Rozprawy doktorskie na temat „Multigrade teaching”

One or the most significant unsolved issues in achieving Education for All is increasing the quality of education, especially among the most disadvantaged groups. In remote areas, where many of these groups live, primary schools are often organised as multigrade schools. In these schools. teachers are simultaneously responsible for two or more grades during one lesson period. However, multigrade teaching is often overlooked by both policy makers and researchers. Multigrade teachers are unsupported because mono grade teaching predominates. There is a very limited corpus of research on multigrade schools or multigrade teaching. This study aims to draw the attention of both policy makers and researchers to multigrade teaching in the context of Nepal. The research is framed by five research questions: (l) What arc the contemporary and historical system characteristics of multigrade teaching? (2) What are the characteristics of multigrade primary schools? (3) What are the practices of multigrade teaching? (4) What kind of models of im10vation and change best explain current teacher training? (5) Does current training address the problems of multigrade classrooms and improve knowledge, competence and performance of teachers? The study relies on needs-based (i. e. context and input), process and output evaluations of multigrade teacher training, conducted during twenty months of fieldwork. The main sources of evidence were observations. interviews, questionnaires, documentary analysis and focus group discussions. It can be assumed that multigrade schools are prevalent in Nepal. Although no clearly stated policies on multigrade teaching have been established, special in-service training for multigrade teaching is conducted. The practice of multigrade teaching in classrooms is diverse. Detailed observation identifies five different patterns of multigrade class organisation. This typology serves as a tool for both policy makers and researchers for understanding effective practice in the classroom. The evaluations trace the process of teacher training from the central to resource centre level, and eventually to the classrooms. Current training is inspired by diffusion-oriented models of innovation and change. While trainees gain knowledge and competence in 'practice teaching' during the training course, its final impact of the course on teacher performance in the classrooms remains modest. Problems in the training process are identified and recommendations for future improvements formulated.

This thesis presents a study of teaching in multigrade classes in primary schools in Vietnam. In a multigrade class a teacher teaches a number of students at different grade levels at the same time. The study focused on the following research questions: 1. What is the extent of multigrade teaching in Vietnam and associated problems? 2. How do teachers currently organise and manage teaching in multigrade classes in North Vietnam? 3. What factors hinder students' active participation in learning for health in multigrade schools? 4. How can the teaching of health in multigrade classrooms be improved to promote students' active learning? These research questions are addressed through a two-step methodology that develops case studies of current practice and then moves into an action research phase with teachers to improve the quality of learning and teaching of health. The action research process has been evaluated subjectively by the teachers and pupils and the impact on learning has been evaluated using an experimental/control design. The case studies provide a detailed analysis of classroom management in multigrade classes and highlight the passive nature of the current teaching/learning process. The action research phase demonstrates the barriers and constraints to increasing active learning in the Vietnamese multigrade and demonstrates how these constraints can be addressed. The results show that continuous development of teacher's professional skills can markedly improve their ability to manage teaching and learning in the multigrade classroom and improve the quality of health education. Key words: Multigrade, a teaching model for health, Child-to-Child, active learning, Vietnam.

