individual risk factors, affect cancer outcomes and contribute to the geographic variations in cancer outcomes. Specifically, it will answer the following research questions: What neighborhood built and social environment attributes are associated with individual health outcomes? How do neighborhood features influence cancer outcomes, at multiple geographic scales? At what geographical scales the variations in cancer outcomes are the most pronounced and how much is contributed by neighborhood attributes? What initiatives and guidelines should be developed and at what level: local neighborhood, regional, state, national level? Strategy/Tactics: Innovative geospatial techniques will be developed to analyze cancer risk factors and variations at multiple spatial levels utilizing population-based hospital inpatient data in NSW, Australia Program/Policy process: The study is the first population-based study evaluating how neighborhood influences cancer outcomes from multiple scales in the Australian context. The project has tangible potentials to be translated into initiatives and practices. This includes various levels such as local neighborhood, state and national level for the prevention and control of cancer and ultimately improve cancer outcomes in Australia. Outcomes: A large proportion of geographic variations in cancer outcomes are contributed by differences in the neighborhood built and social environment characteristics, which interact with individual risk factors and have synergistic effects on cancer outcomes. What was learned: Neighborhood physical and social environment has a strong effect on cancer outcomes. Through modification of neighborhood attributes, we can reduce the exposure to neighborhood risk factors and promote healthy lifestyle choices, which, in turn, reduce cancer incidence and improve survival rates. Effective initiatives and guidelines for cancer control should be developed and at all government levels including the local neighborhood, regional, state, national level.
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Currow, David Christopher, Hiromichi Matsuoka, Samuel Allingham, Belinda Fazekas, Linda Brown, Zac Vandersman, Katherine Clark i Meera Agar. "Comparability of the Cancer Supportive Care Clinical Studies Collaborative (CSCCSC) study population to national referrals to other specialist palliative care services." Journal of Clinical Oncology 36, nr 34_suppl (1.12.2018): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2018.36.34_suppl.63.
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63 Background: There are no agreed national nor international criteria for referral to palliative care. Key population characteristics have been defined to aid the generalizability of research findings in palliative care clinical studies. To codify differences in key demographic factors between patients with cancer participating in the Australian national Cancer Supportive Care Clinical Studies Collaborative (CSCCSC) phase III symptom control studies and the population referred to other Australian palliative care services. Methods: This study compares two contemporaneous consecutive cohorts generated through clinical trial participation and the national palliative care clinical quality improvement registry in Australia. Age, sex, cancer diagnosis, language, and socio-economic status were compared. Results: Cohorts were people with cancer: enrolled in CSCCSC phase III clinical studies (n=902; 17 sites); and registered by the Australian national Palliative Care Outcomes Collaboration (PCOC; n=75,240; 117 sites). Participants in CSCCSC studies were younger than those of PCOC (median 71 (IQR 62, 79) versus median 73 (IQR 63, 81); p=0.003 respectively). There was no significant difference in sex (p=0.483). Patients who spoke English accounted 95.0% of enrollees in the CSCCSC group and 92.2% in the PCOC group (p = 0.004). Clinical study participants had higher socioeconomic status that the PCOC group (p=0.022). Conclusions: Overall, the slightly different demographic patterns are reflective of the differences often seen between phase III trials and the populations to whom the results will be applied. Age differences particularly need to be taken into account when considering the best way to apply each study’s findings.
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Shafiei, Touran, Laura J. Biggs, Rhonda Small, Helen L. McLachlan i Della A. Forster. "Characteristics of women calling the PANDA Perinatal Anxiety & Depression Australia National Helpline: a cross-sectional study". Archives of Women's Mental Health 21, nr 6 (8.06.2018): 801–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00737-018-0868-4.
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Valentine, Leonie E., Hannah Anderson, Giles E. StJ Hardy i Patricia A. Fleming. "Foraging activity by the southern brown bandicoot (Isoodon obesulus) as a mechanism for soil turnover". Australian Journal of Zoology 60, nr 6 (2012): 419. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo13030.
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Mammals that forage for food by biopedturbation can alter the biotic and abiotic characteristics of their habitat, influencing ecosystem structure and function. Bandicoots, bilbies, bettongs and potoroos are the primary digging marsupials in Australia, although most of these species have declined throughout their range. This study used a snapshot approach to estimate the soil turnover capacity of the southern brown bandicoot (Isoodon obesulus, Shaw 1797), a persisting digging Australian marsupial, at Yalgorup National Park, Western Australia. The number of southern brown bandicoots was estimated using mark–recapture techniques. To provide an index of digging activity per animal, we quantified the number of new foraging pits and bandicoot nose pokes across 18 plots within the same area. The amount of soil displaced and physical structure of foraging pits were examined from moulds of 47 fresh foraging pits. We estimated that an individual southern brown bandicoot could create ~45 foraging pits per day, displacing ~10.74 kg of soil, which extrapolates to ~3.9 tonnes of soil each year. The digging activities of the southern brown bandicoots are likely to be a critical component of soil ecosystem processes.
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Gardiner, Fergus William, Lara Bishop, Angela Dos Santos, Pritish Sharma, Damien Easton, Frank Quinlan, Leonid Churilov i in. "Aeromedical Retrieval for Stroke in Australia". Cerebrovascular Diseases 49, nr 3 (2020): 334–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000508578.
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Introduction: Rural, remote, and Indigenous stroke patients have worse stroke outcomes than urban Australians. This may be due to lack of timely access to expert facilities. Objectives: We aimed to describe the characteristics of patients who underwent aeromedical retrieval for stroke, estimate transfer times, and investigate if flight paths corresponded with the locations of stroke units (SUs) throughout Australia. Methods: Prospective review of routinely collected Royal Flying Doctor Service (RFDS) data. Patients who underwent an RFDS aeromedical retrieval for stroke, July 2014–June 2018 (ICD-10 codes: I60–I69), were included. To define the locations of SUs throughout Australia, we accessed data from the 2017 National Stroke Audit. The main outcome measures included determining the characteristics of patients with an in-flight diagnosis of stroke, their subsequent pickup and transfer locations, and corresponding SU and imaging capacity. Results: The RFDS conducted 1,773 stroke aeromedical retrievals, consisting of 1,028 (58%) male and 1,481 (83.5%) non-Indigenous and 292 (16.5%) Indigenous patients. Indigenous patients were a decade younger, 56.0 (interquartile range [IQR] 45.0–64.0), than non-Indigenous patients, 66.0 (IQR 54.0–76.0). The most common diagnosis was “stroke not specified,” reflecting retrieval locations without imaging capability. The estimated median time for aeromedical retrieval was 238 min (95% confidence interval: 231–244). Patients were more likely to be transferred to an area with SU and imaging capability (both p < 0.0001). Conclusion: Stroke patients living in rural areas were younger than those living in major cities (75 years, Stroke Audit Data), with aeromedically retrieved Indigenous patients being a decade younger than non-Indigenous patients. The current transfer times are largely outside the time windows for reperfusion methods. Future research should aim to facilitate more timely diagnosis and treatment of stroke.
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McLean, Neil. "The evolution of information resource sharing infrastructure: an Australian perspective". Library Hi Tech 17, nr 3 (1.09.1999): 256–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/07378839910289349.
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This paper examines the particular characteristics underpinning resource sharing among university libraries in Australia, and describes a series of projects aimed at improving the technical infrastructure of interlibrary lending. It also outlines the links between these national projects and a European flagship project aimed at building distributed information services environments. By way of conclusion, there is a summary of the challenges inherent in creating global information infrastructure.