Artykuły w czasopismach na temat „Movements”
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McKeever, David. "Parties, Movements, Brokers". Contention 9, nr 1 (1.06.2021): 1–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/cont.2021.090102.
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This article is a study of the consequences of brokerage for movements, and particularly for the role of political parties within social movements. My findings indicate that brokerage creates opportunities for minor groups to play a crucial role in mobilization, something that comes at a cost to a movement’s structure. I make my case with a study of brokerage in action, based on activist interviews, events data, and network data collected from the Scottish independence movement. Results demonstrate that the likelihood of the governing Scottish National Party participating in movement events only increases with the number of participating movement organizations. As the movement organizations transitioned from a referendum campaign to an autonomous movement, under-resourced peripheral groups took the lead in brokering the Nationalist movement.
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Staggenborg, Suzanne, i Verta Taylor. "Whatever Happened to The Women's Movement?" Mobilization: An International Quarterly 10, nr 1 (1.02.2005): 37–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.17813/maiq.10.1.46245r7082613312.
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Analyses of the women's movement that focus on its "waves" and theories of social movements that focus on contentious politics have encouraged the view that the women's movement is in decline. Employing alternative perspectives on social movements, we show that the women's movement continues to thrive. This is evidenced by organizational maintenance and growth, including the international expansion of women's movement organizations; feminism within institutions and other social movements; the spread of feminist culture and collective identity; and the variety of the movement's tactical repertoires. Moreover, the movement remains capable of contentious collective action. We argue for research based on broader conceptions of social movements as well as the contentious politics approach.
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Dr.R.B.Patil, Dr R. B. Patil. "Environmental Movements: A Case Study of Anti-Meta Strips Movement". Global Journal For Research Analysis 3, nr 2 (15.06.2012): 207–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/22778160/february2014/68.
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Seguin, Charles, Thomas V. Maher i Yongjun Zhang. "A Seat at the Table: A New Data Set of Social Movement Organization Representation before Congress during the Twentieth Century". Socius: Sociological Research for a Dynamic World 9 (styczeń 2023): 237802312211445. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23780231221144598.
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The authors ask descriptive questions concerning the relationship between social movement organizations (SMOs) and the state. Which movement’s SMOs are consulted the most by the state? Do only a few “spokes-organizations” speak for the whole of movements? Has the state increasingly consulted SMOs over time? Do the movements consulted most by the state advise only a few state venues? The authors present and describe a new publicly available data set covering 2,593 SMOs testifying at any of the 87,249 public congressional hearings held during the twentieth century. Testimony is highly concentrated across movements, with just four movements giving 64 percent of the testimony before Congress. A very few “spokes-organizations” testify far more often than typical SMOs. The SMO congressional testimony diversified over the twentieth century from primarily “old” movements such as Labor to include “new” movements such as the Environmental movement. The movements that testified most often did so before a broader range of congressional committees.
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Sandell, Rickard. "Organizational Growth and Ecological Constraints: The Growth of Social Movements in Sweden, 1881 to 1940". American Sociological Review 66, nr 5 (październik 2001): 672–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000312240106600503.
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Based on the theoretical framework of organizational ecology, it is suggested that social movement organizations are inert structures that rarely exceed their initial size. The ecological concept of organizational growth is tested using membership data for Sweden from 1881 to 1940 for virtually all local social movement organizations (29,193 organizations) in three major social movements: the temperance, free church, and trade union movements. Findings show that the organizations in two of the movements have average growth trajectories approximating zero. The ecological argument is then expanded to include information on the movements’ organizational niches and intra- and intermovement density development. After controlling for the local organization's initial size, findings reveal that the remaining variation in aggregate membership is more likely to depend on population and niche dynamics (which organizational ecologists focus on) than on the capacity of the movement's local organizations to expand. These findings are consistent for all three Swedish movements. The ecological argument and the findings presented here are contrary to almost all research on social movements, which takes for granted that social movement organizations are necessarily capable of individual growth.
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Krause, Peter. "The Structure of Success: How the Internal Distribution of Power Drives Armed Group Behavior and National Movement Effectiveness". International Security 38, nr 3 (styczeń 2014): 72–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/isec_a_00148.
