Gotowe bibliografie tematyczne / Nanoparticle dispersions

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Gotowa bibliografia na temat „Nanoparticle dispersions”

Autor: Grafiati
Data publikacji: 6 września 2023

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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Nanoparticle dispersions"

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Metin, Cigdem, Roger T. Bonnecaze i Quoc P. Nguyen. "The Viscosity of Silica Nanoparticle Dispersions in Permeable Media". SPE Reservoir Evaluation & Engineering 16, nr 03 (24.07.2013): 327–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/157056-pa.

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Summary The potential application of nanoparticle dispersions as formation-stimulation agents, contrast agents, or simply as tracers in the upstream oil and gas industry requires knowledge of the flow properties of these nanoparticles. The modeling of nanoparticle transport in hydrocarbon reservoirs requires a comprehensive understanding of the rheological behavior of these nanofluids. Silica nanoparticles have been commonly used because of their low-cost fabrication and cost-effective surface modification. The aqueous silica-nanoparticle dispersions show Newtonian behavior under steady shear measurements controlled by a rheometer, as discussed by Metin et al. (2011b). The viscosity of nanoparticle dispersions depends strongly on the particle concentration, and that this correlation can be depicted by a unified rheological model (Metin et al. 2011b). In addition, during flow in permeable media, the variation of shear associated with complex pore morphology and the interactions between the nanoparticles and tortuous flow channels can affect the viscosity of nanoparticle dispersion. The latter is particularly important if the concentration of nanoparticles in dispersion may change because of nanoparticle adsorption on mineral/fluid and oil/water interfaces or by mechanical trapping of nanoparticles. In this paper, the flow of silica-nanoparticle dispersions through different permeable media is investigated. The rheological behaviors of the dispersions are compared with those determined by use of a rheometer. We established a correlation between the nanoparticle concentration and dispersion viscosity in porous media for various nanoparticle sizes. The effects of pore structure and shear rate are also studied. We have confirmed that the concept of effective maximum packing fraction can be applied to describe the viscosity of aqueous nanoparticle dispersions in both bulk flow and flow in porous media with high permeability and regular pore structures, but not at low permeability because of mechanical trapping. Our work provides new insight to engineering nanoparticle rheology for subsurface applications.
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Bouaziz, Amina Manel, M. N. Bouaziz i A. Aziz. "Influences of Zero Mass Flux and Active Conditions on the Predictions of Double Dispersion and Double Diffusive Boundary Layer in Darcy/Non Darcy Nanofluid Flow". International Journal of Engineering Research in Africa 57 (9.11.2021): 49–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/jera.57.49.

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Free convective of nanofluid inside dispersive porous medium adjacent to a vertical plate under the effects of the zero mass nanoparticles flux condition and the thermal and solutal dispersions is studied. Buongiorno's model revised is used considering Darcy and non Darcy laminar flows, and isothermal or convective flux outer the wall. Dimensionless governing equations formulated using velocity, temperature, concentration and nanoparticle volume fraction have been solved by finite difference method that implements the 3-stage Lobatto collocation formula. The numerical data obtained with semi or full dispersions cases are compared to predictions made using the non dispersive porous medium. Taking into account the dispersions, the influence of the zero mass nanoparticles flux condition is examined to test the validity of the control active nanoparticle assumption. It is found mainly that the thermal transfers can reach more than 100% in connection with the case where of a semi-dispersion of the porous medium is applied. Realistic condition, i.e. zero mass flux should be addressed for the heat transfer rate rather than the mass transfer rate, discovered markedly different to the active condition. This signifies the importance of considering the zero nanoparticles mass flux and dispersions in the performance characterization of nanofluid flow in porous media.
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López, Israel, i Idalia Gómez. "Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of Cadmium Sulfide Nanoparticles: Effect of Hydroxide Ion Concentration". MRS Proceedings 1617 (2013): 151–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/opl.2013.1178.

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ABSTRACTCadmium sulfide nanoparticles were synthesized by a microwave-assisted route in aqueous dispersion. The cadmium sulfide nanoparticles showed an average diameter around 5 nm and a cubic phase corresponding to hawleyite. The aqueous dispersions of the nanoparticles were characterized by UV-Vis spectroscopy, luminescence analysis, transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. The addition of sodium hydroxide solutions at different concentrations causes a red-shift in the wavelength of the first excitonic absorption peak of the cadmium sulfide nanoparticles, indicating a reduction of the band gap energy. Besides, the intensity of the luminescence of the nanoparticle dispersions was increased. However, there is a threshold concentration of the hydroxide ion above which the precipitation of the cadmium sulfide nanoparticles occurs.
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Lorenzo, Arnaldo T., Ramakrishna Ponnapati, Tirtha Chatterjee i Ramanan Krishnamoorti. "Structural characterization of aqueous solution poly(oligo(ethylene oxide) monomethyl methacrylate)-grafted silica nanoparticles". Faraday Discussions 186 (2016): 311–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5fd00137d.

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The structure of aqueous dispersions of poly(oligo(ethylene oxide) monomethyl methacrylate)-grafted silica nanoparticles was characterized using contrast variation small-angle neutron scattering studies. Modeling the low hybrid concentration dispersion scattering data using a fuzzy sphere and a polydisperse core–shell model, demonstrated that the polymer chains are highly swollen in the dispersions as compared to the dimensions of the free polymer chains in dilute solution. At higher hybrid concentrations, the dispersions were well described using a Percus–Yevick approximation to describe the structure factor. These structural characterization tools are excellent starting points for effective molecular level descriptors of dewetting and macroscopic phase transitions for polymer tethered hybrid nanoparticle systems.
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Peiris, T. A. Nirmal, Juan Benitez, Luke Sutherland, Manoj Sharma, Monika Michalska, Andrew D. Scully, Doojin Vak, Mei Gao, Hasitha C. Weerasinghe i Jacek Jasieniak. "A Stable Aqueous SnO2 Nanoparticle Dispersion for Roll-to-Roll Fabrication of Flexible Perovskite Solar Cells". Coatings 12, nr 12 (12.12.2022): 1948. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings12121948.

