Książki: „Multilevel states”

1

Hamermesh, Daniel S. Multilevel "general policy equilibria": Evidence from the American unemployment insurance tax ceiling. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1996.

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Kashuba, Roxolana. Multilevel hierarchical modeling of benthic macroinvertebrate responses to urbanization in nine metropolitan regions across the conterminous United States. Reston, Va: U.S. Geological Survey, 2010.

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Amway: The true story of the company that transformed the lives of millions. New York: Berkley Books, 1999.

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Amway: The true story of the company that transformed the lives of millions. New York: Berkley Books, 2001.

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5

Haussman, Melissa. Federalism, feminism and multilevel governance. Farnham, Surrey, England: Ashgate, 2010.

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Marian, Sawer, red. Federalism, feminism and multilevel governance. Farnham, Surrey, England: Ashgate Pub. Company, 2010.

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7

S, Masten Ann, red. Multilevel dynamics in developmental psychopathology: Pathways to the future. Mahwah, N.J: L. Erlbaum Associates, 2007.

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8

Leonovich, Sergey, Evgeniy Shalyy, Elena Polonina, Elena Sadovskaya, Lev Kim i Valentin Dorkin. Durability of port reinforced concrete structures (Far East and Sakhalin). ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1816638.

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Section I of the monograph is devoted to an urgent problem - forecasting the durability of port reinforced concrete structures, the destruction of which is associated with corrosion of steel reinforcement caused by chloride aggression and carbonation of concrete. The analysis of models for calculating the service life of structures and experimental data is carried out, the life cycles for the main degradation processes in concrete and reinforcement, the periods of initiation and propagation of corrosion are considered, the influence of environmental factors (temperature, humidity) and the quality of concrete (In/C, cement consumption, diffusion coefficient) on the kinetics of chloride penetration and the movement of the carbonation front is taken into account. Probabilistic models of basic variables are considered, the limiting states of port reinforced concrete structures for the durability of reinforced concrete structures based on the reliability coefficient for service life are formulated. Sections II and III describe modern methods of restoration and restoration of reinforced concrete port structures subjected to corrosion destruction using nanofibrobeton. The concept of multilevel reinforcement has been implemented. Methods of experimental fracture mechanics were used to evaluate the joint work of exploited concrete and reinforcement nanofibre concrete. It is intended for scientific and engineering staff of universities, research and design organizations.

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Shirshov, Vladimir. Psychological readiness for actions in emergency situations. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/993543.

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The tutorial covers the issues of psychological competence and the willingness to act in emergency situations. Examines the theoretical and practical aspects of recognition, evaluation and prevention of emergency situations in the contemporary human environment. Meets the requirements of Federal state educational standards of higher education of the last generation. Can be used in the preparation of undergraduate students for 44.03.01 direction of preparation "Pedagogical education" (an optional component) in the conditions of multilevel training of future teachers and can also be used in conditions of multilevel preparation of teachers of health and safety. Will be interesting to all who are engaged in research and training in the area of life safety: researchers, heads of educational institutions, teachers and teachers.

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Bavaeva, Ol'ga. Metaphorical parallels of the neutral nomination "man" in modern English. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1858259.

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The monograph is devoted to a multidimensional analysis of metaphor in modern English as a parallel nomination that exists along with a neutral equivalent denoting a person. The problem of determining the essence of metaphorical names and their role in the language has attracted the attention of many foreign and domestic linguists on the material of various languages, but until now the fact of the parallel existence of metaphors and neutral nominations has not been emphasized. The research is in line with modern problems of linguistics related to the relationship of language, thinking and reflection of the surrounding reality. All these problems are integrated and resolved within the framework of linguistic semantics, in particular in the semantics of metaphor. Multilevel study of language material based on semantic, component, etymological analysis methods contributed to a systematic and comprehensive description of this most important part of the lexical system of the English language. Metaphorical parallels are considered as the result of the interaction of three complexes, which allows us to identify their associative-figurative base, as well as the types of metaphorical parallels, depending on the nature of the connection between direct and figurative meaning. Based on the analysis of various human character traits and behavior that evoke associations with animals, birds, objects, zoomorphic, artifact, somatic, floral and anthropomorphic metaphorical parallels of the neutral nomination "man" are distinguished. The social aspect of metaphorical parallels is also investigated as a reflection of gender, status and age characteristics of a person. It can be used in the training of philologists and translators when reading theoretical courses on lexicology, stylistics, word formation of the English language, as well as in practical classes, in lexicographic practice.

