Artykuły w czasopismach: „Multi-Institutional Systems – economics”

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JANSSEN, MARCO A., i JOHN M. ANDERIES. "A multi-method approach to study robustness of social–ecological systems: the case of small-scale irrigation systems". Journal of Institutional Economics 9, nr 4 (24.06.2013): 427–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1744137413000180.

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Abstract:Elinor Ostrom was a leader in using multiple methods to perform institutional analysis. In this paper, we discuss how a multi-method approach she pioneered may be used to study the robustness of social–ecological systems. We synthesize lessons learned from a series of studies on small-scale irrigation systems in which we use case-study analysis, experimental methods in laboratory and field settings, and mathematical models. The accumulated insights show the importance of creating institutional arrangements that fit the human ecology within the biophysical constraints of the system. The examples of work based on multiple methods approaches presented here highlight several lessons. For example, experimental work helps us better understand the details of how the ability to maintain trust relationships, low levels of inequality, and low transaction costs of coordination are critical for success. Likewise, the integration of case-study analysis and modeling helps us better understand how systems that can leverage biophysical characteristics to help address challenges of monitoring, sanctioning, and coordination may be able to increase their chances of success.

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Ocloo, Kafui Afi, Charles Yaw Oduro i Ronald Adamtey. "Bringing Institutional Economics to Bear in Understanding Ghana’s Performance on Multi-Stakeholder Interventions". Journal of Sustainable Development 8, nr 9 (29.11.2015): 157. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jsd.v8n9p157.

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Existing literature on Ghana’s performance on the decentralized planning system hardly explores the role of individual rationality and organizational rationality in explaining performance on development efforts. This article examines whether the proposition of the New Institutional Economics (NIE) that decisions that individuals make constitute trans-actions in which costs and debts are incurred has a bearing on the performance of institutions involved in endogenous development processes at the local level. The case study methodology was employed using two purposively selected water supply schemes in Ghana. In-depth interviews and questionnaires were used to collect primary data. Secondary data was obtained from project reports. The findings indicated that even during the pursuit of an endogenous development strategy at the local level, the performance of the local stakeholders was determined by the state of intra-stakeholder structures. This in turn, was a sum of the decisions and actions of the individual members of the entities that were the main actors (i.e. the stakeholders). The NIE’s proposition that trans-action cost is key basis for individuals’ decisions and action was clearly evident in the decisions and actions of individuals (i.e. staff of the main actors), but it also was evident in the decisions and actions of the main actors (the entities that were the stakeholders). The study recommends that key development actors and the Ministry of Water Resources Works and Housing devote more attention to researching into how internal organizational conditions affect and shape the performance of stakeholders on the systems and how the existing intra and inter-stakeholder mechanisms can be improved to foster the success of development efforts at the local level.

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Viljoen, Salomé, Jake Goldenfein i Lee McGuigan. "Design choices: Mechanism design and platform capitalism". Big Data & Society 8, nr 2 (lipiec 2021): 205395172110343. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/20539517211034312.

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Mechanism design is a form of optimization developed in economic theory. It casts economists as institutional engineers, choosing an outcome and then arranging a set of market rules and conditions to achieve it. The toolkit from mechanism design is widely used in economics, policymaking, and now in building and managing online environments. Mechanism design has become one of the most pervasive yet inconspicuous influences on the digital mediation of social life. Its optimizing schemes structure online advertising markets and other multi-sided platform businesses. Whatever normative rationales mechanism design might draw on in its economic origins, as its influence has grown and its applications have become more computational, we suggest those justifications for using mechanism design to orchestrate and optimize human interaction are losing traction. In this article, we ask what ideological work mechanism design is doing in economics, computer science, and its applications to the governance of digital platforms. Observing mechanism design in action in algorithmic environments, we argue it has become a tool for producing information domination, distributing social costs in ways that benefit designers, and controlling and coordinating participants in multi-sided platforms.

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Alsharari, Nizar Mohammad, Robert Dixon i Mayada Abd El-Aziz Youssef. "Management accounting change: critical review and a new contextual framework". Journal of Accounting & Organizational Change 11, nr 4 (2.11.2015): 476–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jaoc-05-2014-0030.

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Purpose – This paper aims to introduce and discuss a new contextual framework to explain the processes of management accounting change in various organizations. Design/methodology/approach – Having an institutional perspective, the paper develops a “conceptual contextual framework” of management accounting change. The methodology to accomplish this theory building consists of an integration of a number of different works summarizing the common elements, contrasting the differences and extending the work in some fashion. Particularly, it draws on theoretical triangulation by adopting three approaches: old institutional economics for internal processes and factors (Burns and Scapens, 2000); new institutional sociology for external processes and pressures (Dillard et al., 2004); and power and politics mobilization (Hardy, 1996). Findings – The proposed framework provides an understanding of the complex “mixture” of interrelated factors that may influence management accounting change at multi-institutional levels: political and economic level, organizational field level and organizational level. Research limitations/implications – The framework extends institutional theory-based management accounting research as well as provides a comprehensive basis for examining dynamics of accounting in the institutionalization process. Through further research, the framework will be extended and refined. Practical implications – The paper has practical implications for practitioners and officers as well as for the accounting profession and academics alike. Originality/value – The proposed contextual framework provides insights into the processes of change by focusing attention on the underlying institutions that encode accounting systems or practices in three institutional levels: political and economic level, the organizational field level and organization level. Examining the tension between institutionalized beliefs and values that may occur between these three levels of institutions will enhance our understanding of management accounting change in organizations.

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Inha, Laura M., Tapio S. Katko i Riikka P. Rajala. "Improved Water Services Cooperation through Clarification of Rules and Roles". Water 11, nr 10 (19.10.2019): 2172. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11102172.

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Water services face global challenges, many of which are institutional by nature. While technical solutions may suit several situations, institutional frameworks are likely to vary more. On the basis of constructive research approach and new institutional economics we analyze and illustrate water services and the roles of various water sector actors in Finnish water utility setting using the “soccer analogy” by the Nobel Laureate D.C. North: Institutions are the “formal and informal rules of the game” while organizations are the “players”. Additionally, we assess the Finnish water governance system and discuss issues of scale and fragmentation and distinguish terms water provision and production. Finally, we elaborate the limitations of the soccer analogy to water services through ownership of the systems. According to the soccer analogy, inclusive institutional development requires skillful players (competent staff), team play (collaboration), proper coaching (education), supporters (citizens, media), managers (policymakers), and referees (authorities). We argue that institutional diversity and player/stakeholder collaboration are the foundation for enhancing good multi-level water governance, and that water management, although fragmented, should be seen as a connector of different sectors. For successful outcomes, scientific results should be communicated to public in more common language.

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Durganna Thimmappa i Gokul R. . "BISAP plus serum lactate dehydrogenase: a new scoring system for assessment of severity of acute pancreatitis". International Surgery Journal 10, nr 5 (29.04.2023): 882–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-2902.isj20231385.

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Background: Acute Pancreatitis is a process of acute inflammation of pancreas along with peripancreatic tissue and multi organ involvement. To reduce morbidity and mortality by predicting the course of the disease and do an early intervention several scoring systems have been proposed such as RANSON’S score, BISAP score, APACHE II etc. Methods: Patients are chosen with clinical diagnosis of acute pancreatitis over a period of 6 months, based on inclusion criteria, with consent. They underwent investigations base d on the scoring systems and institutional protocol. The different scoring systems were used and calculated. The effectiveness of all the scoring systems were calculated using Microsoft Excel indicating its sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive and negative predictive value. Results: BISAP with LDH (BISAP PLUS) shows the highest sensitivity (85.71%), Positive predictive value (70.59%), Negative predictive value (84.62%) and Accuracy (76.67%) among different scoring systems. The highest specificity was seen in APACHE II (75%) Conclusions: Use of BISAP plus serum LDH (BISAP plus) can help in daily assessment and quicker management of acute pancreatitis and should be studied further, as it is showing promise in helping in management of acute pancreatitis.

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Orekhova, Svetlana, i Dmitriy Azarov. "Industrial complex: Evolution of a research programme". Journal of New Economy 21, nr 2 (10.07.2020): 5–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.29141/2658-5081-2020-21-2-1.

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The economic downturn resulting from a sharp decrease in demand under the pan demic implies the transformation of the existing ideas about the principles of running enter prises and their associations – industrial complexes. Currently, there is no commonly-used definition of this concept available in laws and regulations or science. The use of such vague terminology allows multiple interpretations which bias the findings and decrease their applica bility for the industrial policies aimed at achieving economic growth in the most effective way. The paper focuses on establishing the up-to-date research programme for the term “industrial complex” in economics. The methodological basis rests on the set of concepts including neo classical and neoinstitutional theories, the systems approach, and postulates of management theories. The research employs fundamental methods of formalisation and systematisation, and 20 Journal of New Economy 2020 • Vol. 21 • No. 2 Theoretical Basis of Economic Development and Growth relies on bibliometric and content analyses. Based on the developed research programme, the authors identify the key features of the industrial complex including systemic, multi-sectoral institutional nature of such association represented as a network focusing on meeting a unified set of needs and requiring management of a multiplicity of subjects. The study shows that since the location of industrial complexes is no longer limited it cannot be regarded as a meso-level subsystem. The authors propose their interpretation of the industrial complex as a multi-sec toral institutional association of industrial enterprises and infrastructure facilities represented as a network focusing on meeting a unified set of needs. The obtained results can be applied to monitor the performance and efficiency of industrial complexes, as well as to formulate specific items of a policy for economic growth.

