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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "NANO-FILTRATION PROCESS"
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Cai, Yixiao, Song Chen, Kathryn Grandfield, Håkan Engqvist i Wei Xia. "Fabrication of translucent nanoceramics via a simple filtration method". RSC Advances 5, nr 121 (2015): 99848–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra17866e.
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Yang, B. M., C. M. Kao, W. P. Sung, C. P. Yang i T. Y. Chen. "Removing of Nano-Particles from Semiconductor Wastewater Using a Hybrid Treatment System". Advanced Materials Research 528 (czerwiec 2012): 71–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.528.71.
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Packaging process is one of the main manufacturing steps in the wafer fabrication industries. However, nano-particles would be produced during the packaging process. The produced nano-particle-contained wastewater has characteristics of dark color and high turbidity. Because the nano-particles would usually result in the clogging of the membrane filtration system when it is used for water treatment and reclamation, the application of a pre-treatment system is required to extend the membrane life. The objective of this study was to develop a pre-treatment system for packaging wastewater treatment before membrane system was applied for further water quality improvement. In this laboratory-scale study, a hybrid treatment system containing a chemical coagulation/flocculation followed by ultra-filtration (UF) membrane technology was developed for the wafer fabrication wastewater treatment. The chemical coagulation/flocculation unit was used as the pre-treatment process to improve the efficiency of the following ultra-filtration (UF) membrane system. The packaging wastewater was collected from a wafer fabrication factory and used to evaluate the feasibility of the coagulation/flocculation process on nano-scale particle removal. Results show that approximately 98% of turbidity could be removed at pH 7 when 2.2 mg/L of polyaluminum chloride (PAC) (used as coagulant) and 0.5 mg/L of polyacrylamide (cPAM) (used as flocculant) were added during the coagulation/flocculation process. Results indicate that the coagulation/flocculation is a feasible pre-treatment process for nano-particle removal before UF membrane is applied for further water purification. Results from this study will be helpful in designing a scale-up system for practical applications.
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Ryu, Hyunwook, Suhan Kim, Jaebum Kim i Sung Hyuk Park. "Experimental Study and Modeling of Nano-Filtration Process for Controlling Mineral Concentrations". Journal of Korean Society of Water Science and Technology 24, nr 6 (31.12.2016): 65–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.17640/kswst.2016.24.6.65.
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Liu, Yunfeng, Yongfan Tang, Qiuhao Chang, Chentao Ma, Shunhua He i Li Yuan. "Development of a novel heat- and shear-resistant nano-silica gelling agent". Nanotechnology Reviews 11, nr 1 (1.01.2022): 2786–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ntrev-2022-0475.
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Abstract The efficient and sustainable development of deep marine carbonate rock reservoirs in the Sichuan Basin has higher technical requirements for reservoir acidizing alteration technology. However, the acidification effect of deep marine carbonate rock reservoirs was hampered by the drawbacks such as uncontrollable acidification rate of the reservoir, the large friction resistance, and the great acid filtration. A novel heat- and shear-resistant nano-silica gelling agent CTG-1 is prepared based on nano-silica and combined with amide compounds. The influence of different factors on the acid filtration performance and heat- and shear-resistant capacity of carbonate rock reservoirs were analyzed, and then the mechanism of nano-silica gelling agent for acid filtration reduction in carbonate rock reservoirs is revealed. The research results showed that the filtration resistance of acid solution decreases slightly with the increase in the content of nano-silica gelling agent and reservoir pressure. The viscosity, fluid loss coefficient, and friction-reducing rate are as high as 25 mPa s, 2.4 × 10−2 m3 min1/2, and 71%, respectively, showing significantly better result than that of commonly used commercial gelling agents. The development of nano-silica gelling agent provides a reliable reference for effectively improving the acidification and stimulation effect of deep marine carbonate rock reservoirs.
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Xia, Shengji, Yukun Wan, Nana Li i Yu Zhao. "Investigation of combined fouling behavior in nano-filtration process under various feed conditions". Separation Science and Technology 51, nr 4 (24.11.2015): 681–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01496395.2015.1117104.
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Stendahl, K., C. Färm, I. Fritzdorf i H. Ulmert. "The REAL process – a process for recycling sludge from water works". Water Science and Technology 54, nr 5 (1.09.2006): 235–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2006.567.
