Artykuły w czasopismach: „Municipal finance, Spain: Catalonia”

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Estivill, Jordi. "“Get Yourself Ready!” Project, Generalitat of Catalonia, Spain". Local Economy: The Journal of the Local Economy Policy Unit 12, nr 2 (sierpień 1997): 170–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02690949708726386.

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Pano Puey, Esther, Jaume Magre Ferran i Carla Puiggròs Mussons. "Beyond size: Overcoming fragmentation by inter-municipal associations in Spain? The case of Catalonia". International Review of Administrative Sciences 84, nr 4 (10.01.2018): 639–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020852317727339.

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The Spanish local system is characterised by strong fragmentation and a large number of local territorial entities. One of the possible ways of compensating for this small size is through associations of municipalities, which may empower their members to provide better services and may increase their ability to solve problems. However, the size of the municipalities may not be the only important factor. Indeed, other dimensions of size, such as the number of members or the size of the institution as an indicator of the degree of institutionalisation, can be taken into account. In this article, we explore the inter-municipal associations in an area of Spain (Catalonia) in order to identify and analyse the key factors and explanatory variables, and to explore different dimensions of the concept of size. Points for practitioners The size of the organisation is an important aspect of inter-municipal associations and it can be influenced by the number of municipalities and the area of cooperation. Upper-level-driven reforms may have a direct impact on the creation of these kinds of entities.

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Ericson, Ingrid, José L. Domingo, Martí Nadal, Esther Bigas, Xavier Llebaria, Bert van Bavel i Gunilla Lindström. "Levels of Perfluorinated Chemicals in Municipal Drinking Water from Catalonia, Spain: Public Health Implications". Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 57, nr 4 (15.08.2009): 631–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00244-009-9375-y.

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Castell, Pere, i Ramon Ramon-Muñoz. "Deterministic and Contingent Factors in the Genesis of Agribusiness Clusters: The Pigmeat Industry in Nineteenth-Century Catalonia". Land 11, nr 3 (5.03.2022): 385. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11030385.

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This paper deals with the location, origins, and early development of clusters and industrial districts in the agribusiness sector. It considers the case of the meat processing industry in the second half of the 19th century in Catalonia, a prosperous southern-European region in the period when this industry emerged. By constructing an index of potential locations at the municipal level, the paper discusses whether, and to what extent, deterministic factors explain the genesis of pigmeat processing clusters. The paper concludes that although these latter factors need primary consideration, contingency, particularly human agency, may also play a non-negligible role. As an illustration, this study pays particular attention to the cluster of Vic, which developed around this middle-sized town in central Catalonia. It became a leading meat cluster in early 20th-century Spain, even though it was not better suited to this industry than other Catalan localities where meat companies had also emerged.

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Oliva-Moreno, Juan, i Ana Gil-Lacruz. "Body weight and health-related quality of life in Catalonia, Spain". European Journal of Health Economics 14, nr 1 (19.08.2011): 95–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10198-011-0343-x.

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Bech, Jaume, Pedro Tume, Lluis Longan i Ferran Reverter. "Baseline Concentrations of Trace Elements in Surface Soils of the Torrelles and Sant Climent Municipal Districts (Catalonia, Spain)". Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 108, nr 1-3 (wrzesień 2005): 309–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10661-005-4331-4.

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Iamkovaia, Mariia, Manuel Arcila, Filomena Cardoso Martins, Alfredo Izquierdo i Inmaculada Vallejo. "Analysis and comparison of tourism competitiveness in Spanish coastal areas". Investigaciones Regionales - Journal of Regional Reserach 47, nr 47 (23.07.2020): 161–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.38191/iirr-jorr.20.015.

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Spain is one of the four world leaders in coastal tourism. To keep the top position in such a highly competitive market, coastal managers in Spain need to constantly monitor the social, ecological, and economic components of ‘sun and sea’ tourism. Thus, the main goals of the present study are to analyse the most visited Spanish coastal destinations and to evaluate their competitiveness relative to each other. Geomarketing Methods were applied to evaluate seaside destinations pursuant to socio-economic and physico-geographical parameters. Results show that the most competitive destination is the Canary Islands, followed by Catalonia, the Balearic Islands, Valencia, Andalusia and Murcia regions.

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Sáez, Llorenç, Rafel Curto i Manuel B. Crespo. "Sideritis royoi (Lamiaceae): A New Orophilous Species from Northeastern Spain". Taxonomy 4, nr 1 (18.01.2024): 112–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/taxonomy4010006.