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Shadnam, Masoud, i Thomas B. Lawrence. "Understanding Widespread Misconduct in Organizations: An Institutional Theory of Moral Collapse". Business Ethics Quarterly 21, nr 3 (lipiec 2011): 379–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/beq201121324.

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ABSTRACT:Reports of widespread misconduct in organizations have become sadly commonplace. Sexual abuse in the Catholic Church, accounting fraud in large corporations, and physical and sexual harassment in the military implicate not only the individuals involved, but the organizations and fields in which they happened. In this paper we describe such situations as instances of “moral collapse” and develop a multi-level theory of moral collapse that draws on institutional theory as its central orienting lens. We draw on institutional theory because of its explicit concern with the relationships among individual beliefs and actions, the organizations within which they occur, and the collective social structures in which norms, rules and beliefs are anchored. Our theory of moral collapse has two main elements. First, we argue that morality in organizations is embedded in nested systems of individuals, organizations and moral communities in which ideology and regulation flow “down” from moral communities through organizations to individuals, and moral ideas and influence flow “upward” from individuals through organizations to moral communities. Second, we argue that moral collapse is associated with breakdowns in these flows, and explore conditions under which such breakdowns are likely to occur.

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Pelletier, C., T. J. Chaussalet i H. Xie. "On the use of multi-state multi-census techniques for modelling the survival of elderly people in institutional long-term care". IMA Journal of Management Mathematics 16, nr 3 (1.07.2005): 255–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/imaman/dpi021.

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Krenn, Mario. "Convergence and divergence in corporate governance". Management Research Review 39, nr 11 (21.11.2016): 1447–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mrr-05-2014-0103.

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Purpose Whether corporate governance systems and practices are converging to the Anglo-American shareholder-value-oriented model or continue to diverge from this model and maintain their idiosyncrasies has been controversially debated among scholars in a variety of academic disciplines. The purpose of this paper is to review, critique and integrate the disparate positions in the convergence-divergence debate in corporate governance and to suggest promising directions for future research. Design/methodology/approach The author constructs a theoretical framework in which convergence and divergence dynamics are conceptualized as simultaneous processes of institutional change and continuity. This framework takes into account the influence of economic market forces, social embeddedness and cultural forces in shaping corporate governance at the national and the firm levels and provides a holistic and integrative perspective on the extant literature in the convergence-divergence debate. Findings The literature review does not support either the predictions of convergence advocates or the predictions of divergence advocates. Instead, the paper finds that convergence and divergence dynamics can coexist and lead to increasing heterogeneity in corporate governance arrangements of firms within and between corporate governance systems. This finding adds complexity to the debate and opens room for interesting research directions. Originality/value The paper offers a comprehensive review of the topic and draws from literature in financial economics, comparative law, economic sociology, international business, political science and strategic management. Most importantly, the paper offers a multi-theoretical framework that allows for an integration of the divergent perspectives presented in the literature.

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Mosconi, Enrico Maria, Andrea Colantoni, Filippo Gambella, Eva Cudlinová, Luca Salvati i Jesús Rodrigo-Comino. "Revisiting the Environmental Kuznets Curve: The Spatial Interaction between Economy and Territory". Economies 8, nr 3 (14.09.2020): 74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/economies8030074.

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A complex interplay of socio-ecological drivers of change exists at the different spatiotemporal scales affecting environmental degradation. This is a key issue worldwide and needs to be understood to develop efficient management solutions. One of the most applied theories in the regional analysis is the U-shaped relationship between environmental degradation and the level of income in a given economic system or Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC). Specifically, the EKC hypothesis underlines the (potentially positive) role of formal responses to environmental degradation grounded on government policies that are usually more ambitious in wealthier economic systems. However, there is a lack of knowledge on the role of space in EKC, arguing that spatial variability in the environment–income relationship may indicate additional targets for integrated socio–environmental policies. We hypothesize that a spatially differentiated response to environmental degradation could better adapt to differentiated local contexts. Therefore, to achieve this goal, we present a multi-scale investigation of degradation processes at the local level, providing a refined knowledge of the environment–economy linkages considering more traditional, cross-country and cross-region exercises. Our results demonstrated that—together with temporal, sectoral, and institutional aspects—space and, consequently, the related analysis’ spatial scales, are significant dimensions in ecological economics, whose investigation requires improvements in data collection and dedicated statistical approaches.

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MISHENIN, Ye V., i I. Ye YAROVA. "METHODOLOGY FOR DEFINING SUSTAINABLE SPATIAL FORESTRY". Economic innovations 21, nr 3(72) (20.09.2019): 71–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.31520/ei.2019.21.3(72).71-78.

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Topicality. The current change in the ideology of forest management in Ukraine towards sustainable spatial development of forestry is due to the promising importance of ecosystem, economic and social values of forest resources, their multifunctional and intersectoral nature of the use of resource and ecological potential of forests, as well as the growing needs of society regarding the quality of the natural environment. Structural negative changes taking place in the forest sector during the transformation of the economy focus on the problem of sustainable spatial forestry. In particular, the restructuring of forest ownership forms, fiscal policy in the sector, forest management functions and integrated multi-purpose forest use are not consistent with the requirements of sustainable spatial development and a market-oriented model of forestry economics. More active implementation of institutional, ecological and economic, organizational and managerial mechanisms for ensuring sustainable spatial forestry requires conceptual and methodological reflection on the spatial approach to forestry.Aim and tasks. The purpose of the article is deepening the conceptual and methodological principles of sustainable spatial forestry in the context of modern environmental and economic problems of rational use of forest resource potential. Conceptually-methodological understanding of forestry requires: the disclosure of the substantive content of the spatial forestry; definition of features of formation and development of forest management; formation of criteria (classification) signs of the forestry space.Research results. The conceptual and methodological basis for the formation of forestry space is proposed in order to ensure sustainable development of the forestry complex. The basic economic-organizational principles of spatial development of forestry systems are considered. The content basis of sustainable forest management, in contrast to the forestry (in the broad sense), includes a wider range of organizational and technological components of forest-ecological, environmental, economic and social trends that are associated with sustainable use and the reproduction of forest resource potential and forestry space. Forestry space represents a combination of components of forest resource potential and socio-economic environment within a certain forestry region with their links and diverse relationships that are necessary for the sustainable development of society. The natural, informational, economic, financial, and intellectual components of forestry complement the institutional, which outline the legal norms for forest management. Forestry within the understanding of forestry space includes aspects of socio-ecological and economic equilibrium of forestry systems of different hierarchical levels of the organization.Conclusion. Research of the economic space of forestry goes beyond the substantive basis of the forestry economy, the theoretical and methodological basis of the regional economy, therefore, there is a problem of the formation of a new direction in the implementation of sustainable spatial forestry, which requires the consolidation of research into a coherent whole. It is the formation and development of an environmentally balanced, economic forestry space that is a prerequisite for rational use, reproduction and conservation of forest resource potential on an ecosystem basis.

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Fried, Jeremy S., J. Keith Gilless i James Spero. "Analysing initial attack on wildland fires using stochastic simulation". International Journal of Wildland Fire 15, nr 1 (2006): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf05027.

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Stochastic simulation models of initial attack on wildland fire can be designed to reflect the complexity of the environmental, administrative, and institutional context in which wildland fire protection agencies operate, but such complexity may come at the cost of a considerable investment in data acquisition and management. This cost may be well justified when it allows for analysis of a wider spectrum of operational problems in wildland fire protection planning. The California Fire Economics Simulator version 2 (CFES2), is a sophisticated stochastic simulation model designed to facilitate quantitative analysis of the potential effects of changes in many key components of most wildland fire systems, e.g. availability and stationing of resources, dispatch rules, criteria for setting fire dispatch level, staff schedules, and deployment and line-building tactics. The CFES2 model can also be used to support strategic planning with respect to vegetation management programs, development at the wildland–urban interface, reallocation of responsibilities among fire protection agencies, and climatic change. The analytical capacity of stochastic simulations models to address such key issues is demonstrated using the CFES2 model in four case studies addressing the impact on initial attack effectiveness of: (1) multiple fire starts; (2) diversion of firefighting resources to structure protection; (3) alternate stationing of firefighting resources; and (4) multi-agency cooperation.

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Li, Yongkui, Yujie Lu, Liang Ma i Young Hoon Kwak. "Evolutionary Governance for Mega-Event Projects (Meps): A Case Study of the World Expo 2010 in China". Project Management Journal 49, nr 1 (luty 2018): 57–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/875697281804900105.