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In order to produce drinking water, coagulants – such as aluminium salts – are widely used for precipitation and separation of impurities from raw water. The residual from the process is sludge, which presents a disposal problem. The REAL process is a method for recycling the aluminium from the sludge. In a first step, the aluminium hydroxide is dissolved in sulphuric acid. In a second step, an ultra filtration will separate all suspended matter and large molecules, leaving a concentrate of 15–20% dry solids. The permeate will contain the trivalent aluminium ions together with 30–50% of the organic contaminants. In a third step, by concentrating the permeate in a nano filter, the concentration of aluminium will be high enough to, in a fourth step, be precipitated with potassium sulphate to form a pure crystal: potassium aluminium sulphate. The potassium aluminium sulphate is comparable to standard aluminium sulphate. The process will give a residual in form of a concentrate from the ultra filtration, representing a few per cent of the incoming volume. This paper presents the results from a long time pilot-scale continuous test run at Västerås water works in Sweden, as well as calculations of costs for full-scale operations.
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Shen, Ying, Dawei Li, Bingyao Deng, Qingsheng Liu, Huizhong Liu i Tong Wu. "Robust polyimide nano/microfibre aerogels welded by solvent-vapour for environmental applications". Royal Society Open Science 6, nr 8 (sierpień 2019): 190596. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.190596.
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Due to the high porosity, resilience and ultra-low density, polymer nanofibre-derived aerogels (NFAs) have been widely investigated in recent years. However, welding of the fibrous networks of NFAs, which has been proved extremely essential to their structural performance, still remains a major challenge. Herein, electrospun polyimide (PI) nano/microfibres were used as building blocks to construct hierarchically porous aerogels through a solid-templating technique. By further welding the adjacent nano/microfibres at their cross-points in a controllable fashion by solvent-vapour, super elasticity was achieved for the aerogels, with a recoverable ultimate strain of 80%. It is noteworthy that this process is free from cross-linking, heating and significant structure changing (i.e. chemical structure, crystallinity and fibrous network). Additionally, the porous structure of PI nano/microfibre aerogels (PI-N/MFAs) could be tuned by adjusting the organization of microfibres from a disordered/ordered cellular to a uniform structure. The as-obtained aerogels showed ultra-low density (4.81 mg cm −3 ), high porosity (99.66%), and comparable or higher recoverable compressive strain and stress relative to the other nanofibre-based aerogels. Furthermore, we showed the potential of such an aerogel for particle or aerosol filtration. PI nanofibre aerogels composite filters (PI-NFACFs) manifested excellent performance in PM 2.0 filtration (99.6% filtration efficiency with 115 Pa pressure drop). Therefore, this study brought a new perspective on the simple preparation of nanofibre-based aerogels for air filtration.
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Hamza, Sarah hakim, Nazik N. Mahmood, Sinan I. Mohammed i Shatha F. Khaleel. "Utilizing Nanotechnology to Solve Drilling Problems in Iraqi Oil Fields". Journal of Petroleum Research and Studies 12, nr 1 (20.03.2022): 15–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.52716/jprs.v12i1.587.
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Nanotechnology is a recent technology which is used in all industry sectors. In the oil and gas industry, this technology is commonly used due to its importance in solving the problems encountered while drilling operations and production stages. Nanotechnology can be used to improve the drilling process by adding nano-materials to drilling fluids in order to reduce drilling problems. This research is extended to previous research that published in journal of petroleum research and studies to compared the effect of nano-materials [Commercial nano-materials Multi Walled Carbone Nano Tube (MWCNT) and nano silicon oxide (SiO2) with nano-silica (rice husks, that prepared in PRDC labs) on water base drilling mud properties].
All characterization tests were achieved by the Nanotechnology and advanced materials researches center it is belongs to the University of Technology. The investigated properties of drilling mud included rheological properties and filtration. All tests are conducted according to API specifications (American Petroleum Institute).
The results show an improvement in the rheological properties (plastic viscosity, yield point, apparent viscosity and gel strength) and filtration after adding the commercial MWCNT, nano silicon dioxide(Sio2) and the prepared nano-silica (rice husks) to the water based mud. The results of plastic viscosity of MWCNT,Sio2 and nano silica(rice husks) are 12,20,8 cp after adding 0.7 gm to the water base mud while the amount of filter is 11.8 ml after adding nano particle size of MWCNT , nanoSio2 and 11.6 after adding nano silica(rice husks). The prepared nano silica (rice husks) gave results similar to the results of the commercial nano silicon dioxide (SiO2). Therefore, using of nano silica (rice husks) can be cost effective due to producing these materials locally instead of using the commercial nano SiO2.