The study focuses on prevalence, problems and effective strategies for multigrade teaching. Through an intervention, planned and implemented collaboratively with teachers, the study contributes to the improvement of multigrade teaching and status of primary education in Sri Lanka. The five research questions addressed by the field study were as follows: (i) What are the contextual characteristics of multigrade teaching rural schools? (ii) What are the current practices of multigrade teaching and the challenges faced by these multigrade teachers? (iii) What innovations could be planned to improve multigrade teaching? (iv) What is the nature of the intervention that could be made in collaboration with teachers to improve multigrade teaching? (v) What is the impact of the intervention? The action research framework developed to address these questions was a multi-phased field study. The sample area was confined to a rural education zone. Phase 1 involved condensed fieldwork in thirty eight schools and a study of multigrade practices through case studies in three schools. Phase 2 involved developing an innovative strategy for multigrade teaching and its adoption through an intervention with seventeen multigrade teachers from ten schools. Phase 3 studied the impact on student achievement through a pre- and post-test-one-control-group quasi-experimental design and obtaining feedback from teachers on their satisfaction. Multigrade teaching was found to be a necessity in a range of school contexts and their quality of teaching was unsatisfactory. During the intervention the innovative lesson planning strategy accompanied by a reorganisation of mathematics curriculum was adopted by multigrade teachers over a period of seven months. In-service support was provided through workshops and school visits. The impact of the intervention was positive. The study recommends policy adjustments for reorganisation of the national primary curricula to facilitate multigrade lesson planning, capacity building of teacher educators on multigrade teaching, incorporation of multigrade teaching in teacher education curricula accompanied by the use of collaborative frameworks in teacher capacity building. The recommendations for research include follow-up studies on the intervention, studies on prevalence of multigrade teaching, and small-scale action research to evolve successful multigrade classroom practices.

This study examines multigrade teaching in selected schools in Canada and its implications for improving multigrade teaching in South Africa, where over 50 % of primary schools are multigrade and the teachers have not received preparation in multigrade teaching. The case study method was adopted because it allowed for 'an intensive, holistic description and analysis' of the multigrade classroom. The approach is interpretivist, based on the assumption that social phenomena are 'socially constituted' and 'valuationally based'. Research techniques included a literature review, interviews and observations. Four classrooms with grade combinations ranging from two grades to eight grades (Kindergarten to grade 7) were studied. Despite problems such as the lack of official recognition, inadequate teacher education and support - problems common to both Canada and South Africa - the Canadian teachers managed their classrooms effectively. This was indicated by their understanding of the children's needs, their integration of the curriculum for teaching across the grades and the learning areas, their use of effective instructional strategies and their involyement of parents in the classroom. A reason for their success may be that their teacher education includes child-centred, activity based approaches, integration of the curriculum, critical thinking, flexibility and effective instructional strategies, which they may adapt for effective multigrade teaching. The study found that successful multigrade teaching depended on the teacher. For South Africa, this may imply that intervention programmes should focus on relevant preparation and support for multigrade teachers. The emphasis on material resources in the implementation of Curriculum 2005 has not been balanced with adequate training on policy, curriculum and instructional strategies. Teacher education should include methodologies that are experiential, reflective and participatory. A variety of instructional strategies should be employed in the multigrade classroom. The respondents in the study believed further that multigrade teaching is more beneficial than single-grade teaching because it caters for the diversity of needs amongst children and allows for peer tutoring, thereby exploiting Vygotsky's theory of the 'zone of proximal development'. Thus, instead of viewing multigrade teaching as a temporary phenomenon, it should be viewed as an opportunity for improving school effectiveness.

Thesis (MEd)--Stellenbosch University, 2014.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Multigrade teaching has been used in Namibia since the introduction of formal education; however, it became more prominent after independence, when the government proposed it to be the norm. Yet, regardless of its prevalence in rural schools – as high as 40% – qualified teachers are still not trained to teach multigrade classes. The primary aim of the research study therefore was to investigate multigrade teaching at three rural primary schools in the Ncuncuni circuit in the Kavango region. By employing a phenomenological methodology, the study explores the experiences and challenges as encountered in multigrade classrooms by six teachers. While a number of the challenges are common to experiences in typical monograde classrooms in Namibia – such as shortages of resources, poor parental involvement, and high rates of learner attrition – there are others that are specific to a multigrade setting. Given the growing number of multigrade schools in Namibia, particularly in rural settings, where infrastructure is already poor, the urgency for properly trained multigrade teachers can no longer be ignored. Among the key recommendations made by this study is that appropriate and sufficient teaching and learning materials, such as self-instructional and self-learning materials, should be provided to schools offering multigrade teaching. In acknowledging that the introduction of professional training will take time, and that the current teachers in multigrade classrooms are in dire need of support, the study would also like to recommend support from regional offices in the form of specialist advisers. There are numerous teachers in multigrade classrooms – many of whom will never receive any formal training. These teachers require immediate and on-going support if the Ministry of Education hopes to provide quality teaching and learning to learners.

