Rozprawy doktorskie na temat „Multiple integrals”

High-dimensional integrals arise in a variety of areas, including quantum physics, the physics and chemistry of molecules, statistical mechanics and more recently, in financial applications. In order to approximate multidimensional integrals, one may use Monte Carlo methods in which the quadrature points are generated randomly or quasi-Monte Carlo methods, in which points are generated deterministically. One particular class of quasi-Monte Carlo methods for multivariate integration is represented by lattice rules. Lattice rules constructed throughout this thesis allow good approximations to integrals of functions belonging to certain weighted function spaces. These function spaces were proposed as an explanation as to why integrals in many variables appear to be successfully approximated although the standard theory indicates that the number of quadrature points required for reasonable accuracy would be astronomical because of the large number of variables. The purpose of this thesis is to contribute to theoretical results regarding the construction of lattice rules for multiple integration. We consider both lattice rules for integrals over the unit cube and lattice rules suitable for integrals over Euclidean space. The research reported throughout the thesis is devoted to finding the generating vector required to produce lattice rules that have what is termed a low weighted discrepancy . In simple terms, the discrepancy is a measure of the uniformity of the distribution of the quadrature points or in other settings, a worst-case error. One of the assumptions used in these weighted function spaces is that variables are arranged in the decreasing order of their importance and the assignment of weights in this situation results in so-called product weights . In other applications it is rather the importance of group of variables that matters. This situation is modelled by using function spaces in which the weights are general . In the weighted settings mentioned above, the quality of the lattice rules is assessed by the weighted discrepancy mentioned earlier. Under appropriate conditions on the weights, the lattice rules constructed here produce a convergence rate of the error that ranges from O(n−1/2) to the (believed) optimal O(n−1+δ) for any δ gt 0, with the involved constant independent of the dimension.

The accuracy and efficiency of computing multiple integrals is a very important problem that arises in many scientific, financial and engineering applications. The research conducted in this thesis is designed to build on past work and develop and analyze new numerical methods to evaluate double integrals efficiently. The fundamental aim is to develop and assess techniques for (numerically) evaluating double integrals with high accuracy. The general approach presented in this thesis involves the development of new multivariate approximations from a generalaised Taylor perspective in terms of Appell type polynomials and to study their use in multi-dimensional integration. The expectation is that the new methods will provide polynomial and polynomial-like approximations that can be used for application in a straight forward manner with better accuracy. That is, we aim to devise and investigate new multiple integration formulae and as well as provide information on a priori error bounds. A further major contribution of the work builds on the research conducted in the field of Grüss type inequalities and leads to a new approximation of the one and two dimensional finite Fourier transform. The approximations are in terms of the complex exponential mean and estimate of the error of approximation for different classes of functions of bounded variation defined on finite intervals. It is believed that this work will also have an impact in the area of numerical multidimensional integral evaluation for other integral operators.

The accuracy and efficiency of computing multiple integrals is a very important problem that arises in many scientific, financial and engineering applications. The research conducted in this thesis is designed to build on past work and develop and analyze new numerical methods to evaluate double integrals efficiently. The fundamental aim is to develop and assess techniques for (numerically) evaluating double integrals with high accuracy. The general approach presented in this thesis involves the development of new multivariate approximations from a generalaised Taylor perspective in terms of Appell type polynomials and to study their use in multi-dimensional integration. The expectation is that the new methods will provide polynomial and polynomial-like approximations that can be used for application in a straight forward manner with better accuracy. That is, we aim to devise and investigate new multiple integration formulae and as well as provide information on a priori error bounds. A further major contribution of the work builds on the research conducted in the field of Grüss type inequalities and leads to a new approximation of the one and two dimensional finite Fourier transform. The approximations are in terms of the complex exponential mean and estimate of the error of approximation for different classes of functions of bounded variation defined on finite intervals. It is believed that this work will also have an impact in the area of numerical multidimensional integral evaluation for other integral operators.

Dans le premier chapitre, nous commençons par définir certains produits tensoriels et identifions leur dual. Nous donnons ensuite quelques propriétés des classes de Schatten. La fin du chapitre est dédiée à l’étude des espaces de Bochner à valeurs dans l'espace des opérateurs factorisables par un espace de Hilbert. Le deuxième chapitre est consacré aux multiplicateurs de Schur linéaires. Nous caractérisons les multiplicateurs bornés sur B(Lp, Lq) lorsque p est inférieur à q puis appliquons ce résultat pour obtenir de nouvelles relations d'inclusion entre espaces de multiplicateurs. Dans le troisième chapitre, nous caractérisons, au moyen de multiplicateurs de Schur linéaires, les multiplicateurs de Schur bilinéaires continus à valeurs dans l'espace des opérateurs à trace. Dans le quatrième chapitre, nous donnons divers résultats concernant les opérateurs intégraux multiples. En particulier, nous caractérisons les opérateurs intégraux triples à valeurs dans l'espace des opérateurs à trace puis nous donnons une condition nécessaire et suffisante pour qu'un opérateur intégral triple définisse une application complètement bornée sur le produit de Haagerup de l'espace des opérateurs compacts. Enfin, le cinquième chapitre est dédié à la résolution des problèmes de Peller. Nous commençons par étudier le lien entre opérateurs intégraux multiples et théorie de la perturbation pour le calcul fonctionnel des opérateurs autoadjoints pour finir par la construction de contre-exemples à ces problèmes
In the first chapter, we define some tensor products and we identify their dual space. Then, we give some properties of Schatten classes. The end of the chapter is dedicated to the study of Bochner spaces valued in the space of operators that can be factorized by a Hilbert space.The second chapter is dedicated to linear Schur multipliers. We characterize bounded multipliers on B(Lp, Lq) when p is less than q and then apply this result to obtain new inclusion relationships among spaces of multipliers.In the third chapter, we characterize, by means of linear Schur multipliers, continuous bilinear Schur multipliers valued in the space of trace class operators. In the fourth chapter, we give several results concerning multiple operator integrals. In particular, we characterize triple operator integrals mapping valued in trace class operators and then we give a necessary and sufficient condition for a triple operator integral to define a completely bounded map on the Haagerup tensor product of compact operators. Finally, the fifth chapter is dedicated to the resolution of Peller's problems. We first study the connection between multiple operator integrals and perturbation theory for functional calculus of selfadjoint operators and we finish with the construction of counter-examples for those problems

We derive the propagator for a particle constrained to a torus and to a Klein Bottle. This is accomplished by considering relative symmetries between the desired system and a system for which the propagator is known. This result is checked against the propagator derived via the method of stationary state construction, for which the entire spectrum of the Hamiltonian is required. We also briefly consider the application of further constraints to the systems, and the implications of different symmetries on the same constraint.

The work of this thesis is to investigate new techniques for Integral Field Spectroscopy (IPS) to make the most efficient use of modem large telescopes. Most of the work described is aimed at the FMOS for the SUBARU 8m telescope. Although this is primarily a system for Multiple Object Spectroscopy (MOS) employing single fibres, there is an option to include a multiple-IFS (MIPS) system. Much of this thesis is therefore aimed at the design and prototyping of critical systems for both the IPS and MOS modes of this instrument. The basic theory of IFU design is discussed first. Some particular problems are described and their soludons presented. The design of the MIPS system is described together with the construction and testing of a prototype deployable IFU. The assembly of the pickoff/fore-optics, microlens array and fibre bundle and their testing are described in detail. The estimated performance of the complete module is presented together with suggestions for improving the system efficiency which is currently limited by the performance of the microlens array. The prototyping of the MIPS system is supported by an extensive programme of testing of candidate microlens arrays. Another critical aspect of the instrument is the ability to disconnect the (IPS and MOS) fibre input which is installed on a removable prime focus top-end ring from the spectrographs which are mounted elsewhere on the telescope. This requires high-performance multiple fibre connectors. The designs of connectors for the MOS and IPS modes are described. Results from the testing of a prototype for the MOS mode are presented. This work is supported by a mathematical model of the coupling efficiency which takes into account optical aberrations and alignment errors. The final critical aspect of FMOS which has been investigated is the design of the spectrographs. The baseline system operates in the near-infrared (NIR) but an additional visible channel is an option. Efficient designs for both the visible and NIR systems are presented. The design of the NIR spectrograph presents challenges in the choice of materials for the doublet and triplet lenses employed. The choice of material and the combinations in which they can be used are described. This thesis shows that all these critical aspects of FMOS have good solutions that will result in good performance of the whole instrument. For the multiple IFU system, the prototype demonstrates acceptable performance which can be made excellent by the use of a better microlens array. The multiple fibre connector prototype already indicates excellent performance. Finally, the spectrograph designs presented should result in high efficiency and good image quality.

Cette thèse a été réalisée au sein de l’entreprise Invivoo. L’objectif principal était de trouver des stratégies d’investissement : avoir un gain important et un risque faible. Les travaux de recherche ont été principalement portés par ce dernier point. Dans ce sens, nous avons voulu généraliser un modèle fidèle à la réalité des marchés financiers, que ce soit pour des données à basse comme à haute fréquence et, à très haute fréquence, variation par variation
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In an era with compelling need for greater computation power, the aggregation of software system components is becoming more challenging and diverse. The new-generation scientific applications are growing hub of complex and intense computation performed on huge data set with exponential growth. With the development of parallel algorithms, design of multi-user web applications and frequent changes in software architecture, there is a bigger challenge lying in front of the research institutes and organizations. Network science is an interesting field posing extreme computation demands to sustain complex large-scale networks. Several static or dynamic network analysis have to be performed through algorithms implementing complex graph theories, statistical mechanics, data mining and visualization. Similarly, high performance computation infrastructures are imbibing multiple characters and expanding in an unprecedented way. In this age, it's mandatory for all software solutions to migrate to scalable platforms and integrate cloud enabled data center clusters for higher computation needs. So, with aggressive adoption of cloud infrastructures and resource-intensive web-applications, there is a pressing need for a dynamic middleware to bridge the gap and effectively coordinate the integrated system. Such a heterogeneous environment encourages the devising of a transparent, portable and flexible solution stack. In this project, we propose adoption of Virtual Machine aware Portable Batch System Cluster (VM-aware PBS Cluster), a self-initiating and self-regulating cluster of Virtual Machines (VM) capable of operating and scaling on any cloud infrastructure. This is an unique but simple solution for large-scale softwares to migrate to cloud infrastructures retaining the most of the application stack intact. In this project, we have also designed and implemented Cloud Integrator Framework, a dynamic implementation of cloud aware middleware for the proposed VM-aware PBS cluster. This framework regulates job distribution in an aggregate of VMs and optimizes resource consumption through on-demand VM initialization and termination. The model was integrated into CINET system, a network science application. This model has enabled CINET to mediate large-scale network analysis and simulation tasks across varied cloud platforms such as OpenStack and Amazon EC2 for its computation requirements.
Master of Science

In Multiple Criteria Decision Aiding, a set of alternatives is evaluated on a family of criteria to deal with a choice, sorting or ranking problem. Not always the evaluation criteria are sited at the same level and, moreover, some type of interaction between criteria can be observed. To deal with the interaction between criteria, non-additive integrals and, in particular the Choquet integral, are used in literature. In this thesis we considered the hierarchy of criteria and the interaction between criteria issues. In particular, regarding the hierarchy of criteria, we extended the sorting method UTADIS and the Choquet integral preference model to deal with decision making problems presenting an hierarchy of criteria using the Multiple Criteria Hierarchy Process, recently introduced in literature. In both cases, an indirect way of providing preference information has been taken into account considering, for the extension of the UTADIS method, the Robust Ordinal Regression (ROR) while, for the extension of the Choquet integral preference model, ROR and Stochastic Multiobjective Acceptability Analysis (SMAA). With respect to the interaction between criteria, we considered two ways of building a common scale necessary for the application of the Choquet integral. On one hand, we introduced an heuristic while, on the other hand, we applied the very well-known AHP method. Moreover, we proposed a new method, called NEMO-Ch, applying for the first time, the Choquet integral to the Evolutionary Multiobjective Optimization field. The new method permits to address the search to the region of the Pareto front most interesting for the Decision Maker, taking into account her/his preferences.