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11

R, Kahle Lynn, red. Euromarketing and the future. New York: International Business Press, 2003.

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12

Young, Frank W. Small Towns in Multilevel Society. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Incorporated, 1999.

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Small Towns in Multilevel Society. University Press of America, 1999.

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14

Freudlsperger, Christian. Trade Policy in Multilevel Government. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198856122.001.0001.

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Trade Policy in Multilevel Government investigates how multilevel polities organize openness in a globalizing political and economic environment. In recent years, the multilevel politics of trade caught the broader public’s attention, not least due to the Wallonian regional parliament’s initial rejection of the EU-Canada trade deal in 2016. In all multilevel polities, competencies held by states and regions have increasingly become the subject of international rule-setting. This is particularly so in the field of trade, which has progressively targeted so-called “behind the border” regulatory barriers. In their reaction to this “deep trade” agenda, constituent units in different multilevel polities have shown widely varying degrees of openness to liberalizing their markets. Why is that? Trade Policy in Multilevel Government argues that domestic institutions and procedures of intergovernmental relations are the decisive factor. Countering a widely held belief among practitioners and analysts of trade policy that involving subcentral actors complicates trade negotiations, it demonstrates that the more voice a multilevel polity affords its constituent units in trade policy-making, the less the latter have an incentive eventually to exit from emerging trade deals. While in shared rule systems constituent unit governments are directly represented along the entirety of the policy cycle, in self-rule systems territorial representation is achieved merely indirectly. Shared rule systems are hence more effective than self-rule systems in organizing openness to trade. The book tests the explanatory power of this theory on the understudied case of international procurement liberalization in extensive studies of three systems of multilevel government: Canada, the European Union, and the United States.

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15

Allee, Todd. The Role of the United States: A Multilevel Explanation For Decreased Support Over Time. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199586103.013.0012.

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16

Weibust, Inger, i James R. Meadowcroft. Multilevel Environmental Governance: Managing Water and Climate Change in Europe and North America. Elgar Publishing Limited, Edward, 2014.

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Leon, Pablo Mendes de. From Lowlands to High Skies : a Multilevel Jurisdictional Approach Towards Air Law: Essays in Honour of John Balfour. BRILL, 2013.

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Internal Markets And Multilevel Governance The Experience Of The European Union Australia Canada Switzerland And The United States. Oxford University Press, USA, 2012.

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Multilevel Environmental Governance: Managing Water and Climate Change in Europe and North America. Edward Elgar Pub, 2014.

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Meadowcroft, James, i Inger Weibust. Multilevel Environmental Governance: Managing Water and Climate Change in Europe and North America. Elgar Publishing Limited, Edward, 2015.

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21

Cross, Wilbur. Amway: The True Story of the Company that Transformed the Lives of Millions. Berkley Trade, 2001.

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Egeberg, Morten, i Jarle Trondal. Colliding Coordination Structures in Multilevel Systems of Government (and How to Live with It). Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198825074.003.0005.

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This chapter discusses governance dilemmas that are often overlooked in studies that do not encompass the ecology of organization in public governance. The chapter discusses how coordination structures may counteract each other in multilevel systems of government. The ambition of the chapter is twofold: Firstly, a coordination dilemma is theoretically and empirically illustrated by the seeming incompatibility between a more direct (interconnected) and sectorally specialized implementation structure in the multilevel EU administrative system and trends towards strengthening coordination and control within nation states. Secondly, the chapter discusses organizational arrangements that may enable governance systems to live with the coordination dilemma in practice. This coordination dilemma seems to have been largely ignored in the literature on EU network governance and national ‘joined-up government’ respectively.

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23

Cseres, Katalin J. Rule of Law Values in the Decentralized Public Enforcement of EU Competition Law. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198746560.003.0011.