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Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are attracting increasing commercial interest due to their potential as cost-effective, lightweight sources of solar energy. Low-cost, large-scale printing and coating processes can accelerate the development of PSCs from the laboratory to the industry. The present work demonstrates the use of microwave-assisted solvothermal processing as a new and efficient route for synthesizing crystalline SnO2 nanoparticle-based aqueous dispersions having a narrow particle size distribution. The SnO2 nanoparticles are analyzed in terms of their optical, structural, size, phase, and chemical properties. To validate the suitability of these dispersions for use in roll-to-roll (R2R) coating, they were applied as the electron-transport layer in PSCs, and their performance was compared with equivalent devices using a commercially available aqueous SnO2 colloidal ink. The devices were fabricated under ambient laboratory conditions, and all layers were deposited at less than 150 °C. The power conversion efficiency (PCE) of glass-based PSCs comprising a synthesized SnO2 nanoparticle dispersion displayed champion levels of 20.2% compared with 18.5% for the devices using commercial SnO2 inks. Flexible PSCs comprising an R2R-coated layer of synthesized SnO2 nanoparticle dispersion displayed a champion PCE of 17.0%.
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Bartucci, Roberta, Alex Z. van der Meer, Ykelien L. Boersma, Peter Olinga i Anna Salvati. "Nanoparticle-induced inflammation and fibrosis in ex vivo murine precision-cut liver slices and effects of nanoparticle exposure conditions". Archives of Toxicology 95, nr 4 (8.02.2021): 1267–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00204-021-02992-7.

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AbstractChronic exposure and accumulation of persistent nanomaterials by cells have led to safety concerns on potential long-term effects induced by nanoparticles, including chronic inflammation and fibrosis. With this in mind, we used murine precision-cut liver tissue slices to test potential induction of inflammation and onset of fibrosis upon 72 h exposure to different nanomaterials (0–200 µg/ml). Tissue slices were chosen as an advanced ex vivo 3D model to better resemble the complexity of the in vivo tissue environment, with a focus on the liver where most nanomaterials accumulate. Effects on the onset of fibrosis and inflammation were investigated, with particular care in optimizing nanoparticle exposure conditions to tissue. Thus, we compared the effects induced on slices exposed to nanoparticles in the presence of excess free proteins (in situ), or after corona isolation. Slices exposed to daily-refreshed nanoparticle dispersions were used to test additional effects due to ageing of the dispersions. Exposure to amino-modified polystyrene nanoparticles in serum-free conditions led to strong inflammation, with stronger effects with daily-refreshed dispersions. Instead, no inflammation was observed when slices were exposed to the same nanoparticles in medium supplemented with serum to allow corona formation. Similarly, no clear signs of inflammation nor of onset of fibrosis were detected after exposure to silica, titania or carboxylated polystyrene in all conditions tested. Overall, these results show that liver slices can be used to test nanoparticle-induced inflammation in real tissue, and that the exposure conditions and ageing of the dispersions can strongly affect tissue responses to nanoparticles.
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Vippola, M., GCM Falck, HK Lindberg, S. Suhonen, E. Vanhala, H. Norppa, K. Savolainen, A. Tossavainen i T. Tuomi. "Preparation of nanoparticle dispersions for in-vitro toxicity testing". Human & Experimental Toxicology 28, nr 6-7 (czerwiec 2009): 377–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0960327109105158.

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Studies on potential toxicity of engineered nanoparticle (ENP) in biological systems require a proper and accurate particle characterization to ensure the reproducibility of the results and to understand biological effects of ENP. A full characterization of ENP should include various measurements such as particle size and size distribution, shape and morphology, crystallinity, composition, surface chemistry, and surface area of ENP. It is also important to characterize the state of ENP dispersions. In this study, four different ENPs, rutile and anatase titanium dioxides and short single- and multi-walled carbon nanotubes, were characterized in two dispersion media: bronchial epithelial growth medium, used for bronchial epithelial BEAS cells, and RPMI-1640 culture media with 10% of fetal calf serum (FCS) for human mesothelial (MeT-5A) cells. The purpose of this study was to determine the characteristics of ENPs and their dispersions as well as to compare dispersion additives suitable for toxicity tests and thus establish an appropriate way to prepare dispersions that performs well with the selected ENP. Dispersion additives studied in the media were bovine serum albumin (BSA) as a protein resource, dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine (DPPC) as a model lung surfactant, and combination of BSA and DPPC. Dispersions were characterized using optical microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Our results showed that protein addition, BSA or FCS, in cell culture media generated small agglomerates of primary particles with narrow size variations and improved the stability of the dispersions and thus also the relevance of the in-vitro genotoxicity tests to be done.
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Shalaev, P. V., P. A. Monakhova i S. A. Tereshchenko. "Study of colloidal dispersions of gold nanorods using light scattering methods". Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii. Materialy Elektronnoi Tekhniki = Materials of Electronics Engineering 23, nr 2 (15.09.2020): 116–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/1609-3577-2020-2-116-126.

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Five samples of colloidal dispersions of gold nanorods with various aspect ratio were studied using methods based on light scattering. Transmission electron microscopy was used as a reference method. The advantages and disadvantages of the dynamic light scattering and nanoparticle tracking analysis methods for determination of the geometric parameters of nanoparticles, their concentration, monodispersity, as well as for detection of large aggregates and quasispherical impurities were given. It was shown that the method of depolarized dynamic light scattering can be used for determination of the geometric parameters of liquid dispersions of colloidal gold nanorods. Moreover, it was found that the presence of large impurities or particle aggregates in the sample strongly affects the measurement results. The presence of large particles in the dispersion can be determined using dynamic light scattering or nanoparticle tracking analysis methods. The method of dynamic light scattering was also found to be more sensitive to the presence of even a small amount of large impurities or aggregates in the sample. The monodispersity of a liquid dispersion of nanorods can also be estimated by dynamic light scattering and nanoparticle tracking analysis methods, and, comparing to electron microscopy, the measurement results can be considered more statistically reliable due to the analysis of a larger number of particles. It was found that the increase of spherical particles concentration in the composite dispersion of nanospheres and nanorods leads to a decrease in the contribution of the rotational mode in the total scattering intensity. In addition, the concentration of quasispherical impurities in samples of liquid dispersions of colloidal gold nanorods was calculated based on measurements of the depolarization degree of scattered light.
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Zhu, Chunxiao, Hugh Daigle i Steven L. Bryant. "Paramagnetic nanoparticles as nuclear magnetic resonance contrast agents in sandstone: Importance of nanofluid-rock interactions". Interpretation 4, nr 2 (1.05.2016): SF55—SF65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/int-2015-0137.1.