The proposal generalization of expert estimates concordance idea for the case of nonlinear preferance function guaranties on optimal concordance of mesuarement and expert data, whereas machine learning approach ensure the possibility of more accurate approximation expert preference function with complex structure.
Предложен подход согласования экспертных оценок для случая нелинейных функций предпочтения, который гарантирует оптимальное согласование данных измерений и экспертных данных, который при использовании методов машинного обучения обеспечивает возможность построения более точной аппроксимационной функции предпочтений эксперта.

Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro Tecnológico. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência da Computação.
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Os métodos tradicionais para avaliação de problemas de decisão multicritério geralmente são tratados por modelos matemáticos que agregam de forma aditiva os fatores submetidos à uma avaliação, como exemplo, a média ponderada. Embora fáceis de se aplicar, as médias, muitas vezes, não contemplam os critérios de forma conjunta, especialmente quando as grandezas a serem medidas não são independentes e não têm uma métrica objetivamente mensurável, ou seja, quando são de caráter subjetivo. Estimulados pelo seu desenvolvimento e pela praticidade de aplicação, as metodologias multicritério vêm sendo amplamente aceitas para apresentar de forma inovadora os modelos de avaliação, quando se propõem a trabalhar com múltiplos critérios, onde define-se limites de valores e graus de confiança. Ao analisarmos o método da Integral Fuzzy, concluímos que a técnica é capaz de auxiliar na busca de decisões, quando participantes do processo expõem suas preferências em variações de valores que são interpretados e executados pelos modelos. Diante do contexto, este trabalho vem apresentar a metodologia da Integral Fuzzy, aplicada em um problema multicritério de tomada de decisão. Aponta também as vantagens da Integral Fuzzy modificada sob sua forma original mostrando um exemplo da aplicação através de uma avaliação de fatores poluentes do rio Cuiabá.

Oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system (CNS) are responsible for wrapping axons with myelin in order to insulate them and allow for a faster conduction of the nervous impulse. The axonal signals that determine whether an axon is myelinated, and what regulates the number of wraps is still not fully understood. The importance of signals that initiate myelination is significant because they may point to novel therapies for Multiple Sclerosis, where remyelination prevents the axon degeneration that is thought to underlie chronic disease. Neuregulin 1 (Nrg1) has been identified as a key axonal signaling molecule that regulates myelin thickness and glial fate in the peripheral nervous system (PNS). In the PNS, neuregulin I type III is a necessary and sufficient signal that regulates axoglial interaction. The role of neuregulin in the CNS remains unclear and controversial. Integrins, the major family of extracellular matrix (ECM) receptors are involved in the regulation of many fundamental cellular functions. Interaction with a wide range of receptors including growth factor receptors is well described. Our lab showed that α6β1 integrin regulates oligodendrocyte survival signaling by amplification of neuregulin activity. We have found that mice expressing a dominant-negative β1 integrin (that reduces β1 integrin signaling independently of ligand binding) in myelinating oligodendrocytes require a larger axon diameter to initiate myelination. These results suggest that there are other signals in the axon that also contribute to initiation of myelination. We therefore hypothesized that β1 integrin and neuregulin act in concert and play a role in axoglial interactions that sense the axon size and initiate myelination. By crossing the dominant negative β1 integrin mice with heterozygous mice for neuregulin 1 and analyzing myelination, we have found that neuregulin does not enhance the phenotype previously described. This result together with previous reports that mice lacking NRG1, ErbB3 or ErbB4 (the neuregulin receptors expressed on oligodendrocytes) have normal CNS myelin sheaths demonstrates that neuregulin 1 is not required for CNS myelination. Interestingly, neuregulin 1 has been associated as a susceptibility gene in schizophrenia, a disease independently associated with myelin abnormalities (Davis et al., 2003; Hakak et al., 2001). Post-mortem brains of schizophrenic patients showed an increased level of neuregulin 1 type IV. We have analysed mice overexpressing neuregulin 1 type IV (Nrg1 type IV) and show that increased levels of neuregulin 1 type IV does not alter the brain morphology or myelin pattern and integrity. A possible explanation is that since neuregulin 1 type IV is human specific, the mice lack species-specific receptors or other neuregulins have compensatory equilibrium mechanism that are not destabilized by overexpression of neuregulin 1 type IV.

Esta dissertação introduz o conceito de cortes KL, o que permite controlar tanto o número K de entradas como o número L de saídas em uma região de um circuito. O projeto de um circuito digital pode ser dividido em duas fases: síntese lógica e síntese física. Dentro de síntese lógica, um dos principais passos é o mapeamento tecnológico. Tradicionalmente, o processo de mapeamento tecnológico somente lida com funções de saída única, para a construção de circuitos. O objetivo deste método é explorar o uso de blocos de múltiplas saídas no mapeamento tecnológico. Para prover escalabilidade, o conceito de fatoração de cortes é estendido para os cortes KL. Algoritmos para enumerar esses cortes e também para enumerar alguns subconjuntos de cortes com características específicas são apresentados e os resultados são mostrados. Como exemplos de aplicações práticas, diferentes algoritmos de cobertura são propostos. O algoritmo guloso é uma alternativa simples e produz bons resultados em área, mas é muito restritivo, pois não é factível em mapeamento orientado à atraso. Outro algoritmo de cobertura apresentado é uma extensão do algoritmo de fluxo de área e permite a utilização de cortes com várias saídas, mantendo possível a consideração de outros custos. Um algoritmo de correspondência Booleana que é capaz de lidar com blocos com múltiplas saídas também é descrito. Isso permite a utilização de uma biblioteca padrão com células com mais de uma saída no mapeamento tecnológico. Os resultados mostram a viabilidade e utilidade do método.
This thesis introduces the concept of KL-feasible cuts, which allows controlling both the number K of inputs and the number L of outputs in a circuit region. The design of a digital circuit can roughly be divided in two phases: logic synthesis and physical synthesis. Within logic synthesis, one of the main steps is the technology mapping. Traditionally, the technology mapping process only handles single output functions, in order to construct circuits. The objective of this method is to explore the use of multiple output blocks on technology mapping. To provide scalability, the concept of factor cuts is extended to KL-cuts. Algorithms for enumerating these cuts and also for enumerating some subsets of cuts with some special characteristics are presented and results are shown. As examples of practical applications, different covering algorithms are proposed. The greedy algorithm is a simple alternative and produces good results in area, but it is too restrictive, as it is not practical in timing oriented mapping. The other covering algorithm presented is an extension to the area flow algorithm and allows cuts with multiple outputs to be used while making possible the control of some other costs. A Boolean matching algorithm that is able to handle multiple output blocks is also described, which permits the use of a standard cell library with more than one output on technology mapping. The results show the viability and usefulness of the method.

In our previous work we demonstrated that the integrin antagonist, HYD1, induced necrotic cell death in myeloma cell lines in vitro and in vivo as a single agent. In order to further delineate biomarkers of response to HYD1 we developed an isogenic drug resistant variant named H929-60. We show that the acquisition of resistance towards HYD1 correlates with reduced expression of the cleaved α4 integrin subunit and beta 1 integrin. Moreover, we demonstrate that HYD1 interacts with α4 integrin in myeloma cells. Consistent with reduced VLA-4 expression, the resistant variant showed ablated functional binding to fibronectin, VCAM-1 and the bone marrow stroma cell line, HS-5. The reduction in binding to extracellular matrices of the resistant variant translated to sensitivity to melphalan and bortezomib induced cell death in the bone marrow stroma co-culture model of drug resistance. Moreover, CD138 positive myeloma cells were more sensitive to HYD1 induced cell death compared to the CD138 negative fraction, and potency of HYD1 induced cell death significantly correlated with α4 integrin expression. We were also able to show that reducing α4 or β1 integrin using shRNA strategies was sufficient to cause resistance in myeloma cell lines. In addition we investigated the effects of cyclized variants of HYD1 to improve potency of the agent. One such compound, named HM-27, was determined to be 30 fold more active in H929 cells when compared to HYD1. HM-27 and HYD1 were determined to have similar mechanisms of action as H929-60 cells were shown to be resistant to both compounds when compared to H929 cells. We further characterized HM-27's mechanism of action by investigating what effects HM-27 induced Ca2+ oscillations had on HM-27 induced cell death. The increases in intracellular Ca2+ seen after treatment with HM-27 were determined to occur via release from ER stores and not through influx through plasma membrane channels. Inhibiting Ca2+ release from the ER also potentiated the effects of HM-27 in MM cells. Furthermore, inhibiting Ca2+ release from the ER was also shown to block the onset of autophagy after ER treatment. Treating cells with the lysosomotropic agent, chloroquine, was shown to potentiate the activity of HM-27 in vitro and ex vivo. HM-27 was also shown to have activity in an in vivo model with combination treatment containing bortezomib and HM-27 increasing mouse survival. Collectively our data indicate that VLA-4 expression is a critical determinant of response to HYD1 induced cell death. We also showed that increases in intracellular Ca2+ seen after treatment with HM-27 had a cytoprotective effect in MM cells. Moreover, neutralizing autophagy potentiates HM-27 induced cell death in vitro and ex vivo while combining bortezomib and HM-27 increased survival in vivo. These data continue to provide rationale for further pre-clinical development of HYD1 as a novel anticancer agent.

