Rozprawy doktorskie na temat „Museums – Historiography”

This thesis looks at Tibetan material culture in Scottish museums, collected between the mid-nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. It examines how collectors used Tibetan objects to construct both Tibet in the western imagination and to further personal, organisational and imperial desires and expectations. Through an analysis of the highly provenanced material available in Scottish museums, collectors will be grouped in three categories: missionaries, military personnel and colonial collectors. These are not only divided by occupation, but also by ideological frames of reference. The historical moments in which these different collector groups encountered Tibetan material culture will provide a framework for an examination of the ways that collectors accessed, collected, interpreted, used and displayed objects. Within the framework of post-colonial theory, this thesis seeks new ways of understanding assumptive concepts and terminology that has become embedded in western analysis of Tibetan material culture. These include Tibetan Buddhism as a 'religion', 'Tibetan art', 'Tibetan Buddhist art' and the position of Tibetan 'art' versus 'ethnography' in western hierarchies of value. These theoretical concerns are scrutinised through an anthropological methodology, based on the concept of 'object biography', to create an interdisciplinary model for examining objects and texts. Using this model, I will demonstrate that collectors, whilst giving Tibetan material culture a variety of social roles, invested these categories with a range of values. Yet despite this heterogeneity, the mosaic of knowledge produced about Tibet by these varying encounters, established and then cemented British understandings of Tibetan material culture in specific ways, constructed to assist in the British imperial domination of British-Tibetan relations. I will argue that on entering the museum, these richly textured object biographies were 'flattened out', and the information embedded within them that gave traction to interpretations of British-Tibetan encounters was hidden from view, requiring this study to make visible once more the heterogeneity, richness and significance of Tibetan material culture in Scottish museums.

When South Africa became a democracy, many of its cultural institutions were tainted by the stigma of having been tools for the production and propagation of apartheid ideology. This thesis examines two key facets of post-apartheid museums and memorials. Firstly, how they have repositioned themselves as institutions of cultural and social standing. Secondly, their role as tools of nation building, social change, and creators of national collective memory within the new democratic South Africa. Through an analysis of cultural memory theory pertaining to museology, this study elaborates on the methods employed by museums to incorporate memory into their narratives and in turn, transfer collective memory to their viewers. This thesis provides a comparative study of the architectural, memorial and museological strategies of two post-apartheid museums; the Red Location Museum and the Apartbeid Museum. It examines the contributions of both museums to the introduction of new museological strategies for the successful creation and transmission of South African collective memory. Through this analysis, both the invaluable contributions and the drawbacks of post-apartheid museums as tools for the promotion of new democratic ideologies and philosophies are considered. This thesis does not resolve the arguments and questions which have surfaced regarding cultural institutions as tools for the promotion of reconciliation and the construction of national collective memory within South Africa. As the current climate of memorialisation is one of change and paradox, it is presently impossible to fully quantify post-apartheid museums' roles within South Africa's move toward reconciliation and social change. However, the examination of both the Red Location Museum and the Apartheid Museum reveals the extraordinary change that South African cultural institutions have undergone in addition to their potential to become institutions which facilitate active reconciliation as well as social and cultural growth.

O trabalho configura uma contribuição para os estudos do campo do design brasileiro. Avalia iniciativas institucionais brasileiras de expor publicamente design, particularmente no Museu de Arte Moderna do Rio de Janeiro, com as Bienais de Design e o Instituto de Desenho Industrial; na Federação das Indústrias de São Paulo e no Museu da Casa Brasileira, reconhecendo-as como momentos de construção do campo. As concepções de design em jogo, sua aproximação com a esfera doméstica e sua heteronomia estão em questão, apontando para mudanças do próprio conceito de design no Brasil de 1970 a 2002. Revela como os projetos de design industrial e público dos anos 1970 têm sido ignorados em nossa historiografia.
This work is a contribution to the Brazilian design field studies. It evaluates Brazilian institutional actions of exhibiting design, particularly in Rio de Janeiro\'s Modern Art Museum (MAM-RJ), its Design Biennales and Industrial Design Institute. It also studies design exhibitions in the São Paulo\'s Industries Federation (FIESP) and in Museu da Casa Brasileira (Brazilian House Museum). All of them representing the construction of the field moments. Different concepts of design, its proximity with the domestic sphere and its heteronomy are put in debate, pointing to changes of design concept in Brazil between 1970 and 2002. This study reveals how public and industrial design of the 1970s has been ignored in Brazilian historiography.

