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1
Gisbert-Garzarán, Miguel, i María Vallet-Regí. "Nanoparticles for Bio-Medical Applications". Nanomaterials 12, nr 7 (2.04.2022): 1189. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12071189.
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The Special Issue of Nanomaterials “Nanoparticles for Biomedical Applications” highlights the use of different types of nanoparticles for biomedical applications, including magnetic nanoparticles, mesoporous carbon nanoparticles, mesoporous bioactive glass nanoparticles, and mesoporous silica nanoparticles [...]
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Gupta, Tejendra Kumar, Pattabhi Ramaiah Budarapu, Sivakumar Reddy Chappidi, Sudhir Sastry Y.B., Marco Paggi i Stephane P. Bordas. "Advances in Carbon Based Nanomaterials for Bio-Medical Applications". Current Medicinal Chemistry 26, nr 38 (3.01.2019): 6851–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/0929867326666181126113605.
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: The unique mechanical, electrical, thermal, chemical and optical properties of carbon based nanomaterials (CBNs) like: Fullerenes, Graphene, Carbon nanotubes, and their derivatives made them widely used materials for various applications including biomedicine. Few recent applications of the CBNs in biomedicine include: cancer therapy, targeted drug delivery, bio-sensing, cell and tissue imaging and regenerative medicine. However, functionalization renders the toxicity of CBNs and makes them soluble in several solvents including water, which is required for biomedical applications. Hence, this review represents the complete study of development in nanomaterials of carbon for biomedical uses. Especially, CBNs as the vehicles for delivering the drug in carbon nanomaterials is described in particular. The computational modeling approaches of various CBNs are also addressed. Furthermore, prospectus, issues and possible challenges of this rapidly developing field are highlighted.
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Turel, Matejka, Tinkara Mastnak i Aleksandra Lobnik. "Optical Chemical Nanosensors in Clinical Applications". Defect and Diffusion Forum 334-335 (luty 2013): 387–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.334-335.387.
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Because of their size and versatile chemistry, nanomaterials represent today powerful tools for (bio) sensing applications. Various types of nanomaterials have proven to be practical, not only for the determination of clinically relevant parameters, but also for diagnostics, drug delivery and treatment of diseases (e.g. cancer). In this short review, types of nanomaterials used in medical applications are briefly described along with some of their applications where the nanomaterials optical properties can be exploited. The question of the toxicity of nanomaterials and the issue of future trends are also raised.
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Kumar, Neeraj, Pankaj Chamoli, Mrinmoy Misra, M. K. Manoj i Ashutosh Sharma. "Advanced metal and carbon nanostructures for medical, drug delivery and bio-imaging applications". Nanoscale 14, nr 11 (2022): 3987–4017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1nr07643d.
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This article overviews the recent trends of various types of metallic, noble, magnetic and carbon nanomaterials (carbon nanotubes, graphene, nanodiamonds, fullerene and their derivatives) specific to the drug delivery and bio-imaging fields.
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García-Álvarez, Rafaela, i María Vallet-Regí. "Hard and Soft Protein Corona of Nanomaterials: Analysis and Relevance". Nanomaterials 11, nr 4 (31.03.2021): 888. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11040888.
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Upon contact with a biological milieu, nanomaterials tend to interact with biomolecules present in the media, especially proteins, leading to the formation of the so-called “protein corona”. As a result of these nanomaterial–protein interactions, the bio-identity of the nanomaterial is altered, which is translated into modifications of its behavior, fate, and pharmacological profile. For biomedical applications, it is fundamental to understand the biological behavior of nanomaterials prior to any clinical translation. For these reasons, during the last decade, numerous publications have been focused on the investigation of the protein corona of many different types of nanomaterials. Interestingly, it has been demonstrated that the structure of the protein corona can be divided into hard and soft corona, depending on the affinity of the proteins for the nanoparticle surface. In the present document, we explore the differences between these two protein coronas, review the analysis techniques used for their assessment, and reflect on their relevance for medical purposes.
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Gandhi, Mansi, i Khairunnisa Amreen. "Emerging Trends in Nanomaterial-Based Biomedical Aspects". Electrochem 4, nr 3 (4.08.2023): 365–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electrochem4030024.
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Comprehending the interfacial interaction of nanomaterials (NMs) and biological systems is a significant research interest. NMs comprise various nanoparticles (NPs) like carbon nanotubes, graphene oxides, carbon dots, graphite nanopowders, etc. These NPs show a variety of interactions with biological interfaces via organic layers, therapeutic molecules, proteins, DNA, and cellular matrices. A number of biophysical and colloidal forces act at the morphological surface to regulate the biological responses of bio-nanoconjugates, imparting distinct physical properties to the NMs. The design of future-generation nano-tools is primarily based on the basic properties of NMs, such as shape, size, compositional, functionality, etc., with studies being carried out extensively. Understanding their properties promotes research in the medical and biological sciences and improves their applicability in the health management sector. In this review article, in-depth and critical analysis of the theoretical and experimental aspects involving nanoscale material, which have inspired various biological systems, is the area of focus. The main analysis involves different self-assembled synthetic materials, bio-functionalized NMs, and their probing techniques. The present review article focuses on recent emerging trends in the synthesis and applications of nanomaterials with respect to various biomedical applications. This article provides value to the literature as it summarizes the state-of-the-art nanomaterials reported, especially within the health sector. It has been observed that nanomaterial applications in drug design, diagnosis, testing, and in the research arena, as well as many fatal disease conditions like cancer and sepsis, have explored alongwith drug therapies and other options for the delivery of nanomaterials. Even the day-to-day life of the synthesis and purification of these materials is changing to provide us with a simplified process. This review article can be useful in the research sector as a single platform wherein all types of nanomaterials for biomedical aspects can be understood in detail.
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Trivedi, Rashmi, Tarun Kumar Upadhyay, Mohd Hasan Mujahid, Fahad Khan, Pratibha Pandey, Amit Baran Sharangi, Khursheed Muzammil i in. "Recent Advancements in Plant-Derived Nanomaterials Research for Biomedical Applications". Processes 10, nr 2 (10.02.2022): 338. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr10020338.
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Engineering, physics, chemistry, and biology are all involved in nanotechnology, which comprises a wide variety of multidisciplinary scientific field devices. The holistic utilization of metallic nanoparticles in the disciplines of bio-engineering and bio-medicine has attracted a great deal of attention. Medical nanotechnology research can offer immense health benefits for humans. While the advantages of developing nanomaterials have been well documented, it is precisely apparent that there are still some major issues that remain unattended to those need to be resolved immediately so as to ensure that they do not adversely affect living organisms in any manner. The existence of nanoparticles gives them particular value in biology and materials science, as an emerging scientific field, with multiple applications in science and technology, especially with numerous frontiers in the development of new materials. Presented here is a review of recent noteworthy developments regarding plant-derived nanomaterials and their use in the development of medicine and biomedical applications around the world.
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Rahman, Ashiqur, Julia Lin, Francisco E. Jaramillo, Dennis A. Bazylinski, Clayton Jeffryes i Si Amar Dahoumane. "In Vivo Biosynthesis of Inorganic Nanomaterials Using Eukaryotes—A Review". Molecules 25, nr 14 (16.07.2020): 3246. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25143246.
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Bionanotechnology, the use of biological resources to produce novel, valuable nanomaterials, has witnessed tremendous developments over the past two decades. This eco-friendly and sustainable approach enables the synthesis of numerous, diverse types of useful nanomaterials for many medical, commercial, and scientific applications. Countless reviews describing the biosynthesis of nanomaterials have been published. However, to the best of our knowledge, no review has been exclusively focused on the in vivo biosynthesis of inorganic nanomaterials. Therefore, the present review is dedicated to filling this gap by describing the many different facets of the in vivo biosynthesis of nanoparticles (NPs) using living eukaryotic cells and organisms—more specifically, live plants and living biomass of several species of microalgae, yeast, fungus, mammalian cells, and animals. It also highlights the strengths and weaknesses of the synthesis methodologies and the NP characteristics, bio-applications, and proposed synthesis mechanisms. This comprehensive review also brings attention to enabling a better understanding between the living organisms themselves and the synthesis conditions that allow their exploitation as nanobiotechnological production platforms as these might serve as a robust resource to boost and expand the bio-production and use of desirable, functional inorganic nanomaterials.
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Sindhu, Rakesh K., Agnieszka Najda, Prabhjot Kaur, Muddaser Shah, Harmanpreet Singh, Parneet Kaur, Simona Cavalu, Monika Jaroszuk-Sierocińska i Md Habibur Rahman. "Potentiality of Nanoenzymes for Cancer Treatment and Other Diseases: Current Status and Future Challenges". Materials 14, nr 20 (11.10.2021): 5965. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14205965.