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Nuclear magnetic resonance has been applied in well logging to investigate pore size distribution with high resolution and accuracy based on the relaxation time distribution. However, due to the heterogeneity of natural rock, pore surface relaxivity, which links relaxation time and pore size, varies within the pore system. To analyze and alter pore surface relaxivity, we saturated Boise sandstone cores with positively charged zirconia nanoparticle dispersions in which nanoparticles can be adsorbed onto the sandstone pore wall, while negatively charged zirconia nanoparticles dispersions were used as a control group to provide the baseline of nanoparticle retention due to nonelectrostatic attraction. We have performed core flushing with deionized water, pure acid, and alkali with different pH values; compared properties of zirconia nanoparticles before and after exposure to Boise sandstone; analyzed the portion of zirconia nanoparticles retained in the rock; altered pore surface relaxivity; and linked the adsorbed nanoparticle concentration on the pore surface to the modified surface relaxivity. Our work has indicated that after two pore volumes of core flooding, there was approximately 1% of negatively charged nanoparticles trapped in the Boise sandstone core, whereas approximately 8%–11% of positively charged nanoparticles was retained in the Boise sandstone cores. Our results indicated that besides van der Waals attraction, electrostatic attraction was the driving force for retention of nanoparticles with a positive surface charge in sandstone cores. The attachment of nanoparticles onto sandstone surfaces changed the mineral surface relaxivity. Exposure to acidic or strong alkaline conditions increased the Boise sandstone surface relaxivity. After contact with Boise sandstone, the nanoparticles themselves exhibited increased relaxivity due to interactions between nanoparticles dispersion and mineral surface under different pH conditions.
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Orlandi, Silvia, Erika Benini, Isabella Miglioli, Dean R. Evans, Victor Reshetnyak i Claudio Zannoni. "Doping liquid crystals with nanoparticles. A computer simulation of the effects of nanoparticle shape". Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 18, nr 4 (2016): 2428–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5cp05754j.

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Molecular-scale Monte Carlo simulations of liquid crystal-nanoparticle dispersions show the effect on the orientational order and on the clearing temperature of shape and concentration of the dopant nanoparticles.
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Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Nanoparticle dispersions"

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Alele, Nkem [Verfasser], i Mathias [Akademischer Betreuer] Ulbricht. "Membrane-based purification of nanoparticle dispersions / Nkem Alele. Betreuer: Mathias Ulbricht". Duisburg, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1106854527/34.

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Milette, Jonathan. "Study of nanoparticle - liquid crystal dispersions using optical microscopy and solid-state NMR". Thesis, McGill University, 2012. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=106294.

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This Thesis presents the synthesis of a new family of liquid crystal (LC)-capped gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) for a rationalized miscibility and assembly in liquid crystal matrices.A new protocol based on the thiol-for-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP) ligand exchange reaction was developed to prepare 4-5 nm AuNPs with mono and binary capping layers made of alkanethiol (CH3(CH2)mSH; m = 5, 11) and liquid crystal ligand 4'-(n-mercaptoalkoxy)biphenyl-4-carbonitriles (CBO(CH2)nSH; n = 8, 12, 16). AuNPs with a 1 : 1 CH3(CH2)5SH/CBO(CH2)12SH ratio were found to have an unprecedented miscibility in isotropic 4-n-pentyl-4'-cyanobiphenyl (5CB) and 4-n-octyl-4'-cyanobiphenyl (8CB) liquid crystals exceeding 25 wt% Au. While low NP concentrations are normally used to avoid aggregation, concentrated dispersions of these AuNPs form new structures at the LC phase transitions through coupling of the interparticle attractive forces with the LC elastic interactions. Upon cooling to TN-I, the AuNPs form a reversible, micron-scale network by concentrating at the nematic-isotropic liquid interfaces. The network topology and LC director field orientation are controlled by the cooling rate, surface alignment, film thickness, AuNP concentration and ligand shell composition. Completely different structures are formed at the nematic to smectic phase transition. AuNPs dispersed in homotropically aligned LC films reversibly form macroscopic domains of curved or linear arrays with micron scale periodicities. Based on the variation of the arrays with boundary conditions, AuNPs are proposed to concentrate at the edge dislocation defects in the smectic phase. The molecular interactions that determine the miscibility and assembly of the AuNPs in LCs were studied using multinuclear solid-state NMR and isotopically labeled AuNPs and LCs. The interaction of the host LC with the AuNP surfaces is striking manifested by partial alignment of the ligands. The detection of an isotropic-nematic biphasic region of the host LC matrix below TN-I is an important finding that will be used to refine theoretical models of the network formation. Finally another type of nanoparticle network, formed by aerosil in a Schiff-base-type of LC with a small dipole moment was studied by wideline 2H NMR to investigate the effect of different surface anchoring strengths on the memory effects displayed by these dispersions.
Cette Thèse présente la synthèse d'une nouvelle famille de nanoparticules (NPs) d'or enrobées de cristaux liquides (CLs) afin de rationaliser leur miscibilité et assemblage dans des matrices faites de cristaux liquides. Un nouveau protocole basé sur la réaction d'échange de ligand thiol-pour-diméthylaminopyridine (DMAP) a été développé afin de préparer des NPs d'or de 4 à 5 nm de diamètre avec une monocouche simple et binaire faite d'alcanethiol (CH3(CH2)mSH; m = 5, 11) et du ligand CL 4'-(n-mercaptoalkoxy)biphényle-4-carbonitriles (CBO(CH2)nSH; n = 8, 12, 16). Nous avons découvert que les NPs d'or avec un ratio de 1:1 des ligands CH3(CH2)5SH/CBO(CH2)12SH possèdent une miscibilité sans précédent jusqu'à 25% en poids d'or dans la phase isotrope des CLs 4-n-pentyl-4'-cyanobiphényle (5CB) and 4-n-octyl-4'-cyanobiphényle (8CB). Bien qu'une faible concentration en NPs soit normallement utilisée afin d'éviter la formation d'agrégats, les dispersions concentrées de ces NPs d'or forment de nouvelles structures à la tansition de phase du CL par l'entremise du couplage des forces d'attraction interparticulaires avec les intéractions élastiques du CL. En refroidissant à TN-I, les NPs d'or forment de manière réversible un réseau à l'échelle microscopique en se concentrant à l'interphase nématique-isotrope. La topologie et l'orientation du domaine des directeurs CL sont controllées par la vitesse de refroidissement, l'alignement de surface, l'épaisseur du film, et la concentration et composition de la monocouche des NPs d'or. Des structures tout à fait différentes sont formées à la transition de phase nématique à smectique. Les NPs d'or dispersées dans des films de CLs alignés homotropiquement forment de manière réversible des domaines macroscopique de rayures parallèles courbées ou droites ayant une périodicité microscopique. Selon la variation des rayures en function des limites de surface, nous proposons que les NPs d'or se concentrent aux défauts des dislocations coin dans la phase smectique.Les intéractions moléculaires qui déterminent la miscibilité et l'assemblage des NPs d'or dans des CLs ont été étudiées avec l'aide la RMN multinucléaire à l'état solide, et de NPs d'or et CLs marqués isotopiquement. L'intéraction de la matrice CL avec la surface des NPs d'or se manisfeste de manière surprenante par l'alignement partielle des ligands. La détection d'une région biphasique isotrope-nématique de la matrice CL en-dessous de TN-I est une découverte importante qui va être utilisée afin de perfectionner les modèles thèoriques de la formation de réseaux. Finallement, un autre modèle de réseau fait de NPs, formé à partir de la dispersion d'aérosil dans un CL base de Shiff et ayant un moment dipolaire faible, a été étudié par la RMN du 2H. Nous avons examiné l'impact qu'a différentes forces d'ancrage de surface sur l'effet mémoire qu'affiche ces dispersions.
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O'Brien, Kristen Wilson. "Synthesis of Functionalized Poly(dimethylsiloxane)s and the Preparation of Magnetite Nanoparticle Complexes and Dispersions". Diss., Virginia Tech, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/28869.