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Verma, Bharti, Chandrajit Balomajumder, Manigandan Sabapathy i Sarang P. Gumfekar. "Pressure-Driven Membrane Process: A Review of Advanced Technique for Heavy Metals Remediation". Processes 9, nr 5 (24.04.2021): 752. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9050752.
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Pressure-driven processes have come a long way since they were introduced. These processes, namely Ultra-Filtration (UF), Nano-Filtration (NF), and Reverse-Osmosis (RO), aim to enhance the efficiency of wastewater treatment, thereby aiming at a cleaner production. Membranes may be polymeric, ceramic, metallic, or organo-mineral, and the filtration techniques differ in pore size from dense to porous membrane. The applied pressure varies according to the method used. These are being utilized in many exciting applications in, for example, the food industry, the pharmaceutical industry, and wastewater treatment. This paper attempts to comprehensively review the principle behind the different pressure-driven membrane technologies and their use in the removal of heavy metals from wastewater. The transport mechanism has been elaborated, which helps in the predictive modeling of the membrane system. Fouling of the membrane is perhaps the only barrier to the emergence of membrane technology and its full acceptance. However, with the use of innovative techniques of fabrication, this can be overcome. This review is concluded with perspective recommendations that can be incorporated by researchers worldwide as a new problem statement for their work.
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Fang, Jing, Ranjan Jana, Jon A. Tunge i Bala Subramaniam. "Continuous homogeneous hydroformylation with bulky rhodium catalyst complexes retained by nano-filtration membranes". Applied Catalysis A: General 393, nr 1-2 (luty 2011): 294–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apcata.2010.12.011.
Pełny tekst źródłaRozprawy doktorskie na temat "NANO-FILTRATION PROCESS"
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MISHRA, ANHISHEK, i ATUL PATEL. "SEPARATION OF RHODAMINE B USING NANO-FILTRATION PROCESS". Thesis, 2023. http://dspace.dtu.ac.in:8080/jspui/handle/repository/20174.
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With increasing industrialisation, dyes have become one of the most promising
colourants used worldwide on a large scale. It has been estimated that around 12-15 %
of these dyes are discharged as effluents into the water bodies. One of such dyes is
Rhodamine B which is used widely in textile and food colouring. These dyes are
harmful, toxic and carcinogenic in nature. They cause pollution of the water bodies,
death of the aquatic organisms, reduce the light penetration into the water hence lesser
under water photosynthesis and many more severe problems. Therefore, it becomes
important to filter them before discharging.
In the present investigation, nano-filtration of Rhodamine-B dye was done
using membrane HF-150. Effect of different parameters on the rejection rate of the dye
such as the amount of Rhodamine B, flow rate of the feed solution, pressure of the
system was studied. Furthermore, volume and flux of the permeate solution was
calculated and its relation with above mentioned parameters was also investigated.
Dye removal efficiency of the membrane was measured in terms of rejection
percentage. The rejection percentage was found to be around 90%. The findings of the
work can be of promising application in dye removal and waste water purification.
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Liu, Tse-Jung, i 劉澤融. "Effects of Adsorption Phenomenon on Reduction of Compounds of Emerging Concerns by Nano-filtration Process". Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/49014096786224682627.
