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Castilla, Guillermo, Ronald J. Hall, Rob Skakun, Michelle Filiatrault, André Beaudoin, Michael Gartrell, Lisa Smith, Kathleen Groenewegen, Chris Hopkinson i Jurjen van der Sluijs. "The Multisource Vegetation Inventory (MVI): A Satellite-Based Forest Inventory for the Northwest Territories Taiga Plains". Remote Sensing 14, nr 5 (24.02.2022): 1108. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14051108.
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Sustainable forest management requires information on the spatial distribution, composition, and structure of forests. However, jurisdictions with large tracts of noncommercial forest, such as the Northwest Territories (NWT) of Canada, often lack detailed forest information across their land base. The goal of the Multisource Vegetation Inventory (MVI) project was to create a large area forest inventory (FI) map that could support strategic forest management in the NWT using optical, radar, and light detection and ranging (LiDAR) satellite remote sensing anchored on limited field plots and airborne LiDAR data. A new landcover map based on Landsat imagery was the first step to stratify forestland into broad forest types. A modelling chain linking FI plots to airborne and spaceborne LiDAR was then developed to circumvent the scarcity of field data in the region. The developed models allowed the estimation of forest attributes in thousands of surrogate FI plots corresponding to spaceborne LiDAR footprints distributed across the project area. The surrogate plots were used as a reference dataset for estimating each forest attribute in each 30 m forest cell within the project area. The estimation was based on the k-nearest neighbour (k-NN) algorithm, where the selection of the four most similar surrogate FI plots to each cell was based on satellite, topographic, and climatic data. Wall-to-wall 30 m raster maps of broad forest type, stand height, crown closure, stand volume, total volume, aboveground biomass, and stand age were created for a ~400,000 km2 area, validated with independent data, and generalized into a polygon GIS layer resembling a traditional FI map. The MVI project showed that a reasonably accurate FI map for large, remote, predominantly non-inventoried boreal regions can be obtained at a low cost by combining limited field data with remote sensing data from multiple sources.
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Kandel, PN. "Monitoring above-ground forest biomass: A comparison of cost and accuracy between LiDAR assisted multisource programme and field-based forest resource assessment in Nepal". Banko Janakari 23, nr 1 (26.12.2013): 12–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/banko.v23i1.9463.
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Analyzing forest monitoring costs and accuracy of forest carbon stock estimates are important criteria in the framework of Reducing Emission from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD), because Monitoring, Reporting and Verification (MRV) system has been seen as an investment that aims to generate financial benefits to forest owners. Thus, comparisons of cost efficiency and accuracy were carried out between the LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) Assisted Multisource Programme (LAMP) and the field-based multisource Forest Resource Assessment (FRA) applied in the 23500 km2 Terai Arc Landscape (TAL) of Nepal in 2011 to estimate Above Ground Biomass (AGB). The model-based LAMP was applied by integrating 5% LiDAR sampling, wall to wall RapidEye satellite image and field sample plot inventory. The design-based FRA was carried out to generate comprehensive forest resource information. Administrative and initial variable costs of both approaches were calculated separately, and converted to unit costs for comparison. To compare the subsequent forest monitoring costs, cumulative costs were derived on the basis of the calculated present variable items and expenditures. The accuracies were calculated by using mean error of mean biomass estimates (tons/ha) at different spatial scales ranging from 1 to 350,000 ha forests. Design-based FRA was found to be cost-efficient (USD 0.22/ha) as compared to the LAMP approach (USD 0.28/ha) for baseline data collection, whereas administrative cost of multisource FRA (USD 0.26/ha) was significantly higher. Although a huge amount of data were generated through multisource FRA in each cycle, the LAMP approach appears to be cost-efficient to estimate AGB in subsequent forest inventory. The mean errors in the LAMP-derived mean biomass estimate were significantly smaller at all spatial resolutions than the FRA-plot-derived mean biomass estimate. The study concludes that spatial accuracy of LAMP is good enough to estimate biomass stock of Community Forests (CFs) where average size of CF is 150 ha in the study area. Banko Janakari, Vol. 23, No. 1, Page 12-22 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/banko.v23i1.9463
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Malambo, Lonesome, Sorin C. Popescu, Jim Rakestraw, Nian-Wei Ku i Tunde A. Owoola. "Regional Stem Volume Mapping: A Feasibility Assessment of Scaling Tree-Level Estimates". Forests 14, nr 3 (3.03.2023): 506. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f14030506.