The purpose of this study was to examine the training and development of teachers in multi-grade teaching in selected Eastern Cape primary schools with a particular focus on the integration of vertical and horizontal knowledge in post-training. Multigrade teaching is the combining of learners of different grade levels in one classroom taught by one teacher. To gain better understanding of the construct of vertical and horizontal integration of knowledge within post-training environment, this qualitative case study design sampled eight teachers, four school principals and three trainers, purposively. In order to evaluate the training and development provided for teachers in multi-grade classrooms the researcher examined the training programmes, the training curriculum and transfer of training inputs. The results of the study indicate that post-training is the determinant of the extent of the effectiveness of the transfer of training skills, knowledge and attitudes gained in multi-grade teaching training. The study found a massive gap that currently exists between training in multi-grade teaching and the actual transferability of such training in multi-grade contexts. Positive transfer of training in multi-grade teaching strategies was found to be skills related to teaching strategies, lesson management, curriculum integration and social components of multi-grade teaching. Negative transfer of training included classroom organisation, lesson planning, timetabling, curriculum adaptation and assessment. Although multi-grade teacher training programme is assumed to change behaviours, attitudes, impart knowledge and improve teaching skills, the results of the study indicate that training inputs might not necessarily transform into classroom practice. In order to facilitate and ensure vertical and horizontal integration of knowledge and skills and transfer of training to classroombased teaching, recurrent training in multi-grade teaching is therefore, suggested.

A full dissertation submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master in Education Presented to the Faculty of Education and Social Sciences at the Cape Peninsula University of Technology 2014
Writing in rural multigrade Foundation Phase schools is a largely negelected area for research and teacher development. Even those teaching multigrade classes are not sure how to approach it. There are almost no regulations or guidelines in PIRLS or government documents and reports. Nevertheless multigrade rural schooling is prevalant throughout South Africa. This gap between widespread practice and lack of theoretical acknowledgement or knowledge prompted this study. For the purposes of this study two rural multigrade Foundation Phase classes were selected in the Northern District of the Western Cape. This study answers one main question: What writing practices are being implemented in these two rural Foundation Phase multigrade classes? Two sub-questions are: How do the two Foundation Phase teachers teach writing skills to rural multigrade learners? What challenges do these two Foundation Phase teachers experience when teaching writing? Lack of research in this area required considerable time to consolidate an appropriate research methodology. To establish a scientific structure for this research certain theoretical approaches were adopted. Socio-cultural theories of learning, particularly focusing on Bronfenbrenner’s socio-ecological model, Vygotsky’s Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) and social constructivism were used. Piaget’s developmental contributions add to this research project. Cambourne’s principles and strategies were invaluable in understanding constructivism in a language classroom. Because this was a pioneering research project it took over four years to complete analysis of data from the schools and link it to the theoretical framework. A qualitative interpretative case study research design was specifically formulated to provide an objective understanding of the research questions. The data were analysed qualitatively. Four themes emerged from sub-question one and include: the pedagogy of teaching writing in a multigrade class, the importance of creating a writing ethos in the classroom, elements of writing and supporting learners in the writing process. The following six themes were identified in answering sub-question two: teacher challenges, poor socio-economic backgrounds, writing support from the WCED, creating a writing ethos including discipline, parental literacy and learner challenges. In conclusion, this research indicates that multigrade education is, far from being a recalcitrant problem or cause for apology, useful as a template for curriculum development in many other areas of education. Multigrade education provides a realistic and flexible tool for meeting urgent educational problems.