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When and why do national movements succeed? What explains variation in the use and effectiveness of political violence employed by nationalist groups? Groups pursue common strategic goals against external enemies, such as the founding of a new state, while engaging in zero-sum competition for organizational dominance with internal rivals in their national movement. The distribution of power within a national movement provides its structure, which serves as the key variable for both the internal and external struggle. The hierarchical position of groups within the movement drives their actions, while the number of significant groups in the movement drives its effectiveness. Contrary to existing scholarship that treats nonstate coercers as unitary or suggests that united or fragmented movements perform best, hegemonic movements with one significant group are most likely to succeed. Hegemonic movement structure incentivizes the pursuit of shared strategic goals; reduces counterproductive violent mechanisms and foreign meddling; and improves the movement's coherence in strategy, clarity in signaling, and credibility in threats and assurances to yield strategic success. Analysis of seventeen campaigns involving sixteen groups within the Palestinian and Algerian national movements reveals that the power distribution theory explains greater variation in the effectiveness of national movements than previous scholarship.
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Thein, Kyawt Nandar Myo, Kris Nugroho i Siti Aminah. "Revolutionary challenges of the Myanmar Generation Z students and the impact on the rapidity of the 2021 spring revolution". Jurnal Sosiologi Dialektika 18, nr 2 (5.09.2023): 124–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jsd.v18i2.2023.124-135.
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The Generation Z student revolutions in Myanmar that fight for democracy against the military coup in 2021 present challenges that limit the rapidity of the revolution. The research aims to explore Generation Z students’ movements and challenges in anti-coup protests, armed struggle movements, and click movements as well as the impacts on the rapidity of the revolution. The study used a qualitative method by applying the social movement theory and revolutionary concept of Charles Tilly which reveal that Generation Z students are confronted with deaths triggered by violent crackdowns, illegal arrests, and imprisonment, difficulties with the environment and livelihoods, financial matters, weaponry issues, and internet outages in conducting movements against the coup. Challenges, however, simply dragged down the protest movement’s rapidity; armed movements and online click movements are still escalating on their own rapidity. The research concludes that the outcome of the revolutionary movement is unpredictable except the conflict between the military and armed resistance is gradually expanding day by day during a two-and-a-half-year post-coup period.
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NAMAZI, HAMIDREZA, i SAJAD JAFARI. "DECODING OF WRIST MOVEMENTS’ DIRECTION BY FRACTAL ANALYSIS OF MAGNETOENCEPHALOGRAPHY (MEG) SIGNAL". Fractals 27, nr 02 (marzec 2019): 1950001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218348x19500014.
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Analysis of human movements is an important category of research in biomedical engineering, especially for the rehabilitation purpose. The human’s different movements are usually investigated by analyzing the movement signals. Based on the literatures, fewer efforts have been made in order to investigate how human movements are represented in the brain. In this paper, we decode the movements’ directions of wrist by complexity analysis of Magnetoencephalography (MEG) signal. For this purpose, we employ fractal theory. In fact, we investigate how the complexity of MEG signal changes in case of different wrist movements’ directions. The results of our analysis showed that MEG signal has different level of complexity in response to different movement’s directions. The employed methodology in this research is not limited to the analysis of MEG signal in response to wrist movement, however, it can be applied widely to analyze the influence of different factors (stimuli) on complex structure of other brain signals such as Electroencephalography (EEG) and fMRI signals.
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Baskara, Benny. "Islamic Puritanism Movements in Indonesia as Transnational Movements". DINIKA : Academic Journal of Islamic Studies 2, nr 1 (30.04.2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.22515/dinika.v2i1.103.
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Islamic puritanism movements are the movements compelling to return to the teachings of Quran and Sunnah, as the pure teachings of Islam and abandon even abolish other teachings outside the teachings of Quran and Sunnah. The movements of Islamic puritanism can be considered as transnational movements because they spread their teachings and ideologies, create organizations, networks, and provide financial supports across nations. This paper describes Islamic puritanism movements in Indonesia and their transnational connections. Some Islamic puritanism movements in Indonesia can be considered as part of Islamic transnational movements, in which most of the movements are centered in the Middle East. In Indonesia, Islamic puritanism movements firstly appeared in the beginning of the nineteenth century, called Padri movement in West Sumatra. It was then continued to the emergence of Islamic organizations in the twentieth century. Recently, Islamic puritanism movements in Indonesia mostly take form as Salafism-Wahabism movements. Keywords:Islamic puritanism movement, transnational movement, and ideology
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Hintjens, Helen. "Appreciating the Movement of the Movements". Development in Practice 16, nr 6 (listopad 2006): 628–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09614520600958355.