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Studies from past years have observed various enzymes that are artificial, which are issued to mimic naturally occurring enzymes based on their function and structure. The nanozymes possess nanomaterials that resemble natural enzymes and are considered an innovative class. This innovative class has achieved a brilliant response from various developments and researchers owing to this unique property. In this regard, numerous nanomaterials are inspected as natural enzyme mimics for multiple types of applications, such as imaging, water treatment, therapeutics, and sensing. Nanozymes have nanomaterial properties occurring with an inheritance that provides a single substitute and multiple platforms. Nanozymes can be controlled remotely via stimuli including heat, light, magnetic field, and ultrasound. Collectively, these all can be used to increase the therapeutic as well as diagnostic efficacies. These nanozymes have major biomedical applications including cancer therapy and diagnosis, medical diagnostics, and bio sensing. We summarized and emphasized the latest progress of nanozymes, including their biomedical mechanisms and applications involving synergistic and remote control nanozymes. Finally, we cover the challenges and limitations of further improving therapeutic applications and provide a future direction for using engineered nanozymes with enhanced biomedical and diagnostic applications.
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Omurzak, E., Z. Abdullaeva, A. Satyvaldiev, Z. Zhasnakunov, Z. Kelgenbaeva, R. Adil Akai Tegin, D. Syrgakbek kyzy, T. Doolotkeldieva, S. Bobusheva i T. Mashimo. "Synthesis of Nanomaterials by the Pulsed Plasma in Liquid and their Bio-medical Applications". IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 302 (styczeń 2018): 012076. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/302/1/012076.
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Mazumder, Mohammad A. Jafar. "Gold Nanotubes from Organic Scaffolds for Biomedical Applications". Materials Science Forum 754 (kwiecień 2013): 109–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.754.109.
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Nanoparticles are the cutting edge of the rapidly developing field of nanotechnology, which enables visualization and manipulation of matter down to the atomic level. Their unique size to volume ratio, shape and thermal stability make these materials superior, and rapidly usable in various bio-medical applications. This brief review summarize the recent advances in the field of applied nanomaterials with an emphasis in designing nanoscale devices with pre-defined structure, and their potential applications in the field of biology and medicine.
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Sundaram, Prabhavathi, i Heidi Abrahamse. "Phototherapy Combined with Carbon Nanomaterials (1D and 2D) and Their Applications in Cancer Therapy". Materials 13, nr 21 (28.10.2020): 4830. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13214830.
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Carbon-based materials have attracted research interest worldwide due to their physical and chemical properties and wide surface area, rendering them excellent carrier molecules. They are widely used in biological applications like antimicrobial activity, cancer diagnosis, bio-imaging, targeting, drug delivery, biosensors, tissue engineering, dental care, and skin care. Carbon-based nanomaterials like carbon nanotubes and graphene have drawn more attention in the field of phototherapy due to their unique properties such as thermal conductivity, large surface area, and electrical properties. Phototherapy is a promising next-generation therapeutic modality for many modern medical conditions that include cancer diagnosis, targeting, and treatment. Phototherapy involves the major administration of photosensitizers (PSs), which absorb light sources and emit reactive oxygen species under cellular environments. Several types of nontoxic PSs are functionalized on carbon-based nanomaterials and have numerous advantages in cancer therapy. In this review, we discuss the potential role and combined effect of phototherapy and carbon nanomaterials, the mechanism and functionalization of PSs on nanomaterials, and their promising advantages in cancer therapy.
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Chibh, Sonika, Jibanananda Mishra, Avneet Kour, Virander S. Chauhan i Jiban J. Panda. "Recent advances in the fabrication and bio-medical applications of self-assembled dipeptide nanostructures". Nanomedicine 16, nr 2 (styczeń 2021): 139–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/nnm-2020-0314.
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Molecular self-assembly is a widespread natural phenomenon and has inspired several researchers to synthesize a compendium of nano/microstructures with widespread applications. Biomolecules like proteins, peptides and lipids are used as building blocks to fabricate various nanomaterials. Supramolecular peptide self-assembly continue to play a significant role in forming diverse nanostructures with numerous biomedical applications; however, dipeptides offer distinctive supremacy in their ability to self-assemble and produce a variety of nanostructures. Though several reviews have articulated the progress in the field of longer peptides or polymers and their self-assembling behavior, there is a paucity of reviews or literature covering the emerging field of dipeptide-based nanostructures. In this review, our goal is to present the recent advancements in dipeptide-based nanostructures with their potential applications.
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Fan, Taojian, Yansheng Zhou, Meng Qiu i Han Zhang. "Black phosphorus: A novel nanoplatform with potential in the field of bio-photonic nanomedicine". Journal of Innovative Optical Health Sciences 11, nr 06 (listopad 2018): 1830003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793545818300033.
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Single- or few-layer black phosphorus (FLBP) has attracted great attentions in scientific community with its excellent properties, including biodegradability, unique puckered lattice configuration, attractive electrical properties and direct and tunable band gap. In recent years, FLBP has been widely studied in bio-photonic fields such as photothermal and photodynamic therapy, drug delivery, bioimaging and biosensor, showing attractive clinical potential. Because of the marked advantages of FLBP nanomaterials in bio-photonic fields, this review article reviews the latest advances of biomaterials based on FLBP in biomedical applications, ranging from biocompatibility, medical diagnosis to treatment.
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Bannunah, Azzah M. "Biomedical Applications of Zirconia-Based Nanomaterials: Challenges and Future Perspectives". Molecules 28, nr 14 (15.07.2023): 5428. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28145428.
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ZrO2 nanoparticles have received substantially increased attention in every field of life owing to their wide range of applications. Zirconium oxide is a commercially economical, non-hazardous, and sustainable metal oxide having diversified potential applications. ZrO2 NPs play a vast role in the domain of medicine and pharmacy such as anticancer, antibacterial, and antioxidant agents and tissue engineering owing to their reliable curative biomedical applications. In this review article, we address all of the medical and biomedical applications of ZrO2 NPs prepared through various approaches in a critical way. ZrO2 is a bio-ceramic substance that has received increased attention in biomimetic scaffolds owing to its high mechanical strength, excellent biocompatibility, and high chemical stability. ZrO2 NPs have demonstrated potential anticancer activity against various cancer cells. ZrO2-based nanomaterials have exhibited potential antibacterial activity against various bacterial strains and have also demonstrated excellent antioxidant activity. The ZrO2 nanocomposite also exhibits highly sensitive biosensing activity toward the sensing of glucose and other biological species.
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Fritea, Luminita, Florin Banica, Traian Costea, Liviu Moldovan, Luciana Dobjanschi, Mariana Muresan i Simona Cavalu. "Metal Nanoparticles and Carbon-Based Nanomaterials for Improved Performances of Electrochemical (Bio)Sensors with Biomedical Applications". Materials 14, nr 21 (22.10.2021): 6319. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14216319.
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Monitoring human health for early detection of disease conditions or health disorders is of major clinical importance for maintaining a healthy life. Sensors are small devices employed for qualitative and quantitative determination of various analytes by monitoring their properties using a certain transduction method. A “real-time” biosensor includes a biological recognition receptor (such as an antibody, enzyme, nucleic acid or whole cell) and a transducer to convert the biological binding event to a detectable signal, which is read out indicating both the presence and concentration of the analyte molecule. A wide range of specific analytes with biomedical significance at ultralow concentration can be sensitively detected. In nano(bio)sensors, nanoparticles (NPs) are incorporated into the (bio)sensor design by attachment to the suitably modified platforms. For this purpose, metal nanoparticles have many advantageous properties making them useful in the transducer component of the (bio)sensors. Gold, silver and platinum NPs have been the most popular ones, each form of these metallic NPs exhibiting special surface and interface features, which significantly improve the biocompatibility and transduction of the (bio)sensor compared to the same process in the absence of these NPs. This comprehensive review is focused on the main types of NPs used for electrochemical (bio)sensors design, especially screen-printed electrodes, with their specific medical application due to their improved analytical performances and miniaturized form. Other advantages such as supporting real-time decision and rapid manipulation are pointed out. A special attention is paid to carbon-based nanomaterials (especially carbon nanotubes and graphene), used by themselves or decorated with metal nanoparticles, with excellent features such as high surface area, excellent conductivity, effective catalytic properties and biocompatibility, which confer to these hybrid nanocomposites a wide biomedical applicability.
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Ramesh, Manickam, Ravichandran Janani, Chinnaiyan Deepa i Lakshminarasimhan Rajeshkumar. "Nanotechnology-Enabled Biosensors: A Review of Fundamentals, Design Principles, Materials, and Applications". Biosensors 13, nr 1 (27.12.2022): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios13010040.
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Biosensors are modern engineering tools that can be widely used for various technological applications. In the recent past, biosensors have been widely used in a broad application spectrum including industrial process control, the military, environmental monitoring, health care, microbiology, and food quality control. Biosensors are also used specifically for monitoring environmental pollution, detecting toxic elements’ presence, the presence of bio-hazardous viruses or bacteria in organic matter, and biomolecule detection in clinical diagnostics. Moreover, deep medical applications such as well-being monitoring, chronic disease treatment, and in vitro medical examination studies such as the screening of infectious diseases for early detection. The scope for expanding the use of biosensors is very high owing to their inherent advantages such as ease of use, scalability, and simple manufacturing process. Biosensor technology is more prevalent as a large-scale, low cost, and enhanced technology in the modern medical field. Integration of nanotechnology with biosensors has shown the development path for the novel sensing mechanisms and biosensors as they enhance the performance and sensing ability of the currently used biosensors. Nanoscale dimensional integration promotes the formulation of biosensors with simple and rapid detection of molecules along with the detection of single biomolecules where they can also be evaluated and analyzed critically. Nanomaterials are used for the manufacturing of nano-biosensors and the nanomaterials commonly used include nanoparticles, nanowires, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), nanorods, and quantum dots (QDs). Nanomaterials possess various advantages such as color tunability, high detection sensitivity, a large surface area, high carrier capacity, high stability, and high thermal and electrical conductivity. The current review focuses on nanotechnology-enabled biosensors, their fundamentals, and architectural design. The review also expands the view on the materials used for fabricating biosensors and the probable applications of nanotechnology-enabled biosensors.