This work addresses the question of the efficient numerical solution of time-domain boundary integral equations with retarded potentials arising in the problems of acoustic and electromagnetic scattering. The convolutional form of the time-domain boundary operators allows to discretize them with the help of Runge-Kutta convolution quadrature. This method combines Laplace-transform and time-stepping approaches and requires the explicit form of the fundamental solution only in the Laplace domain to be known. Recent numerical and analytical studies revealed excellent properties of Runge-Kutta convolution quadrature, e.g. high convergence order, stability, low dissipation and dispersion. As a model problem, we consider the wave scattering in three dimensions. The convolution quadrature discretization of the indirect formulation for the three-dimensional wave equation leads to the lower triangular Toeplitz system of equations. Each entry of this system is a boundary integral operator with a kernel defined by convolution quadrature. In this work we develop an efficient method of almost linear complexity for the solution of this system based on the existing recursive algorithm. The latter requires the construction of many discretizations of the Helmholtz boundary single layer operator for a wide range of complex wavenumbers. This leads to two main problems: the need to construct many dense matrices and to evaluate many singular and near-singular integrals. The first problem is overcome by the use of data-sparse techniques, namely, the high-frequency fast multipole method (HF FMM) and H-matrices. The applicability of both techniques for the discretization of the Helmholtz boundary single-layer operators with complex wavenumbers is analyzed. It is shown that the presence of decay can favorably affect the length of the fast multipole expansions and thus reduce the matrix-vector multiplication times. The performance of H-matrices and the HF FMM is compared for a range of complex wavenumbers, and the strategy to choose between two techniques is suggested. The second problem, namely, the assembly of many singular and nearly-singular integrals, is solved by the use of the Huygens principle. In this work we prove that kernels of the boundary integral operators $w_n^h(d)$ ($h$ is the time step and $t_n=nh$ is the time) exhibit exponential decay outside of the neighborhood of $d=nh$ (this is the consequence of the Huygens principle). The size of the support of these kernels for fixed $h$ increases with $n$ as $n^a,a<1$, where $a$ depends on the order of the Runge-Kutta method and is (typically) smaller for Runge-Kutta methods of higher order. Numerical experiments demonstrate that theoretically predicted values of $a$ are quite close to optimal. In the work it is shown how this property can be used in the recursive algorithm to construct only a few matrices with the near-field, while for the rest of the matrices the far-field only is assembled. The resulting method allows to solve the three-dimensional wave scattering problem with asymptotically almost linear complexity. The efficiency of the approach is confirmed by extensive numerical experiments.

This work addresses the question of the efficient numerical solution of time-domain boundary integral equations with retarded potentials arising in the problems of acoustic and electromagnetic scattering. The convolutional form of the time-domain boundary operators allows to discretize them with the help of Runge-Kutta convolution quadrature. This method combines Laplace-transform and time-stepping approaches and requires the explicit form of the fundamental solution only in the Laplace domain to be known. Recent numerical and analytical studies revealed excellent properties of Runge-Kutta convolution quadrature, e.g. high convergence order, stability, low dissipation and dispersion. As a model problem, we consider the wave scattering in three dimensions. The convolution quadrature discretization of the indirect formulation for the three-dimensional wave equation leads to the lower triangular Toeplitz system of equations. Each entry of this system is a boundary integral operator with a kernel defined by convolution quadrature. In this work we develop an efficient method of almost linear complexity for the solution of this system based on the existing recursive algorithm. The latter requires the construction of many discretizations of the Helmholtz boundary single layer operator for a wide range of complex wavenumbers. This leads to two main problems: the need to construct many dense matrices and to evaluate many singular and near-singular integrals. The first problem is overcome by the use of data-sparse techniques, namely, the high-frequency fast multipole method (HF FMM) and H-matrices. The applicability of both techniques for the discretization of the Helmholtz boundary single-layer operators with complex wavenumbers is analyzed. It is shown that the presence of decay can favorably affect the length of the fast multipole expansions and thus reduce the matrix-vector multiplication times. The performance of H-matrices and the HF FMM is compared for a range of complex wavenumbers, and the strategy to choose between two techniques is suggested. The second problem, namely, the assembly of many singular and nearly-singular integrals, is solved by the use of the Huygens principle. In this work we prove that kernels of the boundary integral operators $w_n^h(d)$ ($h$ is the time step and $t_n=nh$ is the time) exhibit exponential decay outside of the neighborhood of $d=nh$ (this is the consequence of the Huygens principle). The size of the support of these kernels for fixed $h$ increases with $n$ as $n^a,a<1$, where $a$ depends on the order of the Runge-Kutta method and is (typically) smaller for Runge-Kutta methods of higher order. Numerical experiments demonstrate that theoretically predicted values of $a$ are quite close to optimal. In the work it is shown how this property can be used in the recursive algorithm to construct only a few matrices with the near-field, while for the rest of the matrices the far-field only is assembled. The resulting method allows to solve the three-dimensional wave scattering problem with asymptotically almost linear complexity. The efficiency of the approach is confirmed by extensive numerical experiments.

Very accurate methods, based on boundary integral techniques, are developed for the study of multiple, interacting fluid interfaces in an Eulerian fluid. These methods are applied to the evolution of a thin, periodic layer of constant vorticity embedded in irrotational fluid. Numerical regularity experiments are conducted and suggest that the interfaces of the layer develop a curvature singularity in infinite time. This is to be contrasted with the more singular vorticity distribution of a vortex sheet developing such a singularity in a finite time.

A articulação entre os cuidados de saúde diferenciados e os cuidados de saúde primários é determinante para o bom funcionamento do sistema de saúde, onde, a criação de parcerias entre os diferentes níveis de cuidados se torna imprescindível para fazer frente aos determinantes de saúde, sendo crucial a participação de todos os intervenientes para a melhoria dos cuidados de saúde prestados aos cidadãos. O presente relatório pretende descrever as estratégias e atividades desenvolvidas para promover a articulação entre os cuidados de saúde diferenciados, serviço de neurologia do Hospital de Faro, EPE e os Cuidados de Saúde Primários, Unidade de Cuidados na Comunidade de Faro, para assegurar a continuidade de cuidados de saúde ao grupo de pessoas com esclerose múltipla, no concelho de Faro. A implementação do projeto “Sistema Integrado para a Capacitação da Pessoa com Esclerose Múltipla, no concelho de Faro” tem por base a metodologia de planeamento em saúde, e o estabelecimento de parcerias com os recursos existentes na comunidade; ABSTRACT: Differentiated healthcare and primary healthcare coordination is decisive to the proper operation of the health system, in which partnerships between the different levels of health care become essential to face health determinants, being crucial the participation of those involved in order to ensure health care improvement. This report intent to describe strategies and activities to promote the coordination between differentiated health care, neurology services at Hospital de Faro, EPE and primary health care, Community Care Unit in Faro, in order to ensure the continuity of multiple sclerosis-centered care and healthcare in the municipality of Faro. The implementation of the Project “Integrated System for Empowerment of Persons with Multiple Sclerosis in the municipality of Faro" is based on health planning methodology and the establishment of partnerships with the existing resources in the community.