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This chapter evaluates the functioning of the decentralized public enforcement of EU competition law. The analysis focuses on the effectiveness of the decentralized enforcement, which relies on Rule of Law principles. It has been argued that Rule of Law principles are a prerequisite for effective competition law enforcement. Aside from that, assessing the effectiveness of the decentralized enforcement framework also takes account of the problems of multilevel governance which have emerged as a result of the decentralization of enforcement powers and the creation of parallel competences for the Commission and national actors which made it essential to guarantee uniform and consistent application of the EU competition rules. Centrifugal pulls from the Member States towards their national legal systems and centripetal pushes from the Commission create uniformity and consistency in this multilevel system. Analysing these bottom-up and top-down approaches allows us to analyse decentralized enforcement as a specific governance model.

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24

Feltenius, David. Subnational Government in a Multilevel Perspective. Redaktor Jon Pierre. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199665679.013.23.

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The aim of this chapter is to analyze subnational government in Sweden from a multilevel governance (MLG) perspective. This is done by considering subnational government in relation to (a) the welfare state and (b) the European Union (EU). Firstly, it is concluded that Sweden’s formal status as a member of the EU since 1995 has created an additional political level of importance to subnational government. Secondly, it is concluded that MLG is also relevant to consider in a national context. This is evident through negotiations between central and local government concerning welfare policy, such as health care and policy targeting the elderly.

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25

Brazier, John, Julie Ratcliffe, Joshua A. Salomon i Aki Tsuchiya. Methods for obtaining health state utility values: generic preference-based measures of health. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198725923.003.0007.

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This chapter describes the six most widely used generic preference-based measures of health (GPBMs) (also known as multiattribute utility scales): EQ-5D, SF-6D, HUI, AQoL, 15D, and QWB. GPBMs have become the most widely used method for obtaining health state utility values. They contain a health state classification with multilevel dimensions that together describe a universe of health states and a set of values (where full health = 1 and dead = 0) for each health state obtained by eliciting the preferences (typically) of members of the general population. These measures are reviewed in terms of their content, methods of valuation, the scores they generate, and the possible reasons for the differences found. Their performance is reviewed using published evidence on their validity across conditions, and the implications for their use in policy making discussed. The chapter also reviews the generic measures available for use in populations of children and adolescents.

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26

Haussman, Melissa, i Marian Sawer. Federalism, Feminism and Multilevel Governance. Taylor & Francis Group, 2016.

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Haussman, Melissa, Marian Sawer i Jill Vickers. Federalism Feminism and Multilevel Governance. Taylor & Francis Group, 2020.

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Haussman, Melissa, i Marian Sawer. Federalism, Feminism and Multilevel Governance. Taylor & Francis Group, 2016.

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Vittoria, Barsotti, Carozza Paolo G, Cartabia Marta i Simoncini Andrea. I The Constitutional Court, 2 The Constitutional Court: Rules and Model. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780190214555.003.0002.

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This chapter succinctly introduces the reader to the composition, jurisdictional scope, and methods of judicial review in Italy. Using both direct and incidental methods of judicial review, the Italian system combines certain elements of centralized systems (like the Austrian paradigm of Hans Kelsen) with elements of diffuse systems of review like that of the United States. The chapter highlights the highly collegial structure and process of the Court. Overall, the cooperative and multilevel character of Italian constitutional adjudication emerges as its most distinctive contribution to our understanding of the range of the varieties of constitutional models and experiences in the world.

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Ha, Thao, i Hanjoe Kim. The Paradox of Love in Adolescent Romantic Relationships. Redaktorzy Thomas J. Dishion i James Snyder. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199324552.013.13.

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We investigate whether the amplification of positive affect during conflict discussions or “up regulation” between adolescent romantic partners functions to prevent or terminate interpersonal conflict. Unfortunately, this up regulation strategy may also result in unresolved relationship problems, and ultimately increase adolescent depressive symptoms. The concept of coercion is reviewed as it applies to conflict resolution and avoidance in a sample of 80 adolescent romantic relationships. Results from multilevel hazard models showed that longer durations of observed upregulation states predicted increases in depressive symptoms in both males and females over the course of 2 years. In addition, female depression predicted slower exits from coercive states, which in turn predicted higher levels of males’ depressive symptoms. Implications of these findings are discussed, as well as the possibility that positive affect can be negatively reinforced when it functions to avoid conflict in recently formed close relationships.