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Sideritis royoi is found in the rocky limestone habitats of the Port Massif (southern Catalonia, Spain). The species was first collected by the local botanist Lluís de Torres in the late part of the 20th century, but the specimens have remained unidentified positively in herbaria for over 40 years. Sideritis royoi likely belongs to section Sideritis subsection Hyssopifoliae and shows some morphological affinities with the relatively widespread South European species S. hyssopifolia L., but it differs from this species because it has subspinescent upper leaves, the main surfaces of its leaves are glabrous or glabrescent, the main abaxial surface of its bracts is without eglandular hairs, and due to the fact that it has shorter inflorescences. Weaker similarities have also been observed with some species belonging to S. subsection Fruticulosae Obón & D.Rivera. In this paper, a description for the new orophilous species is provided, along with a detailed illustration, field photographs, and a comparison with closely related species. We include an assessment of its conservation status and a dichotomous key for the identification of all the species of Sideritis subsection Hyssopifoliae.

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Nadal, Martí, Montse Marquès, Montse Mari, Joaquim Rovira i José L. Domingo. "Trends of Polychlorinated Compounds in the Surroundings of a Municipal Solid Waste Incinerator in Mataró (Catalonia, Spain): Assessing Health Risks". Toxics 8, nr 4 (22.11.2020): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxics8040111.

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Since 2008, the environmental levels of polychlorinated compounds near a municipal solid waste incinerator in Mataró (Catalonia, Spain) have been periodically monitored. The present study aimed at updating the data regarding the temporal changes occurred between 2015 and 2017, when air and soil samples were collected again, and the concentrations of the same chemical pollutants (i.e., polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)) were analysed. Furthermore, the health risks associated with their human exposure were also evaluated. The levels of all the contaminants in soil were far below the threshold established by regional and national legislations, also being lower than those observed in previous surveys. A similar trend was also noted for PCDD/Fs in air samples, while airborne PCBs were the only group of chemicals whose levels significantly increased. In any case, the global assessment of the data regarding the different pollutants and matrices indicates that there has not been a general increase in the environmental pollution around the facility. In addition, the environmental exposure to PCDD/Fs and PCBs by the population living nearby is still clearly lower than the dietary intake of these same chemical pollutants.

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Borrella-Mas, Miguel Ángel, i Martin Rode. "Love is blind: partisan alignment and political corruption in Spain". SERIEs 12, nr 3 (8.03.2021): 423–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13209-021-00228-6.

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AbstractEver since the spectacular boom and bust cycle of the Spanish real estate industry, endemic corruption at the local level has become a widely recognized problem in the national public discourse. In an effort to expose an under-explored political determinant, this paper investigates the effect of local and regional alignment in fomenting corruption at the Spanish municipal level. To do so, we construct an ample panel dataset on the prevalence of corrupt practices by local politicians, which is employed to test the possible impact of partisan alignment in three consecutive joint municipal and regional elections. Findings show aligned municipalities to be more corrupt than non-aligned ones, an effect that is further associated with absolute majorities at both levels of government and higher capital transfers. By contrast, we also show that “throwing the rascals out” could be an effective strategy for curbing the corrupt practices of aligned municipalities. This indicates that the democratic political process may be effective in corruption control if agreements can be reached to remove corrupt politicians or parties from power.

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Calvo, F., C. Giralt i X. Carbonell. "What happened with the homeless during economical crisis? Evolution of the prevalence of homelessness in north-Catalonia (2006–2015)". European Psychiatry 41, S1 (kwiecień 2017): S676—S677. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.1166.

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IntroductionThere exists a great number of empirical studies which refer as causes of homelessness not only individual factors such as mental disorders or addictions, but also structural factors such as poverty rates or unemployment.ObjectiveTo describe the evolution of the prevalence of homelessness in Girona from 2006 to 2015, and compare it with the evolution of unemployment in the same region.MethodsThe absolute number of homelessness is obtained from the official records in the city of Girona, which include the data of the open medium intervention team, the local police, and the specific municipal hostel. The rates are calculated on the annual totals of population. Correlations are used to compare quantitative variables.ResultsThe yearly homelessness rates increased progressively from 2006 to 2014, the year in which they began to decrease. Similarly, unemployment both in Spain and in the city of Girona in particular evolves in a similar way, with the burden of the worldwide economic crisis. There exists a positive correlation between the evolution of homelessness in Girona and unemployment both in Spain (r = 9.4, P < .001) and in Girona (r = 9.5, P < .001).ConclusionThe effect of the economic crisis affects the people who are socially excluded in a direct way. These results prompt the investigation of the causes of homelessness, which in many cases are attributed to the responsibility of the individuals.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

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Fusté-Forné, Francesc, Paula Ginés-Ariza i Ester Noguer-Juncà. "Food in Slow Tourism: The Creation of Experiences Based on the Origin of Products Sold at Mercat del Lleó (Girona)". Heritage 4, nr 3 (26.08.2021): 1995–2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/heritage4030113.

