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McKnight, Lidija Mary. "Imaging applied to animal mummification in Ancient Egypt". Thesis, University of Manchester, 2008. http://www.manchester.ac.uk/escholar/uk-ac-man-scw:120779.
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Barraclough, Alexa K. "The origins, rise, and demise of mummification in ancient Egypt". Honors in the Major Thesis, University of Central Florida, 2001. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETH/id/220.
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This item is only available in print in the UCF Libraries. If this is your Honors Thesis, you can help us make it available online for use by researchers around the world by following the instructions on the distribution consent form at http://library.ucf.edu/Systems/DigitalInitiatives/DigitalCollections/InternetDistributionConsentAgreementForm.pdf You may also contact the project coordinator, Kerri Bottorff, at kerri.bottorff@ucf.edu for more information.Bachelors
Arts and Sciences
History
3
Buckley, Stephen Andrew. "Chemical investigations of the organic embalming agents employed in Ancient Egyptian mummification". Thesis, University of Bristol, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1983/1bd1f909-c672-4997-9b16-f3ae0a35e4c5.
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Clark, Katherine Anne. "Tracing the evolution of organic balm use in Egyptian mummification via molecular and isotopic signatures". Thesis, University of Bristol, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1983/d8adf246-e23c-4bde-a6af-40851e75a37a.
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Lord, Constance. "Diet, disease and death at Dakhleh : a histological examination of ten mummies from the Kellis 1 cemetery in the Dakhleh Oasis, Egypt". Thesis, University of Manchester, 2012. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/diet-disease-and-death-at-dakhleh-a-histological-examination-of-ten-mummies-from-the-kellis-1-cemetery-in-the-dakhleh-oasis-egypt(1b4d88f0-5935-4937-acf0-4358f37fb0f5).html.
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Histology is a technique that has any number of diagnostic uses in modern hospital laboratories. However, as a scientific method employed in the study of ancient and mummified remains, it appears to have lost its popularity.This project explores the advantages and limitations of histology as a technique for such studies. In order to do so, soft tissue and bone samples from ten early Roman Period mummies (30 BCE – 250 CE) from the Kellis 1 cemetery in the Dakhleh Oasis have been histologically examined.While this project focuses on the scientific technique of histology, and its application for the study of ancient remains, it also aims to be cross-disciplinary by incorporating scientific results from the ten mummies with the historical data and archaeological remains uncovered during excavations of the Kellis site. By bringing the results of science and Egyptology/archaeology together, it hoped that a better understanding of ancient Egyptian society could be achieved.
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Atherton, Stephanie. "An investigation of the post-mortem status and mummification practices of avian votive mummies in ancient Egypt". Thesis, University of Manchester, 2012. http://www.manchester.ac.uk/escholar/uk-ac-man-scw:194645.
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Animals were viewed in ancient Egypt as pets and food; and as religious avatars,divided into cult and votive types (Ikram, 2005a). Research indicated that votivemummies were constructed in two types: true, those which contained skeletalremains; and pseudo, and those which contained non-skeletal remains. Avianremains were particularly prevalent as votive offerings, although no focus on thefollowing aims had previously been ventured: 1) mummification materials andmethods used; 2) how these may indicate status; 3) how to predict which mummies contain true or pseudo remains based on their external appearance. A study group of 120 mummies identified as containing avian remains weresubjected to radiography (115) and light microscopy (5) to understand the aboveresearch aims. Variables were designed to understand the treatment of avian remainsin three stages: prior to and during mummification, and as a mummy bundle; andwere statistically tested against the external appearance of the bundle, to determine the connection between the contents and its container. The first two variables demonstrated much information regarding the thought-processes applied to the avian remains to create ‘complete’ skeletal remains in the mummy bundles, although were shown to not be statistically significant when tested against external appearance. However, the final variable demonstrated a predictive nature in that as the external appearance became more stylised, the appearance of pseudo remains was more apparent, and was found to work in reverse for true remains. The future path of such research will require larger sample numbers of provenanced materials, both chronological and geographical, to understand if museum collections are an unbiased representation of avian mummies from ancient Egypt.