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Díez-Pascual, Ana M., i Abbas Rahdar. "Composites of Vegetable Oil-Based Polymers and Carbon Nanomaterials". Macromol 1, nr 4 (1.12.2021): 276–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/macromol1040019.
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Owed to current environmental concerns and crude oil price fluctuations, the design of feasible substitutes to petroleum-based polymeric materials is a major challenge. A lot of effort has been focused on transforming natural vegetable oils (VOs), which are inexpensive, abundant, and sustainable, into polymeric materials. Different nanofillers have been combined with these bio-based polymer matrices to improve their thermal, mechanical, and antibacterial properties. The development of multifunctional nanocomposites materials facilitates their application in novel areas such as sensors, medical devices, coatings, paints, adhesives, food packaging, and other industrial appliances. In this work, a brief description of current literature on polymeric nanocomposites from vegetable oils reinforced with carbon nanomaterials is provided, in terms of preparation, and properties. Different strategies to improve the nanomaterial state of dispersion within the biopolymer matrix are discussed, and a correlation between structure and properties is given. In particular, the mechanical, thermal, and electrical properties of these natural polymers can be considerably enhanced through the addition of small quantities of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs), multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), graphene (G), or its derivatives such as graphene oxide (GO) or fullerenes (C60). Finally, some current and potential future applications of these materials in diverse fields are briefly discussed.
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Alqahtani, Mohammed S., Mohamed Abbas, Mohammed Abdulmuqeet, Abdullah S. Alqahtani, Mohammad Y. Alshahrani, Abdullah Alsabaani i Murugan Ramalingam. "Forecasting the Post-Pandemic Effects of the SARS-CoV-2 Virus Using the Bullwhip Phenomenon Alongside Use of Nanosensors for Disease Containment and Cure". Materials 15, nr 14 (21.07.2022): 5078. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15145078.
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The COVID-19 pandemic has the tendency to affect various organizational paradigm alterations, which civilization hasyet to fully comprehend. Personal to professional, individual to corporate, and across most industries, the spectrum of transformations is vast. Economically, the globe has never been more intertwined, and it has never been subjected to such widespread disruption. While many people have felt and acknowledged the pandemic’s short-term repercussions, the resultant paradigm alterations will certainly have long-term consequences with an unknown range and severity. This review paper aims at acknowledging various approaches for the prevention, detection, and diagnosis of the SARS-CoV-2 virus using nanomaterials as a base material. A nanostructure is a material classification based on dimensionality, in proportion to the characteristic diameter and surface area. Nanoparticles, quantum dots, nanowires (NW), carbon nanotubes (CNT), thin films, and nanocomposites are some examples of various dimensions, each acting as a single unit, in terms of transport capacities. Top-down and bottom-up techniques are used to fabricate nanomaterials. The large surface-to-volume ratio of nanomaterials allows one to create extremely sensitive charge or field sensors (electrical sensors, chemical sensors, explosives detection, optical sensors, and gas sensing applications). Nanowires have potential applications in information and communication technologies, low-energy lightning, and medical sensors. Carbon nanotubes have the best environmental stability, electrical characteristics, and surface-to-volume ratio of any nanomaterial, making them ideal for bio-sensing applications. Traditional commercially available techniques have focused on clinical manifestations, as well as molecular and serological detection equipment that can identify the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Scientists are expressing a lot of interest in developing a portable and easy-to-use COVID-19 detection tool. Several unique methodologies and approaches are being investigated as feasible advanced systems capable of meeting the demands. This review article attempts to emphasize the pandemic’s aftereffects, utilising the notion of the bullwhip phenomenon’s short-term and long-term effects, and it specifies the use of nanomaterials and nanosensors for detection, prevention, diagnosis, and therapy in connection to the SARS-CoV-2.
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مريم خويطر. "Review: Electrochemical biosensors based on ZnO nanostructures". Journal of Pure & Applied Sciences 22, nr 1 (17.05.2023): 22–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.51984/jopas.v22i1.1456.
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In the last few decades’ electrochemical biosensors have witnessed vast developments due to the broad range of different applications, including health care and medical diagnosis, environmental monitoring and assessment, food industry, and drug delivery. Integration of nanostructured material with different disciplines and expertise of electrochemistry, solid-state physics, material science, and biology has offered the opportunity of a future generation of highly rapid, sensitive, stable, selective, and novel electrochemical biosensor devices. Among metal oxide nanomaterials, ZnO nanostructures are one of the most important nanomaterials in today’s nanotechnology research. Such nanostructures have been studied intensely not only for their extraordinary structural, optical, and electronic properties but also for their prominent performance in diverse novel applications such as photonics, optics, electronics, drug delivery, cancer treatment, bio-imaging, etc. However, functionality of these nanomaterials is eventually dictated by the capability to govern their properties including shape, size, position, and crystalline structure on the nanosized scale. This review aims to update the outstanding advancement in the developments of the enzymatic and non-enzymatic biosensors using a different structure of ZnO nanomaterials. After a coverage of the basic principles of electrochemical biosensors, we highlight the basic features of ZnO as a potential anticancer agent. focused attention gives to functionalized biosensors based on ZnO nanostructures for detecting biological analytes, such as glucose, cholesterol, L-lactic acid, uric acid, metal ions, and pH.
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Alshamrani, Meshal. "Broad-Spectrum Theranostics and Biomedical Application of Functionalized Nanomaterials". Polymers 14, nr 6 (17.03.2022): 1221. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14061221.
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Nanotechnology is an important branch of science in therapies known as “nanomedicine” and is the junction of various fields such as material science, chemistry, biology, physics, and optics. Nanomaterials are in the range between 1 and 100 nm in size and provide a large surface area to volume ratio; thus, they can be used for various diseases, including cardiovascular diseases, cancer, bacterial infections, and diabetes. Nanoparticles play a crucial role in therapy as they can enhance the accumulation and release of pharmacological agents, improve targeted delivery and ultimately decrease the intensity of drug side effects. In this review, we discussthe types of nanomaterials that have various biomedical applications. Biomolecules that are often conjugated with nanoparticles are proteins, peptides, DNA, and lipids, which can enhance biocompatibility, stability, and solubility. In this review, we focus on bioconjugation and nanoparticles and also discuss different types of nanoparticles including micelles, liposomes, carbon nanotubes, nanospheres, dendrimers, quantum dots, and metallic nanoparticles and their crucial role in various diseases and clinical applications. Additionally, we review the use of nanomaterials for bio-imaging, drug delivery, biosensing tissue engineering, medical devices, and immunoassays. Understandingthe characteristics and properties of nanoparticles and their interactions with the biological system can help us to develop novel strategies for the treatment, prevention, and diagnosis of many diseases including cancer, pulmonary diseases, etc. In this present review, the importance of various kinds of nanoparticles and their biomedical applications are discussed in much detail.
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Hussain, Abid, Sonia Shabbir, Muhammad Faizan i Muhammad Ali Tajwar. "Progress of hollow materials in diagnosis of COVID-19". Chemical Reports 4, nr 1 (2022): 218–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.25082/cr.2022.01.002.
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Since the outbreak of COVID-19 in Wuhan, China, it has dramatically changed the global geopolitics, economics, and even society standard norms. The present world scenario is changed regarding business, traveling, and education. Rapid global dissemination and the high mortality rate of coronaviruses are the greatest challenges for drug developers. It will be moving forward toward the identification and treatment of emerging coronaviruses with the aid of nanotechnology. The COVID-19 pandemic raised the question of researchers’ capability to manage this dilemma in a short period. In the present review, we described how hallow material could be developed as a pro-drug that shows an excellent therapeutic effect. Hollow nanoparticles that exploration of antiviral or diagnostic agents against emerging coronaviruses. Hollow nanomaterials in vaccine development are essential because hollow nanocomposites are suitable for mimicking viral structures and antigen delivery. A biosensor that generates a signal from a transducer for comparing and analyzing biological conjugates such as cell receptors, antibodies, RNA, DNA, and nucleic acids. Different biosensors, such as graphene-based biosensors, nanoplasmonic sensor chips, nanomaterial biosensors, electrochemical biosensors, dual modality biosensors, and optical biosensors, have several advantages, characteristics, and a wide range of applications, most remarkably in medical treatment and are used for monitoring and diagnosis. This review focuses on modern experimental studies to identify intelligent and innovative bio/nanomaterials and matrices for developing targeted and controlled drug release systems, nanosensors and nanovaccines to combat pathogenic viruses.
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Gupta, Suchi Smita, Krishna P. Singh, Shailendra Gupta, Maria Dusinska i Qamar Rahman. "Do Carbon Nanotubes and Asbestos Fibers Exhibit Common Toxicity Mechanisms?" Nanomaterials 12, nr 10 (17.05.2022): 1708. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12101708.