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Poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) fluids containing magnetite nanoparticles stabilized with carboxylic acid-functionalized PDMS were prepared. PDMS-magnetite complexes were characterized using transmission electron microscopy, elemental analysis, and vibrating sample magnetometry. PDMS-magnetite complexes containing up to 67 wt% magnetite with magnetizations of ~52 emu gram-1 were prepared. The magnetite particles were 7.4 ± 1.7 nm in diameter. Calculations suggested that the complexes prepared using mercaptosuccinic acid-functionalized PDMS (PDMS-6COOH) complexes contained unbound acid groups whereas the mercaptoacetic acid-functionalized PDMS (PDMS-3COOH) complexes did not. Calculations showed that the PDMS-3COOH and PDMS-6COOH covered the same surface area on magnetite. Calculations were supported by molecular models and FTIR analyses. The complexes were dispersed into PDMS carrier fluids by ultrasonication, resulting in magnetic PDMS fluids with potential biomedical applications. Magnetite particles (100 nm to 1 mm in diameter) were prepared by crystallization from goethite/glycol/water solutions under pressure. Two methods for particle growth were investigated in which the crystallization medium was varied by adjusting the amount of water or by adding itaconic acid. Particle surfaces were analyzed by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Particles with clean surfaces were coated with carboxylic acid-functionalized poly(e-caprolactone) stabilizers. Adding itaconic acid to the reactions afforded particles ~100 nm in diameter. The magnetite particles displayed magnetic hysteresis. The particles were dispersed into vinyl ester resins by ultrasonication and it was demonstrated that the ~100 nm particles remained dispersed for three days without agitation. These dispersions have applications in magnetic induction heating for composite repair. Living polymerizations of hexamethylcyclotrisiloxane were terminated with dimethylchlorosilane, phenylmethylchlorosilane, or diisopropylchlorosilane (DIPCS). Platinum-catalyzed hydrosilation of the hydrosilane-terminated PDMS with allyloxyethanol afforded a systematic series of hydroxyalkyl-terminated PDMS. The reactions were successful except for the hydrosilation of the sterically-hindered DIPCS-functionalized PDMS where no reaction was observed. Hydroxyalkyl-terminated PDMS oligomers were successful in initiating the stannous octoate-catalyzed copolymerization of e-caprolactone, which afforded PDMS-b-PCL diblock copolymers of controlled composition.
Ph. D.
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Back, Markus. "Out-of-plane Ferromagnetic Resonance (FMR) measurements on magnetic nanoparticle dispersions for biomedical sensor applications". Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Fasta tillståndets fysik, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-410179.

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In this master work, we investigated the feasibility of a magnetic resonance measurement technique using magnetic nanoparticle dispersions in both liquid and solid form. The implementation is realised as a coplanar waveguide operating in the frequency range of 0.5 - 20 GHz and an electromagnet producing a static magnetic field of strength up to 1.2 T. The Gilbert magnetic damping factor is determined for polymer composites of magnetic nanoparticles and the gyromagnetic ratio is determined for both nanoparticle dispersions in liquid form and polymer composites.
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Kosmala, A. "Development of high loading Ag nanoparticle inks for inkjet printing and Ag nanowire dispersions for conducting and transparent coatings". Thesis, Cranfield University, 2012. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/7754.