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博士國立臺灣大學
環境工程學研究所
104
Adsorption is one of the main mechanisms of compounds of emerging concerns (CECs) rejection by a membrane process. CECs could be adsorbed not only by membrane but also by suspended solid during membrane filtration, i.e. NOM. Besides, CECs could not be removed by a conventional water treatment or a single advanced process, even a single activated carbon column or a commercial NF membrane. In this study, the NF270 membrane was coupled with granular activated carbon in fixed-bed column system (GACC) to investigate the performance on CECs removal. The role of Humic acid (HA) in Nano-filtration (NF) processes and adsorption processes was also examined as well. The NF270 membranes were modified further by monomer grafting method to improve the rejection of the selected CECs. Ten CECs, Erythromycin-H2O, Chlorpyrifos, Trimethoprim, Iopromide, Carbamazepine, Sulfamethoxazole, Caffeine, Acetaminophen, Bisphenol A and Estrone, which are commonly found in the aquatic environment, were chosen as model pollutants and grouped in this study. CECs are an important group of organic environmental contaminants that have the potential to cause health risks for humans as well as biota. Concentrations of CECs were analyzed by LC-MS-MS to ng/L level. The results indicated that the eight grouped CECs had different rejections in the range of 4% to 99% by a NF270 membrane both in raw or simulated natural water samples. The adsorption experiments revealed that the hydrophobic CECs can be adsorbed onto granular activated carbons (GAC) easily than the hydrophilic ones, and GACC generally had better removal efficiencies of CECs than membrane process. Adequate existence of HA showed helpful for CECs removal which means CECs can be adsorbed onto HA became a larger molecular then removed by a NF270 membrane easier. Characterization of the modified NF270 membrane using SEM, ellipsometry and ATR-FTIR analysis revealed that NF270 membranes grafting by SPM monomer increased its hydrophilic and thickness of surface layer, and the grafting extent was proportional to the system pressure, monomer concentration and duration time, especially system pressure. Both of the combination system of NF/GACC and the modified membrane studies can remove the targeted CECs to above 90%; For the engineering application, however, the modification method was limited by the quality control that the combination system was better for applying in water treatment in engineering consideration. The contrast of the sequence of NF/GACC or GACC/NF for CECs removal was not obvious in this study, and GACC had better rejections than a raw NF270. The above results suggest that the existence of HA can increase the rejection of CEC, and the modified membrane also work for CECs rejection. The performance on cost-benefit analysis of GACC, the combination system and the modified membrane showed good feasibility on a real scale application.
Części książek na temat "NANO-FILTRATION PROCESS"
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Manzoor, Kamran, i Sher Jamal Khan. "Osmotic and Filtration Processes for the Removal of Emerging Water Pollutants". W Emerging Water Pollutants: Concerns and Remediation Technologies, 268–89. BENTHAM SCIENCE PUBLISHERS, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/97897815040739122010013.
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Emerging pollutants (EPs) in water and wastewater are one of the global water quality challenges and have substantially adverse and serious effects on ecosystems and human health. However, the presence of these EP’s is generally in minute quantities ranging from microgram per liter to nanogram per liter in the environment. These emerging water pollutants may contain endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs), personal care and pharmaceutical products, surfactants, hormones, steroids, etc. EPs can also be generated from the synthesis of new chemicals and their by-products in industries. Considering the potential impact of these EPs, an appropriate and effective wastewater treatment approach is needed, which can remove the wide variety of these EPs. Membrane technologies have gained more attention in water filtration processes as membrane technology can remove the emerging water and wastewater pollutants with different membranes. The presence of the membrane barrier is one of the main advantages of the membrane filtration process, which offers a wide variety of supplementary adsorption mechanisms for EPs. The pressure-driven membrane filtration processes include micro-filtration (MF), nano-filtration (NF), ultra-filtration (UF), and reverse osmosis (RO). In contrast, the osmotically driven membrane filtration processes (ODMFP) include pressure retarded osmosis (PRO) and forward osmosis (FO) only. This chapter will review the major characteristics, advancements, and principles of NF, RO, ODMFP, and other emerging membrane filtration technology for treating EPs in water and wastewater
Streszczenia konferencji na temat "NANO-FILTRATION PROCESS"
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Kaushik, Pranav, i R. Senthil Kumar. "Clarification of milk whey proteins by cascade nano-pore membrane filtration process". W International Conference on Nanoscience, Engineering and Technology (ICONSET 2011). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iconset.2011.6167943.
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Huang, Lei, i Zhixiong Guo. "Nano Filtration and Sensing of Aminoglycosides Using Whispering-Gallery Mode Resonators". W ASME 2012 Third International Conference on Micro/Nanoscale Heat and Mass Transfer. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/mnhmt2012-75174.
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For the first time optical WGM micro resonator embedded in a microelectrofluidic system with integrated functions in sensing and nano filtration was proposed. Aminoglycosides were considered as the analyte molecules. The filtration process and analyte concentration were traced by measuring the WGM resonance frequency shift. A correlation between the frequency shift, and the analyte feed concentration and the applied voltage gradient was obtained, which reveals a linear relationship between the resonance frequency shift and the analyte concentration and an exponential growth with the applied voltage gradient. The applied voltage gradient influences the filtration capability through its effect on adsorption and desorption processes. The second-order WGM was found to be able to provide a higher sensitivity as compared with the first-order. The WGM sensor was found to function at pico Molar concentration.