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Previous studies have highlighted the role of local food as a source of destination differentiation and tourist motivation, and as part of the understanding of slow food tourism. However, few previous researchers have discussed the proximity degree of products delivered in food tourism spaces such as markets, and how they contribute to the creation of slow tourism experiences. Based on the analysis of the origin of fruits and vegetables being sold at Mercat del Lleó, the municipal market of Girona (Catalonia, Spain), this paper investigates the value of local supply in an urban food tourism system. Fieldwork included nine interviews with market vendors, and data regarding 301 fruits and vegetables sold at the market were obtained. While results show a wide representation of local and regional produce, fruits and vegetables of national and international origin predominate over proximity products. The article reveals that there is still potential to improve the relationships between local food, identity promotion, and the sustainable experiences that attract slow tourists to urban destinations.

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Machado, V. C., J. Lafuente i J. A. Baeza. "Model-based control structure design of a full-scale WWTP under the retrofitting process". Water Science and Technology 71, nr 11 (27.03.2015): 1661–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2015.140.

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The anoxic–oxic (A/O) municipal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) of Manresa (Catalonia, Spain) was studied for a possible conversion to an anaerobic/anoxic/oxic (A2/O) configuration to promote enhanced biological phosphorus removal. The control structure had to be redesigned to satisfy the new necessity to control phosphorus concentration, besides ammonium and nitrate concentrations (main pollutant concentrations). Thereby, decentralized control structures with proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controllers and centralized control structures with model-predictive controllers (MPC) were designed and tested. All the designed control structures had their performance systematically tested regarding effluent quality and operating costs. The centralized control structure, A2/O-3-MPC, achieved the lowest operating costs with the best effluent quality using the A2/O plant configuration for the Manresa WWTP. The controlled variables used in this control structure were ammonium in the effluent, nitrate at the end of the anoxic zone and phosphate at the end of the anaerobic zone, while the manipulated variables were the internal and external recycle flow rates and the dissolved oxygen setpoint in the aerobic reactors.

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Cuadras-Morató, Xavier, i Josep Maria Raya. "Boycott or Buycott?: Internal Politics and Consumer Choices". B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy 16, nr 1 (1.01.2016): 185–218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bejeap-2014-0111.

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Abstract Does politics affect economic relations? In particular, do political tensions significantly affect consumer choices? The main objective of the paper is to study the consequences of political conflicts between Spain and Catalonia (a region of Spain) and the subsequent boycott calls on sales of Catalan sparkling wine (cava) in the Spanish market. We use data from sales of sparkling wine in supermarkets and similar outlets. To determine with precision the boycott period we use data on the number of news on the issue that appeared in the main national Spanish daily newspapers. The results of our econometric analysis indicate that the boycott calls triggered different consumers’ reactions in different territories. While consumers in some Spanish regions followed them and reduced their purchases of Catalan cava, there was also an anti-boycott reaction of Catalan consumers which led them to increase their consumption of the product. As a consequence of this, the boycott calls had an insignificant impact at the Spanish aggregate level. These results can be rationalized by the predictions of theoretical models of boycotts that include both the free riding and animosity motives.

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Bellet Sanfeliu, Carme. "The Evolution of Urban Planning in Medium-Sized Catalan Cities (1979–2019)". Urban Science 5, nr 2 (13.04.2021): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/urbansci5020036.

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Urban planning, as well as the type of city in which it takes place and is promoted, has changed a lot in Spanish cities since the return to democratically elected municipal governments in 1979. This work seeks to characterise the transformation that urban planning has undergone over the last 40 years. It sets out to do this by studying the cases of two medium-sized Catalan cities, their underlying city models, and the ways in which planning has been defined and managed in Catalonia. All of this was undertaken through a bibliographic and documentary analysis of the approved planning documents, which was accompanied by a study of the population dynamics and building cycles. In Spain, urban planning has been one of the instruments used to catalyse expectations for economic growth based on land consumption through urbanisation. Within this context, planning has progressed from fulfilling an initial requirement to regulate activities and urban growth (1979–1991) to facilitating urban development through a clearly expansive and speculative form of neoliberal urbanism (1993–2007) and, finally, to assuming a form in which these previous tendencies coexist with certain new orientations.

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Alcasena, Fermín, Marcos Rodrigues, Pere Gelabert, Alan Ager, Michele Salis, Aitor Ameztegui, Teresa Cervera i Cristina Vega-García. "Fostering Carbon Credits to Finance Wildfire Risk Reduction Forest Management in Mediterranean Landscapes". Land 10, nr 10 (19.10.2021): 1104. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10101104.