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A presente tese estuda os conteúdos do desenvolvimento das coleções e da documentação sobre a representação museológica do Oeste paulista (Oeste Paulista, 1948-1958) no Brasil. O trabalho também inclui a análise da personagem agenciadora no exemplo específico e o caso sobre o processo de criação do museu de história natural e oficial e sobre a economia do café. O contexto econômico e da cultura material, nesse estudo do Museu Histórico e de Ordem geral, talvez guarde os aspectos do corpo material e os processos do colecionismo, da documentação de objetos e dos documentos.
The present thesis studies the contents of the development of the collections and the documentation on the museológica representation of the São Paulo West (São Paulo West, 1948-1958) in Brazil. The work also includes the analysis of the agent personality in the special example and the case on the creation process of the natural and official history museum and the coffee economy. Perhaps the economic and the material culture context, in this History Museum and general Order study, holds the aspects of the material body and the colecionismo processes, objects documentation and documents.

Orientador: Eduardo Ismael Murguia Marañon
Banca: Oswaldo Francisco de Almeida Júnior
Banca: Suely Moraes Ceravolo
Banca: Marília Cury Xavier
Banca: Maria Lúcia Lamonier
Resumo: A presente tese estuda os conteúdos do desenvolvimento das coleções e da documentação sobre a representação museológica do Oeste paulista (Oeste Paulista, 1948-1958) no Brasil. O trabalho também inclui a análise da personagem agenciadora no exemplo específico e o caso sobre o processo de criação do museu de história natural e oficial e sobre a economia do café. O contexto econômico e da cultura material, nesse estudo do Museu Histórico e de Ordem geral, talvez guarde os aspectos do corpo material e os processos do colecionismo, da documentação de objetos e dos documentos.
Abstract: The present thesis studies the contents of the development of the collections and the documentation on the museológica representation of the São Paulo West (São Paulo West, 1948-1958) in Brazil. The work also includes the analysis of the agent personality in the special example and the case on the creation process of the natural and official history museum and the coffee economy. Perhaps the economic and the material culture context, in this History Museum and general Order study, holds the aspects of the material body and the colecionismo processes, objects documentation and documents.
Doutor

This paper compares two art museums, both created during the French Revolution, that fostered national unity by promoting a cultural identity. By analyzing the use of preexisting architecture from the ancien régime, innovative displays of art and redefinitions of the museum visitor as an Enlightened citizen, this thesis explores the application of eighteenth-century philosophy to the formation of two museums. The first is the Musée Central des Arts in the Louvre and the second is the Musée des Monuments Français, both housed in buildings taken over by the Revolutionary government and present the seized property of the royal family and Catholic Church. Created in a violent and unstable political climate, these museums were an effective means of presenting the First Republic as a guardian of national property and protector of French identity.