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Spatially detailed monitoring of forest resources is important for sustainable management but limited by a lack of field measurements. The increasing availability of multisource datasets offers the potential to characterize forest attributes at finer resolutions with regional coverage. This study aimed to assess the potential of mapping stem volume at a 30 m scale in eastern Texas using multisource datasets: airborne lidar, Landsat and LANDFIRE (Landscape Fire and Resource Management Planning Tools Project) datasets. Gradient-boosted trees regression models relating total volume, estimated from airborne lidar measurements and allometric equations, and multitemporal Landsat and LANDFIRE predictors were developed and evaluated. The fitted models showed moderate to high correlation (R2 = 0.52–0.81) with reference stem volume estimates, with higher correlation in pine forests (R2 = 0.70–0.81) than mixed forests (R2 = 0.52–0.67). The models were also precise, with relative percent mean absolute errors (pMAE) of 13.8–21.2%. The estimated volumes also consistently agreed with volumes estimated in independent sites (R2 = 0.51, pMAE = 34.7%) and with US Forest Service Forest Inventory Analysis county-level volume estimates (R2 = 0.93, pBias = −10.3%, pMAE = 11.7%). This study shows the potential of developing regional stem volume products using airborne lidar and multisource datasets, supporting forest productivity and carbon modeling at spatially detailed scales.
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Katila, M., J. Heikkinen i E. Tomppo. "Calibration of small-area estimates for map errors in multisource forest inventory". Canadian Journal of Forest Research 30, nr 8 (1.08.2000): 1329–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x99-234.
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A multisource inventory method has been applied in the Finnish National Forest Inventory (NFI) since 1990.The method utilizes satellite images and digital map data,in addition to field measurements, and produces estimates of allfield parameters for computation units as well as thematic maps. Information from base mapsis employed in delineating forestry land from other land use classes.The map data are not necessarily up-to-date and often containsignificant errors. This paper introduces a statistical calibration method aimed atreducing the effect of map errors on multisource forest resourceestimates. The correction is based on theconfusion matrix between land use classes of the field sample plots and corresponding map information.The proposed method is illustrated in a realistic setting using data from the ninth NFI.
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Tuominen, Sakari, Stuart Fish i Simo Poso. "Combining remote sensing, data from earlier inventories, and geostatistical interpolation in multisource forest inventory". Canadian Journal of Forest Research 33, nr 4 (1.04.2003): 624–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x02-199.
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Multisource forest inventory with two-phase sampling offers several advantages in the forest management planning when compared with the traditional visual inventory by stands. For example, by combining data from remote sensing imagery with field measurements, it is possible to estimate the forest characteristics of large areas at a more reasonable cost than by using the traditional visual inventory by stands. In this study, the k-nearest-neighbours estimation (k-nn), stand inventory data, and geostatistical interpolation were combined for estimation of five forest variables (mean diameter, mean height, mean age, basal area, and volume) per sample plot and stand. Digitized aerial photograph features, visually interpreted aerial photograph features, and updated stand inventory data were used as the auxiliary data sources in the estimation of forest variables. The results show that, at the sample plot level, the k-nn estimates based on the auxiliary data sources were more accurate than the updated stand inventory data transferred to the plot level. At the stand level, the updated stand inventory data were more accurate than the k-nn estimates. When the k-nn estimates were combined with the updated stand inventory data, the accuracy of the estimates was significantly improved at both the sample plot and stand level. The geostatistical interpolation, which was tested on the stand level estimation, did not result in any further improvement in the accuracy of the estimates.
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Katila, Matti, i Erkki Tomppo. "Selecting estimation parameters for the Finnish multisource National Forest Inventory". Remote Sensing of Environment 76, nr 1 (kwiecień 2001): 16–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0034-4257(00)00188-7.
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Irulappa-Pillai-Vijayakumar, Dinesh Babu, Jean-Pierre Renaud, François Morneau, Ronald E. McRoberts i Cédric Vega. "Increasing Precision for French Forest Inventory Estimates using the k-NN Technique with Optical and Photogrammetric Data and Model-Assisted Estimators". Remote Sensing 11, nr 8 (25.04.2019): 991. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11080991.
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Multisource forest inventory methods were developed to improve the precision of national forest inventory estimates. These methods rely on the combination of inventory data and auxiliary information correlated with forest attributes of interest. As these methods have been predominantly tested over coniferous forests, the present study used this approach for heterogeneous and complex deciduous forests in the center of France. The auxiliary data considered included a forest type map, Landsat 8 spectral bands and derived vegetation indexes, and 3D variables derived from photogrammetric canopy height models. On a subset area, changes in canopy height estimated from two successive photogrammetric models were also used. A model-assisted inference framework, using a k nearest-neighbors approach, was used to predict 11 field inventory variables simultaneously. The results showed that among the auxiliary variables tested, 3D metrics improved the precision of dendrometric estimates more than other auxiliary variables. Relative efficiencies (RE) varying from 2.15 for volume to 1.04 for stand density were obtained using all auxiliary variables. Canopy height changes also increased RE from 3% to 26%. Our results confirmed the importance of 3D metrics as auxiliary variables and demonstrated the value of canopy change variables for increasing the precision of estimates of forest structural attributes such as density and quadratic mean diameter.
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Zhu, Yan, Zhongke Feng, Jing Lu i Jincheng Liu. "Estimation of Forest Biomass in Beijing (China) Using Multisource Remote Sensing and Forest Inventory Data". Forests 11, nr 2 (31.01.2020): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11020163.