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A mega-event is an open socioeconomic system characterized by massive budget demands and multiple types of subprojects and their complex interrelationships. Although a mega-event is an opportunity for a country to show its international reputation, management capacity, and societal strength, it demands a long preparation time; an enormous amount of investment; and massive resource mobilization, with far-reaching effects on both the economic and social development of a country. Mega-event projects (MEPs) face remarkable challenges in terms of overrun costs, delayed schedules, and political issues, indicating that the research on such mega-events is still insufficient and that there is a lack of effective theories to support the management and governance of MEPs. Existing studies have also ignored the dynamic evolution and adaptation of governance in a changing environment, particularly in relation to the success of MEPs. To fill this research gap, this study aims to examine the dynamic governance of MEPs on the basis of a new theory—evolutionary governance theory (EGT)—which combines institutional economics, systems theory, and project governance. The study was conducted in three main steps: (1) studying the case of the evolutionary governance of the World Expo 2010 in China during its life cycle stage, including planning, construction, operation, and post-event development; (2) discussing the impact of the hierarchical and cross-functional governance structure of the Expo; and (3) summarizing the theories and best practices of dynamic governance mechanisms for MEPs. The result of the study can deepen understanding of the multi-level governance of mega-events during the life cycle process and can also support the evolution of governance transition over the different stages.

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Marenga, Ralph Vezembouua, Lesley Blaauw i Omu Kakujaha-Matundu. "Towards a normative framework for local authorities in facilitating foreign direct investment". Journal of Governance and Regulation 11, nr 1, special issue (2022): 312–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/jgrv11i1siart11.

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Using two local authorities (LAs) (Windhoek and Walvis Bay) in Namibia, this study problematises their negative and neutral developmental experiences with facilitating foreign direct investment (FDI) as concerning (Jauch, 2020). The absence of a normative framework for LA FDI facilitation in Namibia’s multi-level government (MLG) system creates a developmental quagmire for LAs. This study develops a normative framework for LA FDI facilitation to avert the negative and neutral developmental experiences of LAs with facilitating FDI. Using the qualitative method, this study interviewed 13 key respondents that were sampled through the purposive/judgemental technique. Data were interpreted and presented through thematic analysis. The key findings point to the development of a normative framework for LA FDI facilitation that ascends the need for 1) sufficient decentralised functions of FDI facilitation in an MLG system; 2) policy and legislative harmonisation to avert challenges of coordination and implementation in an MLG system; 3) institutional structures for an efficient MLG system at the LA level; and 4) broader legal and policy framework for efficient governance at the sub-national government (SNG) level in an MLG system. This study recommends the application of this normative framework in MLG systems to ascend LAs’ developmental role in facilitating FDI for development.

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Kilfoyle, Eksa, i Alan J. Richardson. "Governance and control in networks: a case study of the Universal Postal Union". Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal 28, nr 4 (18.05.2015): 551–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/aaaj-04-2014-1687.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to adopt “whole network” perspective and analyzes the governance and control mechanisms in the Universal Postal Union (UPU), one of the oldest and largest inter-governmental networks, through the lens of institutional entrepreneurship theory. The purpose is to introduce a typology of network governance forms to the accounting literature and to analyze the governance and management control mechanisms within the UPU, a “participatory federation” (Provan, 1983) type of network that has managed the challenges of collective collaboration since 1875. Design/methodology/approach – The study benefits from unlimited access to all archival materials of the UPU such as minutes of Congress and committee meetings since 1875 as well as secondary documents and market studies related to the postal sector. The data reported in this study are derived from the archives of the UPU in Berne, Switzerland and interviews conducted with senior officials. Findings – Drawing on the work of Provan (1983) and Provan and Kenis (2008) the authors identify five “ideal type” network governance forms based on such variables as differences in the relative power of network participants and whether these networks have arisen spontaneously or due to external coercion, the authors classify the UPU as a “participatory federation.” Within the theoretical boundaries of this typology the authors identify the multi level governance structures and the use of management control mechanisms by each level of governance. The authors introduce a distinction between the “network constitutional organization” that focusses on the socialization of network members and strategy-level orchestration of the overall network and the “network administrative organization” (NAO) that mobilizes management accounting and control mechanisms to monitor, encourage and facilitate member collaboration. The authors propose that control within a participatory federation is enacted through collective entrepreneurship by governance bodies using management accounting and control mechanisms as institutional carriers. Research limitations/implications – The paper is focussed on the current state of the UPU’s network structure and processes and did not explore the dynamics around the emergence of the different network governance and control mechanisms. An exploration of the collective construction by network participants of the need for these mechanisms would provide insights into how they emerge and might lead to a better understanding of the role of NAOs in networks. Practical implications – The paper highlights the challenges faced by collaborative networks and identifies enabling characteristics of a participatory federation’s governance bodies. The empirical observations within the context of the UPU contribute to the theoretical understanding of the desirable characteristics of participatory federations that might be applicable to similar public and private collaborative networks Originality/value – This study expands the knowledge of management accounting and control systems in networks. It bridges a gap in the accounting literature by adopting a “whole network” perspective and by differentiating types of network governance structures that use management accounting and control systems. This contributes to the understanding of accounting and control across the full range of organizational forms.

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Sleem, Ahmed, i Ibrahim Elhenawy. "Collaborative Segmentation of COVID-19 From non-IID Topographies in the Internet of Medical Things (IoMT)". Journal of Intelligent Systems and Internet of Things 7, nr 2 (2022): 08–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.54216/jisiot.070201.

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The Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) offers numerous advantages in the diagnosis, monitoring, and treatment of a wide variety of illnesses for both patients. COVID-19 has caused a global pandemic and turned out to be the utmost crucial danger threatening the whole world. Thus, scholars’ attention moved toward Deep learning (DL) and IoMT for developing automated systems for COVID-19 diagnosis andor prognosis based on chest computed tomography (CT) scans, and it has shown great success in several tasks, including classification and segmentation. Nevertheless, developing and training a superior DL approach necessitates accumulating a substantial amount of patients’ CT scans together with their labels. This is an expensive and time-consuming task that restricts attaining large enough data from a single siteinstitution, However, owing to the necessity for protecting data privacy, it is difficult to accumulate the data from several sites and store them at a centralized server. Federated learning (FL) alleviates the need for centralized data by spreading the public segmentation model to different institutional models, training the segmentation model at the institution, and followingly calculating the mean of the parameters in the public model. Nevertheless, researchers advocated that private information could be restored using the parameters of the model. This study presents a privacy-protection technique for the challenge of multi-site COVID-19 segmentation. To tackle the challenge, we introduce the FL technique, in which a distributed optimization procedure is developed, and randomization techniques are proposed to change the joint parameters of private institutional segmentation models. Bearing in mind the complete heterogeneity of COVID-19 distributions from diverse institutions, we develop two domain adaptation (DA) techniques in the proposed FL design. We explore several applied characteristics of optimizing the FL approach and analyze the FL approach in comparison with alternate training approaches. Finally, the results validate that it is auspicious to employ multi-site non-shared CT scans to improve the COVID-19 infection segmentation.

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Smaliakou, D. A. "Institutional conditions of internationalisation of higher education: Mass higher school". Education and science journal 23, nr 5 (23.05.2021): 11–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.17853/1994-5639-2021-5-11-37.

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Introduction. Currently, internationalisation is a priority for the development of higher education, as an institutional component of its academic functioning, both in terms of ensuring the quality of education, and in connection with the implementation of a multi-level integration agenda, in which a modern university is involved. In order to increase the effectiveness of the international dimension of higher education, it remains necessary to clarify a number of theoretical and fundamental questions, among them one of the most important is the problem of the institutional conditions of the academic environment that contribute to the emergence of internationalisation. Mass higher education can be found as fundamental condition and in that relation the clarification of the interrelations between massification and internationalisation of higher education can expand the theoretical understanding of current processes in higher education, providing the necessary theoretical framework for further applied research.The aim of the present article is to investigate the interrelations between the massification and internationalisation of higher education in order to clarify the institutional conditions that contribute to the development of the international dimension of the modern university.Methodology and research methods. The methodological framework of this research involves socio-philosophical tools. In particular, the research is based on a retrospective analysis and philosophical deconstruction of the socio-historical transition of higher education from elite to mass model. Both statistical data and analytical materials on the national conditions of transition to mass higher education are used to investigate the issue.Results. The massification of the higher school became reality due to the historical development of social systems, representing the further evolution of global higher education. Acting as a source of society's emancipation and democratisation, the massification of higher education ensured the reorientation of universities from upbringing needs (ideology) to professional competence (economics). Meanwhile, mass higher education is considered to be the reason of destruction of the imperialist agenda, including the problem of alienated labour. Institutionally, the massification of higher education has become possible due the state-private cooperation. The implementation of this cooperation requires two options: 1) via government subsidies to private higher education, 2) via private investments into public higher education. Mass higher education is an institutional factor of internationalisation development: 1) it creates a need to improve the quality of education; 2) it acts as an instrument of the international integration.Scientific novelty. The connection between mass education and internationalisation of higher education has been found. Mass higher education acts as an institutional factor in the formation of academic demand for the development of internationalisation processes: 1) forming the need to improve the quality of education; 2) acting as one of the tools for implementing the integration agenda. The absence of processes of massification and internationalisation in the modern system of higher education may indicate on fundamental barriers in the national development of a particular state.Practical significance. The results obtained will contribute to further fundamental research in the fields of philosophy and sociology of education. Moreover, the present findings could be applied as a theoretical basis for further practical research on modern processes of higher education development.

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KHISMATULLIN, Marsel' M., Mars M. KHISMATULLIN, Airat R. VALIEV, Anas A. LUKMANOV i Raheem ULLAH. "Economic efficiency of winter cereals farming under irrigation". Regional Economics: Theory and Practice 20, nr 9 (15.09.2022): 1719–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.24891/re.20.9.1719.