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Baker, Sarah. "A biocultural analysis of natural mummification : the importance of preservation on the examination of biological and cultural evidence". Honors in the Major Thesis, University of Central Florida, 2008. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETH/id/1060.
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This item is only available in print in the UCF Libraries. If this is your Honors Thesis, you can help us make it available online for use by researchers around the world by following the instructions on the distribution consent form at http://library.ucf.edu/Systems/DigitalInitiatives/DigitalCollections/InternetDistributionConsentAgreementForm.pdf You may also contact the project coordinator, Kerri Bottorff, at kerri.bottorff@ucf.edu for more information.Bachelors
Sciences
Anthropology
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Lo, Gerfo Luisa Maria. "Cryptes, chambres de momification et procédés de conservation des corps(siècles XVIII-XIX) dans le contexte archéologiques et paléopathologique de la Sicile". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM5026.
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Devant les processus de décomposition, les sociétés humaines réagissent en pratiquant interventions culturelles de 'thanato-métamorphose' sur les cadavres, comme la momification. En Sicile nous trouvons une pratique de momification toute originelle (XVIe ÷ XIXe siècles), pratiquée par les moines des congrégations religieuses, qui se développe selon une série de variations locales. Elle est le fruit d’une longue et non définitive expérimentation, consistant dans une méthode empirique de dessiccation des dépouilles mortelles. Le procédé de conservation se déroulait dans les chambres souterraines annexées aux églises, pourvues des égouttoirs. La momification reflétait des fonctions et idéologies précises, vivement lié aux possibilités économiques des individus, nécessaires pour maintenir le status économique et social d’appartenance. La lente disparition de la pratique de momification des corps remonte au l’édit de Saint-Cloud du 1804, qui marque l’interdiction législative d’inhumation des cadavres dans les églises et l’apparition des premiers cimetières extra moenia. Cependant, beaucoup d'éléments de la séculaire pratique de la momification survécurent. Les données recueillies nous poussent à penser que la momification fût une pratique bien enracinée dans le monde sicilien, et qu’après et malgré les décrets législatifs du 1804, elle ait 'survécu', en influençant l'enterrement et la relation avec la Mort jusqu'à nos joursHaving to do with the processes of decomposition, the human societies react by practicing cultural interventions of 'thanato-metamorphosis' on bodies, as the mummification. In Sicily we find a practice of mummification really original (XVI th ÷ XIX th centuries), practiced by the monks of the religious congregations, which develops according to a series of local variations. This practice is the fruit of long and not definitive experimentation, consisting in an empirical method of dehydration of human remains. The process of conservation of bodies took place in the subterranean rooms annexed to churches, provided with colanders. The mummification reflected particulars functions and ideologies, deeply tied to the economic possibilities of the individuals, necessaries to maintain the economic and social status of belonging. The slow disappearance of the mummification’s practice goes up to the edict of Saint-Cloud of the 1804, which marks the legislative interdiction of burial’s bodies in churches and the appearance of first cemeteries extra moenia. However, many elements of secular practice of mummification have survived. By the informations gathered on mummification’s practice we think that the practice was well rooted in the sicilian world, after the legislative decree of the 1804, and that it has survived, by influencing to bury and the relation with the Death until our days
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Brooks, Garcia Alison Marissa. "Internal Environmental Characteristics of a Chiribaya Style Tomb Holding Swine Remains and their Taphonomic Impact on Decomposition Delay, A Requisit for Mummification". Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/320080.
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Shelnut, Nicole. "Before the Inca : prehistoric dietary transitions in the Argentine Cuyo". [Tampa, Fla] : University of South Florida, 2006. http://purl.fcla.edu/usf/dc/et/SFE0001588.
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Väre, T. (Tiina). "Osteobiography of Vicar Rungius:analyses of the bones and tissues of the mummy of an early 17th-century Northern Finnish clergyman using radiology and stable isotopes". Doctoral thesis, Oulun yliopisto, 2017. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789526215259.