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Forest biomass reflects the material cycle of forest ecosystems and is an important index to measure changes in forest structure and function. The accurate estimation of forest biomass is the research basis for measuring carbon storage in forest systems, and it is important to better understand the carbon cycle and improve the efficiency of forest policy and management activities. In this study, to achieve an accurate estimation of meso-scale (regional) forest biomass, we used Ninth Beijing Forest Inventory data (FID), Landsat 8 OLI Image data and ALOS-2 PALSAR-2 data to establish different forest types (coniferous forest, mixed forest, and broadleaf forest) of biomass models in Beijing. We assessed the potential of forest inventory, optical (Landsat 8 OLI) and radar (ALOS-2 PALSAR-2) data in estimating and mapping forest biomass. From these data, a wide range of parameters related to forest structure were obtained. Random forest (RF) models were established using these parameters and compared with traditional multiple linear regression (MLR) models. Forest biomass in Beijing was then estimated. The results showed the following: (1) forest inventory data combined with multisource remote sensing data can better fit forest biomass than forest inventory data alone. Among the three forest types, mixed forest has the best fitting model. Forest inventory variables and multisource remote sensing variables can match each other in time and space, capturing almost all spatial variability. (2) The 2016 forest biomass density in Beijing was estimated to be 52.26 Mg ha−1 and ranged from 19.1381–195.66 Mg ha−1. The areas with high biomass were mainly distributed in the north and southwest of Beijing, while the areas with low biomass were mainly distributed in the southeast and central areas of Beijing. (3) The estimates from the RF model are better than those from the MLR model, showing a high R 2 and a low root mean square error (RMSE). The R 2 values of the MLR models of three forest types were greater than 0.5, and RMSEs were less than 15.5 Mg ha−1, The R 2 values of the RF models were higher than 0.6, and the RMSEs were lower than 13.5 Mg ha−1. We conclude that the methods in this paper can help improve the accurate estimation of regional biomass and provide a basis for the planning of relevant forestry decision-making departments.
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Räty, Minna, Juha Heikkinen i Annika Kangas. "Assessment of sampling strategies utilizing auxiliary information in large-scale forest inventory". Canadian Journal of Forest Research 48, nr 7 (lipiec 2018): 749–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2017-0414.
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The National Forest Inventory of Finland (NFI) produces national- and regional-level statistics for sustainability assessment and strategical-level decision making. So far, the regional-level statistics are based on a systematic sampling design with geographical stratification. Auxiliary information such as remote sensing is not used for design or estimation at the regional level, but it is used at the small-area level, i.e., for municipality-level results. To improve the cost efficiency of the NFI, possibilities for using auxiliary data in both the design and estimation are of interest. We assessed the improvements obtainable by using an interpreted satellite image — the multisource NFI result from a previous NFI — as auxiliary information in the design phase. The results show that even though the multisource NFI map is not very accurate, significant improvements in efficiency can be obtained by using either the local pivotal method (LPM) or stratification. LPM improves efficiency by matching the sample distribution to population distribution. These results encourage us to further investigate (i) what would be the improvement with more accurate auxiliary information, for example, laser scanning data, and (ii) how LPM fits in a real-life situation where part of the plots are permanent and it would be used to select only the temporary plots.
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Zhang, Fanyi, Xin Tian, Haibo Zhang i Mi Jiang. "Estimation of Aboveground Carbon Density of Forests Using Deep Learning and Multisource Remote Sensing". Remote Sensing 14, nr 13 (23.06.2022): 3022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14133022.
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Forests are crucial in carbon sequestration and oxygen release. An accurate assessment of forest carbon storage is meaningful for Chinese cities to achieve carbon peak and carbon neutrality. For an accurate estimation of regional-scale forest aboveground carbon density, this study applied a Sentinel-2 multispectral instrument (MSI), Advanced Land Observing Satellite 2 (ALOS-2) L-band, and Sentinel-1 C-band synthetic aperture radar (SAR) to estimate and map the forest carbon density. Considering the forest field-inventory data of eastern China from 2018 as an experimental sample, we explored the potential of the deep-learning algorithms convolutional neural network (CNN) and Keras. The results showed that vegetation indices from Sentinel-2, backscatter and texture characters from ALOS-2, and coherence from Sentinel-1 were principal contributors to the forest carbon-density estimation. Furthermore, the CNN model was found to perform better than traditional models. Results of forest carbon-density estimation validated the improvements effectively by combining the optical and radar data. Compared with traditional regression methods, deep learning has a higher potential for accurately estimating forest carbon density using multisource remote-sensing data.
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Ehlers, Dekker, Chao Wang, John Coulston, Yulong Zhang, Tamlin Pavelsky, Elizabeth Frankenberg, Curtis Woodcock i Conghe Song. "Mapping Forest Aboveground Biomass Using Multisource Remotely Sensed Data". Remote Sensing 14, nr 5 (24.02.2022): 1115. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14051115.
