Artykuły w czasopismach: „Multi-detectors”

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Ryzhikov, V. D. "Multi-layered composite detectors for neutron detection". Functional materials 25, nr 1 (28.03.2018): 172–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/fm25.01.172.

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Kandala, S., E. S. Sousa i S. Pasupathy. "Multi-user multi-sensor detectors for CDMA networks". IEEE Transactions on Communications 43, nr 2/3/4 (luty 1995): 946–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/26.380127.

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Clement, J., H. Delagrange, H. Postec, B. Raine, J. Tillier, M. Tripon i D. Vaillant. "Multi-Processor Data Acquisition for Multi-Detectors at GANIL". IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science 34, nr 5 (1987): 1101–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tns.1987.4334810.

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Moss, C. E., K. D. Ianakiev, T. H. Prettyman, M. K. Smith i M. R. Sweet. "Multi-element, large-volume CdZnTe detectors". Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 458, nr 1-2 (luty 2001): 455–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-9002(00)00904-9.

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Christou, A. "Electron Detectors For Microanalysis and High-Resolution Imaging". Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 43 (sierpień 1985): 162–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100117790.

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AbstractPresently available electron detectors are reviewed. These detectors are divided into electrostatic analyzers and magnetic or multi-channel analyzers. Imaging detectors also include the SLEEP (Scanning Low Energy Electron Probe) and the LLE detectors (Low Loss Electrons).

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Pourmir, Mohammad Reza, Reza Monsefi i Ghosheh Abed Hodtani. "Investigation of the performance of multi-input multi-output detectors based on deep learning in non-Gaussian environments". International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 13, nr 4 (1.08.2023): 4169. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v13i4.pp4169-4183.

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<span lang="EN-US">The next generation of wireless cellular communication networks must be energy efficient, extremely reliable, and have low latency, leading to the necessity of using algorithms based on deep neural networks (DNN) which have better bit error rate (BER) or symbol error rate (SER) performance than traditional complex multi-antenna or multi-input multi-output (MIMO) detectors. This paper examines deep neural networks and deep iterative detectors such as OAMP-Net based on information theory criteria such as maximum correntropy criterion (MCC) for the implementation of MIMO detectors in non-Gaussian environments, and the results illustrate that the proposed method has better BER or SER performance.</span>

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Thuiner, P., F. Resnati, S. Franchino, D. Gonzalez Diaz, R. Hall-Wilton, H. Müller, E. Oliveri i in. "Multi-GEM Detectors in High Particle Fluxes". EPJ Web of Conferences 174 (2018): 05001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201817405001.

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Gaseous Electron Multipliers (GEM) are well known for stable operation at high particle fluxes. We present a study of the intrinsic limits of GEMdetectors when exposed to very high particle fluxes of the order of MHz/mm2. We give an interpretation to the variations of the effective gain, which, as a function of the particle flux, first increases and then decreases. We also discuss the reduction of the ion back-flow with increasing flux. We present measurements and simulations of a triple GEM detector, describing its behaviour in terms of accumulation of positive ions that results in changes of the transfer fields and the amplification fields. The behaviour is expected to be common to all multi-stage amplification devices where the efficiency of transferring the electrons from one stage to the next one is not 100%.

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Rumaiz, A. K., A. J. Kuczewski, J. Mead, E. Vernon, D. Pinelli, E. Dooryhee, S. Ghose i in. "Multi-element germanium detectors for synchrotron applications". Journal of Instrumentation 13, nr 04 (27.04.2018): C04030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/13/04/c04030.

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Lux, T., O. Ballester, J. Illa, G. Jover, C. Martin, J. Rico i F. Sanchez. "A Multi-APD readout for EL detectors". Journal of Physics: Conference Series 309 (10.08.2011): 012008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/309/1/012008.

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Milnes, James, Jon S. Lapington, Ottmar Jagutzki i Jon Howorth. "Image charge multi-role and function detectors". Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 604, nr 1-2 (czerwiec 2009): 218–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2009.01.179.

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Rumaiz, A. K., A. J. Kuczewski, Z. Zhong, J. Mead, E. Vernon, D. Pinelli, E. Dorryhee i in. "Multi-Element Germanium Detectors with Integrated Readouts". Synchrotron Radiation News 31, nr 6 (2.11.2018): 33–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08940886.2018.1528432.