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Khafizov D.F., Isaicheva E.S., Khismatullin M.M. [Essence and significance of entrepreneurship in institutional reforms]. Vestnik Kazanskogo gosudarstvennogo agrarnogo universiteta = Vestnik of Kazan State Agrarian University, 2013, vol. 8, iss. 1, pp. 55–58. URL: Link (In Russ.) Safiollin F.N., Khismatullin M.M., Mukhametgaliev F.N. [On the economic efficiency of digitalization of irrigated agriculture]. Finansovyi biznes, 2021, no. 9, pp. 156–160. (In Russ.) Lukmanov А.А. [Winter rye yield and fertilizers return in the Tatarstan Republic forest-steppe]. Vestnik Rossiiskoi sel'skokhozyaistvennoi nauki = Vestnik of the Russian Agricultural Science, 2017, no. 6, pp. 35–38. (In Russ.) Minnehametova I.M., Gafiullina L.F., Khismatullin M.M. Conditions and Factors of Development of Agricultural Consumer Cooperatives. In: A.V. Bogoviz, A.E. Suglobov, A.N. Maloletko, O.V. Kaurova (eds) Cooperation and Sustainable Development. Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems. Cham, Springer, 2022, pp. 1241–1248. URL: Link Mukhametgaliev F.N., Khismatullin M.M., Khisamov R.G. [Leasing of technique as a tool for development of agricultural production]. Vestnik Kazanskogo gosudarstvennogo agrarnogo universiteta = Vestnik of Kazan State Agrarian University, 2015, vol. 10, iss. 2, pp. 31–35. (In Russ.) URL: Link Khismatullin M.M., Khismatullin M.M., Valiev A.R. et al. [Role and place of irrigated agriculture in the production of agricultural products and its economic efficiency (experience of the Republic of Tatarstan)]. Vestnik Kazanskogo gosudarstvennogo agrarnogo universiteta = Vestnik of Kazan State Agrarian University, 2021, vol. 16, iss. 3, pp. 160–166. (In Russ.) URL: Link Salakhutdinov F.N., Khismatullin M.M., Iskhakov I.R. [Alternative financing models for small and average forms of managing in agro-industrial complex]. Vestnik Kazanskogo gosudarstvennogo agrarnogo universiteta = Vestnik of Kazan State Agrarian University, 2011, vol. 6, iss. 2, pp. 52–54. URL: Link (In Russ.) Safiollin F.N., Khismatullin M.M. Sistema meliorativnogo zemledeliya v Respublike Tatarstan (obshchie voprosy melioratsii zemel' i osobennosti vozdelyvaniya sel'skokhozyaistvennykh kul'tur na polive): monografiya [The system of reclamation agriculture in the Republic of Tatarstan: General issues of land reclamation and features of cultivation of crops on irrigation: a monograph]. Kazan, Kazan State Agrarian University Publ., 2015, 318 p. Mukhametgaliev F., Sitdikova L., Khismatullin M. et al. Prospects of Agricultural Business in the Republic of Tatarstan. BIO Web of Conferences, 2020, vol. 17. URL: Link Subaeva A.K., Mavlieva L.M., Aleksandrova N.R., Nizamutdinov M.M. [Technical modernization of the melioration system as a reserve for improving the efficiency of agriculture]. Vestnik Kazanskogo gosudarstvennogo agrarnogo universiteta = Vestnik of Kazan State Agrarian University, 2017, vol. 12, iss. 3, pp. 124–127. (In Russ.) URL: Link Khismatullin M.M., Khismatullin M.M., Vafina L.T., Safiollin F.N. Comparative Evaluation of Productivity of Ryegrass and Ryegrass-Goatling Grass Stands Affected by Different Mineral and Organomineral Nutrition. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 2019, vol. 341. URL: Link Faizrakhmanov D.I., Mukhametgaliev F.N., Valiev A.R. et al. Organizatsionno-ekonomicheskie aspekty povysheniya effektivnosti agrarnogo biznesa: monografiya [Organizational and economic aspects of improving the efficiency of agricultural business: a monograph]. Kazan, Kazan Federal University Publ., 2021, 376 p. Khafizov D.F., Khismatullin M.M., Khismatullin M.M. Predprinimatel'stvo v agrarnoi sfere: monografiya [Entrepreneurship in the agricultural sector: a monograph]. Kazan, Kazan State University Publ., 2007, 198 p. Khafizov D.F. [Problems of agricultural cooperation in Russia]. Ekonomika i upravlenie: problemy, resheniya = Economics and Management: Problems, Solutions, 2020, vol. 4, no. 12, pp. 63–67. (In Russ.) URL: Link Khafizov D.F., Mukhametgaliev F.N., Khismatullin M.M. [Peculiarities of the modern stage of multi-valued economy development]. Vestnik Kazanskogo gosudarstvennogo agrarnogo universiteta = Vestnik of Kazan State Agrarian University, 2018, vol. 13, iss. 3, pp. 157–161. (In Russ.) URL: Link Khismatullin M.M., Khafizov D.F. [On the essence of management forms manifolds in agrarian sphere at institutional reformation]. Vestnik Kazanskogo gosudarstvennogo agrarnogo universiteta = Vestnik of Kazan State Agrarian University, 2014, vol. 9, iss. 3, pp. 66–71. (In Russ.) URL: Link Khismatullin M.M., Mukhametgaliev F.N., Asadullin N.M. et al. Implementation of Government Support Measures for Reclamation as an Incentive for the Development of the Agricultural Industry: Experience of the Republic of Tatarstan. BIO Web of Conferences, 2021, vol. 37. URL: Link

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Munir, Rahat, i Kevin Baird. "Influence of institutional pressures on performance measurement systems". Journal of Accounting & Organizational Change 12, nr 2 (6.06.2016): 106–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jaoc-09-2014-0051.

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Purpose Grounded in DiMaggio and Powell’s (1983) institutional isomorphism perspective of institutional theory, the purpose of this study is to examine the influence of institutional pressures on the performance measurement system (PMS) within banks and financial institutions. Design/methodology/approach A survey was used to collect data from 71 banks and financial institutions operating in Australia. Findings Four institutional pressures, the normative pressure “corporate change” and the coercive pressures “economic and financial legislation”, “socio-economic political pressures” and “banking regulations” were found to be associated with the use of multi-dimensional performance measures. In addition, the coercive pressure “economic and financial legislation” and the normative pressure “corporate change” were associated with the use of financial, internal and learning and growth performance measures. Finally, the use of internal and learning and growth measures was positively associated with the coercive force “socioeconomic-political pressures”, and the use of financial measures was associated with the coercive pressure “banking regulations”. Research limitations/implications Given the recent global financial crisis, the study offers a reference within the contemporary performance measurement literature in relation to the influence of institutional pressures on the PMS within banks and financial institutions. Originality/value While prior research has focused on manufacturing organisations, this study deepens our understanding of the institutional environment of banks and financial institutions and how specific coercive, mimetic and normative forces influence the PMS.

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Rauch, T. "New ruralities in the context of global economic and environmental change – are small-scale farmers bound to disappear?" Geographica Helvetica 69, nr 4 (11.12.2014): 227–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gh-69-227-2014.

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Abstract. While development practicians tend to celebrate the renaissance of rural development, critical scholars are concerned about the increasing commoditisation of rural resources in the global South coinciding with the end of the peasant mode of production. The new debate on the future of rurality is associated with trends such as price hikes for rural products, climate change, food crisis, institutional change and multi-local livelihood systems. Usually, these trends are analysed from different perspectives. While many geographers look at it from a livelihood systems perspective, political economists focus on global food markets, whereas climate change research considers rural dynamics predominantly as a response to climate. This article argues that the new rural dynamics can only be understood by taking a holistic multi-dimensional approach which puts those different perspectives into context, rather than arguing which is more relevant. Based on a multi-dimensional analytical framework, the article investigates economic, environmental, social and political-institutional dynamics behind the actual trends.

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Kleiner, Georgе B. "Prospects for System Expansion of Institutional Economic Theory". Economics of Contemporary Russia, nr 3 (23.09.2021): 7–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.33293/1609-1442-2021-3(94)-7-17.

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The article discusses the ways of creating unified economic theory describing the functioning and interaction of significant units of the national economy and the economy as a whole. The general construction of a unified economic theory, its connection with the system economic theory and its system components (object, process, project, environmental economic theories) is determined. Based on the example of institutional economic theory, it is shown that the expansion of its terminology and conceptual apparatus within the framework of the construction of a unified multi-level economic theory allows minimizing the contradictions between the “old” and “new” institutionalism, methodological individualism and methodological holism. This expansion is carried out following the principle of the maximum possible system community in two lines. The first line is expanding the subject area (along with organizations as systems of the object type, systems of the process, project, the environment types are also considered as the focal subject of study). The second line is the expanding the instrumental area (analysis of the influence on the behavior of agents from not only institutional subsystems but also information, infrastructural, network, mental, and other environmental subsystems). As a result, each system receives the compact and maximum volumetric internal systemic content and, at the same time, the minimum volumetric external systemic environment, which creates conditions for the effective application of the duality principle in the theory of economic systems. Thus, the system expansion of institutional theory should take place in two lines: content of the theory per se and creation of its immediate environment.