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Abstract This dissertation is a pioneering effort in a project to document, preserve and study the human remains found beneath old Northern Finnish churches. These remains have spontaneously mummified as a result of the early modern elite’s practice of burying under church floors. The main subject of the study is an early 17th-century Vicar of the Kemi parish, Nikolaus Rungius, and his mummified remains. His mummy that still is an important tourist attraction and a popular character in local lore, has a unique history as it has been exhibited since the 18th-century. The computed tomography scanning performed on the mummy revealed pathological findings suggesting that the Vicar suffered from obesity-related conditions. The most convincing of these was the manifestation of DISH in his thoracic spine. There were also indications of tuberculosis, such as a probable Pott’s spine, as well as calcifications, for example, in subareolar regions. The latter may also represent gynaecomastia, which currently is a rather common finding in elderly men. The scans also provided information concerning the preservation. In addition to the right forearm that was lost by the mid-19th-century, six cervical vertebrae are missing. The head still appears to be attached through a continuous band of soft tissue, and has likely belonged to the same person as the rest of the body. Both the Vicar’s dental health examined through the scans, and the results of the stable isotope analyses (δ13C, δ15N) of his nail keratin, along with the obesity-related findings, indicated a rather heavy diet rich in protein. This is in line with what is known about the early modern Northern Finnish diets. They were mainly based on foodstuffs acquired by hunting, fishing and animal husbandry. These interpretations also comport with the Vicar’s status, and assumed wealth. Typically, the clergy could maintain abundant diets. Even manifestations of DISH are rather commonly found in remains from monastery sites. The Vicar’s δ15N value was elevated in comparison to the values of the control group comprised of other early modern human remains in Northern Finnish churches. This discrepancy may be due to a stronger input of dietary protein sourced from top aquatic predators, such as the seal. Another plausible explanation could be the connection between the elevated δ15N value and DISH previously found by several authorsTiivistelmä Tämä väitöstutkimus on osa projektia, jonka päämääränä on vanhojen pohjoissuomalaisten kirkkojen alla lepäävien muumioituneiden vainajien dokumentointi, säilyttäminen ja tutkimus. Muumioitumisen taustalla on varhaisen uuden ajan eliitin tapa haudata kirkkojen lattioidenalaisiin tiloihin. Tutkimuksen pääkohteena on 1600-luvun alun Kemin seurakunnan kirkkoherran, Nikolaus Rungiuksen hyvin säilynyt ruumis. Kirkkoherran muumiolla on ainutlaatuinen historia, sillä se on ollut nähtävillä 1700-luvulta lähtien. Tämä paikallistaruston hyvin tuntema hahmo on edelleenkin tärkeä turistikohde. Muumion tietokonetomografinen kuvantaminen paljasti useita patologisia löydöksiä. Osa niistä vihjaa kirkkoherran kärsineen tiloista, joilla on yhteys ylipainoon. Kaikista vakuuttavimmin siihen viittaisi hänen rintarangassaan havaittu diffuusin idiopaattisen skeletaalisen hyperostoosin (DISH) aiheuttama leesio. Myös tuberkuloosista havaittiin viitteitä, kuten mahdollinen Pottin tauti, sekä subareolaariset kalkkeumat. Jälkimmäiset voivat tosin olla gynekomastiankin aiheuttamat. Kuvantaminen tarjosi tietoa myös muumion säilyneisyydestä. Pitkään kadoksissa olleen oikean kyynärvarren lisäksi kuusi kaulanikamaa puuttuivat. Pää ja torso näyttäisivät kuitenkin edelleen yhdistyvän toisiinsa niskassa, mikä tarkoittaisi molempien osien kuuluneen samalle yksilölle. Sekä kirkkoherran hammasterveys, että kynnen keratiinin isotooppianalyysit (δ15N, δ13C) indikoivat, että hänen ruokavalionsa lienee ollut raskas ja proteiinirikas. Rintarangan DISH-leesio tukee tätä päätelmää, joka sopii yhteen myös aiempien pohjoissuomalaista varhaisen uudenajan ruokavaliota koskevien tietojen kanssa. Ravinto hankittiin lähinnä metsästämällä, kalastamalla ja karjanhoidolla. Tulokset yhtenevät kirkkoherran sosiaalisen statuksen ja oletetun vaurauden kanssa: papisto kykeni tyypillisesti nauttimaan runsaasta ruokavaliosta. Jopa ylipainoon yhdistetty DISH on erityisen tyypillinen löydös nimenomaan luostarikaivauksien vainajissa. Stabiili-isotooppianalyysit paljastivat kirkkoherran typpiarvon merkittävästi muista pohjoissuomalaisista muumioista koostuvan verrokkiaineiston arvoja korkeammaksi. Ero selittynee ravinnon suuremmalla määrällä vesistöjen huippusaalistajien, kuten hylkeiden proteiinia. Toinen mahdollinen selitys voi liittyä kohonneiden typpiarvojen ja DISHin väliltä aiemmin löydettyyn yhteyteen
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Poon, Kelvin Weng Chun. "In situ chemical analysis of tattooing inks and pigments : modern organic and traditional pigments in ancient mummified remains". University of Western Australia. Centre for Forensic Science, 2008. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2008.0257.