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Häußler, Matthias, Robin Terhaar, Martin A. Wolff, Helge Gehring, Fabian Beutel, Wladick Hartmann, Nicolai Walter i in. "Scaling waveguide-integrated superconducting nanowire single-photon detector solutions to large numbers of independent optical channels". Review of Scientific Instruments 94, nr 1 (1.01.2023): 013103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0114903.

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Superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors are an enabling technology for modern quantum information science and are gaining attractiveness for the most demanding photon counting tasks in other fields. Embedding such detectors in photonic integrated circuits enables additional counting capabilities through nanophotonic functionalization. Here, we show how a scalable number of waveguide-integrated superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors can be interfaced with independent fiber optic channels on the same chip. Our plug-and-play detector package is hosted inside a compact and portable closed-cycle cryostat providing cryogenic signal amplification for up to 64 channels. We demonstrate state-of-the-art multi-channel photon counting performance with average system detection efficiency of (40.5 ± 9.4)% and dark count rate of (123 ± 34) Hz for 32 individually addressable detectors at minimal noise-equivalent power of (5.1 ± 1.2) · 10−18 W/[Formula: see text]. Our detectors achieve timing jitter as low as 26 ps, which increases to (114 ± 17) ps for high-speed multi-channel operation using dedicated time-correlated single photon counting electronics. Our multi-channel single photon receiver offers exciting measurement capabilities for future quantum communication, remote sensing, and imaging applications.

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Zhang, Yan, Kang Liu, Hong Bao, Ying Zheng i Yi Yang. "PMPF: Point-Cloud Multiple-Pixel Fusion-Based 3D Object Detection for Autonomous Driving". Remote Sensing 15, nr 6 (14.03.2023): 1580. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15061580.

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Today, multi-sensor fusion detection frameworks in autonomous driving, especially sequence-based data-level fusion frameworks, face high latency and coupling issues and generally perform worse than LiDAR-only detectors. On this basis, we propose PMPF, point-cloud multiple-pixel fusion, for 3D object detection. PMPF projects the point cloud data onto the image plane, where the region pixels are processed to correspond with the points and decorated to the point cloud data, such that the fused point cloud data can be applied to LiDAR-only detectors with autoencoders. PMPF is a plug-and-play, decoupled multi-sensor fusion detection framework with low latency. Extensive experiments on the KITTI 3D object detection benchmark show that PMPF vastly improves upon most of the LiDAR-only detectors, e.g., PointPillars, SECOND, CIA-SSD, SE-SSD four state-of-the-art one-stage detectors, and PointRCNN, PV-RCNN, Part-A2 three two-stage detectors.

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Mei, Z., Z. Yang, L. Wu i X. Li. "Probabilistic data association detectors for multi-input multi-output relaying system". IET Communications 5, nr 4 (4.03.2011): 534–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-com.2010.0294.

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Saoudi, A., C. M. Pepin i R. Lecomte. "Study of light collection in multi-crystal detectors". IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science 47, nr 4 (2000): 1634–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/23.873027.

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Tobar, M. E. "Characterizing multi-mode resonant-mass gravitational wave detectors". Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 28, nr 8 (14.08.1995): 1729–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/28/8/025.

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Wang, Zhehui, i C. L. Morris. "Multi-layer boron thin-film detectors for neutrons". Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 652, nr 1 (październik 2011): 323–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2011.01.138.

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Fedotov, M. G. "Multi-spectrozonal detectors for temporal-resolved SR experiments". Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 470, nr 1-2 (wrzesień 2001): 178–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-9002(01)01035-x.

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McDonald, B. S., S. Shokouhi, H. H. Barrett i T. E. Peterson. "Multi-energy, single-isotope imaging using stacked detectors". Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 579, nr 1 (sierpień 2007): 196–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2007.04.142.

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Braem, A., C. David i C. Joram. "Metal multi-dielectric mirror coatings for Cherenkov detectors". Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 553, nr 1-2 (listopad 2005): 182–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2005.08.074.

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Ullisch, M. G., i W. W. Moses. "Multi-CFD Timing Estimators for PET Block Detectors". IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science 54, nr 1 (luty 2007): 55–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tns.2006.889171.

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Peterson, Todd E., Sepideh Shokouhi, Lars R. Furenlid i Donald W. Wilson. "Multi-Pinhole SPECT Imaging With Silicon Strip Detectors". IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science 56, nr 3 (czerwiec 2009): 646–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tns.2009.2012514.