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Despite the need for preserving the carbon pools in fire-prone southern European landscapes, emission reductions from wildfire risk mitigation are still poorly understood. In this study, we estimated expected carbon emissions and carbon credits from fuel management projects ongoing in Catalonia (Spain). The planning areas encompass about 1000 km2 and represent diverse fire regimes and Mediterranean forest ecosystems. We first modeled the burn probability assuming extreme weather conditions and historical fire ignition patterns. Stand-level wildfire exposure was then coupled with fuel consumption estimates to assess expected carbon emissions. Finally, we estimated treatment cost-efficiency and carbon credits for each fuel management plan. Landscape-scale average emissions ranged between 0.003 and 0.070 T CO2 year−1 ha−1. Fuel treatments in high emission hotspots attained reductions beyond 0.06 T CO2 year−1 per treated ha. Thus, implementing carbon credits could potentially finance up to 14% of the treatment implementation costs in high emission areas. We discuss how stand conditions, fire regimes, and treatment costs determine the treatment cost-efficiency and long-term carbon-sink capacity. Our work may serve as a preliminary step for developing a carbon-credit market and subsidizing wildfire risk management programs in low-revenue Mediterranean forest systems prone to extreme wildfires.

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BELTRÁN TAPIA, FRANCISCO J. "Enclosing literacy? Common lands and human capital in Spain, 1860–1930". Journal of Institutional Economics 9, nr 4 (25.07.2013): 491–515. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1744137413000209.

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Abstract:The slow growth of the stock of human capital in Spain has been related to weak levels of economic development and a low commitment of Spanish institutions to primary education. This paper adds to these explanations by showing that common lands positively contributed to achieving significantly higher levels of both schooling expenditure and literacy rates. By supporting both municipal and households’ incomes, these collective resources sustained not only the local supply of education, but also the demand for it, although their influence decreased over time. Likewise, either low levels of economic development prevented human capital from growing endogenously or demand factors were not as important as previously argued. Lastly, even though the active intervention of the central government was crucial to promote education, its effort was not enough and human capital in Spain lagged behind other European countries in the early stages of economic development.

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Sánchez Sánchez, Francisca Jesús, Ana María Sánchez Sánchez, Noemí Pulido i Diego Vicente Borrero Molina. "Measuring the labour efficiency in Andalusia (Spain): A DEA approach". Investigaciones Regionales - Journal of Regional Research 49 (3.05.2021): 113–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.38191/iirr-jorr.21.005.

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This paper analyses the labour efficiency in Andalusia, and takes into account labour and demographic characteristics of the Andalusian municipalities. Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) is the methodology employed. The results obtained indicate differences at the municipal level that depend on the geographical arrangement, with the provincial capitals being the least efficient. An inverse relationship is established between the size of the municipality (in terms of number of inhabitants) and its labour efficiency: the smaller the size of the municipality, the greater the efficiency. The distance to the capital is also important in establishing the efficiency: the greater the distance to the capital, the greater the efficiency.

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Balcells, Laia. "Dynamics of internal resettlement during civil war". Journal of Peace Research 55, nr 2 (12.02.2018): 236–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022343317750464.

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This article explores the dynamics of internal resettlement in times of civil war by using a novel dataset of all municipalities of Catalonia during the Spanish Civil War (1936–39), which includes information on the total number of internally displaced from other parts of Spain that sought refuge in Catalan localities during the civil war. The dataset, which also incorporates information on relevant covariates, is built with a combination of primary (i.e. archival) and secondary sources. The results of the multivariate analyses indicate that political identities have a significant impact on resettlement: people tend to relocate to places where they can find others who share their political and/or ethnic identity; we see this reflected in political and ethnic alignments at the municipal level. In addition, the article uncovers a relevant dynamic in the diffusion of violence at the local level: the arrival of internal refugees in a new locality may have the unintended effect of increasing levels of direct violence due to its role in disseminating credible news of atrocities committed by the other side. The implications of this study go beyond the Spanish case and make a contribution to unpacking dynamics of violence and internal displacement in civil wars. The article also sheds light on some of the mechanisms by which refugee flows can play a role in the diffusion of violence throughout a given country.

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Sabaté, Irene. "State action and the movements of finance during the Spanish housing crisis: Alleviating or amplifying the social impacts of financialization?" Anuac 12, nr 2 (31.12.2023): 51–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.7340/anuac2239-625x-5122.

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This paper addresses the entanglements, complicities and collisions between financialization processes and state action during the current housing crisis in Spain, with a focus on Catalonia and the Barcelona area in the last decade. Departing from the assumption that housing financialization has been a major driver of the crisis, state interventions, including housing policies and legal regulations imposed on financial and real estate markets and on landlord-tenant relations, will be interpreted as modulators that may either alleviate or amplify the impacts of financial dynamics on people’s access to adequate housing. Drawing on the cases of several legal reforms, we will illustrate variegated attitudes towards financial extraction adopted by different state agencies. It will be thus shown how, in the rare cases where the state has tried to alleviate the social harms derived from financial extraction, reforms have been superficial, have arrived late, and have failed to reverse the structural drivers of the crisis. We will thus try to shed some light into the nature of state action in the face of housing financialization, contending that states should not be understood as outsides with respect to finance, as, to the contrary, they are part of finance’s very conditions of possibility.