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The majority of the aboveground biomass on the Earth’s land surface is stored in forests. Thus, forest biomass plays a critical role in the global carbon cycle. Yet accurate estimate of forest aboveground biomass (FAGB) remains elusive. This study proposed a new conceptual model to map FAGB using remotely sensed data from multiple sensors. The conceptual model, which provides guidance for selecting remotely sensed data, is based on the principle of estimating FAGB on the ground using allometry, which needs species, diameter at breast height (DBH), and tree height as inputs. Based on the conceptual model, we used multiseasonal Landsat images to provide information about species composition for the forests in the study area, LiDAR data for canopy height, and the image texture and image texture ratio at two spatial resolutions for tree crown size, which is related to DBH. Moreover, we added RaDAR data to provide canopy volume information to the model. All the data layers were fed to a Random Forest (RF) regression model. The study was carried out in eastern North Carolina. We used biomass from the USFS Forest Inventory and Analysis plots to train and test the model performance. The best model achieved an R2 of 0.625 with a root mean squared error (RMSE) of 18.8 Mg/ha (47.6%) with the “out-of-bag” samples at 30 × 30 m spatial resolution. The top five most important variables include the 95th, 85th, 75th, and 50th percentile heights of the LiDAR points and their standard deviations of 85th heights. Numerous features from multiseasonal Sentinel-1 C-Band SAR, multiseasonal Landsat 8 imagery along with image texture features from very high-resolution imagery were selected. But the importance of the height metrics dwarfed all other variables. More tests of the conceptual model in places with a broader range of biomass and more diverse species composition are needed to evaluate the importance of other input variables.
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Majasalmi, Titta, Stephanie Eisner, Rasmus Astrup, Jonas Fridman i Ryan M. Bright. "An enhanced forest classification scheme for modeling vegetation–climate interactions based on national forest inventory data". Biogeosciences 15, nr 2 (18.01.2018): 399–412. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-399-2018.
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Abstract. Forest management affects the distribution of tree species and the age class of a forest, shaping its overall structure and functioning and in turn the surface–atmosphere exchanges of mass, energy, and momentum. In order to attribute climate effects to anthropogenic activities like forest management, good accounts of forest structure are necessary. Here, using Fennoscandia as a case study, we make use of Fennoscandic National Forest Inventory (NFI) data to systematically classify forest cover into groups of similar aboveground forest structure. An enhanced forest classification scheme and related lookup table (LUT) of key forest structural attributes (i.e., maximum growing season leaf area index (LAImax), basal-area-weighted mean tree height, tree crown length, and total stem volume) was developed, and the classification was applied for multisource NFI (MS-NFI) maps from Norway, Sweden, and Finland. To provide a complete surface representation, our product was integrated with the European Space Agency Climate Change Initiative Land Cover (ESA CCI LC) map of present day land cover (v.2.0.7). Comparison of the ESA LC and our enhanced LC products (https://doi.org/10.21350/7zZEy5w3) showed that forest extent notably (κ = 0.55, accuracy 0.64) differed between the two products. To demonstrate the potential of our enhanced LC product to improve the description of the maximum growing season LAI (LAImax) of managed forests in Fennoscandia, we compared our LAImax map with reference LAImax maps created using the ESA LC product (and related cross-walking table) and PFT-dependent LAImax values used in three leading land models. Comparison of the LAImax maps showed that our product provides a spatially more realistic description of LAImax in managed Fennoscandian forests compared to reference maps. This study presents an approach to account for the transient nature of forest structural attributes due to human intervention in different land models.
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Hu, Tianyu, YingYing Zhang, Yanjun Su, Yi Zheng, Guanghui Lin i Qinghua Guo. "Mapping the Global Mangrove Forest Aboveground Biomass Using Multisource Remote Sensing Data". Remote Sensing 12, nr 10 (25.05.2020): 1690. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12101690.
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Mangrove forest ecosystems are distributed at the land–sea interface in tropical and subtropical regions and play an important role in carbon cycles and biodiversity. Accurately mapping global mangrove aboveground biomass (AGB) will help us understand how mangrove ecosystems are affected by the impacts of climatic change and human activities. Light detection and ranging (LiDAR) techniques have been proven to accurately capture the three-dimensional structure of mangroves and LiDAR can estimate forest AGB with high accuracy. In this study, we produced a global mangrove forest AGB map for 2004 at a 250-m resolution by combining ground inventory data, spaceborne LiDAR, optical imagery, climate surfaces, and topographic data with random forest, a machine learning method. From the published literature and free-access datasets of mangrove biomass, we selected 342 surface observations to train and validate the mangrove AGB estimation model. Our global mangrove AGB map showed that average global mangrove AGB density was 115.23 Mg/ha, with a standard deviation of 48.89 Mg/ha. Total global AGB storage within mangrove forests was 1.52 Pg. Cross-validation with observed data demonstrated that our mangrove AGB estimates were reliable. The adjusted coefficient of determination (R2) and root-mean-square error (RMSE) were 0.48 and 75.85 Mg/ha, respectively. Our estimated global mangrove AGB storage was similar to that predicted by previous remote sensing methods, and remote sensing approaches can overcome overestimates from climate-based models. This new biomass map provides information that can help us understand the global mangrove distribution, while also serving as a baseline to monitor trends in global mangrove biomass.