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Thurner, Paul W. Networks and European Union Politics. Redaktorzy Jennifer Nicoll Victor, Alexander H. Montgomery i Mark Lubell. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190228217.013.24.

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The European Union (EU) is a regional cooperation regime with a specific and still fluid governance structure. It constitutes the world’s largest and institutionally most deeply integrated system of international relations with supranational features. As a consequence, the literature on the EU often emphasizes informality, multilevel aspects, and its “network governance” character. Network analysis is therefore a promising perspective for the systematic investigation of complex networks of formalized actor relations as well as of informal and implicit political structures and processes in the EU. Applied network analysis is meanwhile used for the investigation of multi-level policy preparation, of collective decision-making in the political system in the EU, and of the implementation process of EU policies in the Member States.

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Egeberg, Morten, i Jarle Trondal. How Organizational Structure Affects Actual Power Relationships between Territorial Levels of Government. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198825074.003.0002.

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This chapter opens by clarifying some main organizational structures within which multilevel public governance takes place. As argued, each organization structure tends to privilege certain interests and this seems to hold as regards ‘upstream’ (policy formulation) processes as well as ‘downstream’ (implementation) processes. Theoretically, the chapter builds on some classic insights from organizational research. Empirically, it draws on studies of international organizations, the European Union, and federal as well as unitary states. The chapter shows how the power of lower-level territories to shape these processes depends on the extent to which organizational structures are arranged according to a territorial principle. In the same vein, higher levels of government tend to strengthen their position when non-territorial principles of specialization prevail.

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Ligeti, Katalin, i Kei Hannah Brodersen, red. Studies on Enforcement in Multilevel Regulatory Systems. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/9783748930365.

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This book collects case studies on the state of the art of enforcement in multi-level regulatory systems, each addressing a different policy area. Multi-level regulatory systems are a phenomenon of post-modern society. They are complex legal systems, regulated by several levels of legislation (national, European/supranational, international), where national, supranational and international actors interact. Challenges in relation to enforcement are analysed in and across different legal disciplines and from a political science perspective, with a strong EU focus. The variety of case studies permits to draw conclusions on common conceptual challenges of multi-level enforcement systems and to suggest generally applicable solutions. With contributions by Chrysa Alexandraki, Ioannis Asimakopoulos, Federico Bergamasco, Kelly Blount, Kei Hannah Brodersen, Ivan Cavdarevic, Giovanni Chiapponi, Nicole Citeroni, Simona Demková, Dimitrios Kafteranis, Pier Mario Lupinu, Branimir Stanimirov, Igor Tkalec, Carsten Ullrich and Panagiotis Zinonos.

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34

Dawson, Mark. New Governance in the EU after the Euro Crisis—Retired or Reborn? Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198817468.003.0005.

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This chapter explores the place of new modes of governance among the EU’s legal acts ‘after’ the onset of the sovereign debt and euro crises. While the last decade has seen a period of supposed decline in such instruments, the chapter argues that the euro crisis has returned an altered form of new governance to prominence as a way of managing complex, multilevel problems that traditional regulation cannot easily solve. The empirical drift back to new governance instruments is also examined normatively. Analysing the development of the European Semester, the chapter questions the suitability of new governance instruments to the harmonizing tasks to which they are currently being put. By abandoning the earlier focus of new governance on experimental policy learning between states, the EU may also be abandoning the most promising impact of new governance instruments on the EU’s legal architecture.

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Moseley, Mason W. Protest State. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190694005.001.0001.

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In the midst of an unprecedented era of democratic governments and economic prosperity, why are a record number of Latin American citizens choosing to participate in protests? This book argues that increasingly engaged citizenries, forged by economic progress and technological advances throughout the region, combined with dysfunctional political institutions have fueled more contentious modes of participation in Latin America, as citizens’ demands for government responsiveness have overwhelmed many regimes’ institutional capacity to provide it. Where weak institutions and active citizenries collide, countries can morph into “protest states,” where contentious participation becomes so common as to render it a conventional characteristic of everyday political life. Drawing on cross-national surveys from Latin America and a case study of Argentina, which includes a rich dataset of protest events and dozens of interviews with political elites and citizen activists, Moseley tests this explanation against other leading theories in the contentious politics literature. Rather than emphasizing how worsening economic conditions and mounting grievances fuel protest, this book builds the case that it is actually the improvement of economic conditions amid low-quality political institutions that lies at the root of surging contention in the region. In presenting and systematically defending this novel approach, Protest State offers a comprehensive multilevel, mixed-methods study of one of the most intriguing puzzles in Latin American politics today.