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Rosset, Peter, María Elena Martínez-Torres i Luis Hernández-Navarro. "Zapatismo in the Movement of Movements". Development 48, nr 2 (czerwiec 2005): 35–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.development.1100139.
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Setter, Davyd. "CHANGES IN SUPPORT FOR U.S. BLACK MOVEMENTS, 1966–2016: FROM CIVIL RIGHTS TO BLACK LIVES MATTER". Mobilization: An International Quarterly 26, nr 4 (1.12.2021): 475–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.17813/1086-671x-26-4-475.
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Black Lives Matter is often unfavorably compared to the civil rights movement based on assumptions that the earlier movement was more palatable to a white public. Available data, however, demonstrate the civil rights movement’s unpopularity with contemporaneous white audiences. In this article I ask if white public support for Black social movements has changed over time. If so, what explains these shifts in support? Using logistic regression, I compare white audience views of Black movements in 1966 and 2016. I find that white support for Black movements has increased, but this shift is not uniform. While 1966 support is correlated with education, income, and liberal attitudes, support in 2016 is driven by polarized political attitudes and increased support among youth and women. Surprisingly, the education effect disappears entirely in the 2016 analysis. The results demonstrate the fluidity of movement audiences, which are strongly impacted by changes in the broader political context.
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Morgan, Marcus. "Movement intellectuals engaging the grassroots: A strategy perspective on the Black Consciousness Movement". Sociological Review 68, nr 5 (10.01.2020): 1124–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0038026119900118.
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Drawing upon activist interviews and framing theory this article proposes that the Black Consciousness Movement (BCM) is better understood not by focusing on the objective status of its leadership as middle-class intellectuals, but by instead looking at what these ‘movement intellectuals’ subjectively did to link their philosophy of liberation to the lifeworlds of those they sought to engage. It argues that this shift reveals three important features of social movements and movement intellectuals more generally. Firstly, it uncovers the meaningful, value-driven, emotional and collective-identity bases for action, alongside the more familiar instrumental motivations. Secondly, given the inevitable clash between movement intent and the contingent constraints under which movements invariably operate, it argues that movement success is better judged not by external criteria that are assumed to hold universally, but instead by reference to the unique strategic intentions articulated by movements themselves. Finally, it shows how, given heterogeneous audiences, the deployment of a diversity of grounded intellectual strategies can help augment the resonance of a movement’s core political message.
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Stobaugh, James E., i Sean Huss. "Before the Court and in the Press: Newspaper Coverage of Creationism and School Prayer Movements' Legal Framing". Studies in Media and Communication 12, nr 2 (18.02.2024): 88. http://dx.doi.org/10.11114/smc.v12i2.6636.
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During the last century, social movement organizations have mobilized around what role religion should play in school. These struggles have focused on teaching creationism and evolution in the science classroom and the appropriateness of school prayer and Bible reading in public schools. Court cases like Scopes and Engel are infamous in American history, while others are much less well-known. This project explores media coverage of social movements that do not engage in typical protest activity and instead choose to operate in more institutional contexts. This paper will begin by presenting the coverage patterns of each movement across the twentieth century, illustrating how the media's focus is primarily influenced by movements either initiating legal action, being compelled to appear in court, or reacting to judicial proceedings. Next, it will present a typology of coverage that these legal-based movements received. A movement's legal framing is carried in and through the media, and sometimes, the framing is all that is reflected in media attention, making this type of reporting so attractive to movement organizations. The legal constraints over framing and legitimate actors account for some of the media exposure, which was likely to be equitable in tone and quantity to both the creationism and school prayer movements. To understand media coverage of social movements, scholars must begin to account for the cycles and patterns of coverage likely to occur when a movement ends up in court.
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Tovey, Hilary. "‘Messers, Visionaries and Organobureaucrats’: Dilemmas of Institutionalisation in the Irish Organic Farming Movement". Irish Journal of Sociology 9, nr 1 (maj 1999): 31–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/079160359900900102.