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At various points in human history, tattooing has been ubiquitous on almost every continent on Earth, used for reasons of aestheticism, religious beliefs or for social purposes. To study the art of tattooing with respect to a particular culture, one must always be critical to any references to the practice (written, pictorial or artefactual) due to issues of translation and misinterpretation. Complete verification may only come with the discovery of actual tattooed human remains. In combination with artefactual and anthropological evidence, these remains not only provide physical proof of the practice in a culture's ancestry but also possess the ability to link various other forms of physical evidence, which on their own would remain speculative. By its very nature, tattooing may only exist while the bearer is alive. Once the owner dies, the skin, along with the tattoo, decomposes (under normal decomposition conditions) and is lost forever. However, tattoos may survive if the dermal layers of the skin are preserved, either by natural or artificial means. The processes of mummification in various civilisations have provided us with a rare opportunity to study the art and processes of tattooing in antiquity. Existing tattooed mummified remains have been found in: Egypt; Siberia; Eastern Central Asia; Greenland; Alaska and St. Lawrence Islands; Central Andes (Peru and Chile); Philippines; New Zealand and Italy. Existing literature regarding the analysis of tattooing inks and pigments once deposited into the skin is very limited. Comparatively, the industrial organic pigments used to colour the majority of modern tattooing inks sold today have not been officially approved by any regulating body and as such, manufacturers are not required to disclose the chemical ingredients of their products. Chemical identification of these tattoo pigments post-procedure will aid medical practitioners in the event of complications or for the purposes of tattoo removal. Forensically, tattoos are often one of the distinguishing features used in the identification of victims of crime or accidents. Experiments were carried out using an animal model (Sus scrofa) for the tattooing. Given the theoretically large but ultimately limited range of substances available to both ancient and modern tattooists, the premise of the experiment involved surveying the literature regarding possible tattooing pigments and either obtaining or reproducing a careful selection of these in the laboratory. These pigments were then tattooed onto the ii animal model and after allowing for the essential healing period, the tattooed areas were excised, with those tattooed with traditional pigments subjected to various simulated mummification environments.
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Girardi, Chloé. "Traitements des corps et des restes humains en Egypte du Prédynastique à la fin de l'Ancien Empire (4400-2180 av. J.-C.) : contribution à l'étude des pratiques mortuaires par l'approche archéothanatologique". Thesis, Montpellier 3, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MON30052.