A usina hidrelétrica Luis Eduardo Magalhães situada no Estado do Tocantins entre os municípios de Miracema do Tocantis e Lajeado é uma das maiores obras civis no país construída com recursos da iniciativa privada. A barragem apresenta 2.100 m de comprimento e vertedouros com 14 vãos e capacidade para escoar 49.870 m3/s de água. O reservatório encontra-se em área de cerrado com pouca fitomassa, baixo tempo de retenção (24 dias) e morfometria pouco complexa. A usina apresenta um circuito de geração com cinco casas de força e capacidade para abrigar cinco turbinas tipo Kaplan, com potência nominal de 170 MW e cinco grupos geradores de 190 MVA. Os estudos foram desenvolvidos no médio rio Tocantins na área de influência da UHE Lajeado (rio Tocantins e seus principais tributários) no período de fevereiro/99 a agosto/2001 e durante a fase de enchimento do reservatório, de setembro/01 a fevereiro de 2002, a partir da análise de 33 variáveis (temperatura do ar e da água; OD; transparência; turbidez; profundidade; cor; pH; condutividade; oxigênio consumido; DBO; cálcio, magnésio, sódio, potássio, cloreto, ferro total, dureza total, nitrato, nitrito, amônia, fosfato solúvel reativo, sílica reativa; alcalinidade total, sólidos em suspensão (totais, orgânicos e inorgânicos); fósforo total, nitrogênio total, coliformes totais, coliformes fecais, clorofila-a total, fitoplâncton e zooplâncton), além de perfis verticais na fase de enchimento, com o objetivo de caracterizar ecológica e limnologicamente o rio, bem como estudar as respostas das principais variáveis físicas, químicas e biológicas nos mecanismos básicos de funcionamento dos sistemas aquáticos da área, durante a construção da barragem e enchimento do reservatório, subsidiar os sistemas de suporte à decisão gerencial ligados à operação da usina, bem como o processo de educação e capacitação de recursos humanos. A estimativa da carga ) externa afluente ao reservatório baseou-se no modelo de Jorgensen & Vollenweider (1988), a partir das contribuições de nitrogênio e fósforo, com base nos dados de geologia e uso do solo da bacia, precipitação, efluentes domésticos e tributários. A carga interna foi obtida a partir das concentrações totais dos referidos nutrientes em função do volume do reservatório e a carga efluente foi obtida através das concentrações de jusante da barragem em função da vazão defluente. Os modelos adimensionais para as condições do reservatório na fase de enchimento foram calculados segundo; Imberger & Petterson, 1990; Leman et al, 1995 e Salençon & Thébaut, 1997. As análises indicaram diferenças na qualidade da água do rio Tocantins em relação aos seus tributários, tais como no pH, na alcalinidade total, na dureza total, na condutividade e na temperatura. O rio Tocantins apresentou-se como um rio de águas alcalinas, de elevada condutividade, com altos teores de cálcio e magnésio e grande diversidade planctônica, enquanto os tributários apresentaram-se mais ácidos, com baixa condutividade, elevadas concentrações de sódio, potássio e cloreto e temperatura mais baixa de suas águas, provavelmente devido a maior proteção ciliar. Na fase de enchimento os estudos demonstraram a formação de três compartimentos no reservatório, sendo dois deles C1 (Lajeado) e C2 (Palmas-Porto) estratificados termicamente e quimicamente, com formação de termoclimas resultantes do aquecimento térmico diurno. O terceiro compartimento - C3 a partir da região de montante da Ilha do Cachimbo, nas proximidades do ribeirão Conceição (Porto Nacional/Brejinho de Nazaré) é mais sujeito à ação do vento e comporta-se ainda como ambiente lótico. Durante esta fase a relação N:P apresentou variações acentuadas. O aumento de Ptotal é devido à decomposição da matéria orgânica afogada, da contribuição de fontes pontuais e não pontuais de resíduos domésticos e de outras origens, tais como abatedouros, criação de animais e diversas outras fontes. Como conseqüência do aumento do fósforo no reservatório, iniciou-se um processo de eutrofização, promovido também pela anoxia no fundo e pela redissolução do fósforo a partir da camada anóxica. Esse processo de eutrofização produziu florescimentos de Microcystis aeroginosa e Cylindrospermopsis raciborski. A aplicação dos números adimensionais na fase de enchimento mostrou que no reservatório da usina hidrelétrica do Lajeado, a ação do vento e o aquecimento térmico de superfície (radiação solar) são funções de força importantes na determinação dos mecanismos de funcionamento deste sistema determinando períodos de estabilidade e mistura que precisam ser monitorados. Os resultados sinalizam a necessidade de um gerenciamento integrado e preditivo como suporte às decisões técnico-administrativas. Do ponto de vista administrativo-gerencial o município de Palmas deverá trabalhar em parceria com os municípios de Lajeado e Porto Nacional e este último por sua vez, como o município de Brejinho de Nazaré, a partir dos Comitês Integrados de Bacia. Do ponto de vista ambiental, atenção especial deverá ser dada ao monitoramento de eutrofização e dos processos de estratificação em instalação nos compartimentos C1 e C2.
The Luis Eduardo Magalhães Hydroelectric Dam, located in Tocantins State between the municipalities of Miracema do Tocantins and Lajeado, is one of the largest constructions made with private funding in Brazil. The dam is 2,100 meters long with 14 spillways that have a discharge capacity of 49,870 m3/sec. The reservoir has a residence time of 24 days, a maximum depth of 35 m, and an average depth of 3 m. Five generating units with Kaplan turbines of nominal power of 170 MW and generators of 190 MVA compose the power station. This study was developed on the middle Tocantins River in the area of influence of the Lajeado UHE (Tocantins River and its tributaries) during the period ofFebruary 1999 to August 2001 and during the filling ofthe reservoir from September 2001 to February 2002. Thirty-three variables were measured: air and water temperatures, dissolved oxygen, transparency, turbidity, depth, color, pH, conductivity, oxygen deficit, biochemical oxygen demand, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, chloride, total iron, total hardness, nitrate, nitrite, ammonia, reactive soluble phosphate, reactive silica, total alkalinity, suspended solids (total, organic and inorganic), total phosphorus, total nitrogen, total colliforms, fecal colliforms, phytoplankton, and zooplankton in vertical profiles. The objectives of this study were to characterize the ecology and limnology of the river/reservoir system and to study the physical, chemical, and biological responses of this system during the construction of the dam and the filling of the reservoir in order to provide information for decision-making linked to the operation of the hydroelectric project. Estimates of extemalloading of the reservoir were based on the model of Jorgensen and Vollenweider (1988) using nitrogen and phosphorus fluxes and data of geology, land use, rainfall, domestic effluents, and tributaries. The intemal loading was obtained from total concentrations of the above nutrients in function of the reservoir volume, and the outflow was determined by concentrations and discharge just downstream of the damo Non- dimensional models for the filling phase of the reservoir were calculated according to Imberger and Petterson (1990), Lerman et al., 1995, and Salençon and Thébault (1997). Water quality differed between the Tocantins River and its local tributaries. The Tocantins River has alkaline waters with high conductivity, high calcium and magnesium concentrations, high planktonic diversity, while its local tributaries are more acid with low conductivity and higher concentrations of sodium, potassium, and chloride. The temperatures of the tributaries are lower than that of the Tocantins River, probably due to proportionally greater forest cover along their margins. The filling of the reservoir produced three distinct limnological regions. Two of them, C 1 and C2, exhibit thermal and chemical stratification with the formation of diurnal thermoclines. The third region, C3, is located upstream of Cachimbo Island near Porto Nacional/Brejinho de Nazaré and is affected by wind action so that it still responds as a lotic environment. During the filling phase the N:P relationship varied greatly. Total P increased due to decomposition of submerged organic matter, point and non-point sources of domestic residues, such as sewage, slaughterhouses, animal raising. As a consequence of the P increase in the reservoir, eutrophication began, accelerated by anoxic bottom conditions, which promoted liberation of P from submerged soils. This eutrophication process produced blooms of Microcystis aeroginosa and Cylindrospermopsis raciborski. Non-dimensional analysis of the filling phase showed that wind and solar heading of surface waters are important forcing functions that control stratification and mixing regimes in the Reservoir. These results illustrate the necessity of integrated and predictive management of the reservoir. From an administrative perspective, the Municipality of Palmas should work with the Municipalities of Lajeado and Porto Nacional, and the latter with the Municipality of Brejinho de Nazaré via integrated basin committees. From an environrnental perspective, special attention should be given to monitoring eutrophication and stratification in sections C1 and C2 of the reservoir.

Design based on damage tolerance concepts has become mandatory in high technology structures. These concepts are also essential for evaluating life extension of aged structures which are in service beyond originally stipulated life. Fracture analysis of such structures in the presence of single or multiple three-dimensional flaws is essential for this approach. Surface cracks are the most commonly occurring flaws and development of accurate methods of analysis for such cracks is essential for structural integrity evaluation of newly designed or aged structures. The crack fronts of these surface flaws are usually approximated mathematically to be of either part-elliptical or part-circular in geometry. In this thesis, some of the issues related to fatigue crack growth of single and multiple surface cracks are studied in detail. Here emphasis is given to the development of simple and accurate post-processing techniques to estimate stress intensity factors for surface cracks, development and/or implementation of simple numerical methods to simulate three-dimensional single and multiple cracks in fatigue and their experimental verification. Modified virtual crack closure integral (MVCCI) technique for estimation of strain energy release rates has been improved (chapter II) to deal with curved crack front and unequal elements across the crack front. The accuracy of this method is evaluated and presented in this chapter for certain benchmark surface flaw problems. The improved MVCCI is used in the investigation of interaction between multiple surface cracks in three-dimensional solids. The interaction effects are studied for both interacting and coalescing phases as observed to occur in the growth of multiple surface cracks. Extensive numerical work is performed to study the effects of various parameters such as aspect ratio, thickness ratio, interspacing on the interaction factors. These solutions are used in formulating empirical equations to estimate interaction factors. This facilitated the development of a simple semi-analytical method to study fatigue crack growth of multiple cracks. The growth of surface cracks under fatigue loading in the finite width specimens of an aero-engine superalloy has been studied experimentally (presented in chapter III). Four configurations for single semi-elliptical cracks are considered. Fatigue crack growth is simulated by two models viz. two degrees of freedom and "multi degrees of freedom with ellipse fit'. These models are sometimes referred to as semi-analytical models as the crack growth is predicted by numerical integration combining Paris equation with an empirical form of stress intensity factor solution. In order to use two degrees of freedom model for fatigue crack growth prediction of semi-elliptical cracks, empirical solution for the Ml range of geometric parameters for stress intensity factor is required for the considered configurations. The available Newman-Raju solution is useful for this purpose within a limited range of surface crack length to width (c/W) of the specimen. Based on the present finite element results, the empirical equations are developed for extended values of c/W. It is well understood that the fatigue prediction for two-dimensional crack can be improved by inclusion of crack closure effects. Usually, in semi-analytical models for growth of surface cracks under fatigue loading, the crack closure is included as a ratio of crack closure factor at surface and depth locations of semi-elliptical crack. In the present work, this ratio for the considered material of specimens is obtained by an experimental study. The difference in characteristics of preferred propagation path between semi-elliptical crack in a finite width plate and a wide plate is clearly brought out. Current crack growth predictions for most of the structures are based on the presence of only a single crack. However, in structures several cracks may initiate simultaneously within a stress critical zone and may interact depending upon their geometry, spatial location, structure geometry and mode of loading. In this work various configurations of twin semi-elliptical cracks have been studied by experiments. The beachmarks created on the specimens during experiments are used in the investigation of crack shape progression during fatigue. A three degrees of freedom crack growth model for interacting and coalescing cracks has been proposed. The experimentally determined crack shape and lives have been compared with the corresponding values from numerical simulation. The correlation of experimental results with numerical predictions was carried out through improved MVCCI for eight-noded brick elements. This has worked well in the configurations analysed. However, it is known in literature that there are benefits of using 20-noded singular elements. There could be special situations where the regular elements could fail, and singular elements could be essential. For this purpose, further development of MVCCI were carried out using 20-noded quarter-point elements (presented in chapter IV). Also a novel technique of decomposed crack closure integral (DCCI) was developed (presented in chapter V) for both regular and singular elements to represent the variation of MVCCI more accurately along the crack front. It is well known that quarter-point elements at crack front produce the required singularity at the crack tip and give accurate stress distribution with fewer degrees of freedom than conventional elements. Thus to develop more efficient post-processing tools, the MVCCI expressions are formulated for 20-noded singular quarter-point element for various assumptions regarding stress and displacement distributions in the elements across the crack front. A comprehensive study is presented (chapter IV) on MVCCI for 20-noded singular brick element including various simplified expressions for three-dimensional part-through cracks in pure and mixed-mode state of deformation of fracture. The developed MVCCI expressions are also valid for 15-noded quarter-point Penta elements. The reduction in model size can further be obtained if 12-noded three-dimensional singular element is employed at the crack front and eight-noded elements are used away from the crack front. The MVCCI expressions are also developed for 12-noded singular element and their accuracy is evaluated by numerical solutions. Presently, MVCCI, estimates the average stress intensity factor at the center of each element along the crack front. In this thesis, a Decomposed Crack Closure Integral (DCCI) is formulated to represent an assumed variation of stress intensity factor along the crack front in each element. The DCCI is formulated for 8-noded brick, 20-noded conventional brick and 20-noded singular brick elements. The numerical examples presented here deal with three-dimensional problems of patch repair technology and part-through cracks. The technique showed a major advantage for the patch repair problems where SIF variations along the crack front are of significance and large mesh sizes are computationally expensive. This along with MVCCI for 12-noded and 20-noded singular elements formed a part of the work on development of accurate and effective post-processing tools. It is expected that the present work will be helpful in damage tolerance design and assessment of aerospace structures and the experimental work performed as a part of this thesis will enhance confidence in the damage tolerance analysis. The thesis is concluded in chapter VI presenting the contributions of this thesis and projecting future lines of work possible in this area.