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The work presented in this thesis focuses on the synthesis of nanomaterials, formulation and printing of Ag nanoparticle and nanowire inks for two distinct applications: a) inkjet printing of Ag nanoparticle films on ceramic substrates with the aim of providing a smaller size of printed feature at lower cost than that can be obtained with the conventionally used screen printing, and b) Ag nanowires films prompted by the wide quest of electronics industry for materials with increased flexibility, lower cost and higher transmittance to replace indium tin oxide. Ag nanoparticles with a size of 50 nm were successfully synthesized and dispersed in aqueous medium. Two preparation routes were compared in order to distinguish the effects of solvents treatment of particles and their influence on the suspension characteristics including Ag loading, rheology, surface tension and later the electrical film properties. The co-polymer Pluronic F127 was found to be an effective as a stabiliser leading to the formulation of high silver loading in inks. The processing and characterization of silver films was performed. The aim was to reduce the number of layers in the silver nanoparticles film by increasing the thickness of a single layer with the goal of obtaining a dense and conductive film. An increase in the Ag loading, from 5 wt % to 45 wt % favoured the achievement of denser and thicker film with one layer printing. Addition of SiO2 to the ink formula resulted in denser structure and better adhesion of the printed track then the one without SiO2. A new method for improving the morphology of inkjet printed tracks has been proposed by printing the ink into the structured channels with predefined topography. Silver nanowires were synthesised and dispersed in methanol with help of copolymer F127. They were subsequently deposited on plastic and glass substrates forming conductive and transparent films.
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Edwards, Bronwyn K. "Effect of combined nanoparticle and polymeric dispersions on critical heat flux, nucleate boiling heat transfer coefficient, and coating adhesion". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/53288.

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Thesis (S.M. and S.B.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Nuclear Science and Engineering, 2009.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 123-126).
An experimental study was performed to determine thermal performance and adhesion effects of a combined nanoparticle and polymeric dispersion coating. The critical heat flux (CHF) values and nucleate boiling heat transfer coefficients (HTC) of nickel wires pre-coated using 1.0% alumina, 0.1% alumina, 500ppm polyallylamine hydrochloride (PAH), and 0.1% alumina combined with 500ppm PAH dispersions were determined using the pool-boiling method. The adhesion of 0.1% alumina and combined 0.1% alumina and 500ppm PAH coatings was evaluated using the tape and modified bend test methods. Results of the pool boiling experiments showed that the wire heaters pre-coated with combined 0.1% alumina and 500ppm PAH dispersion increase the CHF in water by -40% compared to bare wire heaters, compared to an enhancement of -37% with a 0.1% alumina coating. The combined 0.1% alumina and 500ppm PAH dispersion degrades the wire HTC by less than 1%, compared to a degradation of over 26% with a 0.1% alumina coating. Results from the tape test indicate qualitatively that the combined 0.1% alumina and 500ppm PAH dispersion coating adheres better than the 0.1% alumina nanoparticle coating. Results from the modified bend test showed that the combined 0.1% alumina and 500ppm PAH dispersion coating did not fail at the failure strain of the 0.1% alumina nanoparticle coating (8.108x 10-4). The addition of PAH to alumina nanofluid for creating a nanoparticle coating through boiling deposition was found to improve both coating thermal performance and adhesion over the pure alumina nanofluid.
by Bronwyn K. Edwards.
S.M.and S.B.
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Gollamandala, Deepika Rao. "Brownian dynamic simulations of nanoparticle dispersions in polymer solutions a thesis presented to the faculty of the Graduate School, Tennessee Technological University /". Click to access online, 2009. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?index=13&did=1913184241&SrchMode=1&sid=1&Fmt=6&VInst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=PQD&TS=1265056184&clientId=28564.

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Rhodes, Rhys William. "Controlling the morphology of nanoparticle-polymer composite films for potential use in solar cells". Thesis, University of Manchester, 2011. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/controlling-the-morphology-of-nanoparticlepolymer-composite-films-for-potential-use-in-solar-cells(6bc2a3cc-7c11-4615-a202-bead6360af99).html.

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This thesis presents an investigation into the factors affecting the morphology of hybrid inorganic/organic photoactive layers used in photovoltaic cells. Although optimisation of the organic (polymer) phase has received substantial attention, research into the morphology of the inorganic phase (semiconducting nanocrystals) remains limited. It is believed that there is a strong link between the morphology of the final photoactive film and the quality of the initial nanocrystal dispersion. To this end, two nanocrystal systems were investigated; zinc oxide (ZnO) and lead sulphide (PbS). ZnO nanocrystals were synthesised and found to possess reproducible characteristics. It was determined that colloid stability was initially dependent upon the presence of acetate groups bound to the surface, which in turn required a small quantity of methanol to be present in the organic dispersant. It was also discovered that while methanol evaporated readily from the surface of the nanocrystals, another molecule, 1-propylamine (1-PA), did not. Further investigations showed that while methanol only weakly physisorbed to the surface of ZnO nanocrystals, 1-PA formed strong, dative covalent bonds with Zn2+, preventing evaporation despite a low boiling point. Subsequent investigations into the effects of different ligands upon colloid stability found that amine-based groups typically possessed superior stabilising capabilities compared to alcohol-based analogues. The characteristics of nanocrystal / polymer blends were also investigated. It was determined that the nanocrystal dispersion became unstable at higher concentrations of polymer due to depletion aggregation. Films of nanocrystal / polymer blends were cast from dispersions containing either alcohol or amine-based ligands, and it was observed that dispersions stabilised with 1-PA possessed smooth morphologies on the micrometer scale. Investigations at the nanometer scale, however, revealed aggregates large enough to favour recombination.The latter half of this thesis regards the characterisation of PbS nanocrystals and investigations into triggered aggregation. It was determined that while PbS nanocrystals possessed reproducible characteristics, the stabilising molecule, oleic acid (OA) was insulating. The effects of exchanging the OA groups for a shorter ligand, butylamine (BA) were investigated.Finally, PbS nanocrystals were treated with a bidentate ligand, 1,2-ethanedithiol (EDT) to induce triggered aggregation. It was observed that the system was highly sensitive to the concentration of EDT in dispersion, forming small, relatively dispersed aggregates at low [EDT], and micrometer-sized crystalline structures at high [EDT]. The characterisation and entrapment of these nanocrystal structures within semi-conducting polymer films is also discussed.
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Quant, Carlos Arturo. "Colloidal chemical potential in attractive nanoparticle-polymer mixtures: simulation and membrane osmometry". Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/7616.