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Ruback, R. Barry. Economic Sanctions in Criminal Justice. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190682583.001.0001.

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Economic sanctions are court-imposed financial obligations aimed at punishing offenders (fines), funding the government (costs/fees, forfeitures), and compensating victims (restitution). This book examines economic sanctions in the United States, with a focus on the multilevel, multimethod research my students and I conducted in Pennsylvania. The 15 studies described in the book are multiplistic in terms of academic discipline (social psychology, criminology, law), levels of analysis (individual, county, state), actors within the system (victims, offenders, probation officers, district attorneys, judges), type of process involved (imposition, payment, rearrest), and research methods (analyses of state-level computerized archives, coding of county-level paper court and probation records, surveys of individuals, a field-experiment, and follow-up involving probationers). Most of the studies examined the imposition, payment, and effect of paying restitution. Research across methods indicated that offenders are often unable to pay their court-ordered sanctions, that restitution is generally not paid in full, and that both offenders and victims are responsive to procedural justice. Experimental results indicated that randomly assigned probationers delinquent in making payments who received letters informing them of the restitution amounts they owed were more likely to pay restitution and less likely to commit a new crime as compared to randomly assigned delinquent probationers who did not receive letters or who received letters giving them a rationale for payment. Three policy recommendations are made concerning what is fair and effective for victims, offenders, and society: (1) mandating restitution, (2) making fines contingent on ability to pay, and (3) ending the imposition of costs and fees.

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Bache, Ian, Ian Bartle, Greg Marsden i Matthew Flinders. Multilevel Governance and Climate Change: Insights from Transport Policy. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Incorporated, 2015.

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Bache, Ian, Ian Bartle, Greg Marsden i Matthew Flinders. Multilevel Governance and Climate Change: Insights from Transport Policy. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Incorporated, 2015.

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Bache, Ian, Ian Bartle, Greg Marsden i Matthew Flinders. Multilevel Governance and Climate Change: Insights from Transport Policy. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Incorporated, 2015.

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Petersmann, Ernst-Ulrich. Transforming World Trade and Investment Law for Sustainable Development. Oxford University PressOxford, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192858023.001.0001.

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Abstract Transforming World Trade and Investment Law for Sustainable Development explains why the 2030 UN Sustainable Development Agenda for ‘Transforming our World’—aimed at realizing ‘the human rights of all’ and seventeen agreed Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)—requires transforming the United Nations (UN) and World Trade Organization (WTO) legal systems, as well as international investment law and adjudication. UN and WTO law protect regulatory competition between diverse neo-liberal, state capitalist, European ordo-liberal, and third-world conceptions of multilevel trade and investment regulation. However, geopolitical rivalries and trade wars increasingly undermine transnational rule of law and effective regulation of market failures, governance failures, and constitutional failures. For example, the intergovernmental negotiations in the context of the 1992 UN Framework Convention on Climate Change have failed to prevent or considerably limit climate change. In order to prevent trade, investment, energy, and climate conflicts, sustainable development requires reforming trade, investment, and environmental rules and dispute settlement systems. The global health pandemics confirm the need for constitutional reforms of multilevel governance of global public goods. Investment law and adjudication must better reconcile governmental duties to protect human rights and decarbonize economies with the property rights of foreign investors. The constitutional, human rights, and environmental litigation in Europe enhances the legal accountability of democratic governments for protecting sustainable development, but European economic constitutionalism has been rejected by Anglo-Saxon neo-liberalism, China’s authoritarian state capitalism, and many third-world governments. The more that regional economic orders (like the China-led Belt and Road networks) reveal heterogeneity and power politics block UN and WTO reforms, the more the US-led neo-liberal world order risks disintegrating. UN and WTO law must promote private–public network governance, civil society participation, and stronger judicial accountability in order to stabilize and depoliticize multilevel governance of the SDGs.