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Kachoyan, Soroush, Shaikh Nihaal, Jeffrey Oseh, Mohd Noorul Anam, Afeez Gbadamosi, Augustine Agi i Radzuan Junin. "Enhanced Rheological and Filtration Properties of Water-Based Mud Using Iron Oxide and Polyanionic Cellulose Nanoparticles". W SPE Nigeria Annual International Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/211924-ms.
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Abstract The unstable wellbore created by the infiltration of drilling fluids into the reservoir formation is a great challenge in drilling operations. Reducing the fluid infiltration using nanoparticles (NPs) brings about a significant improvement in drilling operation. Herein, a mixture of iron oxide nanoparticle (IONP) and polyanionic cellulose nanoparticle (nano-PAC) additives were added to water-based mud (WBM) to determine their impact on rheological and filtration properties measured at 80 °F, 100 °F, and 250 °F. Polyanionic cellulose (PAC-R) was processed into nano-PAC by wet ball-milling process. The rheological behaviour, low-pressure low-temperature (LPLT), and high-pressure high-temperature (HPHT) filtration properties performance of IONP, nano-PAC, and IONP and nano-PAC mixtures were compared in the WBM. The results showed that IONP, nano-PAC, and synergy effect of IONP and nano-PAC in WBM at temperatures of 80 °F and 250 °F improved the density, 10-s and 10-min gel strength (10-s Gs and 10-min GS), plastic viscosity (PV), and the yield point (YP), while the pH was constant at 9.0. The mixture of 1.5 wt.% IONP + 0.25g nano-PAC in the WBM unveiled the most promising and optimal properties. At LPLT, the mixture improved the YP by 11% and reduced the LPLT fluid loss volume (FL) by 32.4%. At HPHT, the mud density increased by 3%, 10-s GS by 56%, 10-min GS by 52%, and the YP by 33.3%, while the HPHT FL decreased by 21%. With 1.0 g concentration at 100 °F, the nano-PAC achieved the greatest reduction in the FL of the WBM by 63%, followed by PAC-R by 57% before IONP that showed 36% reduction. Overall, the impact of IONP and nano-PAC in the WBM is evident and while the IONP showed more improved PV, the nano-PAC is more desirable for fluid loss control when 1.0 g at 100 °F was used. The use of combined IONP and nano-PAC could be beneficial for mitigating fluid loss and averting wellbore problem.
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Elturki, Mukhtar, i Abdulmohsin Imqam. "An Experimental Study Investigating the Impact of Miscible and Immiscible Nitrogen Injection on Asphaltene Instability in Nano Shale Pore Structure". W SPE International Conference on Oilfield Chemistry. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/204294-ms.
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Abstract Miscible gas injection has become the most used enhanced oil recovery (EOR) method in the oil and gas industry. The deposition and precipitation of aspahltene during the gas injection process is one of the problems during the oil production process. The asphaltene can deposit and plug the pores, which reduces the permeability in a reservoir; thus, decreasing the oil recovery and increasing the production costs. This research investigates the nitrogen (N2) miscible and immiscible pressure injections on asphaltene instability in shale pore structures. First, a slim-tube was used to determine the minimum miscibility pressure (MMP) of N2 to ensure that the effect of both miscible and immiscible gas injection was achievable. Second, filtration experiments were conducted using a specially designed filtration apparatus to investigate the effect of nano pore sizes on asphaltene deposition. Heterogeneous distribution of the filter paper membranes was used in all experiments. The factors studied include miscible/immiscible N2 injection and pore size distribution. Visualization tests were conducted to highlight the asphaltene precipitation process over time. The results showed that increasing the pressure increased the asphaltene weight percentage. The miscible N2 injection pressure had a significant effect on asphaltene instability. However, the immiscible N2 injection pressure had a lower effect on the asphaltene deposition, which resulted in less asphaltene weight percentage. For both miscible/immiscible N2 injection pressures, the asphaltene weight percentage increased as the pore size of the filter membranes decreased. Visualization tests showed that after one hour the asphaltene clusters were clearly noticed and suspended in the solvent of heptane, and the asphaltene was fully deposited after 12 hours. Microscopy imaging of filter membranes indicated significant pore plugging from asphaltene, especially for smaller pore sizes.
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Pratama, Muhammad Andiva, Ahmed Abdulhamid Mahmoud i Salaheldin Elkatatny. "The Effect of Graphite and Olive Waste on the Rheological and Filtration Properties of Saudi Class G Cement". W 57th U.S. Rock Mechanics/Geomechanics Symposium. ARMA, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.56952/arma-2023-0730.