The Namibian curriculum favours knowledge with understanding and application of knowledge and skills, because facts that are learned with understanding are easier to remember. This made learners to be able to represent mathematical situations in different ways and for different purposes. It also motivates teachers to contextualise the content to make mathematics teaching and learning more interesting and enjoyable to teachers and learners. However, some mathematics teachers are challenged by being required to teach multigrade classes, due to a massive response to improved access to education.Multigrade teaching is seen as a difficult practice especially when teachers are not well prepared to teach combined grades. This case study focused on the teaching of mathematics at Upper Primary Phase. An Interpretive paradigm was used to understand the teachers’ experiences and their teaching ethods. Hence the study aimed to investigate how teachers deliver their mathematics lessons in multigrade classrooms, considering the good practices and challenges that may occur. The findings revealed that teachers mostly use their monograde pedagogical knowledge,resulting in using quasi-monograde with a common timetable approach when teaching mathematics in multigrade settings. Although learners have access to the common mathematics syllabus, the quality of teaching the subject in multigrade classrooms seems to be affected due to the lack of teacher training in multigrade teaching. Also, equity and democracy need to be considered more than it currently is in terms of resource distribution to multigrade schools. Good practice of multigrade teaching existed in building on lower grade competencies, introducing lessons with common activities, as well as the concentration on lower grades which make learners independent. However, insufficient time, lack of knowledge in multigrade and curriculum knowledge in particular seem to challenge teachers and learners. Therefore, multigrade teachers need to be part of curriculum development for them to master the syllabus. These teachers will assist in developing multigrade resources for integration, contextualisation and more enrichment activities for high achievers.

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Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos
This thesis entitled "Professionalism in Teacher Rural Education analyzes the process of formation of the teaching profession of educators in the field of Breves riversidemultigrade classes on the island of Marajó, state of Pará, through the subject matter of teaching based on its implications professional educators in in rural areas in multigrade classesriverside. This involved the following research question: For what reasons and educational practices that constitute the teaching profession of educators from the field in multigrade classes riverside? This, from the perspective of the discussion of knowledge base, while professional competence of professionalism that transcends the domain of skills and techniques and emerges from the interaction between moral obligation and commitment to the community where the school is; professional development of teaching from the standpoint of studies of Rural Education. This study was conducted under the framework of investigative historical and dialectical materialism and the contour ethnographic research in order to characterize the work in the multigrade teaching riparian profiles and attitudes of educators teaching intervention in the schooling process, institutional contribution to the teachers in the field and some aspects of community organization with respect to the structuring of schooling processes and dynamics of human development in rural areas.
Esta tese intitulada Profissionalidade docente na Educação do Campo objetiva analisar o processo de constituição da profissionalidade docente de educadores do campo em turmas multisseriadas ribeirinhas de Breves, na ilha de Marajó, estado do Pará. Tem seu objeto de estudo na ação educativa em escolas multisseriadas e suas implicações no desenvolvimento profissional da docência de educadores do campo. Para tanto, contou com a seguinte questão de pesquisa: Por quais fundamentos e práticas educativas se constitui a profissionalidade docente de educadores do campo em turmas multisseriadas ribeirinhas? Isto, tendo em vista que a profissionalidade enquanto competência profissional no campo, transcende o domínio de habilidades e técnicas e emerge a partir da interação entre o compromisso político, para com a competência técnica e o domínio científico, junto às comunidades em que estão sediadas as escolas em que trabalham os docentes da Educação do Campo. Este estudo se desenvolveu sob a perspectiva de análise do materialismo histórico-dialético e da pesquisa de contorno etnográfico em função da necessária análise e da caracterização dos trabalhos docentes na multissérie ribeirinha. Além de se investigar acerca dos perfis e posturas das intervenções didáticas deflagradas pelos educadores do campo em meio ao processo de escolarização no campo. O aporte institucional usufruído pelos docentes da Educação do Campo e as limitações e possibilidades de seus engajamentos na organização comunitária também foram observados e analisados neste trabalho. O que se deu em função da importância que possuem tais elementos na estruturação das práticas de escolarização e nas dinâmicas de formação humana que atravessam de modo central a constituição da profissionalidade docente na Educação do Campo.