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Katila, M., i E. Tomppo. "Stratification by ancillary data in multisource forest inventories employing k-nearest-neighbour estimation". Canadian Journal of Forest Research 32, nr 9 (1.09.2002): 1548–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x02-047.
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The Finnish multisource national forest inventory (MS-NFI) utilizes optical area satellite images and digital maps in addition to field plot data to produce georeferenced information, thematic maps, and small-area statistics. In the early version, forestry land (FRYL) was taken directly from the numerical map data. Such data may be outdated and can contain significant errors, for example, the FRYL area is typically overestimated and the mean volume is underestimated. A statistical calibration method has been introduced to reduce the map errors on multisource forest resource estimates. It is based on large-area estimates of map errors, a confusion matrix among land-use classes of the field sample plots, and corresponding map information. The method has some drawbacks: calculations are more complicated than in the original MS-NFI and some field plots may have negative expansion factors. The paper presents a new stratified MS-NFI method to reduce the effect of inaccurate map data on the forest-resource estimates. In this method, the k-nearest-neighbour (k-NN) estimation is applied by strata. All the field plots within each map stratum, independently of their land-use classification by field crew, are used to estimate the areas of land-use classes and forest variables of that stratum. The method was tested on two large areas containing three Landsat 5 TM scenes and field-inventory data from the ninth NFI. The stratified MS-NFI is essentially a different estimation method compared with the calibrated MS-NFI, which calibrates the MS-NFI estimates more or less systematically in one direction. The stratified MS-NFI was found to be statistically simpler and there were fewer significant errors in the estimates than in the calibrated MS-NFI.
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Tian, Xin, Jiejie Li, Fanyi Zhang, Haibo Zhang i Mi Jiang. "Forest Aboveground Biomass Estimation Using Multisource Remote Sensing Data and Deep Learning Algorithms: A Case Study over Hangzhou Area in China". Remote Sensing 16, nr 6 (19.03.2024): 1074. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs16061074.
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The accurate estimation of forest aboveground biomass is of great significance for forest management and carbon balance monitoring. Remote sensing instruments have been widely applied in forest parameters inversion with wide coverage and high spatiotemporal resolution. In this paper, the capability of different remote-sensed imagery was investigated, including multispectral images (GaoFen-6, Sentinel-2 and Landsat-8) and various SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar) data (GaoFen-3, Sentinel-1, ALOS-2), in aboveground forest biomass estimation. In particular, based on the forest inventory data of Hangzhou in China, the Random Forest (RF), Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) and Convolutional Neural Networks Long Short-Term Memory Networks (CNN-LSTM) algorithms were deployed to construct the forest biomass estimation models, respectively. The estimate accuracies were evaluated under the different configurations of images and methods. The results show that for the SAR data, ALOS-2 has a higher biomass estimation accuracy than the GaoFen-3 and Sentinel-1. Moreover, the GaoFen-6 data is slightly worse than Sentinel-2 and Landsat-8 optical data in biomass estimation. In contrast with the single source, integrating multisource data can effectively enhance accuracy, with improvements ranging from 5% to 10%. The CNN-LSTM generally performs better than CNN and RF, regardless of the data used. The combination of CNN-LSTM and multisource data provided the best results in this case and can achieve the maximum R2 value of up to 0.74. It was found that the majority of the biomass values in the study area in 2018 ranged from 60 to 90 Mg/ha, with an average value of 64.20 Mg/ha.
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Halme, Merja, i Erkki Tomppo. "Improving the accuracy of multisource forest inventory estimates to reducing plot location error — a multicriteria approach". Remote Sensing of Environment 78, nr 3 (grudzień 2001): 321–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0034-4257(01)00227-9.
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Zuo, Shudi, Shaoqing Dai, Xiaodong Song, Chengdong Xu, Yilan Liao, Weiyin Chang, Qi Chen i in. "Determining the Mechanisms that Influence the Surface Temperature of Urban Forest Canopies by Combining Remote Sensing Methods, Ground Observations, and Spatial Statistical Models". Remote Sensing 10, nr 11 (15.11.2018): 1814. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs10111814.
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The spatiotemporal distribution pattern of the surface temperatures of urban forest canopies (STUFC) is influenced by many environmental factors, and the identification of interactions between these factors can improve simulations and predictions of spatial patterns of urban cool islands. This quantitative research uses an integrated method that combines remote sensing, ground surveys, and spatial statistical models to elucidate the mechanisms that influence the STUFC and considers the interaction of multiple environmental factors. This case study uses Jinjiang, China as a representative of a city experiencing rapid urbanization. We build up a multisource database (forest inventory, digital elevation models, population, and remote sensing imagery) on a uniform coordinate system to support research into the interactions that influence the STUFC. Landsat-5/8 Thermal Mapper images and meteorological data were used to retrieve the temporal and spatial distributions of land surface temperature. Ground observations, which included the forest management planning inventory and population density data, provided the factors that determine the STUFC spatial distribution on an urban scale. The use of a spatial statistical model (GeogDetector model) reveals the interaction mechanisms of STUFC. Although different environmental factors exert different influences on STUFC, in two periods with different hot spots and cold spots, the patch area and dominant tree species proved to be the main factors contributing to STUFC. The interaction between multiple environmental factors increased the STUFC, both linearly and nonlinearly. Strong interactions tended to occur between elevation and dominant species and were prevalent in either hot or cold spots in different years. In conclusion, the combining of multidisciplinary methods (e.g., remote sensing images, ground observations, and spatial statistical models) helps reveal the mechanism of STUFC on an urban scale.