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Rovira, Joaquim, Martí Nadal, Marta Schuhmacher i José L. Domingo. "Concentrations of trace elements and PCDD/Fs around a municipal solid waste incinerator in Girona (Catalonia, Spain). Human health risks for the population living in the neighborhood". Science of The Total Environment 630 (lipiec 2018): 34–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.02.175.

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Arboix-Alió, Alba, Josep Maria Pons-Poblet, Adrià Arboix i Jordi Arboix-Alió. "Relevance of Catholic Parish Churches in Public Space in Barcelona: Historical Analysis and Future Perspectives". Buildings 13, nr 6 (24.05.2023): 1370. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings13061370.

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Knowledge of the link between church and public space remains limited. However, there seems to exist a relationship between the church and the city, dating back to the first foundational temples. This relationship is still present in the churches of the most recently created neighborhoods, including those that are now gone and gave way to new squares, as well as those that were repurposed to house new activities. In this study, the relationship between public space and 132 parish churches within the municipal limits of Barcelona (Catalonia, Spain) was analyzed, with the aim to highlighting the most representative examples to understand the role of religious buildings in the urban landscape of the contemporary city. Morphological analyses and comparative views were the methodological research tools used for drawing new maps highlighting how they configure urban axes and homogeneous patterns. Finally, we included a relevant case study of urban regeneration, Mare de Déu dels Àngels church, as an example to demonstrate that a church without a square can have one. In conclusion, churches influenced both the public space adjacent to the parish temples and the urban growth and expansion of the city of Barcelona. Moreover, urban regeneration and new uses of some underutilized churches are a non-negligible future perspective. Churches are relevant for understanding the past of the city of Barcelona, but they are also important for the present and future of the city’s public space.

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Fava, Nadia, Valentina Rosa Laganà i Agata Nicolosi. "The Impact of COVID-19 on Municipal Food Markets: Resilience or Innovative Attitude?" Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity 8, nr 2 (7.05.2022): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/joitmc8020087.

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The pandemic has accelerated the search for innovative product/process/service solutions in city markets as well as the search for “open innovation challenges” more in line with current needs. The aim of the research is to understand the adaptation mechanisms of the local food system and, in particular, of the public space of the market system. The article analyses the change produced by the COVID-19 pandemic in the municipal markets of Sant Feliu de Guixols, Costa Brava, Spain. The data were collected through a semi-structured questionnaire administered to food sellers and contextually to a group of consumers. Factor analysis and the AGIL model were applied to the data collected and were confirmed with cluster analysis. The analysis highlights that the resilience of sellers is no longer sufficient and in many cases, they have equipped themselves with innovative solutions to meet the new customer demands arising from the pandemic (food delivery, e-commerce, take-away food, digital media, etc.). The document concludes with a discussion of food markets and innovations introduced in this period. Further studies can focus on the relationships between food practices and the transformation of urban spaces so that the food market can support new social practices that promote the food transition. The change would represent a switch which would provide traditionally less powerful actors, such as producers, the opportunity to reformulate the food supply chain in a way more linked to the territory. It would also create a resilient dimension for managing other possible food crises and present a challenge to achieving the ultimate goals of the businesses.

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Martínez-Vargas, Julián, Pedro Carmona i Pol Torrelles. "Evolution of the IBEX-35 vs other international indices: determinants of market value according to XGBOOST and GLM models". Academia Revista Latinoamericana de Administración 35, nr 1 (30.11.2021): 37–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/arla-06-2021-0124.

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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to study the influence of different quantitative (traditionally used) and qualitative variables, such as the possible negative effect in determined periods of certain socio-political factors on share price formation.Design/methodology/approachWe first analyse descriptively the evolution of the Ibex-35 in recent years and compare it with other international benchmark indices. Bellow, two techniques have been compared: a classic linear regression statistical model (GLM) and a method based on machine learning techniques called Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost).FindingsXGBoost yields a very accurate market value prediction model that clearly outperforms the other, with a coefficient of determination close to 90%, calculated on validation sets.Practical implicationsAccording to our analysis, individual accounts are equally or more important than consolidated information in predicting the behaviour of share prices. This would justify Spain maintaining the obligation to present individual interim financial statements, which does not happen in other European Union countries because IAS 34 only stipulates consolidated interim financial statements.Social implicationsThe descriptive analysis allows us to see how the Ibex-35 has moved away from international trends, especially in periods in which some relevant socio-political events occurred, such as the independence referendum in Catalonia, the double elections of 2019 or the early handling of the Covid-19 pandemic in 2020.Originality/valueCompared to other variables, the XGBoost model assigns little importance to socio-political factors when it comes to share price formation; however, this model explains 89.33% of its variance.