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ABSTRACT Cementing process is one of the most crucial parts of the drilling operation that could determine the durability and the stability of the oil or gas wells. Many additives had been introduced into the formula of the oil well cement to reach certain quality to support the well. "Greener" materials, such as olive waste, which is waste from the olive oil extraction process, have a huge potential to be utilized in well cementing to reduce the waste material in the environment. This study aims to analyze the effect of olive waste and graphite material on the rheological and filtration properties, compressive strength, and permeability of the cement sheath. Three different formulas of cement, base, graphite-based, and olive waste-based cement were used in this study. The result showed that the graphite and olive waste successfully increased the compressive strength by 106% and 110%, compared to the base cement, respectively. They also decreased the cement permeability as compared with the base samples. Although it increased the plastic viscosity and decreased the yield point of the cement slurry, the incorporation of olive waste into the cement slurry significantly decreased the water filtration. INTRODUCTION Oil well cement is the most important component for keeping the well stable and preventing the formation fluid leakage (Lavrov and Torsæter, 2016). However, making an ideal cement sheath in the annulus between the casing and the drilled formation is highly expensive with the materials that are present in the industry right now (Mitchell and Miska, 2011). Many researchers conducted studies to determine the best materials to be utilized to improve the oil well cement properties and reduce the cost of the cementing process while minimizing the need for remedial operations (Mahmoud et al., 2018a; 2018b; Ahmed et al., 2019; 2020a; 2020b; 2023; Mahmoud and Elkatatny, 2019; 2020a; Chen et al, 2022). The environmental issue is one kind of problem that the industry needs to solve. Finding a much "greener" additive and process that provides high-quality cement is one thing that needs to find. Ridha and Yerikania (2015) have developed a Nano-SiO2 Geopolymer cement that provides as good, even better compressive strength than the conventional Class G cement under High-Pressure High Temperature (HPHT) conditions.
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Elturki, Mukhtar, i Abdulmohsin Imqam. "An Experimental Investigation of Asphaltene Aggregation Under Carbon Dioxide Injection Flow in Ultra-Low-Permeability Pore Structure". W SPE Canadian Energy Technology Conference. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/208950-ms.
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Abstract One of the major problems during gas injection in unconventional reservoirs is asphaltene precipitation and deposition. Asphaltenes can reduce the pore throat in the reservoir and plug the surface and subsurface equipment during the production process, thus, result in oil production reduction with significant financial consequences. The impact of carbon dioxide (CO2) gas injection on asphaltene deposition in unconventional reservoirs still poorly investigated. This research investigates the impact of CO2 gas injection on asphaltene aggregation in ultra-low-permeability pore structures, mainly present in unconventional shale resources. First, the minimum miscibility pressure (MMP) of crude oil with CO2 was determined using the slim tube technique. Then, several CO2 injection pressures were selected to conduct the filtration experiments using a specially designed filtration apparatus. All pressures selected were below the MMP. Various sizes of filter paper membranes were used to study the effect of pore structure on asphaltene deposition. The results showed that asphaltene weight percent was increased by increasing the pressure and a significant asphaltene weight percentage was observed on smaller pore size structures of the filter membranes. The visualization tests revealed the process of asphaltene precipitation and deposition and showed that asphaltene particles and clusters were precipitated after one hour and fully deposited in the bottom of the test tube after 12 hours. High-resolution photos of filter paper membranes were presented using microscopy imaging and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis; these photos highlighted the asphaltene particles inside the filter paper membranes and pore plugging was observed. The study's findings will contribute to a better understanding of the main factors influencing the stability of asphaltene particles in crude oil under immiscible CO2 injection pressure, particularly in nano pores, which are predominant in shale unconventional resources.
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Jose, David, Christopher Gutierrez i Sriharsha Srinivas Sundarram. "Fabrication of Bulk Skinless Polyetherimide (PEI) Nanofoams". W ASME 2016 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2016-66055.