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This paper asks what happens to ‘alternative’ social movements like the Irish organic farming movement, which try to promote sustainable forms of rural development, when they begin to be incorporated into state policy for farming and the countryside. Does this provide a context in which farming and the food industry can begin to be ‘restructured from below’, or does it lead instead to ‘deradicalisation’ of the movement and its ideas? The European literature on ‘new’ or alternative social movements has focused more on mobilisation of such movements than on processes of institutionalisation and their effects. Yet institutionalisation is often experienced by movement members themselves as a critical, even highly divisive development, which can result in severe damage to the movement's core ideology and values. The Irish case discussed here is a starting point from which we may develop a more general understanding of the increasing institutionalisation of environmentalism in the contemporary developed world.
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Maher, Thomas V., Andrew Martin, John D. McCarthy i Lisa Moorhead. "Assessing the Explanatory Power of Social Movement Theories across the Life Course of the Civil Rights Movement". Social Currents 6, nr 5 (26.05.2019): 399–421. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2329496519850846.
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Social movements are constantly evolving. Protest activity waxes and wanes as movements suffer through prolonged periods of frustration, win occasional gains, and turn to new goals and issues. While theoretical models of protest activity are often sensitive to this reality, empirical models typically treat these explanations as time-invariant, rather than situated in specific moments in movements’ histories. Quite simply, we suspect that the effect of important predictors of movement activity, notably access to resources, political opportunities, repression, and competition, varies depending on the specific moment in the movement’s life course. We explore this possibility through a detailed analysis of three main periods of the American Civil Rights movement: (1) the movement’s initial success (1960–1968), its subsequent demobilization (1968–1977), and its institutionalization (1978–1995). Our analysis builds on limited work arguing for greater sensitivity to a movement’s life course when explaining protest activity. We find that the type of organizational resources that shape mobilization varies across periods, and support for prior work showing that the concurrent push and pull of institutionalization and radicalization led to demobilization. Finally, we find that coalition work motivated protest during its period of institutionalization. We conclude by discussing the theoretical and empirical implications of these findings.
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Cañal-Bruland, Rouwen, i A. Mark Williams. "Recognizing and Predicting Movement Effects". Experimental Psychology 57, nr 4 (1.12.2010): 320–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169/a000038.
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It is not clear whether the critical features used to discriminate movements are identical to those involved in predicting the same movement’s effects and consequently, whether the mechanisms underlying recognition and anticipation differ. We examined whether people rely on different kinematic information when required to recognize differences in the movement pattern in comparison to when they have to anticipate the outcome of these same movements. Naïve participants were presented with paired presentations of point-light animated tennis shots that ended at racket-ball contact. We instructed them either to judge whether the movements observed were the same or different or to predict shot direction (left vs. right). In addition, we locally manipulated the kinematics of point-light figures in an effort to identify the critical features used when making recognition and anticipation judgments. It appears that observers rely on different sources of information when required to recognize movement differences compared to when they need to anticipate the outcome of the same observed movements. Findings are discussed with reference to recent ideas focusing on the role of perceptual and motor resonance in perceptual judgments.
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Cox, Laurence, i Alf Gunvald Nilsen. "Social Movements Research and the ‘Movement of Movements’: Studying Resistance to Neoliberal Globalisation". Sociology Compass 1, nr 2 (listopad 2007): 424–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9020.2007.00051.x.
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Khan, Numan, Waqar Ali Khan i Mian Sohail Ahmad. "Social Movements in Hybrid Regimes: The Rise of PTM in Pakistan". Global Sociological Review IX, nr I (30.03.2024): 77–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gsr.2024(ix-i).07.
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Scholars have ignored regime type as a crucial element affecting social movement mobilization due to political opportunity structures. Even little is known about hybrid regimes and disputes. Understanding social movement's hidden or unintentional repercussions is another gap. This study uses the Pashtun Tahafuz (protection) Movement (PTM) of Pakistan to address this academic gap by studying social movements under hybrid regimes like Pakistan. The research finds that dual (emanating from both the military and political organs of the state) and haphazard repression by a hybrid regime, characterized by military dominance and limited political opportunity structure, can temporarily slow social movement mobilization but not stop it. In the long term, the movement becomes stronger and mobilizes against the state. As a result of its mobilization and advancement, a social movement under such a regime may also affect other social movements.
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Luna, Zakiya. "WHO SPEAKS FOR WHOM? (MIS) REPRESENTATION AND AUTHENTICITY IN SOCIAL MOVEMENTS*". Mobilization: An International Quarterly 22, nr 4 (1.12.2017): 435–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.17813/1086-671x-22-4-435.
