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School), Modifying Tobacco Consumption (Conference) (1994 St George's Hospital Medical. Modifying tobacco consumption: Psychologicaland behavioural approaches : a one-day multi-disciplinary conference led by Hamid Ghodse, Friday 4th March 1994 : conference proceedings. London: St George's Hospital Medical School, 1994.
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Eriksson, John. Toward Country-led Development: A Multi-partner Evaluation of the Comprehensive Development Framework. The World Bank, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1596/0-8213-5669-0.
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Toward country-led development: A multi-partner evaluation of the comprehensive development framework ; synthesis report. Washington, DC: World Bank, 2003.
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Toward country-led development: A multi-partner evaluation of the comprehensive development framework : findings from six country case studies. Washington, DC: World Bank, 2003.
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Whiting, Rebecca, Helen Roby, Gillian Symon i Petros Chamakiotis. Participant-led video diaries. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198796978.003.0010.
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Rebecca Whiting, Helen Roby, Gillian Symon, and Petros Chamakiotis develop an unconventional research design using video methods, asking participants to produce their own video diaries, a process which is then followed by narrative interviews. This approach generates multi-modal data: audio, visual, and textual, and involves adopting a qualitative perspective, and a social constructionist epistemology. This participant-led research design allows researchers to investigate a range of issues that are not often recalled in interviews or surveys, by capturing naturally occurring, real-time events and activities, and micro-interactions including non-verbal behaviours. Although video methods are used in other disciplines, they are rare in organizational research. The approach is illustrated by a study which explored how digital technologies affect our ability to manage switches across work-life boundaries. Analysis of participants’ video diaries illustrates the theoretical and reflexive insights that can be gained from this method. The problems and pitfalls encountered in this study are also considered.
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Omorogbe, Yinka, i Ada Okoye Ordor. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198819837.003.0001.
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The research collaboration that led to the production of this book was supported by the TY Danjuma Fund for Law and Policy Development at the University of Cape Town. The primary collaboration between the Centre for Comparative Law in Africa (CCLA) at the University of Cape Town (UCT) and the Nigerian Institute of Advanced Legal Studies (NIALS) was established in 2014 as the CCLA–NIALS partnership—a fundamental term of the TY Danjuma endowment at UCT. The editors therefore express their gratitude to General TY Danjuma GCON for the generous and far-sighted support of this collaborative model of Africa-focused research. Indeed, African investment in collaborative and multi-disciplinary research such as this exemplifies the multi-stakeholder input that needs to foreground any meaningful intervention in Africa’s developmental issues, including the pervasive issue of energy access....
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Cassidy, Jim, Donald Bissett, Roy A. J. Spence OBE, Miranda Payne i Gareth Morris-Stiff. Surgical oncology. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199689842.003.0003.
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Cancer is a disease of the genes. In the last two decades new technologies have allowed us to interrogate the genome more efficiently and faster. This has led to new therapies and improved understanding of cancers. It is clear the few cancers are caused by just one gene defect and in these rare cases the defective gene or its product is a target for therapeutic intervention. The bigger challenge now is to use this paradigm against multi-genic cancers which are far more common and more complex in their genetic makeup.
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Taylor, Roger E., Barry L. Pizer, Nancy Tarbell, Alba A. Brandes i Stephen Lowis. Embryonal and pineal tumours. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199651870.003.0009.
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Embryonal tumours account for 20% of paediatric central nervous system (CNS) tumours. Medulloblastoma (MB), the most frequent, arises in the cerebellum. Clinical strategies have been based on series of multi-institutional trials since the 1970s. Recent understanding of the influence of molecular/biological factors has led to subdivision into four distinct subtypes with differing clinical and prognostic profiles, on which stratification is now based. Management of MB in adults is largely based on principles of managing children, modified according to differing clinical and toxicity profiles. Molecular analysis has led to the understanding that what was previously referred to as CNS-PNET comprise a heterogeneous group of tumours with a significant proportion representing other histologies. Atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumour (AT/RT) carries mutations in the gene hSNF5/INI1 in most cases, with many now associated with an improved prospect of long-term survival. Pineal tumours have similar clinical presentations, comprising a heterogeneous mix of histologies from pineocytoma through to pineoblastoma.