Design based on damage tolerance concepts has become mandatory in high technology structures. These concepts are also essential for evaluating life extension of aged structures which are in service beyond originally stipulated life. Fracture analysis of such structures in the presence of single or multiple three-dimensional flaws is essential for this approach. Surface cracks are the most commonly occurring flaws and development of accurate methods of analysis for such cracks is essential for structural integrity evaluation of newly designed or aged structures. The crack fronts of these surface flaws are usually approximated mathematically to be of either part-elliptical or part-circular in geometry. In this thesis, some of the issues related to fatigue crack growth of single and multiple surface cracks are studied in detail. Here emphasis is given to the development of simple and accurate post-processing techniques to estimate stress intensity factors for surface cracks, development and/or implementation of simple numerical methods to simulate three-dimensional single and multiple cracks in fatigue and their experimental verification. Modified virtual crack closure integral (MVCCI) technique for estimation of strain energy release rates has been improved (chapter II) to deal with curved crack front and unequal elements across the crack front. The accuracy of this method is evaluated and presented in this chapter for certain benchmark surface flaw problems. The improved MVCCI is used in the investigation of interaction between multiple surface cracks in three-dimensional solids. The interaction effects are studied for both interacting and coalescing phases as observed to occur in the growth of multiple surface cracks. Extensive numerical work is performed to study the effects of various parameters such as aspect ratio, thickness ratio, interspacing on the interaction factors. These solutions are used in formulating empirical equations to estimate interaction factors. This facilitated the development of a simple semi-analytical method to study fatigue crack growth of multiple cracks. The growth of surface cracks under fatigue loading in the finite width specimens of an aero-engine superalloy has been studied experimentally (presented in chapter III). Four configurations for single semi-elliptical cracks are considered. Fatigue crack growth is simulated by two models viz. two degrees of freedom and "multi degrees of freedom with ellipse fit'. These models are sometimes referred to as semi-analytical models as the crack growth is predicted by numerical integration combining Paris equation with an empirical form of stress intensity factor solution. In order to use two degrees of freedom model for fatigue crack growth prediction of semi-elliptical cracks, empirical solution for the Ml range of geometric parameters for stress intensity factor is required for the considered configurations. The available Newman-Raju solution is useful for this purpose within a limited range of surface crack length to width (c/W) of the specimen. Based on the present finite element results, the empirical equations are developed for extended values of c/W. It is well understood that the fatigue prediction for two-dimensional crack can be improved by inclusion of crack closure effects. Usually, in semi-analytical models for growth of surface cracks under fatigue loading, the crack closure is included as a ratio of crack closure factor at surface and depth locations of semi-elliptical crack. In the present work, this ratio for the considered material of specimens is obtained by an experimental study. The difference in characteristics of preferred propagation path between semi-elliptical crack in a finite width plate and a wide plate is clearly brought out. Current crack growth predictions for most of the structures are based on the presence of only a single crack. However, in structures several cracks may initiate simultaneously within a stress critical zone and may interact depending upon their geometry, spatial location, structure geometry and mode of loading. In this work various configurations of twin semi-elliptical cracks have been studied by experiments. The beachmarks created on the specimens during experiments are used in the investigation of crack shape progression during fatigue. A three degrees of freedom crack growth model for interacting and coalescing cracks has been proposed. The experimentally determined crack shape and lives have been compared with the corresponding values from numerical simulation. The correlation of experimental results with numerical predictions was carried out through improved MVCCI for eight-noded brick elements. This has worked well in the configurations analysed. However, it is known in literature that there are benefits of using 20-noded singular elements. There could be special situations where the regular elements could fail, and singular elements could be essential. For this purpose, further development of MVCCI were carried out using 20-noded quarter-point elements (presented in chapter IV). Also a novel technique of decomposed crack closure integral (DCCI) was developed (presented in chapter V) for both regular and singular elements to represent the variation of MVCCI more accurately along the crack front. It is well known that quarter-point elements at crack front produce the required singularity at the crack tip and give accurate stress distribution with fewer degrees of freedom than conventional elements. Thus to develop more efficient post-processing tools, the MVCCI expressions are formulated for 20-noded singular quarter-point element for various assumptions regarding stress and displacement distributions in the elements across the crack front. A comprehensive study is presented (chapter IV) on MVCCI for 20-noded singular brick element including various simplified expressions for three-dimensional part-through cracks in pure and mixed-mode state of deformation of fracture. The developed MVCCI expressions are also valid for 15-noded quarter-point Penta elements. The reduction in model size can further be obtained if 12-noded three-dimensional singular element is employed at the crack front and eight-noded elements are used away from the crack front. The MVCCI expressions are also developed for 12-noded singular element and their accuracy is evaluated by numerical solutions. Presently, MVCCI, estimates the average stress intensity factor at the center of each element along the crack front. In this thesis, a Decomposed Crack Closure Integral (DCCI) is formulated to represent an assumed variation of stress intensity factor along the crack front in each element. The DCCI is formulated for 8-noded brick, 20-noded conventional brick and 20-noded singular brick elements. The numerical examples presented here deal with three-dimensional problems of patch repair technology and part-through cracks. The technique showed a major advantage for the patch repair problems where SIF variations along the crack front are of significance and large mesh sizes are computationally expensive. This along with MVCCI for 12-noded and 20-noded singular elements formed a part of the work on development of accurate and effective post-processing tools. It is expected that the present work will be helpful in damage tolerance design and assessment of aerospace structures and the experimental work performed as a part of this thesis will enhance confidence in the damage tolerance analysis. The thesis is concluded in chapter VI presenting the contributions of this thesis and projecting future lines of work possible in this area.

The application of the finite integral of multiple variable functions is penetrating into more and more industries and science disciplines. The demands placed on solutions to these problems (such as high accuracy or high speed) are often quite contradictory. Therefore, it is not always possible to apply analytical approaches to these problems; numerical methods provide a suitable alternative. However, the ever-growing complexity of these problems places too high a demand on many of these numerical methods, and so neither of these methods are useful for solving such problems. The goal of this thesis is to design and implement a new numerical method that provides highly accurate and very fast computation of finite integrals of multiple variable functions. This new method combines pre-existing approaches in the field of numerical mathematics.

Multiple Sclerosis and Autoimmune Hepatitis are serious diseases whose diagnosis is extremely difficult. To date, no causes have been found in the manifestation of both pathologies, but several factors that lead to their progression such as infectious agents, environment and ethnicity and genetic predisposition. In this study, the salivary proteome and peptidome of affected individuals from these pathologies has been explored by mass spectrometry, through a top-down and bottom-up platform integrated and compared with groups of healthy controls, with the aim to assess whether qualitative and quantitative changes in proteins and salivary peptides could be associated with immune defenses distinctive imbalance of any illness and in order to have suggestions of specific potential salivary biomarkers. The comparative analysis of salivary proteome in Multiple Sclerosis patients with respect to controls allowed the identification and the structural characterization of new proteoforms of salivary cystatins never detected before in saliva. Moreover, this study highlighted quantitative alterations at the level of different peptides and proteins of specific glands secretion as well as some proteins non-specifically detectable in oral cavity. The proteoforms detected and characterized in saliva for the first time during this study were cystatin A Thr96→Met and its acetylated derivative; cystatin B N-terminally acetylated and CMC at Cys3; N-terminally truncated cystatin D with the N-terminal Q converted to pyro-E and lacking the first 5 amino acid residues (pGlu-cystatin D Cys26→R Des1-5); N-terminally truncated forms of cystatin SN and SN P11→L lacking the first 4 amino acids (cystatin SN Des1-4 and cystatin SN P11→L Des1-4) and the first 7 amino acids (cystatin SN Des1-7 and cystatin SN P11→L Des1-7); N-terminally truncated cystatin SA lacking the first 7 amino acids (cystatin SA Des1-7); oxidized derivatives of cystatins SN and S1 at W23 and W107. The quantitative analysis on Multiple Sclerosis subject performed on 102 salivary peptides/proteins, showed a high number of statistically variated proteins belonging to cystatins family. Among these, cystatin A Thr96→Met, cystatin SN Des1-4 and SN and P11→L; oxidized derivatives of cystatins SN and S1 were also found with altered level in Multiple Sclerosis with respect to controls group. Moreover, a higher number of protein statistically variated were found among those not specifically secreted from salivary glands such as S100A7, S100A8-SNO, antileukoproteinase and ASVD. This preliminary comparative analysis of salivary proteome in Autoimmune Hepatitis patients with respect to controls allowed to determine that the levels of proteins and peptides secreted by salivary glands, such as S-type cystatins, histatins and statherins and their naturally occurring proteoforms deriving from post-translational modifications were higher in autoimmune subjects respect to control. Further studies will have to be carried out to better explain the high overexpression of proteins involved in the protection of the oral cavity in subjects affected by autoimmune hepatitis. A possible cause could be the simultaneous presence of autoimmune diseases involving the oral cavity in half of patients with Autoimmune Hepatitis recruited for this study. The concomitance of these pathologies could either have damage the oral mucosa more or modified the natural bacterial flora present in the oral cavity or both, generating an over-expression by the protein classes involved in the protection of the oral cavity and explaining its high presence.

In current business global society, every food industry company is making efforts to provide high quality of products and satisfaction to customers. Balancing the low cost but with high efficiency when undertaking cold chain logistics becomes competitiveness in business market. This thesis is mainly to study cold chain management in food logistics by a multiple case study on food industry. The purpose of the paper is to advance the understanding of the cold chain management in food industry, aim to find how an efficient way to combine the logistics cost and the effectiveness of cold chain logistics and the challenges of the cold chain logistics in food industry. In this multiple case study, qualitative method was used to describe findings. The data collected can be divided into two types, the primary data and the secondary data. Primary data indicates the face-to-face interview with the managers and employees working for customer service in the selected companies. The secondary data are resources from archives, websites and other printed materials. To improve the validity, related literature were reviewed by authors to find the research questions. The reliability can be guaranteed because the theory part of the thesis abstracted from the publications, which have been approved for many years. The authors give the overview and practice in cold chain logistics of the three case companies, also mention the challenges both in developing and developed countries. The study finds the way to improve the utilization in cold chain logistics, fill the gap of logistics in food industry and give some advices for food industry.