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During the last two decades several nanoscale materials were engineered for industrial and medical applications. Among them carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are the most exploited nanomaterials with global production of around 1000 tons/year. Besides several commercial benefits of CNTs, the fiber-like structures and their bio-persistency in lung tissues raise serious concerns about the possible adverse human health effects resembling those of asbestos fibers. In this review, we present a comparative analysis between CNTs and asbestos fibers using the following four parameters: (1) fibrous needle-like shape, (2) bio-persistent nature, (3) high surface to volume ratio and (4) capacity to adsorb toxicants/pollutants on the surface. We also compare mechanisms underlying the toxicity caused by certain diameters and lengths of CNTs and asbestos fibers using downstream pathways associated with altered gene expression data from both asbestos and CNT exposure. Our results suggest that indeed certain types of CNTs are emulating asbestos fiber as far as associated toxicity is concerned.
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Gao, Yawen, Lele Wang, Xue Zhang, Ziling Zhou, Xinzhu Shen, Haodong Hu, Rui Sun i Jihui Tang. "Advances in Self-Assembled Peptides as Drug Carriers". Pharmaceutics 15, nr 2 (1.02.2023): 482. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics15020482.
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In recent years, self-assembled peptide nanotechnology has attracted a great deal of attention for its ability to form various regular and ordered structures with diverse and practical functions. Self-assembled peptides can exist in different environments and are a kind of medical bio-regenerative material with unique structures. These materials have good biocompatibility and controllability and can form nanoparticles, nanofibers and hydrogels to perform specific morphological functions, which are widely used in biomedical and material science fields. In this paper, the properties of self-assembled peptides, their influencing factors and the nanostructures that they form are reviewed, and the applications of self-assembled peptides as drug carriers are highlighted. Finally, the prospects and challenges for developing self-assembled peptide nanomaterials are briefly discussed.
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Amiri, Mohammad Reza, Mehran Alavi, Mojtaba Taran i Danial Kahrizi. "Antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, and photocatalytic activities of TiO2 nanoparticles, nanocomposites, and bio-nanocomposites: Recent advances and challenges". Journal of Public Health Research 11, nr 2 (kwiecień 2022): 227990362211041. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/22799036221104151.
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The applications of nanomaterials specifically metal and metal nanoparticles in various medical and industrial fields have been due to their unique properties compared to bulk materials. A combination of pharmacology and nanotechnology has helped the production of novel antimicrobial agents to control resistant microorganisms of bacteria and fungi. The properties of metal nanoparticles and metal oxides such as titanium dioxide (TiO2), zinc oxide (ZnO), silver (Ag), and copper (Cu) are well known as efficient antimicrobial agents. In particular, TiO2 nanoparticles have been considered as an attractive antimicrobial compound due to their photocatalytic intrinsic and their stable, non-toxic, inexpensive, and safe physicochemical properties. Therefore, in this review, recent advances and challenges of antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, and photocatalytic activities of TiO2 nanoparticles, nanocomposites, and bio-nanocomposites are presented to help future studies.
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Martínez-Periñán, Emiliano, Cristina Gutiérrez-Sánchez, Tania García-Mendiola i Encarnación Lorenzo. "Electrochemiluminescence Biosensors Using Screen-Printed Electrodes". Biosensors 10, nr 9 (9.09.2020): 118. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios10090118.
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Electrogenerated chemiluminescence (also called electrochemiluminescence (ECL)) has become a great focus of attention in different fields of analysis, mainly as a consequence of the potential remarkably high sensitivity and wide dynamic range. In the particular case of sensing applications, ECL biosensor unites the benefits of the high selectivity of biological recognition elements and the high sensitivity of ECL analysis methods. Hence, it is a powerful analytical device for sensitive detection of different analytes of interest in medical prognosis and diagnosis, food control and environment. These wide range of applications are increased by the introduction of screen-printed electrodes (SPEs). Disposable SPE-based biosensors cover the need to perform in-situ measurements with portable devices quickly and accurately. In this review, we sum up the latest biosensing applications and current progress on ECL bioanalysis combined with disposable SPEs in the field of bio affinity ECL sensors including immunosensors, DNA analysis and catalytic ECL sensors. Furthermore, the integration of nanomaterials with particular physical and chemical properties in the ECL biosensing systems has improved tremendously their sensitivity and overall performance, being one of the most appropriates research fields for the development of highly sensitive ECL biosensor devices.
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Kaushik, Nagendra Kumar, Sander Bekeschus, Hiromasa Tanaka, Abraham Lin i Eun Ha Choi. "Plasma Medicine Technologies". Applied Sciences 11, nr 10 (18.05.2021): 4584. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11104584.
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This Special Issue, entitled “Plasma Medicine Technologies”, covers the latest remarkable developments in the field of plasma bioscience and medicine. Plasma medicine is an interdisciplinary field that combines the principles of plasma physics, material science, bioscience, and medicine, towards the development of therapeutic strategies. A study on plasma medicine has yielded the development of new treatment opportunities in medical and dental sciences. An important aspect of this issue is the presentation of research underlying new therapeutic methods that are useful in medicine, dentistry, sterilization, and, in the current scenario, that challenge perspectives in biomedical sciences. This issue is focused on basic research on the characterization of the bioplasma sources applicable to living cells, especially to the human body, and fundamental research on the mutual interactions between bioplasma and organic–inorganic liquids, and bio or nanomaterials.
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Evlen, Hatice, Umida Ziyamukhamedova, Dilmurod Juraev i Mirzohid Abdukarimov. "Additive manufacturing of bionanomaterials for biomedical applications based on TI6AL4V and PLA: a systematic review". E3S Web of Conferences 401 (2023): 03040. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202340103040.
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Additive manufacturing (AM) is the owner of a huge potential as a manufacturing technology in fabricating functional implants, and scaffolds for biomedical applications. AM, which includes 3D printing (3DP) and 3D bioprinting, can be the solution to produce several needs such as scaffolds/implants, tissue or organs, or medical devices by combining different biomaterials with nanomaterials. Titanium and its alloys and Polylactic acid (PLA) are commonly used in bone tissue repair with their superior bio-functionality. The rapid advancement of three-dimensional (3D) printing technology has enabled the fabrication of porous titanium and polymer composite scaffolds with controllable microstructures, which is regarded as an effective method for promoting rapid bone repair. An electronic literature search was conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Elsevier, Embase, and other numerous databases up to December 2021 which are accessed by Karabuk university. To evaluate the possibility of bias and methodological quality, the SYRCLE tool and the last version of the CAMARADES list were used, respectively, a meta-analysis could not be performed. This systematic review is aimed to evaluate the common biomedical potential of 3D-printed porous Ti6Al4V (Ti64) and PLA matrix scaffold for repairing bone defects to investigate the influential factors that might affect its osteogenic availability. The most ideal parameters for designing the Ti64 scaffold were found to be a pore size of around 300-400 m and porosity of 60-70%, while PLA scaffolds show 350-400 m and nearly the same percentage in porosity as Ti64.
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Al Garalleh, Hakim. "Fullerene Derivatives (CN-[OH]β) and Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Modelled as Transporters for Doxorubicin Drug in Cancer Therapy". International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, nr 17 (25.08.2022): 9646. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23179646.
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Carbon nanomaterials have received increasing attention in drug-delivery applications because of their distinct properties and structures, including large surface areas, high conductivity, low solubility in aqueous media, unique chemical functionalities, and stability at the nano-scale size. Particularly, they have been used as nano-carriers and mediators for anticancer drugs such as Cisplatin, Camptothecin, and Doxorubicin. Cancer has become the most challenging disease because it requires sophisticated therapy, and it is classified as one of the top killers according to the World Health Organization records. The aim of the current work is to study and investigate the mechanism of combination between single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) and fullerene derivatives (CN-[OH]β) as mediators, and anticancer agents for photodynamic therapy directly to destroy the infected cells without damaging the normal ones. Here, we obtain a bio-medical model to determine the efficiency of the usefulness of Doxorubicin (DOX) as an antitumor agent conjugated with SWCNTs with variant radii r and fullerene derivative (CN-[OH]β). The two sub-models are obtained mathematically to evaluate the potential energy arising from the DOX–SWCNT and DOX-(CN-[OH]β) interactions. DOX modelled as two-connected spheres, small and large, each interacting with different SWCNTs (variant radii r) and fullerene derivatives CN-[OH]β, formed based on the number of carbon atoms (N) and the number of hydroxide molecules (OH) (β), respectively. Based on our obtained results, we find that the most favorable carbon nanomaterial is the SWCNT (r = 15.27 Å), followed by fullerene derivatives CN-(OH)22, CN-(OH)20, and CN-(OH)24, with minimum energies of −38.27, −33.72, −32.95, and −29.11 kcal/mol.
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Erkimbaev, Adilbek O., Vladimir Yu Zitserman, Georgii A. Kobzev i Andrey V. Kosinov. "Ontological Concepts and Taxonomies for Nano World". Journal of Information & Knowledge Management 18, nr 02 (czerwiec 2019): 1950014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021964921950014x.