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Gašparović, Mateo, i Damir Klobučar. "Mapping Floods in Lowland Forest Using Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 Data and an Object-Based Approach". Forests 12, nr 5 (28.04.2021): 553. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12050553.
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The impact of floods on forests is immediate, so it is necessary to quickly define the boundaries of flooded areas. Determining the extent of flooding in situ has shortcomings due to the possible limited spatial and temporal resolutions of data and the cost of data collection. Therefore, this research focused on flood mapping using geospatial data and remote sensing. The research area is located in the central part of the Republic of Croatia, an environmentally diverse area of lowland forests of the Sava River and its tributaries. Flood mapping was performed by merging Sentinel-1 (S1) and Sentinel-2 (S2) mission data and applying object-based image analysis (OBIA). For this purpose, synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data (GRD processing level) were primarily used during the flood period due to the possibility of all-day imaging in all weather conditions and flood detection under the density of canopy. The pre-flood S2 imagery, a summer acquisition, was used as a source of additional spectral data. Geographical information system (GIS) layers—a multisource forest inventory, habitat map, and flood hazard map—were used as additional sources of information in assessing the accuracy of and interpreting the obtained results. The spectral signature, geometric and textural features, and vegetation indices were applied in the OBIA process. The result of the work was a developed methodological framework with a high accuracy and speed of production. The overall accuracy of the classification is 94.94%. Based on the conducted research, the usefulness of the C band of the S1 in flood mapping in lowland forests in the leaf-off season was determined. The paper presents previous research and describes the SAR parameters and characteristics of floodplain forest with a significant impact on the accuracy of classification.
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Kandel, Pem Narayan. "Estimation of Above Ground Forest Biomass and Carbon Stock by Integrating Lidar, Satellite Image and Field Measurement in Nepal". Journal of Natural History Museum 28 (19.12.2015): 160–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jnhm.v28i0.14191.
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For the first time in South Asia, the model-based Lidar Assisted Multisource Program (LAMP) was tested in 23500 km2 TAL area of Nepal by integrating 5% LiDAR sampling, wall-to-wall Rapid Eye satellite image and a representative field inventory to estimate Above Ground Biomass (AGB) and carbon stock. The average 1.26/m2LiDAR point density recorded by the scanner was used to measure canopy height and build a model using LiDAR variables and model coefficients. The developed LAMP model successfully estimated the AGB of the study area. The research tells that the study area comprises almost 50% forest cover with an average 211.63 t/ha AGB.Standing carbon stock was converted from AGB by multiplying the 0.47 which is default carbon fraction. Average standing carbon stock is 99.47 t/ha in the study area. The LAMP method found that the standing total AGB was 214.85-208.41 t/ha at a 95% confidence level and the FRA field-plot AGB estimate is 210.09/ha. This correspondence at this level of confidence means that the LAMP estimates are as accurate as those of the field-based inventory.J. Nat. Hist. Mus. Vol. 28, 2014: 160-170
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Liu, Huaxin, Qigang Jiang, Yue Ma, Qian Yang, Pengfei Shi, Sen Zhang, Yang Tan i in. "Object-Based Multigrained Cascade Forest Method for Wetland Classification Using Sentinel-2 and Radarsat-2 Imagery". Water 14, nr 1 (3.01.2022): 82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14010082.
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The development of advanced and efficient methods for mapping and monitoring wetland regions is essential for wetland resources conservation, management, and sustainable development. Although remote sensing technology has been widely used for detecting wetlands information, it remains a challenge for wetlands classification due to the extremely complex spatial patterns and fuzzy boundaries. This study aims to implement a comprehensive and effective classification scheme for wetland land covers. To achieve this goal, a novel object-based multigrained cascade forest (OGCF) method with multisensor data (including Sentinel-2 and Radarsat-2 remote sensing imagery) was proposed to classify the wetlands and their adjacent land cover classes in the wetland National Natural Reserve. Moreover, a hybrid selection method (ReliefF-RF) was proposed to optimize the feature set in which the spectral and polarimetric decomposition features are contained. We obtained six spectral features from visible and shortwave infrared bands and 10 polarimetric decomposition features from the H/A/Alpha, Pauli, and Krogager decomposition methods. The experimental results showed that the OGCF method with multisource features for land cover classification in wetland regions achieved the overall accuracy and kappa coefficient of 88.20% and 0.86, respectively, which outperformed the support vector machine (SVM), extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost), random forest (RF), and deep neural network (DNN). The accuracy of the wetland classes ranged from 75.00% to 97.53%. The proposed OGCF method exhibits a good application potential for wetland land cover classification. The classification scheme in this study will make a positive contribution to wetland inventory and monitoring and be able to provide technical support for protecting and developing natural resources.