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Milton Valente
Este estudo trata da história do ensino rural no período de 1940 a 2009, a partir da memória de oito professoras e dois professores que atuaram em classes multisseriadas da rede pública municipal, na região de Lomba Grande, município de Novo Hamburgo/RS. Memórias são analisadas sob a perspectiva do tempo social, no sentido que trata Halbwachs, envolvendo recordações coletivas desse grupo de sujeitos: quando a memória permite aos sujeitos assumir o seu lugar na rede das relações sociais inscritas no contexto, a prática social torna-se decisiva para compreensão da prática de um grupo. A pesquisa, de natureza qualitativa, utiliza a metodologia da História Oral, valendo-se de entrevistas semi-estruturadas, além da análise documental a partir de documentos escritos (documentos oficiais, leis, decretos, imagens e demais documentos impressos e manuscritos), encontrados ao longo do percurso investigativo. Sob o referencial da História Cultural, a análise está estruturada em duas dimensões: as memórias de formação e as memórias da prática pedagógica. Assim, a partir das trajetórias deste grupo de professores, complementada por demais dados empíricos, foi possível compreender um significativo percurso da história da educação pública municipal rural, constatando-se três fases distintas: os primeiros tempos, quando se processa a constituição das Escolas Isoladas; uma segunda fase, aqui caracterizada como a consolidação da escola pública em Lomba Grande; e a terceira, aqui considerada como a fase de reestruturação da escola pública rural. Quanto às memórias de formação, constatou-se a influência da representação docente acerca dos tempos de alunos de mestre-único. Sobre as memórias de prática, evidenciaram-se aspectos referentes a estratégias construídas pelos professores para darem continuidade a sua escolarização, construindo formas próprias de qualificar seu trabalho em classes multisseriadas.
This study approach around multigrade classes teachers memories, building history of rural education (1940-2009), at the region of Lomba Grande, the city of New Hamburg/ RS/Brazil. Memories are analyzed from the social time Halbwachs perspective: when memory allows individuals to take his place in the network of social relations inscribed within the social practice, is crucial to understanding the practice of a group. The research was qualitative, with the methodology of oral history, by semi-structured interviews, and also documentary analysis from written documents (official documents, laws, decrees, images and other printed and manuscripts documents), founded along the course of investigation. Under the frame of Cultural History, the analysis is structured in two dimensions: teaching formations memories and the teaching practices memories. Thus, from the trajectories of this group of teachers, complemented by other empirical data, its possible to understand a significant route of the history of rural local public education, there being three distinct phases: the first time, when processing the constitution of Isolated Schools and a second phase, characterized as the consolidation of Lomba Grande public school, and the third, regarded here as the phase of restructuring rural public school in that place. The formations memories allowed visualize the single master representation atteaching students time. On the other hand, teaching practices memories brings up strategies built by the teachers for their own education, creating forms to qualify the multigrade classes work.