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The purpose of the paper is to provide a detailed overview of the methods of indexing and categorizing data generated to solve problems in a complex and multifaceted field of knowledge related to the application of nanotechnology. Analysis of the capabilities and restrictions of various categorization methods are applied to the issues of the subject field, starting with simple classification schemes and up to high level ontologies. The content of integrating methods and approaches developed in many natural sciences is considered: life science, chemistry, material science, etc. The main restriction of the currently applicable ontologies and vocabularies has been identified — a primary focus on the tasks of bio- and medical informatics. It is shown that the way to overcome them includes the adoption of a new system for describing nanomaterials proposed in the CODATA-VAMAS international project. The overview shows how the extreme broadness and continuous evolution of the subject field are reflected in the means of data categorization. It is shown that the most developed of them can serve as a basis for building a knowledge base. The prospective tasks of nanoinformatics are stated required to be solved to cover fundamentally unlimited classes of materials, their properties and fields of application.
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Klemm, Sophie, Martina Baum, Haoyi Qiu, Zibin Nan, Mafalda Cavalheiro, Miguel Cacho Teixeira, Claire Tendero i in. "Development of Polythiourethane/ZnO-Based Anti-Fouling Materials and Evaluation of the Adhesion of Staphylococcus aureus and Candida glabrata Using Single-Cell Force Spectroscopy". Nanomaterials 11, nr 2 (21.01.2021): 271. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11020271.
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The attachment of bacteria and other microbes to natural and artificial surfaces leads to the development of biofilms, which can further cause nosocomial infections. Thus, an important field of research is the development of new materials capable of preventing the initial adhesion of pathogenic microorganisms. In this work, novel polymer/particle composite materials, based on a polythiourethane (PTU) matrix and either spherical (s-ZnO) or tetrapodal (t-ZnO) shaped ZnO fillers, were developed and characterized with respect to their mechanical, chemical and surface properties. To then evaluate their potential as anti-fouling surfaces, the adhesion of two different pathogenic microorganism species, Staphylococcus aureus and Candida glabrata, was studied using atomic force microscopy (AFM). Our results show that the adhesion of both S. aureus and C. glabrata to PTU and PTU/ZnO is decreased compared to a model surface polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). It was furthermore found that the amount of both s-ZnO and t-ZnO filler had a direct influence on the adhesion of S. aureus, as increasing amounts of ZnO particles resulted in reduced adhesion of the cells. For both microorganisms, material composites with 5 wt.% of t-ZnO particles showed the greatest potential for anti-fouling with significantly decreased adhesion of cells. Altogether, both pathogens exhibit a reduced capacity to adhere to the newly developed nanomaterials used in this study, thus showing their potential for bio-medical applications.
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Hasan, Md Rifat, Nepu Saha, Thomas Quaid i M. Toufiq Reza. "Formation of Carbon Quantum Dots via Hydrothermal Carbonization: Investigate the Effect of Precursors". Energies 14, nr 4 (13.02.2021): 986. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14040986.
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Carbon quantum dots (CQDs) are nanomaterials with a particle size range of 2 to 10 nm. CQDs have a wide range of applications such as medical diagnostics, bio-imaging, biosensors, coatings, solar cells, and photocatalysis. Although the effect of various experimental parameters, such as the synthesis method, reaction time, etc., have been investigated, the effect of different feedstocks on CQDs has not been studied yet. In this study, CQDs were synthesized from hydroxymethylfurfural, furfural, and microcrystalline cellulose via hydrothermal carbonization at 220 °C for 30 min of residence time. The produced CQDs showed green luminescence behavior under the short-wavelength UV light. Furthermore, the optical properties of CQDs were investigated using ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy and emission spectrophotometer, while the morphology and chemical bonds of CQDs were investigated using transmission electron microscopy and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, respectively. Results showed that all CQDs produced from various precursors have absorption and emission properties but these optical properties are highly dependent on the type of precursor. For instance, the mean particle sizes were 6.36 ± 0.54, 5.35 ± 0.56, and 3.94 ± 0.60 nm for the synthesized CQDs from microcrystalline cellulose, hydroxymethylfurfural, and furfural, respectively, which appeared to have similar trends in emission intensities. In addition, the synthesized CQDs experienced different functionality (e.g., C=O, O-H, C-O) resulting in different absorption behavior.
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El-Ramady, Hassan, Eric C. Brevik, Yousry Bayoumi, Tarek A. Shalaby, Mohammed E. El-Mahrouk, Naglaa Taha, Heba Elbasiouny i in. "An Overview of Agro-Waste Management in Light of the Water-Energy-Waste Nexus". Sustainability 14, nr 23 (25.11.2022): 15717. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142315717.
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It is urgent that we increase global food production to support population growth. Food production requires significant resources, amongst them water and energy. Therefore, any losses of food or other agricultural products also means a waste of water and energy resources. A significant amount of these losses occurs during the postharvest stage, primarily during processing and storage. This is considered avoidable food waste. The water-energy-waste nexus (WEW), and its relationship to food production, needs to be investigated from a circular bioeconomy lens. Furthermore, alternative uses of the wastes should be investigated. This review focuses on agro-wastes and their management as sources for bioactive compounds, biofertilizers, biomaterials, nanomaterials, pharmaceuticals and medicinal agents, and growth media, e.g., for plant tissue culture. We also investigated the potential contribution of agro-wastes to bioenergy production (bioethanol, biogas, and biofuel). Proper management of agro-wastes may support the mitigation of climate change, produce innovative bio-ingredients and biodegradable materials, and enhance green growth and a circular bioeconomy. We argue that the management of agro-wastes cannot be discussed without referring to the role of water and energy within the food system. Thus, this review focuses on agricultural wastes and their handling, applications, environmental impacts, and potential benefits in the agricultural and medical industries in light of the WEW nexus.
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Rahimunnisa, K. "Nanomaterial FET-based biosensor for Medical Applications". Journal of Electronics and Informatics 4, nr 2 (22.07.2022): 82–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.36548/jei.2022.2.003.
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For distinct properties and advantages like easy integration, high sensitivity, portability, and good selectivity, FET (Field-effect transistors) find application in varied fields and research areas. Especially, in biomedical applications, a drastic improvement is seen with the evolution of FET where Nanomaterial-based Bio-FET is an outstanding performer for their biosensing ability. In medical field, such Nanomaterial FET-Biosensor is carried out for performing label-free biomolecule sensing to screen out different diseases. Including infectious disease detection like virus infection, and bacterial infection, glucose, and diabetic levels can be screened as well with the aid of FET-based biosensor. This paper concentrates on the basic concepts, working principle of Bio-FET, recent research of FET in medical area, challenges and future scope of Nanomaterial-based Bio-FET.
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Zhang, Wenxian, Zhenzhen Chen, Yang Shi, Jiaqi Wang i Jingjing Zhang. "Integration of CRISPR/Cas with functional nucleic acids as versatile toolbox for non-nucleic acid target diagnostics: a review". Flexible and Printed Electronics 8, nr 2 (1.06.2023): 023002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2058-8585/ace0cb.
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Abstract Non-nucleic acid targets, consisting primarily of metal ions, organic small molecules and proteins. They act as important biomolecules or cell surface markers, supplying integrated and comprehensive bio-diagnostic information for the early diagnosis and treatment of diseases. Meanwhile, the analysis of non-nucleic acid targets also offers the foundation for individualized medicine and precision therapy. Therefore, a versatile platform for non-nucleic acid targets requires development. Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats-associated protein (CRISPR/Cas) systems is driving a revolution in medical diagnostics due to high base-resolution and isothermal signal amplification. Nevertheless, the majority of CRISPR/Cas settings reported currently are targeted for nucleic acids, leaving restricted usage to non-nucleic acid targets. This is owing to the lack of suitable signal recognition transduction elements for connecting CRISPR to non-nucleic acid targets. Functional nucleic acids (FNAs), comprising aptamers and nucleic acid enzymes, are of great concern to the biological and medical professions because of their specific target recognition and catalytic properties. As appropriate, functional recognition elements, FNAs can be integrated into CRISPR/Cas systems to exploit the powerful capabilities of both. This review emphasizes the technical tricks of integrating CRISPR/Cas systems and FNAs for non-nucleic acid targeting diagnostic applications. We first offer a general overview and the current state of research in diagnostics for CRISPR/Cas and FNAs, respectively, highlighting strengths and shortcomings. A categorical summary of non-nucleic acid-targeted diagnostics is provided, with a key emphasis on fundamental insights into the versatile non-nucleic acid-targeted diagnostic toolbox. We then review emerging diagnostic strategies based on CRISPR/Cas systems and FNAs that are fast, accurate and efficient in detecting non-nucleic acid targets. Finally, we identify the challenges that remain in this emerging field and look to the future of the field, expanding to the integration of nanomaterials, development of wearable devices and point-of-care testing.
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Wu, Meiyu, Liang Chen, Ruiru Li, Mo Dan, Haining Liu, Xinsheng Wang, Xiaochun Wu, Ying Liu, Liming Xu i Liming Xie. "Bio-distribution and bio-availability of silver and gold in rat tissues with silver/gold nanorod administration". RSC Advances 8, nr 22 (2018): 12260–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ra00044a.