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Vigil, Ralph H. "Inequality and Ideology in Borderlands Historiography - HOUSEHOLD LABOR PATTERNS AMONG MEXICAN AMERICANS IN SOUTH TEXAS. By Elizabeth K. Briody (New York: AMS Press, 1989. Pp. 432. $57.50.) - VIEWS FROM THE APACHE FRONTIER: REPORT ON THE NORTHERN PROVINCES OF NEW SPAIN. By José Cortés. Edited by Elizabeth A. H. John, translated by John Wheat. (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1989. Pp. 192. $21.95.) - LET THERE BE TOWNS: SPANISH MUNICIPAL ORIGINS IN THE AMERICAN SOUTHWEST, 1610–1810. By Gilbert R. Cruz. Foreword by Donald C. Cutter (College Station: Texas A & M Press, 1980. Pp. 236. $24.95.) - WHEN JESUS CAME, THE CORN MOTHERS WENT AWAY: MARRIAGE, SEXUALITY, AND POWER IN NEW MEXICO, 1500–1846. By Ramón A. Gutiérrez (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1991. Pp. 424. $49.50 cloth, $16.95 paper.) - SOCIAL CHANGE IN THE SOUTHWEST, 1350–1880. By Thomas D. Hall (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1989. Pp. 287. $35.00.) - LIFE AND LABOR ON THE BORDER: WORKING PEOPLE OF NORTHEASTERN SONORA, MEXICO, 1886–1986. By Josiah M. Heyman (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1991. Pp. 247. $40.00.) - THROWN AMONG STRANGERS: THE MAKING OF MEXICAN CULTURE IN FRONTIER CALIFORNIA. By Douglas Monroy. (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1991. Pp. 355. $29.95.) - PEDRO DE RIVERA AND THE MILITARY REGULATIONS FOR NORTHERN NEW SPAIN, 1724–1729. By Thomas H. Naylor and W. Charles S.J. Polzer (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1988. Pp. 367. $40.00.) - TEJANO ORIGINS IN EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY SAN ANTONIO. Edited by Gerald E. Poyo and Gilberto M. Hinojosa (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1991. Pp. 198. $19.95.) - SPANISH BLUECOATS: THE CATALONIAN VOLUNTEERS IN NORTHWESTERN NEW SPAIN, 1767–1810. By Joseph P. Sánchez (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1990. Pp. 196. $30.00 cloth, $15.95 paper.)". Latin American Research Review 29, nr 1 (1994): 155–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002387910003538x.

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HAEMERS, JELLE, KARIN SENNEFELT i LOUISE MISKELL. "Review of periodical articles". Urban History 40, nr 2 (22.02.2013): 355–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963926813000047.

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Financial and economic crises are recurrent in history. A special issue of Histoire Urbaine (33, 1 (2012)), entitled ‘Villes européennes et crises financières (XIVe-XVIe siècles)’, shows that in the medieval and early modern period cities played a crucial role in the development of such crises, just as they do today. Several case-studies on France, Spain and the Low Countries demonstrate that cities are and were financial and commercial centres which were governed by a small group of merchants, bankers and powerful families. And, as David Sassu-Normand notes in his introduction, medieval and early modern municipal authorities were even more adept than their twenty-first century counterparts in disposing of political power in order to tackle economic and financial difficulties. The close relationship between money and power in those cities made it easier for elite factions to abuse public revenues, because they could autonomously decide about urban spending and its fiscal consequences. Yet, he argues, the tied relationship between urban governors and the city's economy and finances could also have positive effects. Markets and budgets were not autonomous entities, because they were embedded in urban societies and manipulated by those who govern them. As a result, urban governors disposed of the political means to deal with financial crises, or at least to remedy some of their consequences. The case of late medieval Brabant, studied by Claire Billen and David Kusman in the same issue, shows that not only urban oligarchs but also less powerful citizens could intervene in the financial politics of a town (‘Les villes du Brabant face à la crise des finances du duché de Jean II. La crise d'une société entière?’, 63–80). In the duchy of Brabant, in around 1300, the ducal and urban finances were under considerable pressure due to warfare, manipulation of the mint and an economic downturn. In the principal cities of the duchy (Brussels, Antwerp and Louvain), discrete groups of citizens, such as craftsmen and self-made merchants, forcefully protested against the monetary and fiscal measures taken by the urban authorities. Their protests were not initially successful. By the 1360s, however, urban society had changed in Brabant. Both Billen and Kusman argue that the ideas that inspired the urban protests of the 1300s led to new, more successful revolts in the 1360s and afterwards. As a result, craftsmen gained rights of political participation in the cities mentioned. Using their newly gained political power, the rebels proposed constructive solutions to resolve the ongoing financial crisis in the cities of the duchy. The measures taken reflected the existence of a belief that the urban government should be fiscally sound and stable, and that it should not live beyond its means. Fiscal reforms led to more stable urban finances, though new challenges in the fifteenth century would upset the balance again. In short, the Brabantine case shows, once again, that politics and finance are closely knit together in the medieval city, but also, and more surprisingly, that social protest against headstrong governors ultimately led to far-reaching political and fiscal reforms. Therefore, this stimulating issue of Histoire Urbaine demonstrates that financial crises can have an unpredictable outcome.