O Centro de Estudos de Línguas (CEL) é um projeto da Secretaria da Educação do governo do estado de São Paulo que oferece aos alunos da rede estadual e, em alguns casos da rede municipal, cursos gratuitos de línguas estrangeiras. Devido à evasão de alunos e ao baixo número de matrículas em alguns idiomas, a cada estágio as turmas ficam menores, exigindo a formação de salas multisseriadas para garantir ao estudante a continuação e a conclusão do curso. As classes multisseriadas dos CEL são compostas por discentes de várias idades e que possuem diferentes níveis de conhecimento da língua estrangeira. Nossa pesquisa tem como objetivo analisar as estratégias de ensino que os professores de língua italiana dos CEL utilizam para ensinar nas turmas multisseriadas. Fomos orientados pela hipótese de que os professores do CEL empregariam estratégias de ensino iguais ou parecidas às aplicadas pelos docentes que lecionam no ensino multisseriado da zona rural. Para a realização desta pesquisa, fizemos uma revisão sobre o funcionamento dos CEL, sobre as salas multisseriadas do campo e sobre as estratégias de ensino adotadas no contexto multisseriado e em aulas de línguas estrangeiras. Com o propósito de alcançar o nosso objetivo, adotamos a metodologia qualitativa e escolhemos o questionário on-line e a entrevista individual, semiestruturada como técnicas de coleta de dados. As participantes do estudo são professoras de italiano de grupos multisseriados de Centros de Estudos de Línguas da capital e da Grande São Paulo. Cruzamos os dados obtidos pelas duas técnicas e analisamos as três estratégias de ensino mais presentes no discurso das professoras. Comprovamos que as docentes usam estratégias que também podem ser verificadas na zona rural, ou seja, organização dos espaços físico e social, administração do tempo e emprego dos materiais didáticos. O espaço social é mais valorizado que o físico, o que conta é o aprimoramento da aprendizagem e a interação entre os estudantes de estágios diferentes. O tempo é administrado muitas vezes de forma inconsciente, mas está sempre presente na organização do atendimento dos diferentes estágios. O livro didático é essencial, todavia há um empenho em criar outras atividades empregando vários tipos de materiais. A análise nos mostrou que a maioria das professoras decidiu ensinar com os grupos organizados de maneira multisseriada. Na ausência de uma orientação pedagógica específica e do reconhecimento do Estado, as docentes, por meio da prática, criam a forma própria de lecionar, esforçam-se em adequar estratégias de ensino para cada turma.
The Language Study Center (LSC) is a governmental project of the Education Secretariat of the São Paulo State that offers for the students from state and, in some cases from the municipal, free courses in foreign languages. Due to the evasion students and low number of enrollments in some languages, each stage classes are smaller, requiring the formation of multigrade classrooms to ensure students the continuation and completion of the course. The multigrade classes of LSC are composed of students of different ages and have different levels of knowledge of a foreign language. Our research aims to analyze the use of instructional strategies to teach by the italian teachers in multigrade classes of LSC. We were guided by the assumption that LSC teachers employ teaching strategies in the same way or similar to those applied by the teachers who teach in multigrade teaching the countryside. For this research, we have made a review of the functioning of multigrade classrooms and the teaching strategies adopted for foreign language classes in multigrade context. In order to achieve our goal, we adopted a qualitative methodology choosing the online questionnaire and individual interviews, semi-structured as data collection techniques and well. Study participants are italian teachers of multigrade classes from São Paulo Language Study Centers. We crossed the data obtained by the two techniques and analyze the three instructional strategies more present in the discourse of teachers. We have proved that the teachers use strategies that can also be checked in the countryside, that is, related to physical and social space, time and materials. The social space is more valued than the physical, what counts is the improvement of learning and interaction among students of different stages. Time is administered often unconsciously, but is always present in the organization of care of the different stages. The textbook is essential, but there is a commitment to create other activities using various materials. The analysis has shown that most teachers decided to teach in organized groups multisseriate way. In the absence of a specific tutoring and state recognition, the teachers, through practice, create their own way of teaching, strive to adapt instructional strategies for each class.