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The potential applications of dispersed and self-assembled nanoparticles depend critically on accurate control and prediction of their phase behavior. The chemical potential is essential in describing the equilibrium distribution of all components present in every phase of a system and is useful as a building block for constructing phase diagrams. Furthermore, the chemical potential is a sensitive indicator of the local environment of a molecule or particle and is defined in a mathematically rigorous manner in both classical and statistical thermodynamics. The goal of this research is to use simulations and experiments to understand how particle size and composition affect the particle chemical potential of attractive nanoparticle-polymer mixtures. The expanded ensemble Monte Carlo (EEMC) simulation method for the calculation of the particle chemical potential for a nanocolloid in a freely adsorbing polymer solution is extended to concentrated polymer mixtures. The dependence of the particle chemical potential and polymer adsorption on the polymer concentration and particle diameter are presented. The perturbed Lennard-Jones chain (PLJC) equation of state (EOS) for polymer chains1 is adapted to calculate the particle chemical potential of nanocolloid-polymer mixtures. The adapted PLJC equation is able to predict the EEMC simulation results of the particle chemical potential by introducing an additional parameter that reduces the effects of polymer adsorption and the effective size of the colloidal particle. Osmotic pressure measurements are used to calculate the chemical potential of nanocolloidal silica in an aqueous poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) solution at different silica and PEO concentrations. The experimental data was compared with results calculated from Expanded Ensemble Monte Carlo (EEMC) simulations. The results agree qualitatively with the experimentally observed chemical potential trends and illustrate the experimentally-observed dependence of the chemical potential on the composition. Furthermore, as is the case with the EEMC simulations, polymer adsorption was found to play the most significant role in determining the chemical potential trends. The simulation and experimental results illustrate the relative importance of the particles size and composition as well as the polymer concentration on the particle chemical potential. Furthermore, a method for using osmometry to measure chemical potential of nanoparticles in a nanocolloid-mixture is presented that could be combined with simulation and theoretical efforts to develop accurate equations of state and phase behavior predictions. Finally, an equation of state originally developed for polymer liquid-liquid equilibria (LLE) was demonstrated to be effective in predicting nanoparticle chemical potential behavior observed in the EEMC simulations of particle-polymer mixtures.
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Le, Hong Duc. "Modelling of nanoparticles laden jet from a conveying pipe leakage". Phd thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2018. http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/21454/1/LE_Hong_Duc.pdf.

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Since a few years, nanomaterials are more and more used in industrial process. In order to protect the population and the environment from the consequences of an accidental release into the atmosphere, the risk assessment allowed to identify the accidental scenario in transport, manipulation and storage of those products. The accidental leakage of the conveying pipe may lead to a massive release of nanoparticles. In order to evaluate the consequences of this type of accident, our study focuses on the prediction of particles properties dispersed into the air, for example the particle number concentration and the particle diameter distribution. The first step of the study consists in the analyse of physical phenomena related to nanoparticles in order to choose the most predominant physical phenomena to model. The relevant physical phenomena in the present configuration are the agglomerate complex shape, the drag force on agglomerates, the agglomerate breakage by gas, the agglomerate collision and the agglomeration. After that, the modelling of physical phenomena chosen is developed in CFD tool Code\_Saturne. For each physical phenomenon, a simulation test case is realized in order to verify the development in CFD tool. A good agreement between CFD tool Code\_Saturne and 0D tool from Scilab and model in the literature is obtained. Also in the present study, new model for the collision probability of agglomerates is proposed. This new model is validated with the numerical experiment. After that, the numerical tool developed is applied in a simulation of an accidental pipe leakage. The field near the leakage is simulated by Code\_Saturne. The results from Code\_Saturne is used as the input data for ADMS tool, a simulation tool for the particle dispersion in large scale. The results show that the particles are dispersed more than 1 km from the release source, which is in agreement with the distance observed. In perspective, the influences of different parameters as the wind field and the particle properties, on the agglomerate size and number distribution can be tested. An experiment of the microparticle jet is realized at INERIS in order to be able to assess the nanoparticle jet experiment in the laboratory scale.
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Książki na temat "Nanoparticle dispersions"

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Yūki bunsankei no bunsan, gyōshū gijutsu: Dispersion and aggregation technology for organic dispersions. Tōkyō-to Chiyoda-ku: Shīemushī Shuppan, 2013.

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Light Scattering from Polymer Solutions and Nanoparticle Dispersions. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-71951-9.

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Light Scattering from Polymer Solutions and Nanoparticle Dispersions. Springer, 2007.

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Schärtl, Wolfgang. Light Scattering from Polymer Solutions and Nanoparticle Dispersions. Springer, 2010.

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Schärtl, Wolfgang. Light Scattering from Polymer Solutions and Nanoparticle Dispersions. Springer London, Limited, 2007.

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Araújo, Ana Cláudia Vaz de. Síntese de nanopartículas de óxido de ferro e nanocompósitos com polianilina. Brazil Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31012/978-65-5861-120-2.

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In this work magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles were synthesized through the precipitation method from an aqueous ferrous sulfate solution under ultrasound. A 23 factorial design in duplicate was carried out to determine the best synthesis conditions and to obtain the smallest crystallite sizes. Selected conditions were ultrasound frequency of 593 kHz for 40 min in 1.0 mol L-1 NaOH medium. Average crystallite sizes were of the order of 25 nm. The phase obtained was identified by X-ray diffractometry (XRD) as magnetite. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed polydisperse particles with dimensions around 57 nm, while transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed average particle diameters around 29 nm, in the same order of magnitude of the crystallite size determined with Scherrer’s equation. These magnetic nanoparticles were used to obtain nanocomposites with polyaniline (PAni). The material was prepared under exposure to ultraviolet light (UV) or under heating, from dispersions of the nanoparticles in an acidic solution of aniline. Unlike other synthetic routes reported elsewhere, this new route does not utilize any additional oxidizing agent. XRD analysis showed the appearance of a second crystalline phase in all the PAni-Fe3O4 composites, which was indexed as goethite. Furthermore, the crystallite size decreases nearly 50 % with the increase in the synthesis time. This size decrease suggests that the nanoparticles are consumed during the synthesis. Thermogravimetric analysis showed that the amount of polyaniline increases with synthesis time. The nanocomposite electric conductivity was around 10-5 S cm-1, nearly one order of magnitude higher than for pure magnetite. Conductivity varied with the amount of PAni in the system, suggesting that the electric properties of the nanocomposites can be tuned according to their composition. Under an external magnetic field the nanocomposites showed hysteresis behavior at room temperature, characteristic of ferromagnetic materials. Saturation magnetization (MS) for pure magnetite was ~ 74 emu g-1. For the PAni-Fe3O4 nanocomposites, MS ranged from ~ 2 to 70 emu g-1, depending on the synthesis conditions. This suggests that composition can also be used to control the magnetic properties of the material.
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Części książek na temat "Nanoparticle dispersions"