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Bi, Xiaojun, Brian Smith, Tom Ouyang i Shumin Zhai. Soft Keyboard Performance Optimization. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198799603.003.0006.
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Optimization techniques have played a vital role in improving the performance (i.e., input speed and accuracy) of soft keyboards. This chapter introduces the challenges, methodologies, and results of keyboard performance optimization. Leveraging the robust human motor control phenomena manifested in text entry, we used the Metropolis random walk algorithm, and Pareto multi-objective optimization method to optimize the keyboard layout and a soft keyboard decoder. The optimization led to layouts that shorten finger travel distance and improve the input speed as well as accuracy over the Qwerty layout, and a soft keyboard decoder with improved correction and completion ability.
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Wright, Julian. Socialists and their History. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199533589.003.0003.
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This chapter provides the first detailed survey of the multi-author work, led by Jean Jaurès, to write a socialist history of modern France. It explores the specific context in which the work was produced, restoring the intellectual networks and personal connections that made the project possible, and then focuses in particular on the way Jaurès’ collaborators wrote about the social movement from the 1790s to 1900. There was a concern through most of the volumes to try and understand the flow of time in the nineteenth century as being different from that of the twentieth century; the socialist historians wanted to mark their own era as being different to that of the revolution, but also thereby to recapture the moments of past injustice and suffering in a popular, widely read narrative.
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Balkelis, Tomas. State Failure, Social Disaster, and Refugee Politics During the Great War. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199668021.003.0002.
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This chapter focuses on the transformative effect that the outbreak of the Great War and German occupation had on the civilians in Lithuania. It traces the early war experience of local Catholic and Lutheran Lithuanian peasants and Jews. The focus here is on their emotional responses to war and everyday strategies of survival in the context of various German occupation policies. The experiences of locally mobilized conscripts are also discussed to track down their personal transformations from civilians into soldiers, as well as the massive displacement of war refugees and the emergence of refugee relief networks. The chapter argues that the German policy to introduce ethnic markers among the multi-ethnic population of Lithuania as a means of more efficient colonial control led to its nationalization and the increase of social and ethnic tensions.
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Plastics in Automotive Engineering 2017. VDI Verlag, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.51202/9783182443483.
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Foreword Engineering plastics, fiber-reinforced composites and multifunctional plastic composites provide ongoing support to the modern automotive industry today. In many cases multi-functional tools and automated processes make particularly economic system solutions possible. Additive manufacturing in combination with plastics already has a great potential today for producing individual, tailor-made component concepts, above all for small production runs. Lightweight construction, an attractive look and feel for the interior, and active and passive safety stand right at the forefront of new automotive developments today. Innovations in plastics technology have a direct influence on tomorrow’s vehicle concepts. Mixed construction with plastic composites, natural fiber applications, overmolded and inmold film laminated parts, LED- and OLED-based lighting technologies, and also optically and haptically optimized display and operating concepts make tailored system solutions possible...
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Ocampo, José Antonio. Reforming the (Non)System. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198718116.003.0007.
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This chapter proposes a comprehensive yet evolutionary reform of the global monetary non-system that evolved out of the breakdown of the original Bretton Woods arrangement in the early 1970s. The recent North Atlantic financial crisis showed how dysfunctional the current international monetary and financial architecture is for managing today’s global economy, and led to calls to reform it. Proposals for reform in this chapter include: (i) a global reserve system that mixes the multi-currency arrangement with an active use of the International Monetary Fund’s Special Drawing Rights; (ii) stronger mechanisms of macroeconomic policy cooperation, including management of the exchange rate system and capital account regulations; (iii) additional automatic balance-of-payments financing facilities, and the complementary use of swap and regional arrangements; (iv) a multilateral sovereign debt workout mechanism; and (v) major reforms of the system’s governance.