Este trabalho analisa o início da transformação do Museu Julio de Castilho (Porto Alegre-RS) de um museu de caráter enciclopédico, que priorizou durante as suas duas primeiras décadas as coleções de ciências naturais, a um museu histórico, tomando como recorte temporal o período compreendido entre 1925 e 1939, relativo à gestão do segundo diretor da instituição, Alcides Maya. Insere o surgimento do MJC, no ano de 1903, no contexto da Era brasileira de museus, quando predominavam os museus de caráter enciclopédico, bem como vincula o seu processo de especialização rumo à história ao declínio desse movimento no final dos anos 1920, mas também incorporando a essa transformação fatores de ordem interna regional, ressaltando o papel central de Maya nessa mudança. Descreve o surgimento dos museus de história na Europa, enfatizando os museus franceses do século XIX como os modelos seguidos na constituição de instituições congêneres no Brasil, as quais, através da exposição de imagens e objetos de personalidades e eventos de exceção, assumiram uma função evocativa e celebrativa do passado na constituição da identidade nacional. Identifica-se, no que se refere à identidade regional do Rio Grande do Sul, essa mesma função no MJC, com a formação das coleções de objetos e imagens dos políticos e militares envolvidos fundamentalmente na Guerra dos Farrapos A partir da documentação administrativa, a tese apresenta a formação do acervo das seções do Departamento de História Nacional do MJC, destacando o papel de Eduardo Duarte nesse trabalho, procurando identificar a relação entre a produção historiográfica elaborada no período em análise e a constituição das coleções do Museu. Examina ainda a criação de uma Pinacoteca Histórica no MJC com a intenção de representar os personagens e locais considerados importantes para a história sul-rio-grandense, identificando o investimento do governo do estado na visualização do passado descrito nos documentos do Arquivo Histórico na configuração da identidade regional relacionada ao passado farroupilha. Identifica as concepções de história moderna e clássica operando, respectivamente, no Arquivo Histórico e nas demais seções do Departamento de História Nacional do MJC. Por meio destes procedimentos, a pesquisa buscou compreender a concepção de história (e outras noções a ela atinentes, como documento histórico, autenticidade e tempo).
This study aims to analyze the initial transformation of Júlio de Castilhos Museum in the city of Porto Alegre, State of Rio Grande do Sul, from one of encyclopedic nature that prioritized natural sciences collections into an historical museum during its first two decades, comprising the period between 1925 and 1939, under the management of Alcides Maya, the second director of the institution. The study inserts the emergence of the MJC (Júlio de Castilhos Museum) in the year 1903 into the Brazilian Museum Era context, when museums of an encyclopedic nature prevailed, as well as links its specialization process towards history to the decline of this trend in the late 1920s, which also included factors of internal regional nature, emphasizing Maya's central role in this change. It describes the emergence of history museums in Europe, emphasizing 19th century French museums as models for the establishment of similar institutions in Brazil which, through the exhibition of images, personality objects and exception events, took on an evocative and celebrative function of the past in making up a national identity. As to the regional Rio Grande do Sul identity, that same MJC role could be identified, with the formation of memorabilia collections of objects from politicians and the military involved mainly in the Guerra dos Farrapos (Farrapos War) From the administrative documentation, the dissertation presents the MJC collection of the Department of National History sections, highlighting Eduardo Duarte's role and trying to identify the relationship between the historiographic production developed in the period under analysis and the formation of the Museum collections. It also examines the creation of a Historical Art Gallery by MJC with the intention of representing characters and places thought to be important for the history of Rio Grande do Sul, identifying the investment of the State government in displaying the past described in the Historical Archive documentation and in setting a regional identity related to the Farroupilha Revolution past. Finally, it identifies modern and classical history conceptions by analyzing both the Historical Archive and in other sections of the MJC Department of National History. Through these procedures, the research sought to understand the conception of history (and other notions related to it, such as historical documentation, authenticity and time).

At the beginning of the twenty-first century British costume museums were failing to attract audiences; consequently, all but the Gallery of Costume, Manchester and the Fashion Museum, Bath were closed to the public. This thesis has sought to examine the traditional display methodologies of historic costume museums, using the Gallery of Costume as its primary case study of practice. This investigation problematises the theoretical assumptions upon which the gallery’s display methodologies are founded and compares its approaches to those taken in contemporary displays of historic dress. The findings of this investigation have been used to propose new approaches to the display of historic dress that aim to engage contemporary audiences. Using the research methods of participant observation, interviews and archival research the first chapter of this thesis outlines the development of the Gallery of Costume’s display methodologies, highlighting the agency of individual curators. The next two chapters explore the ways in which curators of dress reconstruct the bodies and personalities that give form to worn dress in the museum. The thesis moves on to examine both the methods by which the Gallery of Costume’s constructed history in its displays of history and the theoretical assumptions underlying its historiography. This chapter is followed by an exploration of the performance of fashion within the museum, attending to the way in which exhibitions can express dress as ‘living’ concept within accepted conservation guidelines. Finally, this thesis outlines a framework upon which reflexive exhibitions of historic dress can be built.