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Zhang, Qi, Lihua Xu, Maozhen Zhang, Zhi Wang, Zhangfeng Gu, Yaqi Wu, Yijun Shi i Zhangwei Lu. "Uncertainty Analysis of Remote Sensing Pretreatment for Biomass Estimation on Landsat OLI and Landsat ETM+". ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 9, nr 1 (15.01.2020): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi9010048.
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The accurate quantification of biomass helps to understand forest productivity and carbon cycling dynamics. Research on uncertainty during pretreatment is still lacking despite it being one of the major sources of uncertainty and an essential step in biomass estimation. In this study, we investigated pretreatment uncertainty and conducted a comparative study on the uncertainty of three optical imagery preprocessing stages (radiometric calibration, atmospheric and terrain correction) in biomass estimation. A combination of statistical models (random forest) and multisource data (Landsat enhanced thematic mapper plus (ETM+), Landsat operational land imager (OLI), national forest inventory (NFI)) was used to estimate forest biomass. Particularly, mean absolute error (MAE) and relative error (RE) were used to assess and quantify the uncertainty of each pretreatment, while the coefficient of determination (R2) was employed to evaluate the accuracy of the model. The results obtained show that random forest (RF) and 10-fold cross validation algorithms provided reliable accuracy for biomass estimation to better understand the uncertainty in pretreatments. In this study, there was a considerable uncertainty in biomass estimation using original OLI and ETM+ images from. Uncertainty was lower after data processing, emphasizing the importance of pretreatments for improving accuracy in biomass estimation. Further, the effects of three pretreatments on uncertainty of biomass estimation were objectively quantified. In this study (results of test sample), a 33.70% uncertainty was found in biomass estimation using original images from the OLI, and a 34.28% uncertainty in ETM+. Radiometric calibration slightly increased the uncertainty of biomass estimation (OLI increased by 1.38%, ETM+ increased by 2.08%). Moreover, atmospheric correction (5.56% for OLI, 4.41% for ETM+) and terrain correction (1.00% for OLI, 1.67% for ETM+) significantly reduced uncertainty for OLI and ETM+, respectively. This is an important development in the field of improving the accuracy of biomass estimation by remote sensing. Notably, the three pretreatments presented the same trend in uncertainty during biomass estimation using OLI and ETM+. This may exhibit the same effects in other optical images. This article aims to quantify uncertainty in pretreatment and to analyze the resultant effects to provide a theoretical basis for improving the accuracy of biomass estimation.
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Su, Ying, Matteo Mura, Xiaoman Zheng, Qi Chen, Xiaohua Wei, Yue Qiu, Mei Li i Yin Ren. "More Accurately Estimating Aboveground Biomass in Tropical Forests With Complex Forest Structures and Regions of High‐Aboveground Biomass". Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences 129, nr 6 (czerwiec 2024). http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2023jg007864.
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AbstractAccurately estimating aboveground biomass (AGB) in tropical forests is vital for managing the threats posed by deforestation, degradation, and climate change. However, challenges persist in accurately estimating AGB in high AGB regions. This study aims to accurately estimate the AGB of regions with high AGB by using spatial statistical analyses based on AGB estimates made by machine‐learning fusion of multisource data. We hypothesize that incorporating dominant auxiliary factors in the analysis increases the estimation accuracy. This study focuses on tropical forests located in Longyan, Fujian Province, China, covering an area of 19,028 km2. Multisource data are used, including airborne laser scanning, the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission digital elevation model, the Landsat Operational Land Imager, and the National Forest Inventory. Based on GeogDetector's spatial covariance matrix and the spatial similarity principle, we identify key auxiliary factors (dominant tree species, canopy closure, and herbaceous cover) and investigated how auxiliary variables can improve estimation accuracy. Empirical Bayesian kriging regression prediction introduces the main auxiliary factors to refine AGB estimates. These refinements significantly enhance the accuracy of AGB estimates, particularly for high AGB, resulting in a 0.1 increase in R2, a 7.0% reduction in root mean square error, a 13.5% reduction in mean square error, and a 6.6% reduction in mean absolute error when compared with the AGB estimates obtained by using machine learning to fuse multisource data. Thus, incorporating spatial statistical analysis into the integration of multisource data and machine learning for AGB estimation can enhance the accuracy of high‐AGB estimates in intricate forest structures, resulting in precise AGB maps.
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Shrestha, Him Lal. "Comparison of Different Resolution Satellite Imageries for Forest Carbon Quantification". Journal on Geoinformatics, Nepal, 15.06.2016, 23–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njg.v15i1.51180.