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Along with the increasing applications of nanomaterials in medical fields, to know the systemic distribution of nanomaterials in the body through a precise method is required for the biosafety assessment of nanomaterials.
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John, P. J. "Nanoparticle toxicity may cause testicular dysfunction". Journal of Environmental Biology 44, nr 2 (13.03.2023): i—iii. http://dx.doi.org/10.22438/jeb/44/2/editorial.
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Nanotechnology is the science of designing, producing, and using structures and devices having one or more dimensions of about 100 millionth of a millimetre (100 nanometres) or less. It is going to be a major driving force behind the imminent technological revolution in the 21st century. Private and public sector companies are constantly in synthesizing nanomaterial based products. Nanotechnology has the potential of producing new materials and products that may revolutionize all areas of life. Meanwhile, its opponents believe that nanotechnology may cause serious health and environmental risks and advise that the prophylactic approach should command the blooming and distribution of such products. Nanotechnology pledges for producing novel materials with augmented properties and potential applications (Zeng and Sun, 2008). Nanoparticles and nanomaterials both terms are used interchangeably in scientific literature. However, according to British Standards Institution for the scientific terms: “Nanomaterial is a material with any internal or external structures on the nanoscale dimension, while Nanoparticle a is nano-object with three external nanoscale dimensions. According to the European Commission, nanoparticles can be defined as a natural, incidental or manufactured material containing particles, in an unbound state or as an aggregate or as an agglomerate with one or more external dimensions is in the size range 1 nm – 100nm. The size of nanoparticles is comparable to the size of cell organelles. Nanoparticles can have amorphous or crystalline form and their surfaces can act as carriers for liquid droplets or gases. They have at least one dimension between 1 and 100 nanometers and a narrow size distribution. The nanometric dimensions of these materials make them ideal candidates for surface engineering and functionalization. Due to the development of nanotechnology in recent years, engineered nanoparticles are being used in various fields, particularly in biomedical field. Various physico-chemical properties such as large surface area strength, mechanical, optical activity and chemical reactivity make nanoparticles unique and suitable candidates for various applications. Nanomaterials can be classified into natural and anthropogenic categories based on their origin. Natural sources include volcanic eruptions, forest fires, photochemical reactions, dust storms, etc., while anthropogenic sources include human activities, which can be of two types: Incidental nanomaterials that are generated unintentionally as a result of industrial activities. Combustion from vehicles, cooking, fuel petroleum and coal for power generation (Linak et al., 2000), aeroplanes engines, welding, ore refining and smelting are some of the incidental activities that lead to nanoparticle formation (Rogers et al., 2005). Engineered nanomaterials are designed and created intentionally for producing nanoparticles with specific characteristics. Due to its unusual tunable properties, these materials are widely used in electronics such as semiconductor chips, lighting technologies such as light-emitting diodes (LEDs), lasers, batteries, and fuel electronics etc. Scientists are using nanoparticles to target tumors, in drug delivery systems, and to improve medical imaging. Emerging engineered nanomaterials like quantum dots, nanobranches, nanocages, and nanoshells are presently being used in advance photovoltaic cells, drug delivery nanovehicles, and immunological sensing devices (Kahru and Dubourguier, 2010). Nanomaterials are also classified on the basis of morphology (rod, flower shaped, fiber, sphere and sheet), crystalline mature (amorphous and cristaline), dimension (0D, 1D, 2D, and 3D), and chemical nature (metal, semi-metal and non-metal). There are more than 1800 market products containing nanomaterials, including drugs, food products, food preservatives, clothing, sports items, cosmetics and electronic appliances (Chou et al., 2008; Vance et al., 2015). Nanoparticles are currently being used in biomedicine, bio-imaging, targeted drug delivery, assisted rreproductive technologies (ART), etc. Nanoparticle exposure to humans may be either incidental or accidental or occupational to the natural and manmade nanomaterials. Nanoparticles enter human bodies through inhalation, ingestion and skin, accumulate in the body organs and cause toxic effects on the biological system. The highly activated surfaces of nanoparticles have great potential to induce cytotoxic, genotoxic and carcinogenic activities (Seaton et al., 2010). In-vivo studies specify that the lung, spleen, liver, and kidney are the major distribution sites and target organs for nanomaterial exposure (Wang et al., 2013). They induce localized toxic effects such as cardiotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, etc., in related organs (Du et al., 2013; Yan et al., 2012; Hussain et al., 2005). Several reports have described the adverse effects of nanoparticles on human and animal health, especially in context of reproductive health. The reproductive toxicity of nanoparticles is becoming an important part of nano-science research (Ema et al., 2010). Exposure to nanoparticles adversely affects male reproductive system including both structural and functional aspects. Metallic nanoparticles, generally below 30 nm, owing to their spherical nature and diameter easily cross blood testicular barrier causing considerable toxic changes in the testicular tissue. Hong et al. (2015) reported decreased sperm production in testis accompanied with changes in expression of spermatogenesis regulating genes due to exposure of metallic nanoparticle titanium dioxide (TiO2). A sub-chronic oral exposure of PVP-coated AgNPs to rats resulted in altered testicular histology and sperm morphological abnormalities. In a study, testicular toxicity due to silver nanoparticles was examined in Sprague Dawley rat. The results indicated a significant fall in testosterone level and hike in LH levels. Ultra structural examination revealed vaculations in Sertoli cells and abnormalities in spermatogenic cells, sperm viability and chromatin integrity were also affected adversely (Elsharkawy et al., 2019). Similarly, exposure to zinc oxide nanoparticles resulted in apoptosis in testicular cells and structural changes in seminiferous epithelium and sperm anomalies (Han et al., 2016). Accumulation of copper oxide nanoparticles in testis of mouse may affect sperm morphology (Kadammattil et al., 2018). Spherical shaped nickel nanoparticles of 90 nm size can change motility and decrease FSH and testosterone levels in rats. At higher dose, nickel nanoparticles induced significant structural damage to the testis (Kong et al., 2014). Iron oxide nanoparticles of 20-80 nm size adverse by affected the sperm and Leydig cells in mouse (Nasri et al., 2015). Recent testicular toxicity study conducted by Verma et al. (2022) demonstrated that low, medium and high doses (20, 40 and 80 mg kg-1) of spherically shaped, with an average diameter of 15-20 nm, super paramagnetic IONPs (Fe3O4) injected intra-peritoneally decreased sperm counts and motility in spermatozoa. With respect to the effects due to non-metallic or semi-metallic nanoparticles having different shapes, different outcomes have been reported. A study conducted by Nirmal et al. (2017) on Wistar rat, exposed to 2.0 and 10.0 mg kg-1 bwt doses of OH-f MWCNTs resulted in sperm dysfunction and degeneration in seminiferous tubules (Nirmal et al., 2017). In another study by the same group, Wistar rat exposed to high doses of nanoscale graphene oxide (NGO) intra-peritonially, showed reduced sperm motility and total sperm count and increased sperm abnormalities (Nirmal et al., 2017). It is thus apparent that nanoparticles have a considerable negative impact on testicular tissue including damage to Leydig cells, Sertoli cells, spermatogenesis and sperm quality. Various studies have revealed that the testicular toxicity is caused due to combination factors. Oxidative stress is a key factor responsible for nanoparticle mediated damage. It becomes more harmful, especially to the testes because of high metabolism, continuous sperm production and presence of high amount of unsaturated fatty acids (Aitken and Roman, 2008). With the expansion and production of nanometerials for industrial and medical applications, exposure chances are also increasing. Many research reports have documented the adverse effects of nanoparticles on animals and environment. The major concern with the widespread use of NPs is their toxicity to living cells. Therefore, alleviating or reducing NPs toxicity remains much coveted goal for researchers around the globe. It is the alertness and scientific awareness which can prevent these materials from becoming bane instead of boon for humanity. This editorial is written as a tribute to my beloved teacher Dr. R. C. Dalela who has been my mentor since 1985, when I was student of M.Sc. Zoology (1985-1987) and Ph.D (1987-1993) in D.A.V. P.G. College, Muzaffarnagar. He has played a vital role in moulding my career, from an average post-graduate student to the academician and a researcher I am today. I deeply cherish his guidance, encouragement and support. It was my privilege to meet him last November, so close to his sudden demise. The values inculcated by him continues to inspire me in my onward journey. I have been associated with JEB for the past 25 years as a reviewer and an Associate Editor. The articles published in this journal receive good citations, which reflect the popularity of this open access journal among the researchers of Environmental Biology and Toxicology. I must appreciate the present editorial team headed by Professor Divakar Dalela for their efforts in maintaining the standard of this journal. I wish all success and my sincere co-operation for the same in the coming years.
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Bertotti, Mauro. "About this Issue". Brazilian Journal of Analytical Chemistry 9, nr 36 (5.07.2022): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.30744/brjac.2179-3425.editorial.mbertotti.n36.