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Suodenjoki, Sami, Kirsti Salmi-Niklander, Mikko-Olavi Seppälä, Päivi Salmesvuori, Anna Rajavuori, Mikko Pollari i Anne Heimo, red. Lannistumaton. Matti Kurikan haaveet ja haaksirikot kolmella mantereella. SKS Finnish Literature Society, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21435/skst.1481.
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Indomitable. Matti Kurikka's dreams and failures on three continents Matti Kurikka (1863–1915) is a multi-dimensional and controversial character in Finnish history. He was a playwright, a journalist, a socialist, and a theosophist, as well as a speaker for sexual emancipation and women's rights. Kurikka was born in Ingria, and his activities spanned not only Finland, but also Australia and North America, in both of which he led utopian communities. This biographical study explores Kurikka as a literary and political figure and a builder of utopias, whose life opens fascinating views on the societal and cultural currents of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The book critically re-evaluates earlier research on Kurikka and highlights forgotten phases of his life by using new source materials found in three continents. The sources include digitized newspapers and periodicals, Kurikka's plays and non-fictional books, oral history, and political cartoons.
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Keating, Michael, i Matt Waldman, red. War and Peace in Somalia. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190947910.001.0001.
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For the last thirty years Somalia has experienced violence and upheaval. Today, the international effort to help Somalis build a federal state and achieve stability is challenged by deep-rooted grievances, local conflicts and a powerful insurgency led by Al-Shabaab. This book constitutes a unique compendium of insights into the insurgency and its impact. It explores the legacies of past violence, especially impunity, illegitimacy, and exclusion, and the need for national reconciliation. Drawing on decades of experience and months of field research, the chapters throw light on diverse forms of local conflict, its interrelated causes, and what can be done about it. Original research is shared on the role of women, men, and youth in the conflict, and new insight into Al-Shabaab is presented — particularly the group's multi-dimensional strategy, the motivations of its fighters, their foreign links, and the prospects for engagement. The book illuminates the war in Somalia and sets out what can and should be done to bring it to an end.
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Hickey, Sam, Tom Lavers, Miguel Niño-Zarazúa i Jeremy Seekings, red. The Politics of Social Protection in Eastern and Southern Africa. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198850342.001.0001.
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The notion that social protection should be a key strategy for reducing poverty in developing countries has now been mainstreamed within international development policy and practice. Promoted as an integral dimension of the post-Washington Consensus that emerged around the turn of the new millennium, all major international development agencies and bilateral donors now include a strong focus on social protection in their advocacy and programmatic interventions, and a commitment to providing social protection was recently enshrined within the Sustainable Development Goals. The rhetoric around social protection, particularly when delivered in the form of cash transfers, has sometimes reached hyperbolic proportions, with advocates seeing it as a silver bullet that can tackle multi-dimensional problems of poverty, vulnerability, and inequality and a southern-led success story that challenges the unequal power relations inherent within international aid. This book examines how the operation of power and politics at multiple levels of governance shapes the extent to which political elites are committed to social protection, the form this commitment takes, and the implications this has not only for the future shape of welfare regimes but also for state–citizen relations on the continent. With a particular focus on cash transfers, the chapters set out how the politics of promoting social protection has played out in countries from all regions of sub-Saharan Africa. The power relations we examine include those that operate within and amongst global development agencies, between global actors and political and bureaucratic elites, and between and amongst political and bureaucratic elites within Africa.
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McLeod, Hugh. Religion and the Rise of Sport in England. Oxford University PressOxford, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192859983.001.0001.
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Abstract Sport is everywhere—whether on television, social media, or press, and even in politics. This modern sporting world has been a long time in the making, and at each stage religion has played a part. In the early nineteenth century this was largely negative. Evangelicals led campaigns to suppress sports based on gambling and those deemed cruel, brutal, or disorderly. But in the second half of the century there was a reconciliation between religion and sport. Religious campaigners turned from attacking ‘bad’ sports to promoting ‘good’ sports. ‘Muscular Christians’ and later ‘muscular Jews’ strove for a balance between ‘Body, Mind, and Spirit’. They founded clubs, first for boys and young men, but from the 1890s increasingly for girls and young women also. In the first half of the twentieth century churchgoing was gradually declining. But churches continued to act as centres of the community. Church-based sport reached a peak in the interwar years. Saturday was still the main day for sport, and professional sport on Sunday was taboo. The years since the 1960s have seen dramatic changes in both religion and sport. The commercialization of sport has reached previously unimagined levels. Religion has seen contradictory trends, including accelerating secularization, the multi-faith society, and a resurgent Evangelicalism. There has been the death of the ‘English Sunday’, the formation of Muslim Cricket Leagues and Christian Football Leagues, and Muslim and Christian stars who are outspoken about their faith. Meanwhile, others claim that sport is the new religion.