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Shao, M. "Fringe Visibility and Phase Measurements". Symposium - International Astronomical Union 158 (1994): 311–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0074180900107806.

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At optical wavelengths there are a wide variety of techniques to detect interference fringes. Because detectors in the visible/IR are energy detectors, the fringe amplitude and phase must be encoded in some manner. Two fundamentally different methods are temporal and spatial encoding. This paper briefly describes the various techniques that have been used in operational interferometers along with their advantages and disadvantages. Several fringe detectors for next-generation interferometers will also be described. These fringe detectors often combine multiple functions, such as spectroscopy and multi-beam combination.

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Wang, J., S. Jiang, J. He i Z. Liu. "Adaptive detectors with diagonal loading for airborne multi-input multi-output radar". IET Radar, Sonar & Navigation 3, nr 5 (2009): 493. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-rsn.2008.0128.

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Lin, Wei-Ruei, Yun-Ju Chuang, Chih-Hao Lee, Fan-Gang Tseng i Fu-Rong Chen. "Fabrication and Characterization of a High-Performance Multi-Annular Backscattered Electron Detector for Desktop SEM". Sensors 18, nr 9 (14.09.2018): 3093. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18093093.

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Scanning electron microscopy has been developed for topographic analysis at the nanometer scale. Herein, we present a silicon p-n diode with multi-annular configuration to detect backscattering electrons (BSE) in a homemade desktop scanning electron microscope (SEM). The multi-annular configuration enables the enhancement of the topography contrast of 82.11 nA/μm as compared with the commercial multi-fan-shaped BSE detector of 40.08 nA/μm. Additionally, we integrated it with lateral p-n junction processing and aluminum grid structure to increase the sensitivity and efficiency of the multi-annular BSE detector that gives higher sensitivity of atomic number contrast and better surface topography contrast of BSE images for low-energy detection. The responsivity data also shows that MA-AL and MA p-n detectors have higher gain value than the MA detector does. The standard deviation of measurements is no higher than 1%. These results verify that MA p-n and MA-AL detectors are stable and can function well in SEM for low-energy applications. It is demonstrated that the multi-annular (MA) detectors are well suited for imaging in SEM systems.

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Xie, Siwei, Zhiliang Zhu, Xi Zhang, Qiangqiang Xie, Hongsen Yu, Yibin Zhang, Jianfeng Xu i Qiyu Peng. "Optical Simulation and Experimental Assessment with Time–Walk Correction of TOF–PET Detectors with Multi-Ended Readouts". Sensors 21, nr 14 (8.07.2021): 4681. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21144681.

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As a commonly used solution, the multi-ended readout can measure the depth-of-interaction (DOI) for positron emission tomography (PET) detectors. In the present study, the effects of the multi-ended readout design were investigated using the leading-edge discriminator (LED) triggers on the timing performance of time-of-flight (TOF) PET detectors. At the very first, the photon transmission model of the four detectors, namely, single-ended readout, dual-ended readout, side dual-ended readout, and triple-ended readout, was established in Tracepro. The optical simulation revealed that the light output of the multi-ended readout was higher. Meanwhile, the readout circuit could be triggered earlier. Especially, in the triple-ended readout, the light output at 0.5 ns was observed to be nearly twice that of the single-ended readout after the first scintillating photon was generated. Subsequently, a reference detector was applied to test the multi-ended readout detectors that were constructed from a 6 × 6 × 25 mm3 LYSO crystal. Each module is composed of a crystal coupled with multiple SiPMs. Accordingly, its timing performance was improved by approximately 10% after the compensation of fourth-order polynomial fitting. Finally, the compensated full-width-at-half-maximum (FWHM) coincidence timing resolutions (CTR) of the dual-ended readout, side dual-ended readout, and triple-ended readout were 216.9 ps, 231.0 ps, and 203.6 ps, respectively.

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Ohtsuchi, T., K. Ohmori, H. Tsutsui i S. Baba. "Evaluation of K X-ray escape and crosstalk in CdTe detectors and multi-channel detectors". IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science 42, nr 3 (czerwiec 1995): 179–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/23.387359.

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Elkosantini, Sabeur, i Ahmed Frikha. "Decision fusion for signalized intersection control". Kybernetes 44, nr 1 (12.01.2015): 57–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/k-08-2013-0185.