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Kovalenko, Yulia N., i Andrey V. Ulez’ko. "THEORETICAL ASPECTS OF THE FORMATION ON THE INSTITUTIONAL ENVIRONMENT". EKONOMIKA I UPRAVLENIE: PROBLEMY, RESHENIYA 4/8, nr 145 (2024): 4–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.36871/ek.up.p.r.2024.04.08.001.

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The institutional environment is considered as a set of basic rules that form the order of interaction of economic entities at all stages of reproduction, taking into account the characteristics of their operating environment. The complex structure and multi-level nature of the institutional environment objectively determines the multiplicity of approaches to the study of its composition, structure, taking into account the focus of research and focusing on certain properties and features of the institutional environment. The multifaceted nature of the institutional environment gives rise to many approaches to modern systematization, classification and differentiation of institutions as key elements of its structural and functional framework. When studying the hierarchy of the institutional environment, it is necessary to distinguish between external and internal institutions: the former determine the system-wide framework of interactions between economic systems at various levels, the latter are focused on regulating intrasystem interactions. As elements of the institutional environment, we can distinguish “institutional links” (local fragments of the institutional environment) and “institutional options” (alternative combinations of institutions) used by subjects to organize interactions. The quality of the institutional environment is characterized by its ability to prevent the emergence of an institutional vacuum and ensure the process of reproduction of institutions, minimizing the impact of ineffective institutions on the realization of the development potential of interacting entities. There is an organic relationship between institutional and economic spaces in the form of organizing the relations of interacting subjects within the boundaries of localized economic spaces.

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Upadhyaya, Jyoti Kumari, i Graham Moore. "Sustainability indicators for wastewater reuse systems and their application to two small systems in rural Victoria, Australia". Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 39, nr 6 (czerwiec 2012): 674–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l2012-057.

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Currently there is no tool to assess the sustainability performance of reuse systems in Australia. This research fulfills that gap by developing a set of sustainability indicators (SIs). A unique methodology was developed based on understanding of the reuse systems, reviewing and examining the issues related to reuse, and Australian policy and guidelines in terms of sustainability. It was established that a sustainable reuse system should be based beyond the triple bottom line approach, and involve consumers in decision making, address institutional issues, and focus on the outcomes rather than the output, with a system approach. Twenty seven SIs were identified under five categories: environmental, technical, social, economical, and institutional. The case studies demonstrated the application of the SIs in sustainability assessment of two reuse systems: (1) tree plantation and (2) lake discharge for augmenting environmental flow. The evaluation was done based on multi criteria decision assessment.

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Javaid, Omar. "An Islamic vision and approach for entrepreneurship: developing through a multi-stage comparative analysis of systems, ideologies and code of ethics". International Journal of Ethics and Systems 38, nr 1 (8.11.2021): 125–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijoes-03-2021-0066.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to highlight the Islamic character of entrepreneurial activity along with its systemic, ideological and ethical particularities in contrast to the tech-based entrepreneurial model of Silicon Valley. Design/methodology/approach Hollingsworth’s framework of institutional analysis is used to analyze and compare the institutional design of tech-based entrepreneurship originated in Silicon Valley with the Islamic alternative. Findings An ideal Muslim entrepreneur will have a service-oriented-collectivist mindset, as opposed to an individualistic-self-centric mindset, where solving problems for all stakeholders is a priority instead of profit maximization at the expense of other stakeholders. A Muslim entrepreneur while ensuring the financial sustainability of the firm would avoid complexity on a systemic level, thus would adopt a personalized-family-like atmosphere. A Muslim entrepreneur will also constructively engage local stakeholders and will not possess a disintegrating tendency toward the local social structures. Practical implications The paper can help Muslim entrepreneurs to critically evaluate their entrepreneurial activities and firm design in contrast to the contemporary tech-based model. Originality/value A number of papers already have discussed the features of an Islamic model of entrepreneurship, however, none has done so while sequentially comparing the Islamic alternative with the contemporary model using Hollingsworth’s framework of institutional analysis. In this paper, the resulting model of Islamic entrepreneurship can be clearly evaluated and contrasted, feature by feature, with its tech-based counterpart.

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Wu, Jiawei. "Firm Heterogeneities, Multi-Dimensional Proximities, and Systematic Dynamics of M&A Partnering: Evidences from Transitional China". Systems 10, nr 2 (8.03.2022): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/systems10020032.

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Corporate investment strategies and decision-making processes are crucial for understanding the operation and evolution of socioeconomic systems. Mergers and acquisitions (M&As) have been the main mode of corporate investment, growth, and upgrading, deeply affecting corporate reorganization, regional industrial restructuring, and economic globalization. By building a database including 5543 M&A partnerings and 1.89 million M&A non-partnerings, this study aims to uncover the systematic dynamics of M&A partnering in regional China during different phases since the mid-1990s, with particular attention given to the effects of firm heterogeneities and multi-dimensional proximities. Although geographical, cognitive, organizational, and institutional proximity dimensions are significantly influential for M&A partnering, we find that the effects of multi-dimensional proximities differ across M&A types and involving firms. Specifically, organizational proximity matters more for large- and medium-sized acquirers, while institutional proximity plays a more vital role in the acquisition target selection of private-owned and small-sized acquirers. Cognitive proximity measured by industrial and technical relatedness is more crucial for horizontal, vertical, and conglomerate M&As that are tightly associated with the corporate product, technical, and functional upgrading. The results indicate that the benefits of cognitive proximity may offset the risks and costs resulting from long-distance M&As, demonstrating the interactive dynamics between proximity dimensions. Our findings suggest that firm heterogeneities, proximity dynamics, and contextual factors should be focused on when explaining the investment decision-making processes of individual corporations in emerging and transitional economies such as China.

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Starkl, Markus, Norbert Brunner, Sukanya Das i Anju Singh. "Sustainability Assessment for Wastewater Treatment Systems in Developing Countries". Water 14, nr 2 (14.01.2022): 241. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14020241.

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As the assessment of the economic, environmental, institutional, and social sustainability of wastewater treatment systems may have several conceivable goals and intended recipients, there are numerous different approaches. This paper surveys certain aspects of sustainability assessment that may be of interest to the planners of wastewater treatment systems. Here, the key criteria assess the system’s costs and financing, including its affordability for the users, the environmental impact, the benefits for health and hygiene, the cultural acceptance of the system and its recycled products, the technical functioning, and the administrative, political, and legal framework for its construction and operation. A multi-criteria approach may then be used to analyze possible trade-offs and identify the most suitable system for a certain location.

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Sonwa, Denis J., S. Weise, A. Adesina, A. B. Nkongmeneck, M. Tchatat i O. Ndoye. "Production constraints on cocoa agroforestry systems in West and Central Africa: The need for integrated pest management and multi-institutional approaches". Forestry Chronicle 81, nr 3 (1.06.2005): 345–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc81345-3.

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Cocoa-producing countries of West and Central Africa experienced a serious economic crisis in the early 1980s,when the cocoa sector was liberalized and the macroeconomic policies of the sector changed. These institutional changes created new difficulties and challenges for sustainable cocoa farming. Farmers in this region have recently turned to timber and non-timber production to offset the fluctuation of cocoa prices. In a survey of 300 cocoa farmers in the humid forest zone of Southern Cameroon, pest and disease outbreaks were identified as the major limiting factors to sustainable cocoa production. An analysis of pests and diseases affecting the cocoa plantations in the humid forest zone of West and Central Africa revealed strong links to the type of forest cover found on or near the cocoa plantation. An integrated approach to pest management is proposed and the paper concludes with a discussion of current efforts to address constraints posed by pests and diseases on sustainable cocoa farming in the four main cocoa-producing countries of West and Central Africa. Key words: cocoa agroforest, farmer perception, forest landscape, multi-disciplinary approach, multi- institutional approach, Africa

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Moise�enko, Irina. "REVIEW OF THE MONOGRAPH BY SHEVCHYKA B. M. TRADITION AND ECONOMY: ECONOMIC SYSTEMS IN SOCIO-CULTURAL DYNAMICS (LVIV, LTEU PUBLISHING HOUSE, 2017, 574 p.)". Social Legal Studios 10, nr 4 (25.12.2020): 144–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.32518/2617-4162-2020-4-144-146.

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This material is a review of the book by Bohdan Shevchyk �Tradition and economy: economic systems in socio-cultural dynamics� (2017), which presents author�s concept of undestending socio-cultural changes as the basis of economic development. The monograph substantiates the concept of economic orientalism, which is considered in such dimensions: firstly, as a new paradigmatic project of socio-economic development; secondly, as forms of sociocultural space. The ideational type of cultural mentality of Ukrainians acts as the leading one and determines the structure and institutional complementarity of the national economic system of Ukraine. The main results of the author�s research, which characterize the scientific novelty, include the following: theoretical substantiation of the concept of economic orientalism as a characteristic of a number of modern circumstances, which is associated with: the change of types of dominant culture in the processes of sociocultural dynamics and the transition from sensory to ideational type of cultural mentality; proving the socio-cultural context of the formation of economic orientalism. Business entities are considered as a multi-intellectual socio-cultural economic system of the ideational type of culture; interpretation of systems of economic thinking as structures of mentality, which is the basis of theoretical modeling of evolutionary and transitive economic systems in the quadratic: structure-function-processenvironment

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Bwalya, Kelvin Joseph. "Impact of Sound Policies in Promoting Information Systems Research and Innovation in Africa’s SADC Region". International Journal of Information Systems and Social Change 3, nr 3 (lipiec 2012): 52–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jissc.2012070104.