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Quaglia, Lucia. The Politics of Regime Complexity in International Derivatives Regulation. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198866077.001.0001.
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This book examines the post-crisis international derivatives regulation by bringing together the international relations literature on regime complexity and the international political economy literature on financial regulation. Specifically, it addresses three interconnected questions. What factors drove international standard-setting on derivatives post-crisis? Why did international regime complexity emerge? How was it managed and with what outcomes? Theoretically, this research innovatively combines a state-centric, a transgovernmental and a business-led explanations. Empirically, it examines all the main sets of standards (or elemental regimes) concerning derivatives, namely: trading, clearing, and reporting derivatives; resilience, recovery, and resolution of central counterparties; bank capital requirements for bank exposures to central counterparties and derivatives; margins for derivatives non-centrally cleared. Regime complexity in derivatives ensued from the multi-dimensionality and the interlinkages of the problems to tackle, especially because it was a new policy area without a focal international standard-setter. Overall, the international cooperation that took place in order to promote regulatory precision, stringency, and consistency in the regime complex on derivatives was remarkable, especially considering the large number of policy actors involved (states, private actors, regulators). The main jurisdictions played an important role in managing regime complexity, but their effectiveness was constrained by limited domestic coordination. Networks of regulators facilitated international standard-setting and contributed to managing regime complexity through formal and informal tools. The financial industry, at times, lobbied in favour of less precise and stringent rules, engaging in international ‘venue shopping’; other times, it promoted regulatory harmonization and consistency.
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Xie, Chuntao, red. China's Urbanization: Migration by the Millions. Tłumacz Chiying Wang. Global Century Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.24103/cus1.en.2016.
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Joseph Eugene Stiglitz, laureate of the Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences, once named urbanization in China and the new technical revolution led by the United States as the two great events shaping the world of the 21st century. British specialist Tom Miller refers to China’s urbanization as “the greatest migration in human history.” China's Urbanization: Migration by the Millions is a full-range description of how millions of farmers in China became urban citizens in different periods of history. It further explores the deep-rooted issues of the country’s land system and household registration system, issues that will be confronted by urbanization for a long time to come. China is the world’s largest single-country population transfer and urbanization country. Its urbanization is faced with ever more stringent constraints on resources and environment. This means China has to take a brand new path of urbanization with Chinese characteristics. Through this book, readers can get both the ropes of official and mainstream views on the new urbanization initiative and get familiar with multi-directional probes on this issue in academic circles so they may gain a comprehensive and balanced understanding of the whole picture. This book was first published by New World Press in 2014, and republished jointly by New World Press and Global Century Press in 2016. This joint publication is the first volume in the ‘China Urbanization Studies’ series. We have retained the original typesetting, but we have added DOI numbers for the book, Series Editors’ Prefaces and all chapters, as well as a section of dual language additions from Global Century Press in English and Chinese.
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Wright, Julian. Socialism and the Experience of Time. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199533589.001.0001.