OLIVEIRA, Ana Amelia Rodrigues de. Juntar, separar, mostrar : memória e escrita da história no Museu do Ceará (1932 - 1976). 2008. 184 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em História) - Universidade Federal do Ceará, Departamento de História, Programa de Pós-Graduação em História Social, Fortaleza-CE, 2008.
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This research aims to interpret the course of the Ceara History Museum, since its creation (in 1932) until 1976. It discusses the manners of its exposures and sees about its public education function, considering that the Museum works as an educational institution where the historical objects could teach about past ages. In this way this research also analyze the Ceara History Museum from onward the agreements and conflicts which collaborate with its creation, considering it as a result of the social relationships which define its uses in a certain age.
A presente pesquisa tem como objetivo interpretar a trajetória do Museu Histórico do Ceará, desde a sua criação em 1932 até o ano de 1976, enfocando as formas de exposição de seu acervo, refletindo sobre a função de lugar de instrução pública, já que o Museu assume o caráter de instituição educativa, onde os objetos expostos aparecem com a intenção de ensinar e de construir representações sobre o passado. A partir dessa problemática, busquei analisar o Museu Histórico a partir dos acordos e dos conflitos que o constituíram, pois o mesmo é resultado das relações sociais que definem a sua utilização num dado período.

This thesis explores the role of the UK Science Museum Group Explainer, a public-facing role with responsibility for engaging visitors and enhancing their experience of the museums within the Group. Arguing for new recognition of the performative complexity of this role, the research is driven by the view that its significance is currently undervalued within the science museum context. The thesis offers an original perspective on the contemporary Explainer, positioning it as the latest vital iteration in a performed science communication tradition that is here traced first, to the practices of Science Museum Guide Lecturers dating from 1924, and second, further back in time to nineteenth- century lecture demonstration practices at the Royal Institution, London. In so doing, it re-evaluates the role, challenging commonly held museum industry assumptions that the current iteration is simply a late twentieth-century customer service and education construct, and proposes a new history of its development and practice. The interconnected Performance Studies theories of embodied knowledge transmission and intertheatricality are utilised in conjunction with the performer-training concept of vertical transmission, to inform a new interpretation of the ways in which scientific public presentation practices can be seen to have been inherited or passed on. In this way the thesis suggests a line of performance transmission from the early nineteenth to the early twenty- first century. Highlighting performance elements within the contemporary role and its various suggested antecedents, the thesis proposes use of a new term, ‘performed explaining’, to uniquely describe their presentational forms, appropriately distinguishing them from the more ubiquitous twentieth-century museum industry term ‘live interpretation’. As a collaborative doctoral project the findings of this research are intended to be of particular significance to the SMG, but also the broader science museum and science centre industry. The thesis therefore concludes with recommendations for improving future practice in relation to the development of the Explainer role.