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Cette étude retrace l’évolution de certains traitements réservés aux cadavres et aux restes humains en Égypte en se concentrant sur l’époque prédynastique et les six premières dynasties. Les cimetières contemporains de cette période de formation et d’affirmation des principaux éléments constitutifs de la civilisation pharaonique témoignent de la coexistence de pratiques funéraires associées à l’émergence de la momification artificielle et de pratiques mortuaires intervenant sur des corps partiellement ou totalement décomposés. L’objectif est de réévaluer par une approche archéothanatologique la documentation relative à ces deux catégories de traitements du corps, afin d’appréhender la diversité des pratiques de cette période. Cette étude vise donc à replacer le corps du défunt au centre de la discussion sur les pratiques mortuaires égyptiennes en prenant en compte deux ères chronologiques souvent considérées séparément. La relecture des publications archéologiques et de certaines archives de fouilles dans cette perspective a permis de proposer une sélection hétérogène de sépultures et de dépôts de restes humains provenant de 27 cimetières de la vallée égyptienne du Nil. Cette sélection d’inhumations offre une vision d’ensemble de la manière dont pouvaient être traités les défunts, ce qui permet de discuter de la continuité entre les pratiques prédynastiques et dynastiques et de confronter les données recueillies aux différentes interprétations possibles des gestes identifiésThis study examines the evolution of practices pertaining to the treatment of human bodies and remains in Egypt from the Predynastic era through the first six dynasties. Burial grounds contemporaneous with the formation and affirmation of the principal constituents of the pharaonic civilization indicate the coexistence of funerary practices related to the emergence of artificial mummification, and mortuary practices involving partially or fully decomposed bodies. The purpose is to reevaluate, through the lens of archaeothanatology, the existing documentation regarding these two body treatment categories to better understand the diversity of practices over this period. The study aims to see the body of the deceased as the focal point of the discussion on Egyptian mortuary practices by taking into consideration two chronological eras often examined separately. Studying archaeological publications and archival documents of past excavations from this perspective provides a heterogeneous set of human sepultures and deposits found in 27 cemeteries throughout the Egyptian Nile valley. The cases chosen for the purpose of this study offer a comprehensive outlook into how the deceased were treated, which gives the grounds for discussing the continuity between predynastic and dynastic practices and for confronting the collected materials with diverse possible interpretations of these treatments
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Guillén, Sonia E. "De Chinchorro a Chiribaya: los ancestros de los mallquis Chachapoya-Inca". Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2012. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/113480.
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From Chinchorro to Chiribaya: The Ancestors of the Chachapoya-Inca MallquisIn 1977 agricultural workers, turned into looters, found an intact funerary site in the cloud forest in northeastern Peru. A prompt archaeological rescue project permitted the recovery of an important collection of mummies and artifacts that are providing important insights about the archaeology of the Chachapoya people that established in this area around 900 A.D. up to the Inca conquest of this territory around the year 1475. The mummies recovered showed evidence of cultural practices devised and used to assure the preservation of the human bodies. Such practices are also reported among Chinchorro and Chiribaya mummies in the Andes. A cultural interpretation of these funerary activities is discussed connecting the practice of the cult to the ancestors to the access and management of resources and territory.En 1997, unos peones descubrieron y huaquearon un cementerio intacto en el bosque nuboso del noreste del Perú. Un rápido proyecto de rescate arqueológico permitió la recuperación de una importante colección de momias y artefactos que están proporcionando importante información sobre la arqueología de los chachapoya. Este grupo se estableció en el área alrededor del 900 d.C. hasta la conquista inca de este territorio, que ocurrió alrededor del año 1475. Las momias recuperadas muestran evidencias de prácticas culturales diseñadas y empleadas para asegurar la conservación de los cuerpos. Prácticas similares se han reportado también entre las momias chinchorro y chiribaya en los Andes. En este artículo se discute una interpretación cultural de estas actividades funerarias relacionando la práctica del culto a los ancestros con el acceso y manejo de los recursos y del territorio.
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Pappas, Adlerburg Nickolas. "Unwrapping the Past : A chemical analysis of context lacking artefacts from the Ptolemaic and Roman Egypt in correlation with the process of mummication". Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Arkeologiska forskningslaboratoriet, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-100019.
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This paper deals with the chemical identification of artefacts correlated with the process of ancient Egyptian mummification dating to the Graeco-Roman period. The samples were harvested from two artefacts belonging to the Museum of Mediterranean and Near Eastern Antiquities in Stockholm. The original description of the said samples defined them, as natron filled linen bags and bee product (honey?). To identify the true nature of the samples, advanced methods such as Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR), gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and powder X-ray Diffractometry were used. The results were correlated with previous made analyses regarding embalming materials to discover similarities. Furthermore, the research revealed that the previous sample identifications were false, while providing hypotheses based on the new results.
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Mezzatesta, Elodie. "Caractérisation moléculaire de baumes de momies humaines d'Egypte ancienne". Thesis, Avignon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AVIG0275.