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This BrJAC issue starts with an interview with Edenir R. Pereira Filho, an Associate Professor at the Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar). His research spans multiple sectors, including spectroanalytical methods for direct solid sample analysis, especially electronic waste. He is also an expert in designing experiments using chemometric tools and has a YouTube channel to share his research group´s contributions. He finished his pleasant interview with an important comment: “Treat your students with special care.”. The point of view shows an interesting and relevant discussion on the limit of detection (LOD) and the use of significant digits. The author’s conclusion is clearly stated: “The LOD must be reported with a single digit, which is significant but uncertain”. I completely agree with such a claim and reinforce that as scientists that handle numbers, we have to be aware that all measurements contain some kind of uncertainty, and significant figures show us what that uncertainty is. Nanomaterials have been increasingly studied for medical applications, and one crucial aspect that has drawn attention is the safety concerns of handling and using nanoparticles. Do the benefits outweigh the risks? Accordingly, the letter presents a thorough discussion on nanostructured materials and provides an update on the challenges associated with nanomaterials production with a focus on nanomedicine. Analytical chemistry has always been associated with the needs of society, and two reviews address issues involving environmental analysis. One of them gives an overview of arsenic speciation methods and the challenges represented by contamination in soil, water, and food supplements. The other reports the analysis of compounds using minimal or no sample preparation. Such an approach includes the development of less invasive and more continuous testing, resulting in devices that cover the trend of point-of-care (POC) analysis. Two exciting articles have been included in this BrJAC issue. The first reports on the synthesis, characterization, and application of zeolitic imidazolate frameworks for adsorption processes. The authors have demonstrated that their material presents excellent adsorption capacity and can be successfully employed to remove arsenic species from aquatic environments. The other article describes a thorough study on a cost-effective sorbent (a lignin-based bio-alkyd resin) prepared from the reaction between oxidized lignin with a mixture of palmitic acid and glycerol. Molybdenum (in the form of a Mo/thiocyanate complex) can be selectively extracted from complex samples (mice liver, pharmaceuticals, water, and fertilizer samples) for further spectrophotometric detection with enhanced sensitivity. As for technical notes, the issue presents two attractive studies. The first shows how the combination of threshold QTOF-MS measurements and quantum-chemical calculations allows for the understanding of the increased stability of sodiated sucralose compared to the protonated one. Neodymium and praseodymium can be found in permanent magnets at very low levels, and a method to determine both metals with high accuracy and precision is presented in the other work. It is exciting to see the growing interest of researchers worldwide for BrJAC, as shown in this issue. The articles reveal that analytical chemistry is a long-standing example of an interdisciplinary approach to scientific research, pushing the field into emerging topics of societal importance.
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Rohela, Gulab K., Yelugu Srinivasulu i Mahender S. Rathore. "A Review Paper on Recent Trends in Bio-nanotechnology: Implications and Potentials". Nanoscience &Nanotechnology-Asia 9, nr 1 (26.12.2018): 12–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2210681208666171204163015.
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Introduction: Nanotechnology, an advanced science discipline has proved to be vital in solving the major issues or problems, the present world is facing. Nanotechnology has already proved to be the science of revolutionizing agriculture, energy conversions, applied & medical science and other domains. Conclusion: In this paper, we present the recent developments taken place in bio-nanotechnology related to different forms of nanomaterial’s developed along with their application; overcoming hazardous effects of chemical pesticides, fertilizers and herbicides by promoting green and sustainable agriculture through the use of nanofertilizers, nano pesticides and detection & control of plant diseases by using nanoparticles; development of diagnostic tools for detection and control of human diseases; targeted delivery of drugs by using nanomaterial’s, protection of the environment through nanoparticles based pollution checking, bioremediation, renewable energy production and role of nanotechnology in applied sciences.
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Ahmed, Naveed, Adnan, Umar Khan, Syed Tauseef Mohyud-Din, Yu-Ming Chu, Ilyas Khan i Kottakkaran Sooppy Nisar. "Radiative Colloidal Investigation for Thermal Transport by Incorporating the Impacts of Nanomaterial and Molecular Diameters (dNanoparticles, dFluid): Applications in Multiple Engineering Systems". Molecules 25, nr 8 (20.04.2020): 1896. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25081896.
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Thermal enhancement and irreversible phenomena in colloidal suspension (Al2O3-H2O) is a potential topic of interest from the aspects of industrial, mechanical and thermal engineering; heat exchangers; coolant car radiators; and bio-medical, chemical and civil engineering. In the light of these applications, a colloidal analysis of Al2O3-H2O was made. Therefore, a colloidal model is considered and treated numerically. The significant influences of multiple parameters on thermal enhancement, entropy generation and Bejan parameter are examined. From the presented colloidal model, it is explored that Al2O3-H2O is better for the applications of mechanical and applied thermal engineering. Moreover, fraction factor tiny particles are significant parameters which enhanced the thermal capability of the Al2O3-H2O suspension.
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Abdalla, Sundos Suleman Ismail, Haliza Katas, Fazren Azmi i Mohd Fauzi Mh Busra. "Antibacterial and Anti-Biofilm Biosynthesised Silver and Gold Nanoparticles for Medical Applications: Mechanism of Action, Toxicity and Current Status". Current Drug Delivery 17, nr 2 (12.03.2020): 88–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1567201817666191227094334.
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Fast progress in nanoscience and nanotechnology has contributed to the way in which people diagnose, combat, and overcome various diseases differently from the conventional methods. Metal nanoparticles, mainly silver and gold nanoparticles (AgNPs and AuNPs, respectively), are currently developed for many applications in the medical and pharmaceutical area including as antibacterial, antibiofilm as well as anti-leshmanial agents, drug delivery systems, diagnostics tools, as well as being included in personal care products and cosmetics. In this review, the preparation of AgNPs and AuNPs using different methods is discussed, particularly the green or bio- synthesis method as well as common methods used for their physical and chemical characterization. In addition, the mechanisms of the antimicrobial and anti-biofilm activity of AgNPs and AuNPs are discussed, along with the toxicity of both nanoparticles. The review will provide insight into the potential of biosynthesized AgNPs and AuNPs as antimicrobial nanomaterial agents for future use.
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Cheng, Tsai-Mu, Hsiu-Yi Chu, Haw-Ming Huang, Zi-Lin Li, Chiang-Ying Chen, Ya-Jung Shih, Jacqueline Whang-Peng i in. "Toxicologic Concerns with Current Medical Nanoparticles". International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, nr 14 (8.07.2022): 7597. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23147597.
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Nanotechnology is one of the scientific advances in technology. Nanoparticles (NPs) are small materials ranging from 1 to 100 nm. When the shape of the supplied nanoparticles changes, the physiological response of the cells can be very different. Several characteristics of NPs such as the composition, surface chemistry, surface charge, and shape are also important parameters affecting the toxicity of nanomaterials. This review covered specific topics that address the effects of NPs on nanomedicine. Furthermore, mechanisms of different types of nanomaterial-induced cytotoxicities were described. The distributions of different NPs in organs and their adverse effects were also emphasized. This review provides insight into the scientific community interested in nano(bio)technology, nanomedicine, and nanotoxicology. The content may also be of interest to a broad range of scientists.
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John, Pauline, Nilesh J. Vasa i Azhar Zam. "Optical Biosensors for the Diagnosis of COVID-19 and Other Viruses—A Review". Diagnostics 13, nr 14 (20.07.2023): 2418. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics13142418.
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The sudden outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic led to a huge concern globally because of the astounding increase in mortality rates worldwide. The medical imaging computed tomography technique, whole-genome sequencing, and electron microscopy are the methods generally used for the screening and identification of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. The main aim of this review is to emphasize the capabilities of various optical techniques to facilitate not only the timely and effective diagnosis of the virus but also to apply its potential toward therapy in the field of virology. This review paper categorizes the potential optical biosensors into the three main categories, spectroscopic-, nanomaterial-, and interferometry-based approaches, used for detecting various types of viruses, including SARS-CoV-2. Various classifications of spectroscopic techniques such as Raman spectroscopy, near-infrared spectroscopy, and fluorescence spectroscopy are discussed in the first part. The second aspect highlights advances related to nanomaterial-based optical biosensors, while the third part describes various optical interferometric biosensors used for the detection of viruses. The tremendous progress made by lab-on-a-chip technology in conjunction with smartphones for improving the point-of-care and portability features of the optical biosensors is also discussed. Finally, the review discusses the emergence of artificial intelligence and its applications in the field of bio-photonics and medical imaging for the diagnosis of COVID-19. The review concludes by providing insights into the future perspectives of optical techniques in the effective diagnosis of viruses.
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Protim Hazarika, Manash, Ajay Tripathi i Somendra Nath Chakraborty. "Two-temperature molecular dynamics simulation study of copper thin film irradiation with femtosecond and picosecond laser pulses". Journal of Laser Applications 35, nr 2 (maj 2023): 022005. http://dx.doi.org/10.2351/7.0000948.
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Metal targets irradiated with laser pulses have a wide range of applications in thin film preparation, nanomaterial synthesis, bio-medical imaging, and metal ablation. Here, using two-temperature model based molecular dynamics simulation, we investigate laser mediated ablation in copper. Ablation of the film starts with the formation of voids within it. This void forming mechanism at low laser fluences ([Formula: see text] mJ/cm[Formula: see text]) is studied using both picosecond and femtosecond pulses. At the same fluence, shorter laser pulse transfers more energy to the atoms generating temperatures greater than the melting temperature of the crystal. This increases the kinetic energy of the atoms and they start vibrating with different velocities. If these vibrations cross a threshold of 5 Å per picosecond (500 m/s), voids and faults start appearing in the system. At the same fluence, higher concentration of voids are also created at a faster rate with the femtosecond pulse.