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Polymer nanofoams are classified as foams having pore size less than hundred nanometers. Several techniques to fabricate nano porous polymer morphologies have been developed. However, majority of them result in foams with a thin layer of un-foamed polymer on the surface. The un-foamed polymer region called the skin layer is typically around 10 microns thick which restricts the use of these foams for many applications such as filtration. Skinless open-celled nanofoams are a unique category of foams that have pore size on the order of tens to hundreds of nanometers and do not have any unfoamed solid polymer layer on the surface post processing. Potential applications for skinless nanofoams include filtration, catalysts, dielectronics and biological scaffolds. It has also been suggested that these nanofoams will have improved thermal and electric properties due to the open celled porous morphology and the absence of skin layer. In this study bulk skinless polyetherimide (PEI) nanofoams were fabricated using a novel two stage technique consisting of combined solid state and laser foaming. Initially, PEI samples embedded in a sacrificial polymer layer were saturated with supercritical carbon dioxide (CO2) as the blowing agent. The sacrificial layer ensures uniform gas concentration gradient at the surface during subsequent desorption step. A hot press and heated bath technique were used independently to foam the samples. Solid state foaming parameters — foaming time and number of sacrificial layers were varied to study their effect on the skin thickness of the nanofoams. The thickness of the sacrificial polymer layer had a direct effect on the skin thickness of the PEI nanofoams after foaming. It was observed that the skin thickness reduced by nearly 60% on an average due to the sacrificial layer. The solid state foaming process was followed by laser foaming using a CO2 laser with a wavelength of 10.6 μm to generate pores in the thin skin layer. The power intensity of the laser beam, the travel speed and the working distance had a direct effect on the laser pore formation process. It was found that a power intensity of 0.09 W, laser head travel speed of 50 mm/s and working distance of 4.5 cm were the most ideal conditions to form pores in a skin layer of approximately 10 micron thickness. The cross sections were observed using a scanning electron microscope to study the cell morphologies, pore size and the skin layer. This technique was found to produce skinless nanofoams with average porosity 78 % and smallest pore-size of 250 nm. To summarize, optimal parameters and processing conditions for bulk production of skinless PEI nanofoams are presented in this study.
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Nasser, Fatima Abdulwahab, Halah Noor Nasir, Zain Zaki Zakaria i Huseyin Yalcin. "Toxicity Assessment of Treated Sewage Effluent using the Zebrafish Embryo Model". W Qatar University Annual Research Forum & Exhibition. Qatar University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.29117/quarfe.2020.0218.
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Background: In a context of tremendous economic value, the management and protection of water resources in Qatar has long been a significant issue as part of the global wastewater management plan. The process is based on several stages of treatment in order to deliver high-quality effluent standard. Treated sewage effluent (TSE) can potentially be used for agriculture in Qatar and it should be biologically evaluated before releasing it to the environment. TSE water can be further filtered with techniques that include reverse osmosis, forward osmosis, and nanofiltration. Aim: This project aims to assess the toxicity of differently treated sewage effluent water on the environement using the zebrafish model. Our approach will also be relevant to the assessment of the water quality for agriculture use. Methods: Zebrafish embryos were cultured in different effluent water samples filtered with different techniques. Toxicicity of water was assessed via multiple assasys including: survival rate, tail flicking, and hatching rate. Cardiotoxicity assessment was performed via blood velocity, cardiac output and vessels diameter measurement in major vessels, as well as gene expression for heart failure markers of ANP and BNP by PCR. Results: Samples filtered via Reverse osmosis and nano-filtration resulted in most toxicity. Total dissolved solvent (TDS) measurements were also highest in those samples, suggesting these filteration techniques may result in release of toxic compounds to effluent water. Toxicity assessment is currently ongoing to confirm the findindgs. Conclusion: Utilization of TSE for environmental and agricultural purposes will have an economical value in the nation. It is critically important to determine the most efficient and less toxic ways of water filteration. Zebrafish is a practical model that can be used to assess water toxicity. This project aims to examine toxicity of effluent water filteration techniques using the zebrafish model.
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Mady, Ahmed, Omar Mahmoud i Abdel Sattar Dahab. "Nanoparticles As Promising Additives to Improve the Drilling of Egyptian Oil and Gas Fields". W ASME 2020 39th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2020-18858.