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Ce travail de thèse s'inscrit dans le cadre du projet scientifique HELYCOM (Human Egyptian LYonCOnfluences Mummies) dans le Labex Archimede, mené par une équipe de recherche interdisciplinaire. Ici, l'objectif est de caractériser et d'identifier la nature des éléments chimiques présents dans la constitution des baumes de momification issus de 10 momies entières et 33 têtes de momies d'Égypte ancienne. Les individus proviennent de la collection égyptienne et d’ostéologie du Musée des Confluences à Lyon et ils n’avaient jamais été étudiés jusqu’alors. Étant donné la grande variété de substances naturelles pouvant être utilisée dans la formulation des baumes, différentes techniques d'analyse, chacune fournissant des informations complémentaires, ont été employées telles que l'infrarouge à transformée de Fourier (IR-TF) et la chromatographie en phase gazeuse couplée à un spectromètre de masse (CPG-SM).L’étude par spectroscopie infrarouge a été effectuée sur les 61 échantillons de baumes de momies permettant de caractériser les différentes familles chimiques présentes. Compte-tenu du nombre conséquent de prélèvements étudiés, des analyses statistiques ont été réalisées par Classification Ascendante Hiérarchique (CAH) afin de les regrouper en cluster et ainsi pouvoir les comparer entre eux du point de vue de leur composition chimique. Préalablement aux analyses chromatographiques, une étape d’extraction a été élaborée via l’utilisation conventionnelle d’un solvant. De plus, afin de parfaire l’identification moléculaire, la mise au point d’un nouveau protocole d'extraction en phase solide a été développée et optimisée avec succès. L’ensemble de cette étude a permis de caractériser différentes compositions de baumes associées à diverses formulations et états d’altération et/ou de dégradation. Huile végétale, graisse animale, cire d’abeille, résines di- et triterpéniques, bitume, correspondent à l’ensemble des substances identifiées. Une interprétation des procédés d’altération et de dégradation des molécules diterpéniques a été menée en Analyses en Composantes Principales (ACP)This PhD work is part of HELYCOM (Human Egyptian LYon COnfluences Mummies) scientificproject as part of Archimedes Labex, led by an interdisciplinary research team. The presentobjective is to characterize and identify the nature of chemical elements present in mummificationbalms from 10 whole mummies and 33 mummies heads from ancient Egypt. The individuals comefrom the Egyptian collection of the Musée des Confluences in Lyon and they have never beenstudied before.Given the wide variety of natural substances that can be used in the formulation of balms,different analytical techniques, each providing complementary information, were used such asFourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) and Gas Chromatography Coupled to Mass Spectrometry (GCMS).The infrared spectroscopy study was carried out on 61 mummy balm samples to characterize thedifferent chemical families present. Given the large number of samples studied, statistical analyseswere carried out by Agglomerative Hierarchical Clustering (AHC) in order to group them intoclusters and thus to compare them with each other in terms of their chemical composition. Priorto the chromatographic analyses, an extraction step was developed using a conventional solvent.In addition, in order to perform molecular identification, the development of a novel solid phaseextraction protocol has been successfully developed and optimized. The whole of this study haspermitted to characterize different balm compositions associated with different formulations andstates of alteration and/or degradation. Plant oil, animal fat, beeswax, di- and triterpenic resins,bitumen, correspond to all the identified substances. An interpretation of the alteration anddegradation processes of diterpenic molecules was carried out in Principal Component Analysis(PCA)
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Frohlich, B., M. Zuckerman, T. Amgalantugs, D. R. Hunt, Andrew S. Wilson, M. T. P. Gilbert, R. Chambers, H. M. Coyle, B. Falkowski i E. M. Garofalo. "Human Mummified Remains from the Gobi Desert: Current Progress in Reconstruction and Evaluation". 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/10940.
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Schotsmans, Eline M. J., de Voorde W. Van, Winne J. De i Andrew S. Wilson. "The impact of shallow burial on differential decomposition to the body". 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/4578.
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NoExtant literature contains a number of specific case studies on differential decomposition involving adipocere formation or desiccation, but few describe the co-occurrence of these features within a temperate climate. The case of a 65-year-old male, partially buried in a shallow grave for 7 months, is presented in which the soft tissues of the body were outwardly well preserved. The right leg was desiccated, some parts of the body were covered with adipocere (head, neck, right shoulder, upper torso and left leg) and other parts could be classified as in the early stages of decomposition. In this study the taphonomic variables resulting in differential decomposition with desiccation and adipocere formation are discussed.