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Kordás, Krisztián, Jarmo Kukkola, Géza Tóth, Heli Jantunen, Mária Szabó, András Sápi, Ákos Kukovecz, Zoltán Kónya i Jyri-Pekka Mikkola. "Nanoparticle Dispersions". W Springer Handbook of Nanomaterials, 729–76. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-20595-8_20.

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Capek, Ignác. "Iron Oxide Nanoparticle Dispersions". W Colloid Stability and Application in Pharmacy, 1–60. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527631117.ch1.

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Capek, Ignác. "Iron Oxide Nanoparticle Dispersions". W Colloid Stability, 1–60. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527631193.ch27.

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Haruna, Maje A., i Saminu M. Magami. "Nanoparticle Dispersions for Engineering Application". W Science and Applications of Nanoparticles, 369–405. New York: Jenny Stanford Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003280293-11.

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Loza, Kateryna, Matthias Epple i Michael Maskos. "Stability of Nanoparticle Dispersions and Particle Agglomeration". W Biological Responses to Nanoscale Particles, 85–100. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-12461-8_4.

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Zeng, Yan. "Structuring of Nanoparticle Suspensions Confined Between Two Smooth Solid Surfaces". W Colloidal Dispersions Under Slit-Pore Confinement, 37–62. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-34991-1_4.

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Buchhammer, Heide-M., Mandy Mende i Marina Oelmann. "Preparation of monodisperse polyelectrolyte complex nanoparticles in dilute aqueous solution". W Aqueous Polymer Dispersions, 98–102. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/b12146.

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Buchhammer, Heide-M., Mandy Mende i Marina Oelmann. "Preparation of monodisperse polyelectrolyte complex nanoparticles in dilute aqueous solution". W Aqueous Polymer Dispersions, 98–102. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-36474-0_20.

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Kolikov, Victor, i Philip Rutberg. "Water Dispersions of Nanoparticles". W Pulsed Electrical Discharges for Medicine and Biology, 81–119. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-18129-5_6.

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Rouxel, Didier, Solenne Fleutot i Van Son Nguyen. "Dispersion and Characterization of Nanoparticles". W Biomedical Application of Nanoparticles, 23–52. Boca Raton : Taylor & Francis, 2017.: CRC Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315152363-2.

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Streszczenia konferencji na temat "Nanoparticle dispersions"

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Hammonds, James S., Kimani A. Stancil i Olalekan S. Adewuyi. "Selective Infrared Energy Harvesting by Nanoparticle Dispersions in Solar Thermal Desalination Systems". W ASME 2020 14th International Conference on Energy Sustainability. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2020-1654.

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Abstract A significant portion of the infrared solar spectrum is either unused, or wasted by inefficient solar energy conversion. In this paper, we show that infrared light harvesting can also be accomplished by dispersions of polar nanoparticles. Polar nanoparticle dispersions in a selective absorber may result in Solar Thermal Desalination (STD) systems that aim to maximize the solar-to-heat conversion efficiency by managing the thermal radiative and conduction losses. In noting that irregular dispersions of polar nanoparticles are less costly than regularly spaced nanostructures to manufacture at large scales, we describe the solar absorptivity as a function of a nanoparticle chain model determined emissivity and thermal conductance. The near-field interactions between nanoparticles are explained by modeling the nanoparticles as dispersed electromagnetic dipole oscillations that interact with solar light. An FDTD model of polar nanodispersions near an optical cavity is used to demonstrate infrared harvesting. With this model, we show that the infrared light-harvesting mechanisms of silica nanoparticles involve local and propagating surface phonon polaritons and varying the volume fraction changes radiation transport properties by several orders of magnitude. In discussing STD systems, we demonstrate a potential to use nanoparticle chains to create novel selective absorbers with tunable solar absorptivity.
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Monakhova, Polina A., Pavel V. Shalaev i Iaroslav N. Gorev. "Rapid Characterization of Synthesized Nanoparticles’ Liquid Dispersions Using Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis". W IOCN 2023. Basel Switzerland: MDPI, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/iocn2023-14528.

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Lv, Wei, Todd P. Otanicar, Patrick E. Phelan, Lenore Dai, Robert A. Taylor i Rajasekaran Swaminathan. "Surface Plasmon Resonance Shifts of a Dispersion of Core-Shell Nanoparticles for Efficient Solar Absorption". W ASME 2012 Third International Conference on Micro/Nanoscale Heat and Mass Transfer. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/mnhmt2012-75090.

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Nanoparticles are known to offer a variety of benefits for thermal transport, and of particular relevance here are the vast changes to the radiative properties due to the large extinction cross section at the corresponding surface plasmon resonance wavelength [1, 2]. Recent papers have indicated that dielectric core metallic shell nanoparticles yielded a plasmon resonance tunable from ultraviolet to infrared by changing the ratio of core radius to the total radius [3–6]. We are interested in developing a dispersion of core-shell multifunctional nanoparticles capable of dynamically changing their volume ratio and thus their spectral radiative properties. This work addresses the plasmon resonance tuning ranges for different metallic shell nanoparticles, and explores the solar-weighted efficiencies of corresponding core-shell nanoparticle dispersions. Through our electrostatic model, we achieve a shift in the plasmon resonance peak from a wavelength of about 500 nm to around 1500 nm for Au-coated silica core nanoparticles. Using core-shell nanoparticles dispersions, we show that it is possible to create efficient spectral solar absorption fluids. We also demonstrate that it is possible to design materials for applications which require variable spectral absorption or scattering.
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Metin, Cigdem, Roger T. Bonnecaze i Quoc Phuc Nguyen. "The Viscosity of Silica Nanoparticle Dispersions in Permeable Media". W SPE International Oilfield Nanotechnology Conference and Exhibition. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/157056-ms.