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While many social movement studies mention the idea of authenticity, few consider the authentication processes in movements. This article examines how authenticity challenges manifest in different arenas of movement/countermovement struggles. Through a qualitative analysis of minority organizations engaged in an abortion debate, I focus on how racial minorities demonstrate authenticity to legitimate their ability to represent their community's views on abortion. I argue that both sides engage in proximity practices that emphasize their movement's congruence while pointing to perceived incongruence of the opposition. After demonstrating how these practices are used in three arenas, I suggest areas for researchers to examine in future studies on minorities in movements and beyond.
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Olson, Laura R. "Movement Commitment among Progressive and Conservative Religio-Political Activists in the United States". Politics and Religion 9, nr 2 (20.04.2016): 296–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1755048316000249.
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AbstractIn this article, I compare progressive and conservative religio-political activists' commitment to their movements (the religious left and right, respectively). I rely on data from the Public Religion Research Institute's 2009 surveys of individuals they identified as religious left activists and religious right activists. Do these activists actually say they identify with the movement with which pollsters assume them to affiliate? How potentially influential do they perceive their movements to be? Third, to what extent do activists support their movement's core social movement organizations? I conclude by arguing that the evidence is mixed that the American religious left lacks influence because its activists tend not to be unified.
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Farshchi, Ehsan. "New Religious Movements in Iran: Determinants of Toleration and Repression by the State". Nova Religio 27, nr 4 (maj 2024): 31–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/nvr.2024.a929279.
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ABSTRACT: New religious movement activism can be perceived as a threat to mainstream order, sometimes resulting in repression by the state. New religions have become popular in Iran, a nation ruled by an absolute theocracy since 1979, yet the state appears to have tolerated the majority of new religious movements while repressing others. Through a comparative examination of the Islamic Republic of Iran’s varying responses to the presence and activities of such movements, I present a model in which state repression is predicated on a movement’s strength as measured by its access to resources vis-à-vis resource mobilization theory. Three characteristics—membership size, expansive geographical presence, and cultural proximity to the mainstream—seem to be the factors that differentiate repressed movements from tolerated ones. In addition, the comparison reveals that protests against state repression of a given movement reduce the severity of the state’s actions against it.
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Pourmokhtari, Navid. "Understanding Iran’s Green Movement as a ‘movement of movements’". Sociology of Islam 2, nr 3-4 (10.06.2014): 144–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22131418-00204004.
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This paper examines how oppositional groups go about exploiting opportunities to mobilizeen massein settings that are less than auspicious. The Green Movement is used here as a case study, the aim of which is to show that understanding how a people go about mobilizing requires, first and foremost, examining the core beliefs that motivate them toseize opportunitieswhen conditions allow. To this end, a constructivist approach will be used to demonstrate that it was the oppositional forces that took a proactive role in constructing opportunities to mobilize becausethey perceivedthe circumstances to be favorable, which suggests that greater attention ought to be focused on the sociopolitical and historical context within which a given situation is viewed as conducive to mass mobilization. Citing the examples of the student and women’s groups involved in Iran’s Green Movement, and tracing their historical trajectories and particular experiences during Ahmadinejad’s first term (2004–2008), I argue that the Green Movement may be best described as a ‘movement of movements,’ the kind of mega social movement capable of harnessing the potential, not only of Iranians but of other Middle East peoples, to mobilize with a view to pursuing specific social and political goals. This approach has the virtue of offeringa way to understandspecific traits of social movements operating in repressive settings.
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Goodkin, H. P., J. G. keating, T. A. Martin i W. T. Thach. "Preserved Simple and Impaired Compound Movement After Infarction in the Territory of the Superior Cerebellar Artery". Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques 20, S3 (maj 1993): S93—S104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0317167100048599.
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ABSTRACT:A patient with an infarct in the distribution of the right superior cerebellar artery was studied with regard to his ability to make simple movements (visually triggered, self-terminated ballistic wrist movements), and compound movements (reaching to a visual target and precision pinch of a seen object). Movements on the right side of the body alone were affected. Control movements were made by the normal left upper extremity. Wrist movement on the right side was normal in reaction time, direction, peak velocity, and end-point position control ascompared to the left. By contrast, both reaching and pinching movements on the right were impaired. Reaching movements showed marked decomposition of the compound elbow-shoulder movement into seriatim simple movements madealternately at elbow and shoulder. Pinching movements were not made, and instead winkling movements (a movement of index alone) were substituted. These results are compared to similar results of controlled inactivation of the cerebellar dentate nucleus in monkeys. We conclude that one function of the cerebellum may be to combine elements in the movement repertoires of downstream movement generators. When that ability is lost, a strategy may be voluntarily adopted of using the preserved simple movements in place of the impaired compound movements.