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How do we make social democracy? Should we seize the unknown possibilities offered by the future, or does lasting change really occur when we focus our attention on the immediate present in which we live? These arguments are fundamental to the divisions within left-wing politics in particular. The modernist vision of revolution suggests that the present is precisely the time that needs to be surpassed. But can society change without putting today’s experience of social injustice at the heart of our programme?This book asks how, from the mid-nineteenth to the mid-twentieth centuries, socialists in France tried to follow a democratic commitment to political voices in the present. The debate about time and modernity that emerged in French socialism sat beneath the surface of political arguments within the left. Socialists reflected on how political programmes of change connected with social experience. But how did this focus on the present relate to the tradition of revolution in France? And in particular, what did socialism have to say about the human experience of the present?The book examines French socialism’s fascination with modern history, through a new reading of the multi-authored project to write a ‘socialist history’ of France since 1789, led by Jean Jaurès. Then, in four interlocking biographical essays, it analyses the search for a new timeframe of social transformation, by uncovering the reformist and idealist socialism of the Third Republic, long side-lined in the historical literature. With an intimate and emotional focus on the present-times of Benoit Malon, Georges Renard, Marcel Sembat and Léon Blum, a personal history of socialist thought emerges that allows us to revisit the story of left-wing intellectual life and modern socialism through the ‘human scale’ of time—that of the present.
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Grass, Tim. Restorationists and New Movements. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199683710.003.0007.
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Presbyterians and Congregationalists arrived in colonial America as Dissenters; however, they soon exercised a religious and cultural dominance that extended well into the first half of the nineteenth century. The multi-faceted Second Great Awakening led within the Reformed camp by the Presbyterian James McGready in Kentucky, a host of New Divinity ministers in New England, and Congregationalist Charles Finney in New York energized Christians to improve society (Congregational and Presbyterian women were crucial to the three most important reform movements of the nineteenth century—antislavery, temperance, and missions) and extend the evangelical message around the world. Although outnumbered by other Protestant denominations by mid-century, Presbyterians and Congregationalists nevertheless expanded geographically, increased in absolute numbers, spread the Gospel at home and abroad, created enduring institutions, and continued to dominate formal religious thought. The overall trajectory of nineteenth-century Presbyterianism and Congregationalism in the United States is one that tracks from convergence to divergence, from cooperative endeavours and mutual interests in the first half the nineteenth century to an increasingly self-conscious denominational awareness that became firmly established in both denominations by the 1850s. With regional distribution of Congregationalists in the North and Presbyterians in the mid-Atlantic region and South, the Civil War intensified their differences (and also divided Presbyterians into antislavery northern and pro-slavery southern parties). By the post-Civil War period these denominations had for the most part gone their separate ways. However, apart from the southern Presbyterians, who remained consciously committed to conservatism, they faced a similar host of social and intellectual challenges, including higher criticism of the Bible and Darwinian evolutionary theory, to which they responded in varying ways. In general, Presbyterians maintained a conservative theological posture whereas Congregationalists accommodated to the challenges of modernity. At the turn of the century Congregationalists and Presbyterians continued to influence sectors of American life but their days of cultural hegemony were long past. In contrast to the nineteenth-century history of Presbyterian and Congregational churches in the United States, the Canadian story witnessed divergence evolving towards convergence and self-conscious denominationalism to ecclesiastical cooperation. During the very years when American Presbyterians were fragmenting over first theology, then slavery, and finally sectional conflict, political leaders in all regions of Canada entered negotiations aimed at establishing the Dominion of Canada, which were finalized in 1867. The new Dominion enjoyed the strong support of leading Canadian Presbyterians who saw in political confederation a model for uniting the many Presbyterian churches that Scotland’s fractious history had bequeathed to British North America. In 1875, the four largest Presbyterian denominations joined together as the Presbyterian Church in Canada. The unifying and mediating instincts of nineteenth-century Canadian Presbyterianism contributed to forces that in 1925 led two-thirds of Canadian Presbyterians (and almost 90 per cent of their ministers) into the United Church, Canada’s grand experiment in institutional ecumenism. By the end of the nineteenth century, Congregationalism had only a slight presence, whereas Presbyterians, by contrast, became increasingly more important until they stood at the centre of Canada’s Protestant history.
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Fensholt, Rasmus, Cheikh Mbow, Martin Brandt i Kjeld Rasmussen. Desertification and Re-Greening of the Sahel. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.553.