Esta tese teve como objetivo geral analisar as concepções pedagógicas que se materializam na prática dos professores das escolas multisseriadas e se expressam o ideário Por uma Educação do Campo conforme está posto nas políticas educacionais para essa modalidade de ensino. Tem-se como referência teórica o ideário da pedagogia histórico-crítica, cujas bases epistemológicas estão alicerçadas na concepção marxista, o que possibilita a apreensão dos processos pedagógicos sob os aspectos da finalidade e objetivo da educação. A problemática da pesquisa parte da indagação: Em que medida as práticas pedagógicas dos professores das escolas multisseriadas assumem e expressam as concepções de educação que estão presentes nas políticas educacionais, destinadas à educação do campo? As hipóteses de estudo são as de que 1. as práticas dos professores do meio rural estão ancoradas em uma perspectiva diferente da postulada pela concepção Por uma Educação do Campo e materializadas nas políticas educacionais. No entanto, tanto as práticas dos professores como as políticas educacionais seguem a égide do neoliberalismo, o que contribui para a fragilidade da luta dos trabalhadores que vivem no campo; 2. a pedagogia histórico-crítica (phc), ao defender o acesso ao conhecimento científico, produzido historicamente pela humanidade e por uma escola única, de forma a contribuir para a formação de sujeitos críticos, atuantes e conscientes da necessidade da transformação social, apresenta-se como alternativa de superação das propostas baseadas nos princípios teóricos do neoliberalismo. A tese central é de que os professores que trabalham nas classes multisseriadas não compreendem as teorias educacionais, entre elas, a PHC, nem a concepção por uma educação do campo para aplicá-las na prática. A pesquisa de campo foi realizada em escolas com classes multisseriadas de dois municípios da região do Bico do Papagaio/TO: Tocantinópolis e Araguatins. Como procedimentos de investigação, usaram-se as seguintes técnicas: pesquisa bibliográfica, pesquisa documental, pesquisa de campo, grupo focal, entrevista e questionário. Por meio da pesquisa, constatou-se que por seguirem a política educacional oficializada pelo Estado, estes municípios obedecem às prerrogativas postas nos documentos oficiais que foram feitas com base em acordos internacionais que, por sua vez, estão baseados no relatório Jacques Delors das Nações Unidas sobre a educação para o século XXI. No entanto, as práticas dos professores das escolas multisseriadas, apresentam desconhecimento das concepções pedagógicas contidas nos documentos oficiais e no ideário por uma educação do campo, porém, acabam por contribuir com o projeto ideológico da classe dominante, mesmo de forma não intencional. Com isso, evidencia-se que as práticas pedagógicas e as políticas educacionais para o campo seguem a égide do neoliberalismo, de forma que fragiliza a promoção consciência crítica do trabalhador rural na perspectiva de superação da sociedade de classe.
This thesis aims to analyze the educational conceptions into teachers` practice in multigrade schools an express the main idea called Por uma Educação do Campo acording to educational policy to this modality teaching. As a teorical reference this study is based on Historical-Critical Pedagogy, whose the espitemological focus are reaseoned onto a marxist theory, which get a possibility to perceive the pedagogical process under the education goal. The main question used to carry out this research is: In what extend the educational practice of multigrade teachers assumes and express the conceptions of education that are present in the educational policies, delivered to the rural education? The hypotheses are: 1. The practice of rural teachers are based on a different approach from the conception Por uma Educação do Campo and founded on educational policy. However, both teacher`s practice and educational policy, follow the neoliberalism support, contributing to make fragile the struggle of the workers that living in rural area; 2. The historical-critical pedagogy theory, support that people must have access to the scientific knowledge made historically by humanity and in a unique education, in terms of contribute to personal development in a critical way and become aware of the need of social transformation . This idea presents as a choice to overcome the proposals based on neoliberalism orign. The main idea is that teachers working in multigrade class do not understand the educational theory as the Historical-Critical Pedagogy or even By a Field Education conception in a way that enables them to make it in practice. The reseach was conducted in rural schools with multigrade class in two cities at the Papagaio Beak / TO area: Tocantinópolis and Araguatins. The reseach methods used were the bibliografic reseach, documentary reseach, locus reseach, focus group, interview ans questionary. Through the research, it was found that by following the educational policy made official by the State, these cities obey the prerogatives put in the official documents that were made based on international agreements that are based on the Jacques Delors` report of the United Nations on education for the 21st century. However, the multigrade teachers` practices in schools present a gap of knowledge of the pedagogical conceptions into the the official recommendation and the ideals of Por uma Educação no Campo, nevertheless it contributing to the ideological project of the dominant social class, even in an unintentional way. Its makes evident that both pedagogical practice and rural educational policy follow the neoliberalism origin making fragile the awareness for the rural worker in terms of overcome the class society.