This thesis examines the structure and regulated expression of the gene encoding the neuroendocrine peptides neurotensin and neuromedin N (NT/N gene). Previous studies have shown that expression of NT/N mRNA and NT peptide in PC12 cells are strictly dependent on simultaneous exposure to combinations of nerve growth factor (NGF), glucocorticoids, activators of adenylate cyclase, and lithium ion. My objective was to characterize the cis-regulatory DNA sequences involved in regulated expression of this gene. The initial focus of this study was an analysis of the structure, tissue-specific expression, and exon evolution of the rat NT/N gene. Nucleotide sequence comparisons between the rat gene and the canine and bovine cDNA sequences indicated that the predicted structure of a 170 amino acid precursor protein is highly conserved. Furthermore, the close similarity between the two cDNAs suggested that identical precursor proteins are expressed in neural and endocrine tissues. RNA analysis revealed that the gene is transcribed to yield two distinct mRNAs, 1.0 kb and 1.5 kb in size. The two mRNA species differ only in the size of their 3' untranslated regions. Interestingly, the smaller mRNA is predominant in the gastrointestinal tract, while both mRNAs are equally abundant in all neural tissues examined, except the cerebellum, where no expression was observed. Transient transfection assays were used to delineate the rat NT/N gene cis-regulatory DNA sequences. Progressive deletion of the NT/N 5' flanking region revealed that sequences between -216 and +56 of the NT/N gene are sufficient to confer the full spectrum of responses of the endogenous gene to either of two reporter genes. A detailed mutational analysis of the NT/N control region indicated that it is composed of an array of inducible cis-regulatory elements, including an AP-1 site, two cAMP-responsive elements (CREs), and a glucocorticoid-responsive element (GRE). Specific mutations to the AP-1 site and either CRE suggested that these elements are functionally interdependent. I propose that this array of cis-regulatory sequences in the NT/N transcriptional control region serves to integrate multiple environmental stimuli into a unified transcriptional response. To further examine the role of the AP-1 site and CREs in the NT/N promoter, reporter genes containing either a single or multiple AP-1 or CRE sites were expressed in PC12 cells and protein kinase A-deficient PC12 cells treated with forskolin, NGF, and lithium, either individually, or in combination. The results indicated that lithium and NGF markedly activate promoters containing multiple AP-1 sites, but not a single site, and that these effects were additive. Both agents potentiated forskolin-induced activation of promoters containing a single or multiple CREs, but had no effect, individually. Also, in contrast to the activation of multiple AP-1 sites by lithium and NGF, activation of the NT/N promoter and promoters containing CREs is absolutely dependent on protein kinase A activity. These results suggested that promoters containing multiple AP-1 sites, or a single AP-1 site in the context of nearby active CREs, are selectively activated by lithium and NGF in PC12 cells. Based on the results of this thesis I have proposed a model to account for the complex transcriptional regulation of the NT/N gene in PC12 cells. I have also addressed the relevance of these findings to the mechanisms of phenotypic plasticity of embryonic neural crest cells, NGF-induced neuronal differentiation, and the pharmacological actions of lithium.

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A Gestão de Projetos (GP) ganhou papel de destaque na viabilidade dos objetivos estratégicos das organizações. O desenvolvimento de produtos e serviços vem recebendo forte pressão do mercado, demandante de lançamentos frequentes e em prazos cada vez menores. Para atender estas novas exigências, a GP deve prover informações úteis para tomadas de decisões em ambientes de múltiplos e complexos projetos, sujeitos a relevantes incertezas e volatilidade. Considerando as oportunidades de melhoria das práticas da GP para lidar com este ambiente instável e ambíguo, o objetivo deste trabalho é propor, utilizando o método de Teoria Fundamentada em Dados (TFD), um framework que prescreva como aplicar de forma combinada dois métodos de GP: a Gestão de Projetos por Corrente Crítica (Critical Chain Project Management - CCPM) e o Scrum. Os resultados obtidos por este trabalho apontam que a integração destes métodos pode potencializar os benefícios e atenuar as fragilidades de cada uma delas em particular, e cujo uso articulado e coordenado pode permitir decisões mais efetivas em ambientes voláteis, incertos, complexos e ambíguos (VUCA - Volatility, Uncertainty, Complexity and Ambiguity) de múltiplos projetos.
Project Management (PM) has gained a major role in the viability of the strategic objectives of organizations. The development of products and services has been under stronger market pressure, requesting frequent releases and in ever-shorter periods. To meet these new requirements, initiatives for maintaining PM as an information provider to make decisions in multiple and complex projects, exposed to relevant uncertainty and volatility, should be sought. Regarding the opportunities for improvement of PM practices to deal with this unstable and ambiguous environment, the objective of this work is to propose, using the Grounded Theory (GT) method, a framework that prescribes how to apply two GP methods in combination: the Critical Chain Project Management - CCPM and Scrum. The results of this work indicate that the integration of these methodologies can enhance the benefits and mitigate the weaknesses of each of them in particular. This hybrid model could permit a better articulation and coordination of the project tasks, allowing effective decisions in multiple project environments affected by volatility, uncertainty, complexity and ambiguity (VUCA).

Orientador: Nelson Luis Saldanha da Fonseca
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Computação
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Resumo: A futura rede de comunicação, Rede Digital de Serviços Integrados de Faixa Larga (B-ISDN). irá transportar sinais de vídeo, voz e dados de forma integrada. Diferentes aplicações multimídia requerem Qualidades de Serviço distintas. Uma das soluções para dotar a rede com a capacidade de satisfazer eficientemente requisitos diversos de Qualidade de Serviço é introduzir mecanismos de múltiplas classes na hierarquia de protocolos. Mecanismos de policiamento são utilizados para monitorar o comportamento destas aplicações, a fim de evitar o congestionamento na rede. O objetivo da presente dissertação é estudar mecanismos de policiamento múltiplas classes na concepção de redes B-ISDN
Abstract: The Broadband Integrated Services Digital Network (B-ISDN), will transport video, voice and data signals in an integrated way. Distinct multimedia applications require different qualities of service. Introducing multi-classes mechanisms in the protocol hierarchy is one of the solutions to provide the network with the capability to satisfy efficently diverse Quality of Service requirements. Policing mechanisms are used to monitor these applications behavior, in order to avoid network congestion. The aim of this project is to study multi-classes policing mechanisms in the 'context of B-ISDN networks
Mestrado
Mestre em Ciência da Computação

Desde a década de 60, o aprimoramento das técnicas de fabricação de circuitos integrados que usam lógica binária tem levado ao aumento exponencial na densidade de dispositivos, melhoria do desempenho, redução da energia consumida e redução dos custos de fabricação dos circuitos integrados no estado da arte. Esse avanço tem sido alcançado historicamente pela miniaturização dos dispositivos que, já em escala nanométrica, começam a encontrar limites físicos para a sua redução. Com o intuito de dar continuidade ao avanço tecnológico, muitos trabalhos têm proposto a compactação da informação através do uso de lógica não binária como solução alternativa para a melhoria de desempenho de circuitos no estado da arte. Nesse sentido, diversos trabalhos foram desenvolvidos em diferentes tecnologias que vão de circuitos bipolares a dispositivos quânticos, entretanto, até o presente momento, nenhuma tecnologia demonstrou ao mesmo tempo os requisitos de desempenho, consumo, área e confiabilidade, necessários à aplicação em circuitos de alta escala de integração. Este trabalho apresenta uma nova família de circuitos de lógica quaternária com alto desempenho, baixos consumo e área e que usa tecnologia CMOS. Os circuitos desenvolvidos neste trabalho fazem uso de três fontes de alimentação e até oito diferentes transistores com diferentes tensões de limiar para realizar a lógica quaternária. São apresentados circuitos elementares como inversores e circuitos literais e com eles construídos circuitos aritméticos e multiplexadores. Os circuitos são simulados com a ferramenta SPICE usando a tecnologia TSMC 0,18 μm e os resultados são comparados com circuitos equivalentes em lógica binária. Na comparação de um somador completo quaternário de quatro bits, por exemplo, com o circuito equivalente em lógica binária, a implementação quaternária apresenta melhoria 55% na velocidade, 63% no consumo de potência e utiliza pouco mais de duas vezes o número de transistores. Este trabalho também propõe o uso de lógica quaternária em FPGA e são desenvolvidos blocos lógicos programáveis quaternários. Resultados de mapeamento lógico de circuitos aritméticos em blocos lógicos programáveis apresentam grande redução em área e consumo de potência na implementação quaternária quando comparado aos equivalentes binários. Em alguns circuitos quaternários, o consumo de potência e o número de transistores usados são reduzidos a 3% do consumo e do número de transistores usados nos circuitos equivalentes binários, enquanto o atraso crítico é duas vezes maior do que o atraso crítico binário.
Since the decade of 60, the improvement of techniques for manufacturing integrated circuits that use binary logic has led to the exponential increase in the density of devices, improving performance, reducing energy consumption and reducing costs of manufacture of integrated circuits in the state of the art. This breakthrough has been achieved historically by the miniaturization of devices, already in nano, starting to reach physical limits to their reduction. In order to give continuity to technological advancement, many studies have proposed the compaction of information through the use of non-binary logic as an alternative for the performance improvement of the state of the art circuits. Accordingly, several studies have been developed in different technologies ranging from bipolar circuits to quantum devices, however, at the moment, no technology demonstrated at the same time the performance requirements, consumption, area and reliability necessary for the application in very large scale of integration. This paper presents a new family of quaternary logic circuits with high performance, low consumption and area, which uses CMOS technology. The circuits developed in this work make use of three power supplies and up to eight different transistors with different threshold voltages, to perform the quaternary logic. Elementary circuits such as inverters and literal circuits are presented and used to implement multiplexers and arithmetic circuits. The circuits are simulated with the SPICE tool using TSMC 0.18 μm technology and the results are compared with equivalent circuits in binary logic. Comparison of a quaternary full adder of four bits, for example, with the equivalent circuit in binary logic shows 55% improvement in speed and 63% in the power consumption for the quaternary implementation and it uses little more than twice the number of transistors. This paper also proposes the use of quaternary logic in FPGA and quaternary configurable logic blocks are developed. Logical mapping results of arithmetic circuits in configurable logic blocks show great reduction in area and power consumption of the quaternary implementation compared to the equivalent binary. In some quaternary circuits, the consumption of power and the number of transistors used are reduced to 3% of consumption and the number of transistors used in the binary equivalent circuits, while the critical delay is two times higher than the binary critical delay.

Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro Tecnologico
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Desenvolvimento de um módulo de auxílio a tomada de decisão multicritériol para a ferramenta de treinamento do programa Train-Sea-Coast - TSC, entitulada Porto. Este case foi desenvolvido de maneira a trabalhar de forma integrada ao software. O módulo considera um conjunto de estratégias geradas pela ferramenta de treinamento e, tem a função de ordenar as estratégias numa escala qualitativa a partir dos pesos que forem atribuídos a cada uma das variáveis. A nota que cada uma das estratégias virá a receber será calculada com base Método de Análise Hierárquica - AHP. O módulo multicritério tem o objetivo de conduzir os profissionais que recebem treinamento do programa TSC, em gerenciamento costeiro, na tarefa de decidir qual a estratégia gerada pelo software é a mais adequada. Envolvendo estes profissionais em situações diversas que retratam aspectos da vida real, como pluralidade de críticos e atores e backgrounds e interesses diversos, auxiliando-os a tomar decisões. Abstract : The present master dissertation work has the objective to elaborate an auxiliary module for multi-criterion decision making as a training tool for the program Train-SeaCoast - TSC, entitled Porto. This case was developed in a way to work the software integrated form. The module considers a set of strategies generated by training tool and, it has the function to order the strategies in a qualitative scale from the weighs that were attributed to each of the variables. The grade that each of the strategies will receive, it will be calculated based on Analytic Hierarchy Process - AHP. The multi-criterion has the objective to lead the professionals that are trained for TSC program in coastal management with the aim to decide which strategy generated by the software is more adequate. Involving these professionals in several situations that retreat aspects of real life, as the plurality of critics and authors and different interests, helping them making decisions.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior
This study aims to develop a planning system on multiple spatial and temporal scales, and apply it to the Brazilian electric sector and Cearà State, Jaguaribe Metropolitan System. For realization of this proposal, we have been considered some temporal scales: short-term (up to 1 month), short term (up to one year) and medium to long term (1-10 years and 10-30 years, respectively). To obtain estimates of the flow of short-term rainfall forecasts from atmospheric models for later entry in the hydrological rainfall-runoff model are used. To short term scale were considered stochastic and statistical models, as the Periodic Autoregressive type (PAR), Periodic Autoregressive with exogenous variables (PARx) and K-nearest neighbor models, and the use of global atmospheric models as input to hydrological rainfall-runoff model Soil Moisture Accounting Procedure (SMAP). For the range of the medium term were considered auto regressive models (AR) and Fourier and wavelets. We used data from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) as input in hydrological rainfall-runoff model for long-term scale. For the weather forecast, as the rain threshold adopted in the construction of the contingency table increases, the quality of the forecasts decreases, except for the adjustment index. Thus, the system of numerical prediction proves efficient in detecting the occurrence of rainfall of less intensity, with most satisfactory results in the North and Northeast regions of Brazil. On seasonal scale the models feature up better than the climatology. Likewise, in the range of medium-term models based on Fourier series and wavelets have better likelihood than the weather. In multi-scale, there are differences in the future shown by the projections of the CMIP5 models that were analyzed for RCP8.5 and RCP4.5 the XXI century scenarios, but in the North sector of the National Interconnected System (SIN), most models indicate negative trend, diverging only in magnitude.
O presente trabalho visa elaborar um sistema de planejamento em mÃltiplas escalas temporais e espaciais e aplicÃ-lo ao setor elÃtrico brasileiro e ao sistema Jaguaribe-Metropolitano do Estado do CearÃ. Para realizaÃÃo desta proposta, foram consideradas algumas escalas temporais: curtÃssimo prazo (atà um mÃs), curto prazo (atà um ano) e mÃdio e longo prazo (1 a 10 anos e atà 30 anos, respectivamente). Para obtenÃÃo das previsÃes de vazÃes de curtÃssimo prazo sÃo utilizadas as previsÃes de precipitaÃÃo a partir de modelos atmosfÃricos, para posterior entrada no modelo hidrolÃgico chuva-vazÃo. Para escala de curto prazo foram considerados modelos estocÃsticos e estatÃsticos, como do tipo PeriÃdico Autorregressivo (PAR), PeriÃdico Autorregressivo com variÃveis exÃgenas (PARx) e K-vizinhos, e o uso de modelos atmosfÃricos globais como entrada do modelo hidrolÃgico chuva-vazÃo Soil Moisture Accounting Procedure (SMAP). Na escala de mÃdio prazo foram considerados modelos autorregressivos (AR) e as transformadas de Fourier e ondeletas. Para escala de longo prazo foram utilizados dados provenientes do Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) como dados de entrada no modelo hidrolÃgico chuva-vazÃo. Quanto à previsÃo de tempo, à medida que o limiar de chuva adotado na construÃÃo da tabela de contingÃncia aumenta, a qualidade das previsÃes diminui, exceto para o Ãndice acerto. Dessa forma, o sistema de previsÃo numÃrica mostra-se eficiente em detectar a ocorrÃncia de chuvas de menor intensidade, apresentando resultados mais satisfatÃrios nas regiÃes Norte e Nordeste do Brasil. Na escala sazonal, os modelos apresentam-se melhor que a climatologia. Da mesma forma, na escala de mÃdio prazo, os modelos baseados na sÃrie de Fourier e ondeletas apresentam melhor verossimilhanÃa do que a climatologia. Na escala plurianual, hà divergÃncias quanto ao futuro mostrado pelas projeÃÃes dos modelos do CMIP5 que foram analisados para os cenÃrios RCP8.5 e RCP4.5 do sÃculo XXI, porÃm no setor Norte do Sistema Interligado Nacional (SIN), a maioria dos modelos sinaliza tendÃncia negativa, divergindo apenas em magnitude.

Alors qu'il existe de nombreuses études qui démontrent la manière dont une seule réaction affective impacte une décision, il n'y a pratiquement aucune recherche qui s'est intéressée à l'impact des réactions affectives multiples. De plus, les mécanismes médiateurs de cet impact sont encore débattus, et de nombreux modèles de médiation sont proposés, mais ceux-ci n'ont jamais été testés et comparés conjointement. Dans cette thèse, huit études ont été conduites qui s'intéressent de plus près à ces deux enjeux. Les résultats montrent que les réactions affectives multiples se combinent afin d'impacter la prise de décision et que dans cette combinaison les sentiments sont moyennés. Cependant, la combinaison n'a lieu que lorsque les réactions affectives sont liées à la même source de décision (p. ex. deux réactions associées à une potentielle récompense). Quand, d'autre part, les réactions affectives sont associées à deux sources de décision indépendantes (p. ex. l'une des réactions associées à une tâche et l'autre à une récompense potentielle), il n'y a pas de combinaison, et les personnes s'appuient uniquement sur l'affectivité associée à la source conséquentielle (c.-à-d. les récompenses). Enfin, le modèle de médiation, le plus systématiquement obtenu, était celui dans lequel seules les réactions affectives immédiates étaient médiatrices entre la source de l'affect et la décision. Les résultats élargissent la littérature en démontrant le phénomène de combinaison affective ainsi que les conditions aux limites qui gouvernent son impact sur la décision, ils offrent un nouvel aperçu sur ce qui agit comme médiateur de cet impact, et ils fournissent une base solide pour de futurs travaux visant à étudier l'impact des réactions affectives multiples sur les décisions
While there is plenty of research showing how a single affective reaction impacts a decision, there is practically no research which looked at the impact of multiple affective reactions. Moreover, the mediating mechanisms of this impact are still debated, with several mediation models proposed, but never tested and compared at the same time. In this thesis, eight studies were conducted that took a closer look at these two issues. The results show that multiple affective reactions combine in order to impact the decision and that in this combination, feelings are averaged. However, the combination only happens when the affective reactions are related to the same decision source (e.g. two reactions associated with a potential reward). When, on the other hand, the affective reactions are associated with two independent decision sources (e.g. one reaction associated with a task and the other with the potential reward), there is no combination and people only rely on the affectivity associated with the consequential source (i.e. the rewards). Finally, the most consistently obtained mediation model was where only immediate affective reactions mediated between the affective source and the decision. The results extend the literature by demonstrating the phenomenon of affective combination along with the boundary conditions that govern its impact on the decision, they offer new insights into what mediates this impact, and they provide solid ground for future work aimed at looking at multiple affective reactions’ impact on decisions

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Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.
Este trabalho teve com objetivo o desenvolvimento e a validação/aplicação de um sistema integrado de genotipagem de protozoários, utilizando uma abordagem multidisciplinar envolvendo, PCR multiplex e análise bioinformática envolvendo evolução e filogenia molecular. Para isso, trinta e seis genes ortólogos universal (UOG) foram identificados e usados como marcadores para genotipagem de protozoários parasitas, a nível inter-específico. Temos extraído os dados genéticos de genes ortólogos universal selecionado. Para isso, estamos utilizando sequências de grupos ortólogos (COG e KOG). O COG é composto de genes ortólogos individuais ou grupos de ortólogos de parálogos de 3 ou mais linhagens filogenéticas. Os COG de interesse selecionados estão envolvidos processo de tradução protéica, categoria J do COG, e estes genes foram selecionados porque eles estão presentes em todos os organismos estudados até agora, o que facilita a montagem de um sistema integrado de protozoários patogênicos. As sequências desses genes foram obtidos a partir do banco de dados GenBank. Seqüências de espécies de Eimeria tenella, Leishmania major, L. braziliensis, L. infantum, Trypanosoma brucei, T. cruzi, T. vivax, Plasmodium falciparum e P. vivax foram obtidas e armazenadas localmente. Estas sequências nucleotídicas foram traduzidas em proteínas, e então validadas usando a ferramenta COGnitor/KOGnitor, que mostra a sequência selecionada pertence ao respectivo COG de interesse. Após essa validação, as sequências foram utilizadas nos alinhamentos e construção de iniciadores que foram usados para gerar fragmentos gênicos amplificados por PCR. Os programas para a construção dos iniciadores foram: Mafft para a construção de alinhamentos múltiplos de cada COG, JalView para visualizá-los e o programa Primer3 para o desenho dos iniciadores. Todo o processo foi realizado por um pipeline de integração destes programas escritos em linguagem de programação Perl. Após o processo automatizado de validação, alinhamento e construção dos iniciadores, realizamos uma análise final dos iniciadores, considerando suas características e da região de pareamento. Quando necessário, definiu-se manualmente a degeneração da posição dos nucleotídeos que contem a variação. Criamos 33 pares de iniciadores, que foram utilizados para a amplificação destes genes via PCR. As reações de amplificação da PCR fora bem-sucedida em 19 UOG nas espécies Leishmania major, L. braziliensis, L. infantum, L. mexicana, T. cruzi, T. vivax e Plasmodium vivax, utilizando-se iniciadores com posições degeneradas. Para genotipagem das seqüências geradas pela PCR, foi utilizado o programa Phred que realizou a leitura dos cromatogramas com qualidade por base, Phred ≥ 15, e o programa Blast foi utilizado para a caracterização das sequências geradas, estas duas etapas foram realizadas em pipeline de anotação que está disponível através de um website. As árvores filogenéticas foram geradas com o método de máxima verossimilhança utilizando o pipeline ARPA, e revelou que a metodologia apresenta potencial para ser utilizado na genotipagem destes organismos e os genes da metionil-tRNA sintetase e Seril-tRNA sintetase mostraram boa resolução para a genotipagem inter-específicas de tripanosomatídeos.
The aim of this work is to develop and validate an integrated genotyping system for protozoan parasites, using a multidisciplinary approach involving, multiplex PCR, and bioinformatics analysis involving molecular evolution and phylogeny. For this, thirty three universal orthologous genes (UOG) has been identified [1] and used as markers for genotyping parasitic protozoan at the intraspecific level. We have mined genomic data of universal orthologous genes selected. For this, we are using sequences of orthologous groups (COGs and KOGs). The COG's consists of individual orthologous genes or orthologous groups of paralogous of 3 or more phylogenetic lineages. The selected COGs of interest are involved protein translation process, category J of the COG and these genes are selected because they are present in all organisms studied so far, facilitating the assembly of an integrated system for the pathogenic protozoa. Note that all these genes are part of the process of protein translation. The sequences of these genes were obtained from GenBank database. Sequences of species, Eimeria tenella, Leishmania major, L. braziliensis, L. infantum, Trypanosoma brucei, T. cruzi, T. vivax, Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax were obtained and locally stored. Nucleotide sequences were translated into proteins. So, they are validated using the Blast similarity tool and the database as the COG itself, which shows the sequence selected belongs to the respective COG. After this validation, the sequences were used in alignments and construction of primers that are used to generate amplicons by PCR. The programs for the primer construction were: Mafft for construction of multiple alignments of each COG, JalView to view them and the program Primer3Plus [6] for the design of primers. The whole process was performed by a pipeline integrating these programs written in Perl [7] programming language. After the automated process of validation, alignment and construction of the primers, we perform a final analysis of the primers manually, which gives its characteristics and the annealing region. When necessary, we manually define the degeneration of nucleotide position containing variations. We have designed 33 primer pairs, and these primers were designed and used for PCR amplification. The reactions of PCR amplification was successful for 19 UOG in species: Leishmania major, L. braziliensis, L. infantum, L. mexicana, T. cruzi, T. vivax and Plasmodium vivax, using primers with degenerate positions. For genotyping the sequences generates by PCR amplification was used the program Phred for reading chromatograms file with quality ≥ 15, and Blast to the characterization of sequences generated, this two steps was make with a pipeline and is available through a website. The phylogenetic trees was generated with methods of maximum likelihood using the pipeline ARPA, and revealed that the methodology has potential to be used in genotyping of these organisms, and genes of methionyl-tRNA synthetase, seryl- tRNA synthetase showed good resolution for the inter-specific genotyping of trypanosomatids.