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Castell, Albert, Pere Margalef, Marc Medrano, Luisa F. Cabeza i Scott Samuelsen. "Economic Viability of a Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell Working With Biogas". Journal of Fuel Cell Science and Technology 7, nr 5 (14.07.2010). http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.4000999.

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Catalonia (Spain) has a significant potential of biogas production from agricultural activities and municipal waste. In addition, there are plenty of industrial cogeneration plants, but most of them use conventional fuels, such as natural gas, and conventional energy conversion devices, such as internal combustion engines. Molten carbonate fuel cells are ultraclean and highly efficient power generator devices capable of converting biogas into electricity and heat. Located in Lleida (Catalonia), Nufri is a fruit processing company with a long tradition on biogas production and cogeneration, with an installed capacity bigger than 45 MW. This study analyzes the economic viability of a fuel cell operating on biogas in Spain, on a real case basis (Nufri). Different fuel cell capacities are analyzed (from 300 kW to 1200 kW). A parametric study of different fuel cell prices ($/kW installed) is performed. Additional biogas cleanup requirements are taken into account. The results are based on the Spanish legislation, which establishes a special legal framework that grants favorable, technology-dependent feed-in premiums for renewable energy and cogeneration. Results show that the payback period ranges from 5 years to 8 years depending on the fuel cell capacity and installation price.

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Medina-Albaladejoo, Francisco J., Dolores Añón Higón, Alfonso Díez-Minguela i José-Miguel Lana-Berasain. "Old wine in new wineskins? Understanding the cooperative movement: Catalonia, 1860–1939". European Review of Economic History, 16.09.2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ereh/heaa014.

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Abstract Different factors have been proposed to explain why in some regions there is a greater tendency to form cooperatives. The debate remains open. In this study, we look at the spread of cooperativism within Catalonia from 1860 to 1939. Catalonia was not just the leading industrial region in Spain but also where cooperatives first emerged and had a greater presence. In line with the existing evidence, we find that cooperativism spread from coastal municipalities to the hinterland. In particular, it seems that local conditions (literacy and social capital) facilitated this process, while accessibility to the transport network and neighbouring effects also played a significant role.

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Diaz-Serrano, Luis, i Sabine Flamand. "Attitudes towards single parents’ children in private and state-dependent private schools: experimental evidence". SERIEs, 6.05.2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13209-023-00281-3.

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AbstractSingle parenthood is on the rise worldwide. While acceptance of single-parent households is increasing, some authors point out that single-parent families still suffer from negative societal attitudes compared to heterosexual two-parent families, while also being among the most vulnerable groups of society. Motivated by these findings, we study whether private and state-dependent private schools in Catalonia (Spain) are more reluctant to interact with single parents than with heterosexual couples. We conduct a field experiment during the children’s pre-registration period. We create three types of fictitious families (heterosexual couple, single mother, and single father) and send e-mails to schools in which the family structure is made explicit. Our results indicate that schools are more prone to interact with single parents than with heterosexual couples.

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Messenger, David A. "Local Government, Passive Defense and Aerial Bombardment in Barcelona during the Spanish Civil War, 1936–9". Journal of Contemporary History, 15.04.2021, 002200942199789. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022009421997898.

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The bombardment of civilians from the air was a regular feature of the Spanish Civil War from 1936 to 1939. It is estimated some 15,000 Spaniards died as a result of air bombings during the Civil War, most civilians, and 11,000 were victims of bombing from the Francoist side that rebelled against the Republican government, supported by German and Italian aviation that joined the rebellion against the Republic. In Catalonia alone, some 1062 municipalities experienced aerial bombardments by the Francoist side of the civil war. In cities across Spain, municipal and regional authorities developed detailed plans for civilian defense in response to these air campaigns. In Barcelona, the municipality created the Junta Local de Defensa Passiva de Barcelona, to build bomb shelters, warn the public of bombings, and educate them on how to protect themselves against aerial bombardment. They mobilized civilians around the concept of ‘passive defense.’ This proactive response by civilians and local government to what they recognized as a war targeting them is an important and under-studied aspect of the Spanish Civil War.

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Domingo, José L., Martí Nadal i Joaquim Rovira. "Regulatory compliance of PCDD/F emissions by a municipal solid waste incinerator. A case study in Sant Adrià de Besòs, Catalonia, Spain". Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, 5.07.2024, 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10934529.2024.2375902.