La question de la << fin de l'art >> en tant que << mode rhetorique >> temoigne de volontes genealogiques visant a fixer tout a la fois des limites, des buts et des finalites a la notion d'art, et partant d'en postuler une definition, des usages et des modes d'evaluation. Cette question se retrouve au sein des << terrains specifiques >> du monde de l'art : l'histoire, l'academie, le musee, l'esthetique. Le fait de considerer l'art sous le rapport de son lien avec l'histoire, conduit ainsi a s'interroger sur les conditions de production des << histoires de l'art >>, en particulier lorsqu'elles sont concues en fonction d'une << fin >> ou d'un << sens >> predetermines. De meme, les tentatives de << maitrise >> ou de regulation du champ de la creation par les artistes eux-memes a toutes les epoques - les diverses << academies >> -, rendent surtout compte des volontes recurrentes de questionner les << limites >> de la pratique artistique. Par contre, si le discours de fin de l'art que produisent les concepteurs de musees consiste egalement en une volonte de clore la question de l'art, c'est cette fois en raison d'une idee politique de << communion >> grace a l'art. Enfin, les justifications de toutes les << postures rhetoriques >> faisant appel a l'idee d'une fin de l'art, ne sont pas non plus etrangeres a l'histoire de l'esthetique, et a la << rivalite historique >> de l'art avec la philosophie
The question of the "end of art" understood as a "rhetorical device", bears witness to the genealogical wills aiming at settling jointly the limits, the aims and ends of the very notion of art, and then to postulate its definition, use and modes of evaluation. This question is to be found amidst the "specific grounds" of the artworld : history, academy, museum, esthetics. Considering art in relation to its links with history leads in fact to an interrogation about the conditions of production of the "histories of art", particularly when they are conceived as necessarily relating to a predetermined "end" or "meaning". Just as well, the attempts at "mastering" or "regulating" the field of creation by the artists themselves in all the periods - the various "academies" - show mostly the recurring will to question the "limits" of artistic practice. If the "end of art" speech produced by the museum conceivers consists also of a desire to close the question of art, it is this time in relation with a political idea of a "communion" that art would favor. Lastly, the justifications of all the "rhetorical attitudes" calling for the idea of an end of art, are not altogether foreign to the history of esthetics, and to the "historical rivalry" between art and philosophy

The purpose of this research work is focused on the archaeological practice that was carried out from the archaeological associations in Catalonia. The Renaixença cultural movement claimed a glorious past in Catalonia during the formation of different European nations. The interest in the past led to the fact that in the late nineteenth and beginning twentieth centuries, archaeological associations were a reality in Catalonia. They were mainly organized around scientific hiking. These archaeological associations arrived to the culmination in the Second Republic. In the first so-called Franco regime, the Comisaría General de Excavaciones Arqueològicas, led by the falangist Julio Martínez Santa-Olalla, used the network of archaeological associations that Pere Bosch Gimpera had used for archaeological knowledge of the territory of Catalonia since the beginning of the 20th century. The Decree of December 2, 1955, abolished this commissary and gave birth to the Servicio Nacional de Excavaciones Arqueológicas. This date roughly coincides with what historiography identifies as the second Franco regime. It has been verified that the new organization of archaeology in this second Franco regime continued to use this network of archaeological associations. Each place in the Catalan territory had its own particularity and demanded an investigation by itself. In this work, the Grup de Prehistòria i Arqueologia del Museu Municipal de Berga is a case study, that since 1965 had direct permission from the Dirección General de Bellas Artes for the practice of archaeology in the territory of the Berguedà
El sentit d’aquest treball de recerca va dirigit a la pràctica de l’arqueologia que es realitzava des de l’associacionisme arqueològic Catalunya. El moviment cultural de la Renaixença reivindicava un passat gloriós de Catalunya durant la formació de les diferents nacions europees. L’interès pel passat propi, a imatge del romanticisme, va propiciar que a final del segle XIX i principis del XX, l’associacionisme arqueològic fos una realitat a Catalunya. Principalment es va organitzar a l’entorn de l’excursionisme científic. Aquest associacionisme va tenir el punt culminant a la Segona República. En l’anomenat primer franquisme la Comisaría General de Excavaciones Arqueològicas que dirigia el falangista Julio Martínez Santa-Olalla va fer servir la xarxa d’associacions arqueològiques que Pere Bosch Gimpera havia emprat per el coneixement arqueològic del territori de Catalunya des de principis del segle XX. El Decreto de 2 de diciembre de 1955 va suprimir aquesta comissaria i va fer néixer el Servicio Nacional de Excavaciones Arqueológicas. Aquesta data coincideix aproximadament amb el què la historiografia anomena com el segon franquisme. S’ha comprovat que la nova organització de l’arqueologia en aquest segon franquisme va continuar fent servir aquesta xarxa d’associacions arqueològiques. Cada lloc del territori català tenia la seva particularitat i demana una investigació per ell mateix. En aquest treball i com estudi d’un cas, s’efectua el del Grup de Prehistòria i Arqueologia del Museu de Berga que des de 1965 va tenir un permís directe des de la Dirección General de Bellas Artes per a la pràctica de l’arqueologia en el territori del Berguedà