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In the past 50 years, human activities and climatic variability have caused major environmental changes in the semi-arid Sahelian zone and desertification/degradation of arable lands is of major concern for livelihoods and food security. In the wake of the Sahel droughts in the early 1970s and 1980s, the UN focused on the problem of desertification by organizing the UN Conference on Desertification (UNCOD) in Nairobi in 1976. This fuelled a significant increase in the often alarmist popular accounts of desertification as well as scientific efforts in providing an understanding of the mechanisms involved. The global interest in the subject led to the nomination of desertification as focal point for one of three international environmental conventions: the UN Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD), emerging from the Rio conference in 1992. This implied that substantial efforts were made to quantify the extent of desertification and to understand its causes. Desertification is a complex and multi-faceted phenomenon aggravating poverty that can be seen as both a cause and a consequence of land resource depletion. As reflected in its definition adopted by the UNCCD, desertification is “land degradation in arid, semi-arid[,] and dry sub-humid areas resulting from various factors, including climate variation and human activities” (UN, 1992). While desertification was seen as a phenomenon of relevance to drylands globally, the Sahel-Sudan region remained a region of specific interest and a significant amount of scientific efforts have been invested to provide an empirically supported understanding of both climatic and anthropogenic factors involved. Despite decades of intensive research on human–environmental systems in the Sahel, there is no overall consensus about the severity of desertification and the scientific literature is characterized by a range of conflicting observations and interpretations of the environmental conditions in the region. Earth Observation (EO) studies generally show a positive trend in rainfall and vegetation greenness over the last decades for the majority of the Sahel and this has been interpreted as an increase in biomass and contradicts narratives of a vicious cycle of widespread degradation caused by human overuse and climate change. Even though an increase in vegetation greenness, as observed from EO data, can be confirmed by ground observations, long-term assessments of biodiversity at finer spatial scales highlight a negative trend in species diversity in several studies and overall it remains unclear if the observed positive trends provide an environmental improvement with positive effects on people’s livelihood.
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Yang, Kun. Observed Regional Climate Change in Tibet over the Last Decades. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.587.
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The Tibetan Plateau (TP) is subjected to strong interactions among the atmosphere, hydrosphere, cryosphere, and biosphere. The Plateau exerts huge thermal forcing on the mid-troposphere over the mid-latitude of the Northern Hemisphere during spring and summer. This region also contains the headwaters of major rivers in Asia and provides a large portion of the water resources used for economic activities in adjacent regions. Since the beginning of the 1980s, the TP has undergone evident climate changes, with overall surface air warming and moistening, solar dimming, and decrease in wind speed. Surface warming, which depends on elevation and its horizontal pattern (warming in most of the TP but cooling in the westernmost TP), was consistent with glacial changes. Accompanying the warming was air moistening, with a sudden increase in precipitable water in 1998. Both triggered more deep clouds, which resulted in solar dimming. Surface wind speed declined from the 1970s and started to recover in 2002, as a result of atmospheric circulation adjustment caused by the differential surface warming between Asian high latitudes and low latitudes.The climate changes over the TP have changed energy and water cycles and has thus reshaped the local environment. Thermal forcing over the TP has weakened. The warming and decrease in wind speed lowered the Bowen ratio and has led to less surface sensible heating. Atmospheric radiative cooling has been enhanced, mainly through outgoing longwave emission from the warming planetary system and slightly enhanced solar radiation reflection. The trend in both energy terms has contributed to the weakening of thermal forcing over the Plateau. The water cycle has been significantly altered by the climate changes. The monsoon-impacted region (i.e., the southern and eastern regions of the TP) has received less precipitation, more evaporation, less soil moisture and less runoff, which has resulted in the general shrinkage of lakes and pools in this region, although glacier melt has increased. The region dominated by westerlies (i.e., central, northern and western regions of the TP) received more precipitation, more evaporation, more soil moisture and more runoff, which together with more glacier melt resulted in the general expansion of lakes in this region. The overall wetting in the TP is due to both the warmer and moister conditions at the surface, which increased convective available potential energy and may eventually depend on decadal variability of atmospheric circulations such as Atlantic Multi-decadal Oscillation and an intensified Siberian High. The drying process in the southern region is perhaps related to the expansion of Hadley circulation. All these processes have not been well understood.