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Purpose – Traffic congestion is becoming a serious problem that has adverse consequences on the socio-economy, environment, and public health of various cities worldwide. The purpose of this paper is to contribute to the continuous search for new alternative solutions to prevent or alleviate these concerns. It particularly deals with the development of decision support system based on a data fusion for the management and control of traffic at signalized intersections. The role of such systems is to manage the existing infrastructure to ease congestion and respond to crises. The proposed system is based on multi-detector data fusion, a data processing function that combines imperfect information collected from systems involving several detectors. The developed system is then tested on a virtual junction, and the results obtained are reported and discussed. Design/methodology/approach – This paper presents a new traffic light control based on multi-detectors data fusion theory. The system uses a new multi-detectors data fusion method for traffic data analysis. Moreover, the system integrates a method for the estimation of the reliability degree of different detectors taking into account their imperfection and the conflict between them. These estimated reliability degrees are combined using Dempster’s rule of combination. Findings – The paper provides a decision support system for traffic regulation at intersection based on multi-sensors. It suggests the fusion of captured data by many sensors for measuring information. The system use the Belief Functions Theory for information fusion and decision making using combination and decision rules. Originality/value – The paper proposes a new Adaptive Traffic Control System based on a new data fusion approach that include a method for the estimation of the reliability degree of different detectors taking into account their imperfection and the conflict between them. These estimated reliability degrees are combined using Dempster’s rule of combination.

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Dreyzin, Valeriy, Dmitriy Logvinov, Aleksandr Grimov i Aleksandr Kuz'menko. "Formation and Calculation of Spectral Characteristics Scintillation Neutron Detectors". ANRI, nr 3 (22.08.2022): 21–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.37414/2075-1338-2022-110-3-21-31.

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The concept of creating a real-time multi-detector neutron spectrometer is briefly outlined. It is shown that the main problem of its implementation is the lack of neutron detectors with diverse and precisely known spectral characteristics in the neutron energy range from 0.001 eV to 20 MeV. It is proposed to use scintillation polystyrene neutron detectors for these purposes, and four methods for forming various spectral characteristics of such detectors are described. A method for calculating spectral characteristics using a microscopic approach is substantiated. The results of calculating the spectral characteristics of such detectors using all four proposed methods for their formation are presented.

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Scharenberg, L., J. Bortfeldt, F. Brunbauer, M. J. Christensen, K. Desch, K. Flöthner, F. Garcia i in. "Development of a high-rate scalable readout system for gaseous detectors". Journal of Instrumentation 17, nr 12 (1.12.2022): C12014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/17/12/c12014.

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Abstract The RD51 collaboration developed the Scalable Readout System (SRS) as part of its R&D activities on Micro-Pattern Gaseous Detectors. This common multi-purpose readout system allows to read out small R&D detectors (0.2k channels) up to mid-sized experiments with multiple detectors (2.5k to 5k channels). To cope with increased demands on detectors, electronics and readout speed, a new front-end ASIC—the VMM3a—was integrated into the SRS. This led to the development of a scalable, self-triggered high-rate readout system that provides energy, space and time information of the interacting particles at the same time.

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Zhao, Qijie, Tao Sheng, Yongtao Wang, Zhi Tang, Ying Chen, Ling Cai i Haibin Ling. "M2Det: A Single-Shot Object Detector Based on Multi-Level Feature Pyramid Network". Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 33 (17.07.2019): 9259–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v33i01.33019259.

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Feature pyramids are widely exploited by both the state-of-the-art one-stage object detectors (e.g., DSSD, RetinaNet, RefineDet) and the two-stage object detectors (e.g., Mask RCNN, DetNet) to alleviate the problem arising from scale variation across object instances. Although these object detectors with feature pyramids achieve encouraging results, they have some limitations due to that they only simply construct the feature pyramid according to the inherent multiscale, pyramidal architecture of the backbones which are originally designed for object classification task. Newly, in this work, we present Multi-Level Feature Pyramid Network (MLFPN) to construct more effective feature pyramids for detecting objects of different scales. First, we fuse multi-level features (i.e. multiple layers) extracted by backbone as the base feature. Second, we feed the base feature into a block of alternating joint Thinned U-shape Modules and Feature Fusion Modules and exploit the decoder layers of each Ushape module as the features for detecting objects. Finally, we gather up the decoder layers with equivalent scales (sizes) to construct a feature pyramid for object detection, in which every feature map consists of the layers (features) from multiple levels. To evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed MLFPN, we design and train a powerful end-to-end one-stage object detector we call M2Det by integrating it into the architecture of SSD, and achieve better detection performance than state-of-the-art one-stage detectors. Specifically, on MSCOCO benchmark, M2Det achieves AP of 41.0 at speed of 11.8 FPS with single-scale inference strategy and AP of 44.2 with multi-scale inference strategy, which are the new stateof-the-art results among one-stage detectors. The code will be made available on https://github.com/qijiezhao/M2Det.