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Janaway, Robert C., Andrew S. Wilson, Díaz G. Carpio i S. Guillen. "Taphonomic changes to the buried body in arid environments: an experimental case study in Peru". 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/4607.
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NoDespite an increasing literature on the decomposition of buried and exposed human remains it is important to recognise that specific microenviron-ments will either trigger, or delay the rate of decomposition. Recent casework in arid regions of the world has indicated a need for a more detailed understanding of the effects of burial over relatively short timescales. The decomposition of buried human remains in the coastal desert of Peru was investigated using pig cadavers (Sus scrofa) as body analogues. The project aims were to specifically examine the early phases of natural mummification and contrast the effects of direct burial in ground with burial in a tomb structure (i.e. with an air void). Temperature was logged at hourly intervals from both the surface, grave fill and core body throughout the experiment. In addition, air temperature and humidity were measured within the air void of the tomb. After two years all three pig graves were excavated, the temperature and humidity data downloaded and the pig carcasses dissected on site to evaluate condition. The results demonstrate that: (1) there were distinct differences in the nature/rate of decomposition according to burial mode; (2) after two years burial the carcasses had been subject to considerable desiccation of the outer tissues while remaining moist in the core; (3) the body had undergone putrefactive change and collapsed leading to slumping of soil within the grave fill following the curvature of the pig's back, although this was not evident from the surface; (4) there was a specific plume of body decomposition products that wicked both horizontally and also vertically from the head wounds in the sandy desert soil. These observations have widespread application for prospection techniques, investigation of clandestine burial, time since deposition and in understanding changes within the burial microenvironment under arid conditions.
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Brettell, Rhea C., William H. C. Martin, S. Atherton-Woolham, Ben Stern i L. McKnight. "Organic residue analysis of Egyptian votive mummies and their research potential". 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/8764.
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YesVast numbers of votive mummies were produced in Egypt during the Late Pharaonic, Ptolemaic, and Roman periods. Although millions remain in situ, many were removed and have ultimately entered museum collections around the world. There they have often languished as uncomfortable reminders of antiquarian practices with little information available to enhance their value as artefacts worthy of conservation or display. A multi-disciplinary research project, based at the University of Manchester, is currently redressing these issues. One recent aspect of this work has been the characterization of natural products employed in the mummification of votive bundles. Using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and the well-established biomarker approach, analysis of 24 samples from 17 mummy bundles has demonstrated the presence of oils/fats, natural waxes, petroleum products, resinous exudates, and essential oils. These results confirm the range of organic materials employed in embalming and augment our understanding of the treatment of votives. In this first systematic initiative of its kind, initial findings point to possible trends in body treatment practices in relation to chronology, geography, and changes in ideology which will be investigated as the study progresses. Detailed knowledge of the substances used on individual bundles has also served to enhance their value as display items and aid in their conservation.
RCB is supported by a PhD studentship from the Art and Humanities Research Council (43019R00209). L.M. and S.A.W. are supported by a Leverhulme Trust Research Project Award (RPG-2013-143).
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Wollnerová, Dorotea. "Textilní produkce ve starém Egyptě se zaměřením na její doklady z Abúsíru (období 3. a 1. tisíciletí př. Kr)". Master's thesis, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-364242.
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The aim of the diploma thesis is to examine textile production in old Egypt based on textile findings from the Royal Necropolis in Abusir. In the first part the author deals with technology of production of this material. The main part of the thesis is the analysis of the new textile findings from Abusir, the textile-technological survey and their interpretation. Technological aspects, their evaluation and comparison with findings from other Egyptian sites are then discussed in a separate chapter. Due to the character of evidences, the author focuses on two periods: 3rd and 1st millennium BC. Finally, the various archaeological contexts in which the textiles in Abusir were found and the functions of this material were outlined. Keywords ancient Egypt, textiles, production, Old Kingdom, Third Intermediate Period, Late Period, archaeology, mummification