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Countries such as South Korea, Singapore, Japan, and so forth are a force to reckon with in socio-economic value chains because they have fully embraced research and innovation as vital to their economies. Innovation is mostly a culture, and for innovation to thrive, it is desired that proper change management tactics be introduced as it results into social change. Research and innovation depends on multi-dimensional factors to thrive, policy being one of them. African countries have now started putting in place appropriate legal, regulatory, and institutional frameworks to support innovation and research. This paper presents an ad hoc survey on what has been done on the policy front in as far as encouraging information systems (IS) research and innovation is concerned in the SADC region. Initiatives and policy environments in Botswana, Zambia, and Malawi are presented. It brings out lessons learnt on how research can or cannot contribute to national development and competiveness. It also presents a number of theoretical perspectives and standpoints from which rationales for innovation and research policy can be extracted. The paper has found that, for the African case, incorporation of the research and knowledge management agenda into national policies is not an easy thing to do because of bureacratic and contextual implications.

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Abatechanie, Meseret, Baozhong Cai, Fang Shi i Yuanji Huang. "The Environmental and Socio-Economic Effect of Farmland Management Right Transfer in China: A Systematic Review". Land 11, nr 8 (17.08.2022): 1333. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11081333.

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Small and fragmented arable land is a key challenge for small-scale agricultural countries, resulting in low labor productivity, ecological damage, and inefficient land use. To cope with this challenge, the farmland transfer (FLT) policy is implemented to establish modern agriculture based on specialization and scale enlargement. Despite the rising body of literature, an overview of the effect of this policy is lacked. This paper aimed to examine the multi-dimensional effects of FLT in China. A systematic search of the Web of Science and Scopus databases revealed 26 full-text peer-reviewed articles. We found that FLT had both positive and negative effects, and its effects were mainly mediated by intermediary factors. Non-contingent FLT and post-FLT actions were responsible for the adverse effects of FLT. In the literature, the influence of FLT on the environment is the most concerning issue. The results also show that the existing evidence on the effect of FLT is insufficient; therefore, this paper proposes to further exploration of the multi-dimensional effects of FLT, institutional feedback, and trade-offs. While FLT offers the potential to address socio-economic and environmental challenges, this study suggests that an institutional framework that takes into account spatial and temporal aspects, land-use, market systems, and household conditions is needed to promote favorable development, and mitigate potential land market problems and ensure sustainable development. Despite significant limitations remain, the literature on the socio-economic and environmental effects of FLT is increasing.

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Mohammad, Amal Abdel Fattah. "Universality of culture and neo-intuitionalism: Do they make a difference to comparative education?" Research in Comparative and International Education 12, nr 4 (grudzień 2017): 431–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1745499917742064.

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Comparative education (CE) addresses culture through the lens of global culture which increasingly puts so much emphasis on human capital. Also, convergence of educational systems has become one of the main issues of global culture in CE, particularly with so many nationalities melting into the global society to become part and parcel of the global culture network. As a result, these nationalities have been under considerable pressure to accredit and adopt similar institutional structures including models of bureaucracy, inclusive education, democratic transition, and spread of science which is based on universities and social sciences, all of which are considered as major knowledge systems. In addition, there are calls for growing interest in the contributions of neo-institutional theory as a distinct approach to the study of social, economic, political and educational phenomena, particularly in the field of CE because it takes into account the dual power of globalization and contextualization and accommodates the multi-directional influence on the macro-level educational phenomenon and both the institutional and individual level. Hence, the current research aims mainly at identifying the most significant changes in culture, particularly global culture. It also investigates the effective roles these changes play in the field of CE and their relation to the neo-institutional theory. Finally, it aims at developing a number of recommendations to promote the institutional construction of CE at the Faculties of Education in Egyptian universities.

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Somlyódy, Làszló. "Use of optimization models in river basin water quality planning". Water Science and Technology 36, nr 5 (1.09.1997): 209–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1997.0200.

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A literature review on water quality management optimization models is presented. They include linear and non-linear approaches, deterministic and stochastic methods, as well as multi-criteria decision techniques. Two river basin decision support systems, DESERT and STREAMPLAN developed recently at the International Institute of Applied Systems Analysis, (IIASA) are outlined. The usage of these tools is illustrated by results obtained for three river basins located in Central and Eastern European countries. Examples incorporate least-cost DO policies, regional strategies to reduce nutrient emissions with special regard to the control of inland sea eutrophication, multi-criteria decision making and the sequential usage of optimization and simulation models to assess the sensitivity of a particular policy in terms of water quality and economic impacts. Major features of available optimization models are classified. Reasons of their rare real life applications and associated barriers are evaluated, primarily the nature of legislation and related institutional structures. Finally, a future outlook is presented.

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Hossain, Amir, Paula Senff i Marion Glaser. "Lessons for Coastal Applications of IMTA as a Way towards Sustainable Development: A Review". Applied Sciences 12, nr 23 (22.11.2022): 11920. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app122311920.

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Integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA) systems integrate the cultivation of species from different trophic levels. Uneaten feed, solid wastes, and dissolved nutrients are turned into harvestable and healthy food, making IMTA a driver for ecologically sustainable aquaculture. Its wider sustainability potentials arise from social, environmental, and economic sustainability enhancement options. Biological and economic outcomes are promising, while social equity and acceptance remain to be further investigated in the context of the long-term viability of aquaculture. Sustainable coastal and marine aquaculture development requires a holistic approach that involves social/cultural, economic, as well as environmental sustainability. This article examines IMTA as a pathway to socially, environmentally, and economically sustainable development. We collate evidence that shows that IMTA can minimize the negative environmental effects of aquaculture, assist local economies, and boost competitiveness and long-term economic viability. Available analyses of socio-economic and cost-effectiveness reveal positive prospects for IMTA systems, through product diversification, faster production cycles, and IMTA product prices and show a divergence between financial returns at the level of the entrepreneurial unit and economic returns at the macro level, which inhibits the uptake of IMTA. We conclude that the lack of governance analysis or inappropriateness of institutional development, in terms of aquaculture governance and management laws and regulations, is at the core of the hitherto weak engagement with IMTA. Unsuitable policies, regulations, and public and private sector decision policies and implementation, underlined by the scarcity of analyses of aquaculture governance institutions, are part of the reason for this. The evidence we have aggregated indicates that the relative scarcity of commercially successful coastal IMTA undertakings is not so much an intrinsic feature of the IMTA approach but is likely to have been generated by missing or inappropriate governance structures and procedures in the coastal realm.

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Thoban, Meydelin Isani, i Dyah Rahmawati Hizbaron. "Urban resilience to floods in parts of Makassar, Indonesia". E3S Web of Conferences 200 (2020): 01007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202020001007.

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Makassar – the largest and fastest growing area in eastern Indonesia – experienced significant number of damages and losses due to recurrent floods. In early 2019, the flood disaster exposed the urbanized area and inundated 1,658 houses and caused 9,328 impacted population. These figures imply that Makassar needs to create concerted efforts to improve its currently low resilience to floods. This study was designed to assess the urban resilience to floods in Makassar to provide the government with reference for evaluation and identify the most contributing factors to the resilience. In this context, resilience was assessed in four urban systems, namely physical, social, economic, and institutional, in every unit of analysis, i.e., flood-affected districts. The research data included building density, green open space, population density, the number of economically disadvantaged households, community’s subsistence funds, and the availability of early warning systems and disaster emergency stations. The physical, social, economic, institutional, and equal scenarios of resilience were modeled using the Spatial Multi-Criteria Evaluation (SMCE). The results showed that the districts in Makassar were moderately resilient to floods and that the resilience of each urban system shaped the overall resilience. Tamalate and Rappocini sub districts had the lowest resilience values, whereas Manggala was estimated as the most highly resilient district in several scenarios.

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Akamani, Kofi. "The Roles of Adaptive Water Governance in Enhancing the Transition towards Ecosystem-Based Adaptation". Water 15, nr 13 (24.06.2023): 2341. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w15132341.

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The growing realization of the inadequacies of the conventional approach to climate change adaptation has generated interest in sustainable forms of adaptation that could promote long-term ecosystem health and social equity. In this regard, the concept of ecosystem-based adaptation has been receiving attention as an integrative framework for maintaining healthy ecosystems, with the aim of building the resilience and reducing the vulnerability of social–ecological systems to climate change impacts. However, there is currently an inadequate understanding of the institutional requirements for the transition towards ecosystem-based adaptation. A promising institutional mechanism for addressing these governance challenges is adaptive governance, a governance mechanism that relies on flexible, multi-level institutions to connect actors across multiple scales in managing conflicting values and uncertainties in ecosystem-based management processes. This paper discusses four roles of adaptive governance in the transition of water resource systems towards ecosystem-based adaptation: (1) creating awareness about climate change through social learning and the integration of diverse sources of knowledge; (2) generating interest for policy change through the provision of economic and non-economic incentives; (3) creating opportunities for change through the promotion of vertical and horizontal interactions among actors; and (4) building capacities for change through enhanced access to relevant institutions and resources.