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The current trend of the monitoring of the forest involves the measurement of aboveground forest biomass carbon using the multisource forest inventory techniques. The multisource forest inventory techniques involve the multiple data inputs such as GIS, Remote sensing, GPS, field measurement and existing information. The remote sensing data are useful for the quantification of aboveground forest carbon using the spectral and spatial characteristics of the data. The application of remote sensing data for the forest carbon quantification may enhance the efficiency in terms of resource allocation, time spent and interoperability and ultimately support the efficient National Forest Monitoring System as a basis for the REDD (+) implementation in future. The study tried to compare the methods and results from the multispatial resolution satellite imageries for the quantification of forest biomass carbon i.e. Landsat TM(30m), RapidEye (5/6.5m) and WorldView PAN (0.5m). The medium resolution imageries like Landsat and RapidEye images have scope to process at the plot level where as WorldView PAN has scope to process upto the tree by tree level. Thus the methods of operation involves mainly two stream i.e. NDVI extraction for the plot average for Landsat and RapidEye data and CPA analysis for the individual tree for WorldView data. The result shows the higher R2 (0.6) relation in CPA method rather than the NDVI relation with the total forest carbon if we see the linear relations. While we see the polynomial relation, we get the R2 value of 0.77 from the NDVI value of RapidEye which support conclude the use of WorldView PAN image and RapidEye image for the quantification of forest carbon.
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Ometto, Jean Pierre, Eric Bastos Gorgens, Francisca Rocha de Souza Pereira, Luciane Sato, Mauro Lúcio Rodrigures de Assis, Roberta Cantinho, Marcos Longo, Aline Daniele Jacon i Michael Keller. "A biomass map of the Brazilian Amazon from multisource remote sensing". Scientific Data 10, nr 1 (30.09.2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41597-023-02575-4.
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AbstractThe Amazon Forest, the largest contiguous tropical forest in the world, stores a significant fraction of the carbon on land. Changes in climate and land use affect total carbon stocks, making it critical to continuously update and revise the best estimates for the region, particularly considering changes in forest dynamics. Forest inventory data cover only a tiny fraction of the Amazon region, and the coverage is not sufficient to ensure reliable data interpolation and validation. This paper presents a new forest above-ground biomass map for the Brazilian Amazon and the associated uncertainty both with a resolution of 250 meters and baseline for the satellite dataset the year of 2016 (i.e., the year of the satellite observation). A significant increase in data availability from forest inventories and remote sensing has enabled progress towards high-resolution biomass estimates. This work uses the largest airborne LiDAR database ever collected in the Amazon, mapping 360,000 km2 through transects distributed in all vegetation categories in the region. The map uses airborne laser scanning (ALS) data calibrated by field forest inventories that are extrapolated to the region using a machine learning approach with inputs from Synthetic Aperture Radar (PALSAR), vegetation indices obtained from the Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) satellite, and precipitation information from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM). A total of 174 field inventories geolocated using a Differential Global Positioning System (DGPS) were used to validate the biomass estimations. The experimental design allowed for a comprehensive representation of several vegetation types, producing an above-ground biomass map varying from a maximum value of 518 Mg ha−1, a mean of 174 Mg ha−1, and a standard deviation of 102 Mg ha−1. This unique dataset enabled a better representation of the regional distribution of the forest biomass and structure, providing further studies and critical information for decision-making concerning forest conservation, planning, carbon emissions estimate, and mechanisms for supporting carbon emissions reductions.
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Katila, Matti. "Empirical errors of small area estimates from the multisource National Forest Inventory in Eastern Finland". Silva Fennica 40, nr 4 (2006). http://dx.doi.org/10.14214/sf.324.
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de Novaes Vianna, Luiz Fernando, Fábio Martinho Zambonim i Cristina Pandolfo. "Potential cultivation areas of Euterpe edulis (Martius) for rainforest recovery, repopulation and açai production in Santa Catarina, Brazil". Scientific Reports 13, nr 1 (18.04.2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-32742-x.
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AbstractEuterpe edulis is an endangered palm species that provides the most important non-timber forest product exploited in its natural habitat, the Brazilian Atlantic Forest hotspot1,4. From 1991 to 2017, pasturelands, agriculture, and monoculture of tree plantations were responsible for 97% of Atlantic Forest deforested areas in Brazil and Santa Catarina was one of the Brazilian states with the greatest loss of forest area14. In the last decade, E. edulis fruits reached their highest commercial value, producing the southeastern equivalent of Amazonian ‘‘açai’’ (Euterpe oleracea)5,7,8. As a shade-tolerant species, E. edulis adapts very well to agroforestry systems8,10. To evaluate potential areas for cultivation of E. edulis through agroforestry systems, we developed and applied a spatial model for mapping suitable areas. To accomplish this, we analyzed multisource biophysical data and E. edulis distribution data from the Forest Inventory of Santa Catarina. We identified two areas with potential occurrence of the species, one in the domains of coastal Dense Ombrophilous Forest where the species is more common and another in the domains of inland Deciduous Seasonal Forest where its occurrence was suspected, but not proven, until 2021. Today, Deciduous Seasonal Forest is the most fragmented and impacted by agriculture. Our model, together with confirmed areas of occurrence, indicates that deciduous seasonal forest region should be prioritized for production and recovery of E. edulis through agroforestry systems.