This is a study of the intersection between art historical theory and practice, and cultural heritage, where the revivals and mediations of the neoclassical Gustavian style have been used as a platform for further exploration. In relation to this, the use and changing meanings of the concepts authenticity and style have been examined. The research has a historiographical and multidisciplinary character, drawing on the fields of art history, critical heritage studies and design history. The study shows how the Gustavian style has been routinely used when Swedish culture has been staged, nationally and internationally, but also when shaping ideas of the ideal home and good taste. The focus is placed on three periods – the 1890s, the 1930s-40s and the 1990s – during which the Gustavian style was defined, revived and mediated in different modes of representation such as textbooks, exhibitions, period furniture and historically informed performances. In the study we meet the actors, human and non-human, that have contributed to the resilient position of the Gustavian style in the public consciousness and in a commercial context. The Gustavian style, perhaps like no other, has been systematically embraced by the official heritage institutions in Sweden, including the academic discipline of art history, which has been an important influence on the way the past has been presented, valued, categorised, preserved and re-used. The author argues that the style has been able to maintain its relevance due to its ability to embody many different prevailing aspects across the 20th century, for example tradition and modernity, nationalism and internationalism, but also the past, present and visions of retro-utopia.

Cette thèse analyse les jalons de la fabrication d’une politique publique et nationale de conservation et de valorisation des archives des architectes en France dans le dernier quart du XXe siècle et ses effets sur l’histoire de l’architecture contemporaine française. En parcourant une période qui s’étale de la fin des années 1960 au début des années 2000, ce travail met en exergue le rôle d’une institution : l’Institut français d’architecture. Ainsi, la thèse analyse, d’une part, les modalités d’émergence et d’institutionnalisation des structures chargées de la collecte et de la valorisation des archives d’architectes en France en restituant les « jeux d’acteurs », c’est-à-dire à la fois les enjeux de concurrence institutionnelle, les jalons du débat programmatique et les trajectoires individuelles. D’autre part, à travers la question des archives d’architectes, c’est la construction de la discipline historique en architecture qui est interrogée. En dressant le portrait d’un milieu, l’étude interroge l’autonomie d’un champ disciplinaire partagé entre des lieux d’enseignement isolés et divisé entre des ambitions divergentes. En examinant les évolutions de la collecte et de ses modalités de valorisation à travers les publications et expositions, l’étude établit la place de l’IFA et de son Centre d’archives d’architecture du XXe siècle dans la fabrication de l’histoire de l’architecture récente en France. A travers l’analyse croisée de sources écrites et de sources orales, ce travail propose de considérer trois périodes (1968-1980 ; 1980-1988 ; 1988-1998) au cours desquelles l’élaboration d’une politique de conservation des archives des architectes a défini un cadre institutionnel, méthodologique et épistémologique grâce auquel l’histoire de l’architecture a pu entreprendre sa rénovation. Outre les dynamiques institutionnelles, administratives et politiques, la thèse souligne le rôle de quelques personnalités pionnières (André Chastel, Maurice Culot, Bruno Foucart, etc.) qui ont façonné l’histoire de l’architecture contemporaine française telle que nous la connaissons aujourd’hui
This thesis analyses the milestones of the development of a public and national policy for the conservation of the archives of architects in France in the last quarter of the 20th century and its effects on the history of contemporary French architecture. Covering a period from the late 1960s to the early 2000s, this work highlights the role of an institution: the Institut français d'architecture. On the one hand, the thesis analyses the modalities of emergence and institutionalization of structures in charge of collecting architectural archives in France by looking into the challenges of institutional competition, the stakes of the programmatic debate and the individual trajectories. On the other hand, through the question of architects' archives, this work questions the construction of the historical discipline in architecture. By drawing the portrait of a milieu, the study questions the autonomy of a disciplinary field divided between different educational institutions and between divergent ambitions. By examining the evolution of its collection and the way history was written through publications and exhibitions, the study establishes the place of the IFA and its Centre d'archives d'architecture du XXe siècle in the production of the history of recent architecture in France. Through the cross-referenced analysis of written and oral sources, this work proposes to consider three periods (1968-1980; 1980-1988; 1988-1998) during which the development of a policy for the conservation of the archives of architects defined an institutional, methodological and epistemological framework which renovated the way architectural history was made, taught and written. In addition to the institutional, administrative and political dynamics, the thesis highlights the role of pioneering personalities (André Chastel, Maurice Culot, Bruno Foucart, etc.) who have shaped contemporary architectural French history as we know it today