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Olbricht, Benjamin C. "Simulation of heating by optical absorption in nanoparticle dispersions". W 2016 IEEE Photonics Conference (IPC). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ipcon.2016.7831286.

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Alyami, Noktan Mohammed, Vikrant Wagle, Abdullah Saleh Alyami i Rajendra Kalgaonkar. "Anionic Nanoparticle Based Formulation to Control and Cure Moderate to Severe Losses". W ADIPEC. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/211493-ms.

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Abstract Moderate to severe losses can be treated using the loss circulation composition involving nanomaterial-based dispersion and a chemical activator. The nanomaterial employed is an environmentally friendly type of nanosilica. The composition facilitates delayed gelling of nanomaterial-based dispersion. One key benefit of this technology is that it can place the composition into the target loss circulation zone before the nanomaterial-based dispersion gels up. This ensures that the treatment fluid does not set prematurely before reaching the target zone. It is possible to effectively use the newly developed system up to 300°F. In this study, experiments have been carried out on three different types of nanomaterials that have varying surface charges and particle sizes. Two of the nanomaterials have negatively charged nanomaterial-based dispersions and particles measuring 5nm and 17nm in size, whilst the remaining nanomaterial has a positively charged nanomaterial-based dispersion and particles that are larger than 17nm. Moreover, two different types of chemical activators have been employed, namely organic and inorganic activators, whilst their impacts on gelling times have also been assessed. The gelling time experiments were carried out at four different temperatures starting from 150 °C to 300 °C with increment of 50 °C in each experiment. This research also examined the impacts of activator concentration and different shear rates on the gelling times of the three nanomaterial-based dispersions, whilst permeability plugging tests were carried out using 2mm slotted disks in order to assess their effectiveness in controlling moderate to severe losses.
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Maisch, Philipp, Kai Cheong Tam, Frank W. Fecher, Hans-Joachim Egelhaaf, Christoph J. Brabec, Horst Scheiber i Eugen Maier. "Inkjet printing of highly conductive nanoparticle dispersions for organic electronics". W 2016 12th International Congress Molded Interconnect Devices (MID). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icmid.2016.7738932.

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Olbricht, Benjamin C. "Simulation of heating by optical absorption in nanoparticle dispersions (Conference Presentation)". W Synthesis and Photonics of Nanoscale Materials XIV, redaktorzy Andrei V. Kabashin, Jan J. Dubowski i David B. Geohegan. SPIE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2249179.

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Xiaoming Liu, Hui-Jiuan Chen, Xiaodong Chen, Dongsheng Wen, Clive G. Parini, Stephen Hanham i Junsheng Yu. "Dielectric measurement of gold nanoparticle dispersions using THz-Time domain spectroscopy". W 2012 37th International Conference on Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz Waves (IRMMW-THz 2012). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/irmmw-thz.2012.6380454.

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Dragar, Črt, Tanja Potrč, Sebastjan Nemec, Robert Roškar, Nives Belcar, Sebastjan Nemec, Slavko Kralj, Mirjana Gašperlin i Petra Kocbek. "Electrospinning as a novel method for drying iron-oxidebased magnetic nanoparticle dispersions". W IV. Symposium of Young Researchers on Pharmaceutical Technology,Biotechnology and Regulatory Science. Szeged: Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, University of Szeged, Faculty of Pharmacy, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.14232/syrptbrs.2022.19.

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Raporty organizacyjne na temat "Nanoparticle dispersions"

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Taurozzi, J. S., V. A. Hackley i M. R. Wiesner. Preparation of Nanoparticle Dispersions from Powdered Material Using Ultrasonic Disruption - Version 1.1. National Institute of Standards and Technology, czerwiec 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.sp.1200-2.

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Taurozzi, J. S., V. A. Hackley i M. R. Wiesner. Reporting Guidelines for the Preparation of Aqueous Nanoparticle Dispersions from Dry Materials - Version 2.1. National Institute of Standards and Technology, czerwiec 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.sp.1200-1.

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Sagaiyaraj, Bernard. Increasing Energy Efficiency of Central Cooling Systems with Engineered Nanofluids. Department of the Built Environment, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.54337/aau538344493.

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Buildings consume about 40% of the world’s energy consumption and of that, 65% is dedicated to cooling (or heating) systems. Central building cooling uses water as the main heat transfer medium. The nanoparticle fluid suspension exhibits thermal properties superior to water. The goal was to achieve the highest possible thermal properties with just the right amount of nanoparticles in a uniform and stable dispersion and suspension in water. This engineered nanofluid contains a uniform and stable suspension of graphene nanoparticles (GNP) in water. Using covalent functionalization, centrifugation and high-speed dispersion, the GNP remains in a stable suspension indefinitely. The nanofluid is applied to the closed loop of the chilled water system, where the heat transfer enhancement occurs at the fluid tubes within the evaporator and the tubing in the chilled water coils within the Air Handling Units(AHUs). The Proof of Concept (POC) completed in 2019 using laboratory-derived nanofluid resulted in energy saving that averaged at 32% compared with the baseline fluid (water). In 2022, a Scaled-Up mini plant produced GNP nanofluids in a commercial process environment, showing an average energy savings of 21%. These results were further verified and validated on small chilled water plants outside of the Scaled-Up plant with 25% and 29% average savings.
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Coleman, Jessica G., Alan J. Kennedy i Ashley R. Harmon. Environmental Consequences of Nanotechnologies: Nanoparticle Dispersion in Aqueous Media: SOP-T-1. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, luty 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada613776.

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