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Muthukrishnan, Lakshmipathy. "Disruptive Nanozyme Technology for futuristic Bio-Medical and Bio-imaging Applications". Current Nanoscience 17 (16.02.2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1573413717666210216120328.
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: Biocatalysts or enzymes have a pivotal role in speeding up most of the biochemical reactions that drives life processes. Although substrate specific and promising, there are some pitfalls that limit their use for wide application. To counteract the shortcomings, artificial enzymes possessing enzyme characteristics with additional qualities have been devised and that kick-started in the late 2000s. This review aims to provide an overview of nanozymes, designing concept, nanomaterials and applications. To begin with, the limitations encountered by natural enzymes and its replacement with nanozymes have been highlighted. Secondly, how nanozymes evolved in due course of time, classification and engineering strategies have been briefly described. Most importantly, the engineering of nanozymes for improved catalytic activities have also been discussed. A clear distinction between the enzymatic-mimic for various clinical and bioimaging applications has been critically reviewed. With this rapidly emerging technology, there would be a great demand pertaining to scalability, biosafety, catalytic diversity and environmental challenge needs much consideration.
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"Biosensor for detection of bacteria with probiotic potential and food pathogens". Letters in Applied NanoBioScience 9, nr 1 (5.02.2020): 800–807. http://dx.doi.org/10.33263/lianbs91.800807.
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The exploration for novel nano-sensors has enhanced significantly representing an incredible alternative for the development, speedy, and inexpensive bio-sensing strategy. Due to their low detection volumes, reduction of detection time, high specificity and user- friendly applicability, nano-bio sensors have raised the interest of the scientific community. Nanomaterials are now being used to develop biosensors thatexhibit superior sensitivity and uniqueness with applicability in research investigations, food contamination detection, detection of potential probiotic bacteria, etc. Detection of food contamination is of major significance and concern in areas like healthcare, agriculture, beverage, and fermentation industries. Distinctive biosensing technologies have already been developed for instant monitoring of microbes, food contaminants depending upon the application of nanomaterial. A wide range of nanomaterials, for example, gold nanostructured materials, carbon Copper and silicon nanotubes, GeO2/SiO2 matrix, nanoparticles, nanowires, TiO2 nanowire, nano-electrode, and nanostructured material arrays are performing an essential role in the bio-sensing application in food pathogen detection and probiotic bacteria detection.Nanosensors merges the principles of information technology and molecular biology proves essential in facilitating immediate detection of foodborne pathogens, contaminants, hence reducing the health risk and medical costs related to foodborne illness.This chapter aims to encompass the types of emerging nanosensors based on different detection technology, their commercial applications, recent advancement in food contamination detection and their future prospects.
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Park, Jihyo, Haeram Moon i Seonki Hong. "Recent advances in melanin-like nanomaterials in biomedical applications: a mini review". Biomaterials Research 23, nr 1 (grudzień 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40824-019-0175-9.
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Abstract Background Melanins are a group of biopigments in microorganisms that generate a wide range of colorants. Due to their multifunctionality, including ultraviolet protection, radical scavenging, and photothermal conversion, in addition to their intrinsic biocompatibility, natural melanins and synthetic melanin-like nanomaterials have been suggested as novel nano-bio platforms in biomedical applications. Main body Recent approaches in the synthesis of melanin-like nanomaterials and their biomedical applications have briefly been reviewed. Melanin-like nanomaterials have been suggested as endogenous chromophores for photoacoustic imaging and radical scavengers for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. The photothermal conversion ability of these materials under near-infrared irradiation allows hyperthermia-mediated cancer treatments, and their intrinsic fluorescence can be an indicator in biosensing applications. Furthermore, catechol-rich melanin and melanin-like nanomaterials possess a versatile affinity for various functional organic and inorganic additives, allowing the design of multifunctional hybrid nanomaterials that expand their range of applications in bioimaging, therapy, theranostics, and biosensing. Conclusion Melanin-like natural and synthetic nanomaterials have emerged; however, the under-elucidated chemical structures of these materials are still a major obstacle to the construction of novel nanomaterials through bottom-up approaches and tuning the material properties at the molecular level. Further advancements in melanin-based medical applications can be achieved with the incorporation of next-generation chemical and molecular analytical tools.
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"Sustainable Nanomaterials: A Well-Grounded Technology with Wide Applications in Bio-medical and Energy Storage: A Review". International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research 12, sp1 (2.07.2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.31838/ijpr/2020.sp1.216.
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Vamanu, Emanuel, Sachchida N. Rai, Divya Mishra, Payal Singh, Mohan P. Singh i Alexandru Petre. "Biosynthesis and bioapplications of nanomaterials from mushroom products". Current Pharmaceutical Design 29 (17.04.2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612829666230417083133.
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Abstract: The production of nanoparticles (NPs) from chemical and physical synthesis has ended due to the involvement of toxic byproducts and harsh analytical conditions. Innovation and research in nanoparticle synthesis are derived from biomaterials that have gained attention due to their novel features, such as ease of synthesis, low-cost, eco-friendly approach, and high water solubility. Nanoparticles obtained through macrofungi involve several mushroom species, i.e., Pleurotus spp., Ganoderma spp., Lentinus spp., and Agaricus bisporus. It is well-known that macrofungi possess high nutritional, antimicrobial, anti-cancerous, and immune-modulatory properties. Nanoparticle synthesis via medicinal and edible mushrooms is a striking research field, as macrofungi act as an eco-friendly biofilm that secretes essential enzymes to reduce metal ions. The mushroom-isolated nanoparticles exhibit longer shelf life, higher stability, and increased biological activities. The synthesis mechanisms are still unknown; evidence suggests that fungal flavones and reductases have a significant role. Several macrofungi have been utilized for metal synthesis (such as Ag, Au, Pt, Fe) and non-metal nanoparticles (Cd, Se, etc.). These nanoparticles have found significant applications in advancing industrial and bio-medical ventures. A complete understanding of the synthesis mechanism will help optimize the synthesis protocols and control the shape and size of nanoparticles. This review highlights various aspects of NP production via mushrooms, including its synthesis from mycelium and the fruiting body of macrofungi. Also, we discuss the applications of different technologies in NP high-scale production via mushrooms.
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Cosimo, De Marco. "The nanotechnologies: Applications and management of the new risks for the health of the workers". Journal of Advanced Health Care, 18.02.2022, 65–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.36017/jahc2202-05.
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Nanotechnology represents one of the emerging technologies used in recent years in a more or less widespread way in the world of research, study and work, and especially in the latter sector the risks associated with the production and use of nanomaterials are still largely unknown. To date, there is a substantial imbalance of knowledge between the application of nanotechnologies and their impact on health; the information currently available on the health effects and risk assessment of nanomaterials in the workplace is limited; systematic methodologies to assess exposure are not yet known and, given the intensive and highly diversified use of nanomaterials by industry in recent years, it is difficult to estimate the number of workers exposed and the effects on their health. It is well known that the research and development activity currently underway in the nanotech sector, both at public and private level, covers a wide spectrum of thematic areas such as chemistry and materials (structural and functional), nanoelectronics and photonics, bio(nano)sciences, medical and instrumentation. The potential application effects concern fundamental productive sectors ranging from pharmaceuticals and development of electromedical devices, to cosmetics, electronics and information technology, from transport to environment and energy, but also sectors that typically involve small and medium-sized enterprises, such as textiles and fashion, footwear, food, construction materials, advanced mechanics and the preservation of cultural heritage. The healthcare sector is not exempt from being affected by nanotechnology as well, and this generally poses a greater risk for worker exposure to nanomaterials within its work and professional settings. Specifically, nanotechnology and nanomaterials in healthcare, with their applications can certainly offer significant advantages, for example techniques and approaches of miniaturization through chemical synthesis and control of molecular assembly which represent indispensable opportunities in the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of diseases. However, although there are still ongoing studies and research in this area, the field of nanotechnology is developing faster than the generation of knowledge on health and safety aspects of nanomaterials. Living and working environments, in fact, can be exposed during all stages of the entire production cycle of substances in nanoform: during production, transport and storage, or during use and disposal. However, the lack of information on the behavior of nanomaterials in the environment makes it difficult to assess their risks in different sectors. The present research work aims to explicate the areas of development of nanotechnologies, and to explain how workers might encounter nanomaterials in their workplaces when performing their daily activities. There will be a focus on exposure from nanomaterials, on the assessment and management of potential risks of these new forms of materials, on the knowledge and / or study of the hazardous properties of substances in nanoform and their safe use with a view to verify how to currently try to contain the potentially harmful impacts on the environment and the health of workers and contribute to the implementation of the legislation of the sector although aware that the risk of exposure to nanomaterials is a toxicological issue still being explored by medical science. The use of nanomaterials, in fact, may represent an emerging health and safety risk that must be assessed and managed through a specific approach, particularly within the complexity of work environments. Therefore, an attempt will be made to indicate the prevention and protection measures to reduce the impact on workers' health and safety, also by referring to the relevant legislation and the precautionary principle.