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Plakhotnik, Olena. "DEVELOPMENT AREAS OF REENGINEERING PROCESSES OF MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS IN THE CONTEXT OF INNOVATIVE ECONOMY". ECONOMIC BULLETIN OF THE DNIPROVSK STATE TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY, nr 1(2) (2.06.2021): 47–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.31319/2709-2879.2021iss1(2).232573pp47-55.

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The authors considered anti-evolutionary, institutional, entrepreneurial and integration models of management systems in the context of studying the transformational cycle of economic processes development. This made it possible to prove that the effectiveness of the application of a specific approach to the organization of the structure of the management system depends on the degree of its implementation at a specific economic asset, and the transition to another structure is necessary in the case of the limitations of the existing one. It has been proven that one of the most promising mechanisms is the reengineering of business processes, which provides process orientation and an inductive approach to the use of modern information technologies, allowing flexible adaptation of the management system to changes in external and internal environments. The use of an object-oriented approach to the analysis, design and synthesis of applied software is proposed. It will allow the use of an iterative method of project development, which increases the efficiency, quality and speed of performing all types of work, as well as the possibility of forming multi-option solutions for the development of production and economic systems.

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Gerlinger, Thomas, i Hans-Jürgen Urban. "From heterogeneity to harmonization? Recent trends in European health policy". Cadernos de Saúde Pública 23, suppl 2 (2007): S133—S142. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-311x2007001400003.

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In the European Union (EU), health policy and the institutional reform of health systems have been treated primarily as national affairs, and health care systems within the EU thus differ considerably. However, the health policy field is undergoing a dynamic process of Europeanization. This process is stimulated by the orientation towards a more competitive economy, recently inaugurated and known as the Lisbon Strategy, while the regulatory requirements of the European Economic and Monetary Union are stimulating the Europeanization of health policy. In addition, the so-called open method of coordination, representing a new mode of regulation within the European multi-level system, is applied increasingly to the health policy area. Diverse trends are thus emerging. While the Lisbon Strategy goes along with a strategic upgrading of health policy more generally, health policy is increasingly used to strengthen economic competitiveness. Pressure on Member States is expected to increase to contain costs and promote market-based health care provision.

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Ahamer, Gilbert, i Josef Strobl. "Information Technologies Socialise Geographies". Journal of Cases on Information Technology 12, nr 3 (lipiec 2010): 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jcit.2010070101.

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One of the ethical tasks and practical effects of IT is bridging and spanning different locations, thereby “socialising” across diverse “geographies of understanding”. A dozen documented case studies use IT (especially Geographic Information Sciences) in distance learning. The underlying conceptual model of a network society combined with empirical research on long-term civilisational and economic evolution leads to a general understanding of Information Technologies as facilitators of a multi-perspectivist and multi-disciplinary construction of world views (m:n type of science). Such a synopsis of education, structural evolution, social spaces and institutional change provides insight into IT’s strategic role of facilitating consensus building and constructing common world views that can socially converge (“socialise”) isolated cultures of understanding. “Geography” is here seen as a provider of world views that emerge from communicative action. The presented cases in this paper span both geographic locations as well as constructed cultures of understanding.

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Vieira, Serrao-Neumann i Howes. "Local Action with a Global Vision: The Transformative Potential of Food Social Enterprises in Australia". Sustainability 11, nr 23 (28.11.2019): 6756. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11236756.

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There is an urgent need to make food systems more sustainable and resilient. Such a transformation goes beyond technological innovation and requires economic and social change. Research interest in the transformative potential of community level action has increased. Food social enterprises often operate at the community level and consist of not-for-profit organisations that aim to make a positive contribution to social justice and environmental sustainability. The question addressed in this paper is whether these social enterprises are limited to isolated improvements or have the capacity to transform food systems more widely. This paper uses a multi-dimensional framework (involving the social setting, operational models, governance, and institutional context) to analyse the transformative potential of eight food social enterprises in the Australian cities of Brisbane and Melbourne. The analysis indicates that these enterprises create social networks, pursue agendas aligned with a global vision of transformation, and include a diversity of stakeholders. Their operational models are consistent with the goals of environmental sustainability and social justice. Their governance involves equality, transparency, and flexibility. In the institutional context, support from public policy is limited and there is a need to improve their engagement with governmental actors. While food social enterprises are well placed in the quest to make food systems more consistent with ecological dynamics and social justice, they need to engage in greater advocacy for institutional change in order to maximise their transformative potential.

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Wilkinson, Sam, Michele John i Gregory M. Morrison. "Rooftop PV and the Renewable Energy Transition; a Review of Driving Forces and Analytical Frameworks". Sustainability 13, nr 10 (18.05.2021): 5613. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13105613.

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Rooftop solar photovoltaics (PV) are accelerating the transition towards low carbon electricity systems in many countries, particularly in Australia. This review paper provides an overview of the (1) technical, (2) economic, (3) socio-political, and (4) regulatory and institutional aspects that should be considered concurrently when navigating the transition towards a rooftop PV-dominated electricity system. We consider the suitability of two prominent long-range transitions theories for understanding the importance and interaction of elements within these four aspects during the transition. The multi-level perspective (MLP) of transitions theory is considered best suited for this task as it addresses fundamental shifts in the socio-technical systems, rather than being weighted towards technological and/or economic solutions. We find that relatively little research has been undertaken where the renewable energy transition is being driven by the uptake of rooftop PV within the distribution network of established islanded electricity systems. These islanded electricity systems will be the first to experience system impacts from high levels of rooftop PV. This review provides further analysis of important gaps in understanding the rooftop-PV-led energy transition and the implications for policy makers in maintaining stable electricity supplies during the transition.

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Cotella, Giancarlo, Umberto Janin Rivolin, Elena Pede i Maurizio Pioletti. "Multi-level regional development governance: A European typology". European Spatial Research and Policy 28, nr 1 (30.06.2021): 201–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/1231-1952.28.1.11.

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The European Union identifies the regional level as the ideal spatial scale for resources’ redistribution, in so doing turning European regions into key spatial development players. This raises challenges due to the heterogeneity of the EU in terms of administrative configurations, and spatial governance and planning systems. The contribution of this article draws on the results of three interlinked ESPON research projects to shed light on the matter. Building on an overview of the institutional variables that may influence successful regional development, it proposes a typology of multi-level regional development governance in the EU and reflects upon the potentials for delivering economic, social, and territorial cohesion.

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Pilotti, Luciano. "Evolutionary and adaptive local systems in North East Italy: Strategies of localized learning, open leadership and cooperation. Towards imperfect “communitarian capitalism”". Human Systems Management 18, nr 2 (19.07.1999): 87–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/hsm-1999-18204.

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We consider the nature of local production systems as a complex institutional form of coordination of the division of labor between firms as growing interrelations mediated by cognitve resources transferable by sharing internal/external competences. In this way emerge a process of internalization of competences thorought an evolutionary networking oriented to the efficiency of the system and not simply of single units. Our analysis is oriented to describe the peculiarity of the institutional system in the case of North East industrial districts. We assumes the North East industrial economy evolves on the basis of differentiated learning capacities, according to a complex system of economic and social relations encouraging the circulation of useful knowledge and information for economic growth and expanding both base of industrial leadership and spillover chain. The North East economy is well described in terms of a Multilevel Neural Network. This approach tends to revaluate local contexts as specific and active box of innovation resources, over simple considerations as factors of localisation, in other words a bridge between local and global resources. Learning processes and institutional contexts are variables that often seem to bind together economic and social factors. The orientation towards growth and innovation is due to the peculiarity of relationships based system existing in the district area, regarding the prevalent system (albeit incomplete) of learning strategies of both firms and institutions. This system is multi-purpose and oriented to produce through processes of both activities, self-coordination and self-learning. We have identified the “generator” of growth as meta-organisers. They comprise two classes of co-operators, not necessary alternative: innovative firms (as specialists, connectors, generators) and local institutions (private and public agents, or sub-systems of institutions), involved directly or indirectly in the process of innovation and/or to reduce costs of operations. In the last part of work we will show a simple model of differentiation of some industrial districts in North East of Italy: more efficient is the district with high level of intermediate institutions (private as firms and public as local authority and infrastructure) and with more large base of SMEs leadership. Two main forms of district emerge: the evolutionary district (for example, as Montebelluna specialised on ski-shoes business) and non evolutionary ones (adaptive district) (for example, as Maniago specialised on knives business), where we find a really limited base of leadership and constraints to enlarge division of labor between firms. We shall consider some elements related to district economies and their evolution as far as regulations are concerned, in order to show that the North East’s model of development is a peculiar form of “communitarian or social capitalism” for some aspects analogous to that of the Rhine area (a clear form of “corporatist capitalism”).

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IRTYSHCHEVA, INNA, OLENA ISHCHENKO i JULIA BARABANOVA. "ORGANIZATIONAL AND ECONOMIC MECHANISMS OF TRANSPORT SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT BASED ON LOGISTICS". Journal of Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University 6, nr 3-4 (20.12.2019): 37–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.15330/jpnu.6.3-4.37-45.