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Doern, G. Bruce, i Burkard Eberlein. Governing the Energy Challenge: Canada and Germany in a Multilevel Regional and Global Context. University of Toronto Press, 2016.

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Kronsell, Annica. Gender and Governance. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.186.

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Gender has been conceptualized in various ways in the mainstream governance literature and critical feminist work. The relationship between the concepts of gender and governance can be viewed as governance of gender and gender governance. The governance of gender is related to the way in which the values that permeate governance reflect traditional gender regimes. On the other hand, gender governance concerns governance in policy areas that, in the first instance, directly deal with women's issues. Gender governance is about the attempts to change gender regimes by inserting new policies, procedures, and values through global and multilevel governance, for example via the UN and the EU. In feminist studies that have focused on the state, the literature that is of particular interest to governance studies looks at the role of the state in gender relations. It studies, for example, the representation of women in electoral bodies and parties, theorizes representation in political bodies, and looks at the organization of welfare politics. In the field of international relations, feminist scholars are particularly interested in exploring the gender aspects of globalization and how the neoliberal order organizes women's lives. Governance has also been explored in relation to the EU and the term multilevel governance has become a standard concept in EU studies. The concept gender regime or gender order has been used by many researchers who study gender governance in the EU context.

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43

De Vries, Catherine E. In or Out? Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198793380.003.0003.

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This chapter introduces a benchmark theory of public opinion towards European integration. Rather than relying on generic labels like support or scepticism, the chapter suggests that public opinion towards the EU is both multidimensional and multilevel in nature. People’s attitudes towards Europe are essentially based on a comparison between the benefits of the status quo of membership and those associated with an alternative state, namely one’s country being outside the EU. This comparison is coined the ‘EU differential’. When comparing these benefits, people rely on both their evaluations of the outcomes (policy evaluations) and the system that produces them (regime evaluations). This chapter presents a fine-grained conceptualization of what it means to be an EU supporter or Eurosceptic; it also designs a careful empirical measurement strategy to capture variation, both cross-nationally and over time. The chapter cross-validates these measures against a variety of existing and newly developed data sources.

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Huang, Xian. Social Protection under Authoritarianism. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190073640.001.0001.

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Why would authoritarian leaders expand social welfare provision in the absence of democratization? What are the distributive features and implications of social welfare expansion in an authoritarian country? How do authoritarian leaders design and enforce social welfare expansion in a decentralized multilevel governance setting? This book identifies the trade-off authoritarian leaders face in social welfare provision: effectively balancing coverage and benefits between elites and masses in order to maximize the regime’s survival prospects. Using government documents, field interviews, survey data, and government statistics about Chinese social health insurance, this book reveals that the Chinese authoritarian leaders attempt to manage the distributive trade-off by a “stratified expansion” strategy, establishing an expansive yet stratified social health insurance system to perpetuate a particularly privileged program for the elites while building an essentially modest health provision for the masses. In China’s decentralized multilevel governance setting, the stratified expansion of social health insurance is implemented by local leaders who confront various fiscal and social constraints in vastly different local circumstances. As a result, there is great regional variation in the expansion of social health insurance, in addition to the benefit stratification across social strata. The dynamics of central-local interaction in enforcing the stratified expansion of social health insurance stands at the core of the politics of health reform in China during the first decade of the 2000s. This book demonstrates that the strategic balance between elites and masses in benefit distribution is delicate in authoritarian and decentralized multilevel governance settings.

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Huntjens, Patrick, Ting Zhang i Katharina Nachbar. Climate Change and Implications for Security and Justice. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198805373.003.0007.

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This chapter examines state-of-the art research and thinking on the implications of climate change for security and justice, clarifying the linkages between them and identifying key governance challenges. Climate justice is about protecting the rights of the most vulnerable and sharing the burdens and benefits of climate change and responses to it equitably and fairly, at the state level as well as beyond the state, while safeguarding the rights of future generations. Broader conceptions of climate security as human security have prevailed, and no trend toward greater militarization of climate action is evident, but successful mitigation and adaptation strategies will be critical components of future peacebuilding work. The chapter ends with recommendations that provide potential pathways for policy and governance reform at multiple levels, both to make multilevel climate governance more fit for purpose, and to better anticipate and address the predicted security and justice implications of climate change.