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Abstract Egypt is both one of the major oil-producing non-OPEC countries and one of the oldest energy producers in the Middle East. Recently, the Egyptian government have signed several agreements for the exploration of oil and gas in several provinces/regions including; the Mediterranean, the Western Desert, the Nile Delta, and the Gulf of Suez. Petroleum companies have given great attention to Egypt’s new discoveries such as Zohr Gas Field and Nour exploration prospect. Successful drilling operations to reach the oil and gas targets depends strongly on the effectiveness of the drilling fluid (mud). It can be considered as the heart of the drilling process, where they are used to fulfil several valuable functions. Drilling fluid technology is one of the most targeted and developed technologies worldwide. Several studies have examined the use of various types of nanoparticles (NPs) to enhance the properties and improve the performance of muds. NP can be defined as a simple particle structure with a size in the range of nanometers. The effectiveness of NPs can be accredited to their small size and high surface-area-to-volume ratio. Using NPs showed promising enhancements on the rheological and filtration characteristics as well as thermal stability and carrying capacity of the drilling fluid. Moreover, adding NPs to the drilling mud was found to minimize the shale permeability and thus, promote wellbore stability. The swelling and collapse of shale formations is expected under drilling with water-based mud, which might complicate the drilling operation. In the present work four types of NPs (nanosilica, nanoaluminium, nanotitanium, and nano copper oxide) were tested as promising additives to improve the characteristics of KCL-Polymer mud, which is mainly used to drill shaly formations. The impact of NPs-type, -size, and -concentration were thoroughly investigated using standard viscometer and API filter press. The results showed higher potential of nanotitanium and nanoaluminium to enhance the mud properties when used at small concentrations (0.3–0.5 wt.%). This research paper discusses a latest application and presents the most valuable findings concerning the efficient use of NPs in the drilling fluid industry. On this basis, different recommendations are stated, which might help researchers to better understand NPs’ functionality in this area of application and promote using NPs-based drilling muds as cost-effective and environmental-friendly fluids to drill the Egyptian oil and gas wells.
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Khan, Md Ashraful Islam, Iván Darío Piñerez Torrijos, Saja Hussam Aldeen Algazban, Skule Strand i Tina Puntervold. "Polysulphate: A New Eor Additive to Maximize the Oil Recovery from Carbonate Reservoirs at High Temperature". W ADIPEC. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/211443-ms.
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Abstract Seawater injection is an EOR success in the North Sea carbonate reservoirs due to wettability alteration toward a more water-wet state, this process is triggered by the difference in composition between injection and formation water. "Smart Water" with optimized ionic composition can be easily made under laboratory conditions to improve oil recovery beyond that of seawater, however, in the field, its preparation may require specific water treatment processes, e.g., desalination, nano-filtration or addition of specific salts. In this work, a naturally occurring salt called polysulphate (PS) is investigated as an additive to produce Smart Water. Outcrop chalk from Stevns Klint, consisting of 98% biogenic CaCO3, was used to investigate the potential and efficiency of the polysulphate brines to alter wettability in chalk. Solubility of polysulphate in seawater and de-ionized water and brine stability at high temperatures were measured. Energy Dispersive X-Ray and ion chromatography were used to determine the composition of the polysulphate salt and EOR-solutions, and to evaluate the sulphate adsorption on the chalk surface, a catalyst for the wettability alteration process. Spontaneous imbibition, for evaluating wettability alteration, of polysulphate brines into mixed-wet chalk was performed at 90 and 110°C and compared against the recovery performance of formation water and seawater. The solubility tests showed that the salt was easily soluble in both de-ionized water and seawater with less than 5% solid residue. The de-ionized polysulphate brine contained sulphate and calcium ion concentration of 31.5 millimolar (mM) and 15.2 mM, respectively, and total salinity was 4.9 g/L. This brine composition is very promising for triggering wettability alteration in chalk. The seawater polysulphate brine contained 29.6 mM calcium ions and 55.9 mM sulphate ions, and a total salinity of 38.1 g/L. Compared to ordinary seawater this brine has the potential for improved wettability alteration in chalk due to increased sulphate content. Ion chromatography revealed that the sulphate adsorbed when polysulphate brines were flooded through the core, which is an indication that wettability alteration can take place during brine injection, the reactivity was also enhanced by increasing the temperature from 25 to 90 °C. Finally, the oil recovery tests by spontaneous imbibition showed that polysulphate brines were capable of inducing wettability alteration, improving oil recovery beyond that obtained by formation water injection. The difference in oil recovery between ordinary seawater and seawater polysulphate injection was smaller due to the already favorable composition of seawater. Polysulphate brines showed a significant potential for wettability alteration in carbonates and are validated as a potential EOR additives for easy and on-site preparation of Smart Water brines for carbonate oil reservoirs. Polysulphate salt, added to the EOR-solution, provides the essential ions for the wettability alteration process, but further optimization is needed to characterize the optimal mixing ratios, ion compositions, and temperature ranges at which EOR effects can be achieved.