Cette thèse a pour objet d’étudier la façon dont sont constitués et utilisés les systèmes de références des acteurs politiques dans les conflits du Moyen-Orient, de telle sorte que ces références deviennent des normes, par rapport auxquelles leurs actions sont conditionnées. Ceci en prenant en compte à la fois la dimension étatique dans la création de ces normes, et les initiatives privées, et la façon dont ces deux dimensions dialoguent. Par ailleurs, compte tenu du contexte de la mondialisation, cette étude prend en compte la dimension de métissage de ces références. Pour ce faire, elle procède par l’étude des mémoriaux et musées d’une part, et d’un corpus filmique d’autre part, sur les terrains de recherche égyptien, israélien, palestinien, libanais, jordanien et turc
The goal of this dissertation is to study the way in which references have been created and are used by political actors in the Middle-Eastern conflicts, so that these references have become norms, which are contingent to their actions. These norms can be state-created or through private initiatives, and our aim is also to study how these two dimensions interact. This dissertation also takes into account and the way these references have been mixed in the context of globalization with references from other cultural areas. This goal has been attained through the study of memorials and museums, and through the study of films, in Egypt, Israel, Palestine, Lebanon, Jordan and Turkey

The Douglas Summerland Collection is a fictional "monographically based history"1. In essence this research is concerned with the current debates about history recording, authenticity of the photograph, methods of history construction and how the audience digests new 'knowledge'. The narrative for this body of work is drawn from a small album of maritime photographs discovered in 2004 within the archives of the Port Chalmers Regional Maritime Museum in New Zealand. The album contains vernacular images of life onboard several sailing ships from the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, including the DH Sterling and the William Mitchell. Through investigating the'truth' systems promoted by the photograph within the presentations of histories this research draws a link between the development of colonialism and the perception of photography. It also deliberates on how 'truth' perception is still a major part of an audience's knowledge base. 1. Anne-Marie Willis Picturing Australia: A History of Photography, Angus & Robertson Publishers, London. 1988:253

Este documento escrito, sob a forma de um relatório, pretende descrever um conjunto de actividades realizadas no âmbito de um estágio curricular, que teve lugar no Centro de Arte Moderna, na Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian. Para além da demonstração das várias fases do trabalho na exposição antológica de António Charrua, entre outras pontuais actividades, este documento é também o reflexo de uma análise que teve início no âmbito da componente lectiva do mestrado e que veio a desenvolver-se ao longo dos últimos meses de trabalho. Assim, propõe-se uma abordagem de natureza narrativa sobre uma experiência, que se traduz numa reflexão acerca da arte, moderna e contemporânea, a sua abordagem institucional e a sua inscrição histórica, fazendo ao mesmo tempo um paralelo com a prática logística e estrutural da agenda de preparação de uma exposição.
This written document, under the guise of a report, aims to describe a set of activities undertook in the purview of a curricular internship at the Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation's Centro de Arte Moderna. More than demonstrating the various work phases behind Antonio Charrua's anthological exhibition, among other activities, this document is also the reflection of an analysis that has its root in the academic portion of the masters and which came to be developed throughout these last final months. Thus, an approach to an experience is proposed, narrative in nature, that translates into a reflection on art, modern and contemporary, its institutional approach and its historic inscription, drawing at the same time a parallel between it and the logistical and structural practice of an exhibition’s preparation time frame.