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Marein, Brian. "Spatial population trends and economic development in Puerto Rico, 1765–2010". European Review of Economic History, 18.02.2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ereh/heab002.

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Abstract I use data for consistently defined municipalities to describe spatial patterns in population growth in Puerto Rico across all stages of economic development and rule by Spain and then the United States. The spatial distribution of population began to resemble the modern distribution after the turn of the twentieth century, around the time that municipal population densities diverged. Municipal population growth was positively correlated with crop production in the preindustrial era and was negatively correlated with agricultural employment from 1899 to 1970. Urbanization commenced around 1900, decades earlier than generally believed and before most of the Caribbean and Central America.

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Paricio-Esteban, María-Pilar, María Puchalt-López, María P. García-Alcober i Blanca Nicasio-Varea. "Political parties’ influence on the transparency and participation of Spanish municipal websites: the case of Catalonia, the Community of Madrid, the Community of Valencia, and the Region of Murcia". El Profesional de la información, 1.02.2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.3145/epi.2023.ene.20.

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In modern democratic states, citizen participation is promoted through representative channels. In recent years, at the different institutional and political levels in Spain, some classic parameters of democracy have been called into question, such as citizen representation, deliberation, and the responsibility of the rulers towards the citizens. This crisis coincides with a decline in bipartisanship in Spain and the appearance of new parties. Some of this parties championed the regeneration of democracy, committing themselves to encouraging transparency and citizen participation in public management. As local entities are the institutions closest to citizens, both transparency and participation become key elements to comply with these parameters, providing the technologies of information and communication (ICT) with new tools such as websites and portals, which can contribute to strengthening them. This research aims to analyze the use of these channels to promote transparency and citizen participation, by the municipalities of 4 autonomous communities (Catalonia, the Community of Madrid, the Valencian Community, and the Region of Murcia), placing special emphasis on how the left-right axes and old-new parties could influence, along with the population size of the municipalities. The method used consists of a categorical content analysis, based on the Infoparticipa Map indicators and two linear regression models using ordinary least squares. The results and conclusions of the study show that the size of the population and the autonomous community are determining factors in the transparency indices. In addition, the political formations aligned to the left of the ideological spectrum, together with some of the new parties, influence the greater transparency and participation of the websites of the municipalities governed by them.

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Esteban-Oliver, Guillermo. "On the right track? Railways and population dynamics in Spain, 1860–1930". European Review of Economic History, 21.04.2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ereh/head007.

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Abstract This article explores how 19th century railways shaped population dynamics in Spain. Results showed that the municipalities closest to stations experienced significantly greater population growth. However, this effect was heterogeneous over time and depended on the territorial specificities and municipal features of the areas traversed. It was greatest in densely populated and industrializing areas, and in the valleys and the coast, although it also remained relevant in less dynamic contexts. These findings suggest that railways likely stimulated factor mobility and economies of agglomeration. However, this technology also reinforced existing hierarchies thus exacerbating an unequal distribution of the population in space.

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Salinas-Perez, Jose A., Esteban Ruiz-Ballesteros i Auxiliadora González-Portillo. "Analysis of the funding of social services from a spatial approach in Andalusia (Spain)". Humanities and Social Sciences Communications 11, nr 1 (15.03.2024). http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/s41599-024-02912-x.

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AbstractIn Andalusia, Community Social Service Centres (CSSCs) are funded by regulations following demographic, geographic, economic, and social disadvantage criteria. This study aims to analyse the geographical distribution of funding per inhabitant of CSSC by catchment area in Andalusia in 2019, and to study the statistical associations between funding and a range of demographic and socioeconomic indicators. The study spatial units (n = 184) included the catchment areas of CSSCs and, in the case of intramunicipal areas in large municipalities, they were grouped at the municipal level. Spatial autocorrelation measures were used to identify spatial clusters of high/low funding rates per inhabitant. Later, nonspatial and spatial regressions were applied to search for associations with different indicators (sex ratio, ageing index, dependency index, emigration rate, immigration rate, unemployment rate, population density, and employment rate in the primary sector). The geographical distribution of the funding of social services in Andalusia was not random since the analyses identified several spatial clusters with significantly high (hot spots) and low (cold spots) funding per inhabitant (p < 0.05). The funding rates were significantly (p < 0.05) and directly associated with the ageing index and the percentage of primary sector employees, and indirectly with the proportion of foreigners in the population and the population density. The hot spots were mainly located in rural and deprived areas, while the cold spots were in urban areas. The variables related to the regulated funding distribution criteria were not fully associated with higher financing. Instead, other additional variables showed significant associations (p < 0.05), such as primary-sector workers and foreign populations. The results showed that spatial analyses may support service assessment and decision-making in social policy.

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