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Chang, Hyunho, i Seunghoon Cheon. "Feasibility of Using V2I Sensing Probe Data for Real-Time Monitoring of Multi-Class Vehicular Traffic Volumes in Unmeasured Road Locations". Promet 34, nr 5 (30.09.2022): 699–710. http://dx.doi.org/10.7307/ptt.v34i5.4057.

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Portions of dynamic traffic volumes consisting of multiple vehicle classes are accurately monitored without vehicle detectors using vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communication systems. This offers the feasibility of online monitoring of the total traffic volumes with multi-vehicle classes without any advanced vehicle detectors. To evaluate this prospect, this article presents a method of monitoring dynamic multi-class vehicular traffic volumes in a road location where road-side equipment (RSE) for V2I communication is in operation. The proposed method aims to estimate dynamic total traffic volume data for multiple vehicle classes using the V2I sensing probe volume (i.e. partial vehicular traffic volumes) collected through the RSE. An experimental study was conducted using real-world V2I sensing probe volume data. The results showed that traffic volumes for vehicle types I and II (i.e. cars and heavy vehicles, respectively) can be effectively monitored with average errors of 6.69% and 10.89%, respectively, when the penetration rates of the in-vehicle V2I device for the two vehicle types average 0.384 and 0.537, respectively. The performance of the method in terms of detection error is comparable to those of widely used vehicle detectors. Therefore, V2I sensing probe data for multi-vehicle classes can complement the functions of vehicle detectors because the penetration rate of in-vehicle V2I devices is currently high.

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Jarmer, Gregory JS, Eric B. Flynn i Michael D. Todd. "Multi-wave-mode, multi-frequency detectors for guided wave interrogation of plate structures". Structural Health Monitoring: An International Journal 13, nr 2 (24.12.2013): 120–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1475921713513972.

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Fessler, P., F. Krummenacher, A. Renouprez i M. Lemonnier. "An ultra low noise multi-channel integrated readout for X-rays multi-detectors". Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 346, nr 1-2 (lipiec 1994): 213–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-9002(94)90706-4.

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Ma, Tianyu, Qingyang Wei, Zhenlei Lyu, Debin Zhang, Hongyang Zhang, Rui Wang, Jiahong Dong, Yaqiang Liu, Rutao Yao i Zuo-Xiang He. "Self-Collimating SPECT With Multi-Layer Interspaced Mosaic Detectors". IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging 40, nr 8 (sierpień 2021): 2152–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tmi.2021.3073288.

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Reza Ramtin, Amir, Don Towsley, Philippe Nain, Edmundo de Souza e Silva i Daniel S. Menasche. "Are Covert DDoS Attacks Facing Multi-Feature Detectors Feasible?" ACM SIGMETRICS Performance Evaluation Review 49, nr 2 (17.01.2022): 33–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3512798.3512811.

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We state and prove the square root scaling laws for the amount of traffic injected by a covert attacker into a network from a set of homes under the assumption that traffic descriptors follow a multivariate Gaussian distribution. We numerically evaluate the obtained result under realistic settings wherein traffic is collected from real users, leveraging detectors that exploit multiple features. Under such circumstances, we observe that phase transitions predicted by the model still hold.

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Schumann, Marc, Laura Baudis, Lukas Bütikofer, Alexander Kish i Marco Selvi. "Dark matter sensitivity of multi-ton liquid xenon detectors". Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics 2015, nr 10 (8.10.2015): 016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1475-7516/2015/10/016.

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Rossington Tull, C., B. A. Ludewigt i D. Lewak. "Spectral response of multi-element silicon X-ray detectors". IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science 45, nr 3 (czerwiec 1998): 421–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/23.682420.

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Shimokawa, Takeaki, Toshihiro Ishii, Yoichiro Takahashi, Satoru Sugawara, Masa-aki Sato i Okito Yamashita. "Diffuse optical tomography using multi-directional sources and detectors". Biomedical Optics Express 7, nr 7 (16.06.2016): 2623. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/boe.7.002623.