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It is determined that the existence of a developed transport and logistics infrastructure is one of the defining dominants of the effective functioning of the transport and logistics system at the regional, national and international level, provides effective supply, marketing, production and social communications between the subjects of economic activity. It is proved that the main directions of state policy implementation in the field of transport and logistics are: directions of innovative development of transport and logistics technologies on energy-saving and environmentally safe principles; construction of efficient economic systems in accordance with the principles of logistics and marketing; development of strategic planning; improvement of regulatory policy. Institutional, organizational and economic mechanisms for ensuring the effective development of national transport and logistics systems have been researched and systematized, among which the following have been identified as priorities: the development of public-private partnerships and decentralization reform, which will solve the problems of financing infrastructure development, the formation of multi-branch integration structures (transport-logistics clusters, transport hubs and logistics-outsourcing platforms), which will improve the quality of transport and logistics services, intensification of the integration processes of the transport and logistics system in the international transport of the network, which will increase the competitiveness of the national economy, increase in productivity of transit potential and attraction of foreign investments in the development of the industry.

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Zarubina, Evgeniya D. "Eastern Mediterranean at the turn of the tide [Book review:] Fusaro M. Political Economies of Empire in the Early Modern Mediterranean: The Decline of Venice and the Rise of England, 1450–1700. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015. XVI+408 p." Orientalistica 4, nr 4 (29.11.2021): 1095–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.31696/2618-7043-2021-4-4-1095-1106.

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The reviewed book by Professor Maria Fusaro (the University of Exeter, UK) is one of the key works in the modern historiography of the Eastern Mediterranean. The study consists of an introduction and twelve chapters based on the evaluation of a considerable number of sources, both primary and secondary (748 items), that create a multi-dimensional picture of the Eastern Mediterranean in the 16–17th centuries. The concept of the Venetian state as a “functional empire” developed in the study, along with an analysis of the British commercial expansion into the Mediterranean are placed into a wider context of the socio-economic transformation of the region. The author highlights the ignorance of the Republic’s subjects’ economic interest and preoccupation with the imperial role of Venice among the major factors that contributed to the failure to maintain its position in the Eastern Mediterranean. The success of the English was facilitated by the institutional peculiarities of their trade network, the crisis of the Venetian fleet, and the economic situation in the region. Among institutional peculiarities, the author stresses the freedom of action characteristic of the Levantine company, well-developed communal connections, the support of the state, and close partnership with Greek merchants. The multi-dimensional analysis of the early modern Eastern Mediterranean presented in the study allows us to both deepen our understanding of the region’s history and draw parallels between different colonial systems. The narrative formulated in the book considers not only European and Levantine contexts but also proto-global connections. The combination of these features makes the study under review a part of an essential bibliography for the scholars specializing in the history of the Eastern Mediterranean.

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Tanaka, Hiroshige, i Chiharu Tanaka. "Sustainable investment strategies and a theoretical approach of multi-stakeholder communities". Green Finance 4, nr 3 (2022): 329–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/gf.2022016.

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<abstract> <p>The digital industrial revolution continues to expand the global network of economies and societies. Nevertheless, difficulties of sustainability such as climate change and disruption have become more severe. Multi-stakeholders are crucially important to resolve difficulties posed to sustainability in global communities. Sustainable communities are expected to be constructed through competitive and cooperative schemes of multi-stakeholders. Sustainable global communities must reform centralized economies with top down systems and must move toward decentralized mechanisms known as bottom-up societies. Sustainable investment strategies to support environment, society and governance (ESG) presumably improve social welfare. The main findings presented herein are summarized as explained hereinafter. First, this article describes that multi-stakeholders can introduce a decentralized incentive scheme into global economies and can provide mathematical expressions of sustainable investment strategies. Secondly, the decentralized formulation described herein is used to evaluate the improvement of ESG initiatives by the decrease of social welfare losses. The formulation states mathematically relative relations among the investment strategies. Thirdly, this mathematical model explores the social welfare effects of initiatives to enhance standards, regulations, and legislations. Empirically, one finds that integration strategies have grown remarkably as a core part of social institutional reform for sustainability. Finally, initiatives to improve social evaluation by individuals who are excluded from market transaction are demonstrated to decrease social welfare losses greatly. These findings can promote initiatives to alleviate the disruption difficulties faced by communities.</p> </abstract>

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Ndah, Hycenth Tim, Johannes Schuler, Vandoline N. Nkwain, Beatus Nzogela, Walter Mangesho, Richard Mollel, Rose Loina, Peter Zander i Birthe K. Paul. "Determinants for Smallholder Farmers’ Adoption of Improved Forages in Dairy Production Systems: The Case of Tanga Region, Tanzania". Agronomy 12, nr 2 (25.01.2022): 305. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12020305.

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Dairy productivity in sub-Saharan Africa remains below its potential, while there is an increasing demand for milk from its growing population. This study focuses on the adoption potential of improved, more nutritive and productive forages by smallholder farmers in the Tanga region of Tanzania. By applying a qualitative mixed-method approach, including farm visits, interviews and a multi-stakeholder workshop guided by the Qualitative Assessment Tool for Forage Technologies (QATo-FT), we systematically identify and analyse the roles of the (i) institutional and political, (ii) socio-economic and (iii) cultural factors influencing the adoption and diffusion of improved forage technologies. The findings reveal the unsuitable cool climate and unfavourable socioeconomic conditions, including low labour opportunity costs in the dry season as critical reasons for the low current adoption rate. However, a positive community attitude, the recognised ecological benefits and the supporting role of promoting institutions are the main influencing factors of a high adoption potential. Yet, the political and institutional framework at the regional level, as well as the market conditions, negatively influence the adoption potential. We suggest an integrated approach for rural development that goes beyond the improvement of yields, but provides more efficient use of land and labour in the region.

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Zhakhov, N. V., i D. A. Markov. "Theoretical Foundations of the Modern Multi-Level Model Management of the Process of Innovative Development in the Russian Federation". Proceedings of the Southwest State University. Series: Economics. Sociology. Management 13, nr 5 (30.10.2023): 25–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.21869/2223-1552-2023-13-5-25-35.

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Relevance. The article is devoted to the research and development of a multi-level model of innovative development of the regions of the Russian Federation. The relevance of the transition to an innovative path of development of the Russian economy in the context of exogenous, global changes, geopolitical instability was especially noted.The purpose is to develop a multi-level model of innovative development, with the allocation of the most promising levels of managerial decision-making.Objectives: analysis of the main levels of the existing multi-level model of innovative development of the territory; identification of key institutional constraints and problems of practical implementation of the current model of innovative development of Russian regions; development of a structural-logical scheme for the formation of a multilevel model of innovative development; highlighting the main elements of the local level of development of innovations at specific enterprises, industries.Methodology. In the course of the work, a wide range of research methods, theoretical concepts in the field of spatial and innovative development of territories were used. The dialectical, systematic and integrated approach became the main ones, which made it possible to consider economic relations in interconnection and development, to comprehensively assess the research problem under consideration.Results. The transition of regional economic systems to an innovative path of development is an important priority for the socio-economic development of the country, while the complexity of implementing innovation policy at different levels (federal, regional, and local) is revealed, and many factors affecting efficiency are identified. and the effectiveness of these processes. In contrast to the prevailing approach, where regions are considered as the main level of innovation, this study proposes to single out the level of agglomerations of municipalities as the most promising and relevant for the transition to an innovative path of development of regional economic systems.Conclusions. The main purpose of introducing the presented model into the practice of managing socioeconomic development is to activate internal reserves by means of using the potential of the designated agglomerations of municipalities. The results of the study indicate that countries with a high level of development of production successfully use a multi-level regulatory system aimed at the transition to an innovative path of development of regional economic systems.

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Montanari, Ingalill, i Kenneth Nelson. "Social service decline and convergence: How does healthcare fare?" Journal of European Social Policy 23, nr 1 (23.01.2013): 102–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0958928712456574.

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In this paper the hypotheses on differences among welfare state sectors with regard to decline and convergence are subject to comparative empirical tests focusing on healthcare. A diachronical cross-national analysis of healthcare services is performed, comparing developments with that of cash benefits. Contrary to previous claims we find that European healthcare systems are not particularly hit by retrenchment and that convergence is absent in key healthcare dimensions, namely coverage and provision. Convergence appears mainly in terms of the increased reliance on private healthcare financing. Our examination is based on Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Health Data and institutional data on entitlement levels of major cash benefit programmes, providing both a descriptive analysis and multi-level regressions.

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Belousov, D. M. "Contradictions of the upcoming period: points for developing the agenda for medium- and long-term perspective". Economic Revival of Russia, nr 1 (67) (2021): 72–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.37930/1990-9780-2021-1-67-72-80.

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Analysis of the economic and social situation allows for the conclusion that the world is entering an era of global instability and contradictions. There is clearly a crisis of compensatory and basic institutions. Humans cease to be the subjects of the historical process and instead are becoming the object of control. Contradictions are sharply increasing at different levels. We are witnessing the conflict between labor and capital related to the national nature of labor and the global nature of capital. Production, security and regional applied science are changing, but financial and institutional systems remain global. Information and trade wars are intensifying. During a multi-level crisis, it is difficult to predict what a new social order will be like, but the transition to it will be difficult and highly possibly rife with (macro-) regional conflicts.

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