Este trabalho de pesquisa objetiva promover o reconhecimento do contexto de ensino dos Centros de Estudos de Línguas (CEL), instituições mantidas pelo Governo do Estado de São Paulo por meio de um projeto que busca promover o acesso a jovens vinculados à rede estadual de ensino ao estudo de uma língua estrangeira, no contraturno do seu horário de estudo regular. Dessa forma, propomos verificar o percurso do ensino do Francês como Língua Estrangeira (FLE) nessas instituições e refletir sobre a adequação das estratégias de ensino utilizadas pelo professor ao contexto de ensino e de aprendizagem das turmas multisseriadas. Acreditamos que a abordagem acional, privilegiada pelo Cadre européen commun de référence pour les langues (CECRL)1, referencial para o ensino de línguas na Europa, pode contribuir para a harmonização das competências, das habilidades e dos conteúdos desenvolvidos bem como para a aproximação dos alunos que integram tais grupos. A fim de atingir tais objetivos, propomos um estudo teórico dos documentos oficiais referentes à criação e à implementação dos CEL e também daqueles que procuram oferecer diretrizes metodológicas para o ensino de idiomas. Buscamos, ainda, analisar os dados coletados em: entrevistas com os docentes do CEL, observação de aulas de FLE nesses estabelecimentos e relatórios de estágio de graduandos futuros professores de línguas em turmas multisseriadas, estabelecendo uma aproximação entre as estratégias de ensino que realmente são postas em prática pelo professor e averiguando em que medida a abordagem acional pode contribuir para o processo de ensino e de aprendizagem de línguas estrangeiras nesse contexto.
This research aims at promoting the understanding of the teaching context in Language Study Centers (CEL), institutions which enable students enrolled in any public school to study a second language after their regular school day. The CEL project is entirely supported by the São Paulo State Government. Therefore, this study aims at assessing the effectiveness of teaching French as a foreign language (FFL) in Language Centers, and reflect upon the adequacy of the teaching strategies adopted by teachers in their multigrade classes. We believe that the action-oriented approach adopted in the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR), which guides language teaching in Europe, may contribute not only to the use of content, abilities, and competencies developed in the classroom, but also to bringing together the students in CEL groups. In order to achieve such goals, this study proposes a theoretical study of the official documents addressing the creation and implementation of Language Centers. We will also analyze the documents that structure the methodological guidelines for language teaching. Finally, we will assess the data gathered from interviews with CEL teachers, classroom observation, and reports written by undergraduate students, who are likely to become French teachers in multigrade classrooms. Our goal is to establish an approximation between teaching strategies that are actually applied during classes and observe to what extent the action-oriented approach can contribute to foreign language teaching and the learning process in the CEL context.

碩士
國立嘉義大學
教育學系研究所
106
On the trend of the miniaturization scale of rural remote school, multigrade teaching system becomes an important method for the small school to manage innovatively. How the rural remote school imports into and implements multigrade teaching system, and in the early age of implementation, getting the result and evaluation will be the key problems in this study.The study used the qualitative case study method. Purposive sampling was used to select a rural remote school of central Taiwan, which had implemented "multigrade and mutiage teaching project" of K-12 Education Administration, Ministry of Education. Using intensive interviews to collect data, we interviewed a total of two students, four teachers, one director of academic affairs and the principle. Through data analysis, the implications of the study show that rural remote school have to face the irreversible trend of becoming smaller in size, need to react earlier and try to implement mutigrade teaching. According to the demand for the welfare of student`s learning that will make it easier to get acceptance and support from those have relationship with the project. When rural remote school wants to implement multigrade teaching, they need to fully communicate with others and get the foundation of shared vision. The implementation of mutigrade teaching is based on the conditions of school operation, and combing available teaching resource and teachers. If the school has abundant performance of running the school, it will be much easier to get rid of resistance and implement mutigrade teaching smoothly. We can`t reach the progress of mutigrade teaching effect rapidly, it needs time and we need to look on the bright side of frustration when we met.