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Lapington, J. S., i T. Conneely. "Multi-channel picosecond photon timing with microchannel plate detectors". Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 648 (sierpień 2011): S186—S189. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2010.11.175.

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Dunger, Jack, i Steven D. Biller. "Multi-site event discrimination in large liquid scintillation detectors". Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 943 (listopad 2019): 162420. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2019.162420.

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Raylman, Raymond R., Stan Majewski i Michael R. Mayhugh. "Light sharing in multi-flat-panel-PMT PEM detectors". Physica Medica 21 (styczeń 2006): 83–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1120-1797(06)80032-3.

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Satoh, O., T. Yamaya, K. Kotajima i K. Hasegawa. "A multi-data acquisition controller for position sensitive detectors". Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 268, nr 1 (maj 1988): 225–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-9002(88)90611-0.

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Gurbuz, Sevgi Z., William L. Melvin i Douglas B. Williams. "Kinematic Model-Based Human Detectors for Multi-Channel Radar". IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems 48, nr 2 (2012): 1306–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/taes.2012.6178063.

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Kock, A., E. Gornik, G. Abstreiter, G. Bohm, M. Walther i G. Weimann. "Integrated wavelength-selective GaAs/AlGaAs multi-quantum-well detectors". Semiconductor Science and Technology 6, nr 12C (1.12.1991): C128—C129. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0268-1242/6/12c/026.

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Zou, Kai, Yun Meng, Zhao Wang i Xiaolong Hu. "Superconducting nanowire multi-photon detectors enabled by current reservoirs". Photonics Research 8, nr 4 (1.04.2020): 601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/prj.380764.

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Baudis, L., A. Ferella, A. Kish, A. Manalaysay, T. Marrodán Undagoitia i M. Schumann. "Neutrino physics with multi-ton scale liquid xenon detectors". Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics 2014, nr 01 (28.01.2014): 044. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1475-7516/2014/01/044.

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Cheng, Risheng, Xiang Guo, Xiaosong Ma, Linran Fan, King Y. Fong, Menno Poot i Hong X. Tang. "Self-aligned multi-channel superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors". Optics Express 24, nr 24 (14.11.2016): 27070. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.24.027070.

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Sirigina, Rajendra Prasad, Madhukumar AS i Mark Bowyer. "Analysis of heterogeneous satellite networks with multi‐user detectors". International Journal of Satellite Communications and Networking 38, nr 3 (maj 2020): 254–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sat.1324.

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Chu, Hyeyeun, Minseok Yi, Hyeong Seok Shim i Jae Sung Lee. "Single-line multi-voltage threshold method for scintillation detectors". Journal of Instrumentation 18, nr 06 (1.06.2023): P06021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/18/06/p06021.

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Abstract The multiple thresholds used in multi-voltage threshold (MVT) method provide more detailed information about the pulse amplitude of the input analog pulses than the simple time-over-threshold (TOT) method, thus allowing for better energy estimation and pulse reconstruction capabilities. However, as the number of thresholds increases, the number of comparators and digital signal readout channels required for MVT also increases. This requirement owing to the increased number of thresholds is the main disadvantage of MVT implementation using field-programmable gate array (FPGA)-based time-to-digital converters (TDCs) because the FPGA resources required for TDC implementation are substantial and FPGAs have a limited number of input/output ports. Therefore, we propose a new single-line MVT method to improve the integrity of the FPGA-only data acquisition system without analog-to-digital converters by reducing the FPGA input channels required for the MVT method. The proposed method, which applies three different levels of thresholding, reduces the digital output signal line in the MVT by employing a 3-input XOR logic gate. The XOR gate integrates the output signals from the comparators and generates 1-bit line digital pulse train. We evaluated the energy performance of the proposed single-line MVT method using three different energy estimators. The energy estimates were compared with the ground truth energy calculated using domino-ring-sampler 4 (DRS4)-sampled analog pulses. The proposed method showed virtually equivalent energy resolution to that of DRS4-based pulse digitization method and better energy linearity than the conventional TOT method. Among the energy estimation methods used in single-line MVT, the crossing-point triangular sum method showed the best energy linearity. The proposed single-line MVT method will be useful when data acquisition systems without ADCs are implemented using FPGA-based TDCs. This is because the proposed method alleviates the problem of limited input ports and the numerous resources required for TDCs in FPGAs.

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