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Ghahramani, Salar. Sovereign Wealth and the Extraterritorial Manipulation of Corporate Conduct. Redaktorzy Douglas Cumming, Geoffrey Wood, Igor Filatotchev i Juliane Reinecke. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198754800.013.27.

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Global legal harmonization is an aspect of transnational law whereby a family of norms is formed by a non-state legal order. Sovereign wealth funds (SWFs)—diverse in terms of their countries of origin, size, investment strategies, asset allocation tactics, and underlying purposes—contribute to the harmonization by setting and enforcing cross-border ethical norms and governance standards. This chaper examines aspects of SWFs as transnational lawmakers, a significant phenomenon for the global family of standards and a potential challenge for state-based legal orders. It examines SWF adoption of general legal principles and customs as advanced by a global civil society and through standardized contract forms and conduct codes; voluntary enactment of informal soft laws; and creation of norm-setting institutions. It concludes that SWFs are part of a diffused, multilevel, coordinated, political system that defies state-centric paradigms, contributing to the dynamism that defines transnational law while creating concerns related to legitimacy, democratic authority, and democratic deficit.

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Bowman, Matthew. Liberty and Order. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190280192.003.0005.

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This essay explores Mormonism’s paradoxical relationship with American free market capitalism. Examining a series of case studies from Mormonism’s past, as well as several important Mormon economic thinkers, I argue that there is no single “Mormon” position on economics. Rather, there are a variety of positions, from libertarian individualism to market-suspicious communitarianism, that various Mormons at various times have marshaled theological and historical resources to support. This complex constellation of ideas not only debunks the myth of Mormonism as a monolith but also sheds light on a wide range of contemporary Mormon economic behavior, from the state of Utah’s proliferation of con artists and multilevel marketing schemes to the church’s large welfare system.

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Powell, Byron J., Krystal G. Garcia i Maria E. Fernandez. Implementation Strategies. Redaktorzy David A. Chambers, Wynne E. Norton i Cynthia A. Vinson. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190647421.003.0007.

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Implementation strategies are methods or techniques that can be used to enhance the adoption, implementation, scale-up, and sustainment of evidence-based cancer control practices into routine care. This chapter defines implementation strategies, presents several taxonomies of implementation strategies that can be used to address multilevel implementation barriers, describes guidelines for reporting and specifying implementation strategies to ensure the efficient generation of knowledge and the replication of effective strategies in research and practice, briefly overviews the state of evidence for strategies, and suggests ways in which they can be carefully developed and applied to address the needs of specific contexts. The chapter concludes by presenting several research priorities related to implementation strategies.

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Moseley, Mason W. Contentious Engagement. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190694005.003.0003.

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This chapter examines the cross-national determinants of protest participation in Latin American democracies, testing several central expectations from the protest state theory. Drawing on data from the AmericasBarometer, a biennial survey conducted by the Latin American Public Opinion Project (LAPOP) from 2004 to 2014, and World Bank governance indicators, I use multilevel modeling techniques to evaluate how country-level institutional characteristics interact with individual-level indicators of political engagement to explain protest behavior. Rather than offering support for dominant grievance-based explanations of protest or theoretical perspectives couched solely within the resource mobilization or political opportunities traditions, I find that an interactive relationship between institutional context and civic engagement best explains why Latin Americans choose to protest.

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Ripamonti, Carla I., Alexandra M. Easson i Hans Gerdes. Bowel obstruction. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199656097.003.0143.

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In this chapter, malignant bowel obstruction is defined as the clinical presentation of patients with symptoms, signs, and radiographic evidence of obstruction to the transit of gastrointestinal contents caused by cancer, or the consequences of anticancer therapy including surgery, chemotherapy, or radiation therapy. Malignant bowel obstruction secondary to cancer or its treatments is encountered relatively frequently in supportive care as well as in in hospice/palliative care practice, carries a poor prognosis, and is associated with significant symptoms. Careful clinical assessment and an understanding of the patient’s disease trajectory are crucial in recommending the best way of providing palliation. In someone with a single-level obstruction and good functional status, surgery should be offered. Those with multilevel obstruction are almost never surgical candidates and should be managed with changes in oral intake and medications.

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