Esta Tese apresenta os resultados da simulação do transporte eletrônico em três dimensões (3D) no nano dispositivo eletrônico conhecido como “SOI-FinFET”. Este dispositivo é um transistor MOS em tecnologia Silício sobre Isolante – “Silicon-on- Insulator”, SOI – com porta dupla e cujo canal e zonas de fonte e dreno são realizadas em uma estrutura nanométrica vertical de silício chamada de “finger” ou “fin”. Como introdução ao dispositivo em questão, é feita uma revisão básica sobre a tecnologia e transistores SOI e sobre MOSFETs de múltiplas portas. A implementação de um modelo tipo “charge-sheet” para o transistor SOI-MOSFET totalmente depletado e uma modelagem deste dispositivo em altas frequências também é apresentada. A geometria do “fin” é escalada para valores menores do que 100 nm, com uma espessura entre 10 e 20 nm. Um dos objetivos deste trabalho é a definição de parâmetros para o SOI-FinFET que o viabilizem para a tecnologia de 22 nm, com um comprimento efetivo de canal menor do que 20 nm. O transistor FinFET e uma estrutura básica simplificada para simulação numérica em 3D são descritos, sendo utilizados dados de tecnologias atuais de fabricação. São apresentados resultados de simulação numérica 3D (curvas ID-VG, ID-VD, etc.) evidenciando as principais características de funcionamento do FinFET. É analisada a influência da espessura e dopagem do “fin” e do comprimento físico do canal em parâmetros importantes como a tensão de limiar e a inclinação de sublimiar. São consideradas e analisadas duas possibilidades de dopagens da área ativa do “fin”: (1) o caso em que esta pode ser considerada não dopada, sendo baixíssima a probabilidade da presença de dopantes ativos, e (2) o caso de um alto número de dopantes ativos (> 10 é provável). Uma comparação entre dois simuladores numéricos 3D de dispositivos é realizada no intuito de explicitar diferenças entre modelos de simulação e características de descrição de estruturas 3D. São apresentadas e analisadas medidas em dispositivos FinFET experimentais. Dois métodos de extração de resistência série parasita são utilizados em FinFETs simulados e caracterizados experimentalmente. Para finalizar, são resumidas as principais conclusões deste trabalho e são propostos os trabalhos futuros e novas diretivas na pesquisa dos transistores FinFETs.
This thesis presents the results of 3D-numerical simulation of electron transport in double-gate SOI-FinFETs in the decanometer size range. A basic review on the SOI technology and multiple gates MOSFETs is presented. The implementation of a chargesheet model for the fully-depleted SOI-MOSFET and a high frequency modeling of this device are first presented for a planar device topology. The second part of this work deals with FinFETs, a non-planar topology. The geometry of the silicon nano-wire (or “fin”) in this thesis is scaled down well below 100 nm, with fin thickness in the range of 10 to 20 nm. This work addresses the parameters for a viable 22 nm CMOS node, with electrical effective channel lengths below 20 nm. The basic 3D structure of the FinFET transistor is described in detail, then it is simulated with various device structural parameters, and results of 3D-numerical simulation (ID-VG curves, ID-VD, etc.), showing the main features of operation of this device, are presented. The impacts of varying silicon fin thicknesses, physical channel lengths, and silicon fin doping concentration on both the average threshold voltage and the subthreshold slope are investigated. With respect to the doping concentration, the discrete and highly statistical nature of impurity presence in the active area of the nanometer-range fin is considered in two limiting cases: (1) the zero-doping or undoped case, for highly improbable presence of active dopants, and (2) the many-dopants case, or high number (> 10 are probable) of active dopants in the device channel. A comparison between two 3D-numerical device simulators is performed in order to clarify differences between simulation models and features of the description of 3D structures. A structure for SOIFinFETs is optimized, for the undoped fin, showing its applicability for devices with electrical effective channel lengths below 20 nm. SOI-FinFET measurements were performed on experimental devices, analyzed and compared to device simulation results. This thesis uses parasitic resistance extraction methods that are tested in FinFET simulations and measurements. Finally, the main conclusions of this work are summarized and the future work and new directions in the FinFETs research are proposed.

Dans ce travail de thèse, nous nous intéressons à certaines propriétés d'une classe de processus stochastiques à accroissements stationnaires et autosimilaires. Ces processus sont représentés par des intégrales multiples de Wiener-Itô. Dans le premier chapitre, nous étudions les propriétés géométriques des trajectoires de ce type de processus. En particulier, nous obtenons un développement en ondelettes presque-sûr. Celui-ci permet alors de trouver une borne supérieure pour le module de continuité uniforme, une borne supérieure pour le comportement asymptotique du processus et un résultat presque-sûr concernant les coefficients ponctuel et local de Hölder. De plus, nous obtenons des bornes inférieures et supérieures pour les dimensions de Hausdorff du graphe et de l'image des versions multidimensionnelles anisotropes de la classe de processus considérée. Dans le deuxième et le troisième chapitre de cette thèse, nous nous intéressons au calcul différentiel stochastique relatif au processus de Rosenblatt. A l'aide de la théorie des distributions de Hida, nous définissons une intégrale stochastique par rapport au processus de Rosenblatt. Nous obtenons une formule d'Itô pour certaines fonctionnelles du processus de Rosenblatt. Nous calculons explicitement la variance de l'intégrale stochastique par rapport au processus de Rosenblatt pour une classe spécifique d'intégrandes aléatoires. Enfin, nous comparons l'intégrale introduite avec d'autres définitions utilisées dans la littérature et procédons à une étude fine des termes résiduels faisant le lien entre ces différentes définitions
In this PhD thesis, we are concerned with some properties of a class of self-similar stochastic processes with stationary increments. These processes are represented by multiple Wiener-Itô integrals. In the first chapter, we study geometric properties of the sample path of this type of processes. Specifically, we obtain an almost sure wavelet expansion which, in turn, allows us to compute an upper bound for the uniform modulus of continuity, an upper bound for the asymptotic growth at infinity of the processes and the almost sure values of the pointwise and local Hölder exponents at any points. Moreover, we obtain lower and upper bounds for the Hausdorff dimensions of the graph and the image of multidimensional anisotropic versions of the class of processes previously considered. In the second and in the third chapters, we are interested in the stochastic calculus with respect to the Rosenblatt process. Using Hida distributions theory, we define a stochastic integral with respect to the Rosenblatt process. We obtain an Itô formula for some functional of the Rosenblatt process. We compute explicitly the variance of the stochastic integral with respect to the Rosenblatt process for a specific class of stochastic integrands. At last, we compare the considered integral with other definitions used in the literature and provide a careful analysis of the residual terms linking the different definitions of integrals

Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro Tecnológico. Progarama de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Elétrica
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O Gerenciamento de Ativos é considerado uma atividade estratégica no âmbito das empresas de energia elétrica, merecendo a atenção de pesquisadores e profissionais do setor elétrico, que têm por objetivo propor metodologias que substituam a prática tradicional que considera apenas a minimização de custos e a maximização da confiabilidade na definição de políticas de compra, operação, manutenção e substituição de equipamentos e que, em alguns casos, se baseia apenas na experiência e no conhecimento dos profissionais das áreas envolvidas no processo, sem nenhum caráter científico. Apresenta-se neste trabalho, uma metodologia para o tratamento do problema de Gerenciamento de Ativos, concebida sobre as bases da teoria do Apoio à Decisão Multicritério e da técnica de Sistemas Especialistas Fuzzy e que considera os valores e objetivos de cada indivíduo participante do processo de tomada de decisão. Para a aplicação dessa metodologia utiliza-se um modelo computacional modularizado, a partir de uma abordagem multicritério, do conhecimento especializado e do tratamento matemático da incerteza, buscando estruturar o problema e fornecer aos indivíduos responsáveis pelo gerenciamento do ciclo de vida de equipamentos nas empresas do setor elétrico, informações referentes aos efeitos de ações alternativas de manutenção sobre aspectos técnicos, econômicos e ambientais e sobre o cumprimento da missão da empresa, subsidiando a tomada de decisão.