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Useem, Bert, i Jack A. Goldstone. "The paradox of victory: social movement fields, adverse outcomes, and social movement success". Theory and Society 51, nr 1 (2.10.2021): 31–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11186-021-09460-2.
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AbstractRecent work on social movement fields has expanded our view of the dynamics of social movements; it should also expand our thinking about social movement success. Such a broader view reveals a paradox: social movements often snatch defeat from the jaws of victory by narrowly targeting authorities with their actions instead of targeting the broader social movement field. Negative impacts from the wider social movement field can then reverse or overshadow initial victories. We distinguish between a social movement’s victory over the immediate target, and more lasting success that arises from shifting alignments in the broader social movement field. To test the predictive value of the distinction, we compare two very similar student-led social movements, both of which targeted university policies regarding sensitivity to race issues and changes in university personnel. One built a broad coalition of support that extended across its social movement field and was thereby able to institute durable change. The other did not, and despite its clear initial success, this protest movement produced consequences mainly adverse to its preferred outcomes. We demonstrate how pervasive this paradox is with examples from other U.S. protest outcomes and studies of revolutions. The paradox is resolved by focusing on changes in the entire social movement field. We thus argue that achieving, and understanding, lasting social movement success requires attention to the entire social movement field.
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Fricke, Christopher, Reinhard Gentner, Jalal Alizadeh i Joseph Classen. "Linking Individual Movements to a Skilled Repertoire: Fast Modulation of Motor Synergies by Repetition of Stereotyped Movements". Cerebral Cortex 30, nr 3 (6.08.2019): 1185–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhz159.
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Abstract Motor skills emerge when practicing individual movements enables the motor system to extract building instructions that facilitate the generation of future diverse movements. Here we asked how practicing stereotyped movements for minutes affects motor synergies that encode human motor skills acquired over years of training. Participants trained a kinematically highly constrained combined index-finger and thumb movement. Before and after training, finger movements were evoked at rest by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). Post-training, the angle between posture vectors describing TMS-evoked movements and the training movements temporarily decreased, suggesting the presence of a short-term memory for the trained movement. Principal component analysis was used to identify joint covariance patterns in TMS-evoked movements. The quality of reconstruction of training or grasping movements from linear combinations of a small subset of these TMS-derived synergies was used as an index of neural efficiency of movement generation. The reconstruction quality increased for the trained movement but remained constant for grasping movements. These findings suggest that the motor system rapidly reorganizes to enhance the coding efficiency of a difficult movement without compromising the coding efficiency of overlearned movements. Practice of individual movements may drive an unsupervised bottom-up process that ultimately shapes synergistic neuronal organization by constant competition of action memories.
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Osipov, V. P. "On the question of coordination of movements. Influence of some movements on simultaneous with them other movements". Neurology Bulletin XII, nr 2 (3.01.2021): 233–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/nb57281.
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All active movements of our members in individual joints, with a few exceptions, are carried out easily and freely in the limits determined by the architecture of a particular joint and the function of those in charge of certain movements of the neuromuscular apparatus. Ease and freedom of movement in the known articulation is achieved and improved by exercise in this movement; lightness and freedom of movement becomes perfect from the moment the well-known movement becomes familiar; then the movement becomes automatic, requiring no or almost no consciousness for its manifestation.
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Herfst, Lucas J., i Michael Brecht. "Whisker Movements Evoked by Stimulation of Single Motor Neurons in the Facial Nucleus of the Rat". Journal of Neurophysiology 99, nr 6 (czerwiec 2008): 2821–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.01014.2007.
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The lateral facial nucleus is the sole output structure whose neuronal activity leads to whisker movements. To understand how single facial nucleus neurons contribute to whisker movement we combined single-cell stimulation and high-precision whisker tracking. Half of the 44 stimulated neurons gave rise to fast whisker protraction or retraction movement, whereas no stimulation-evoked movements could be detected for the remainder. Direction, speed, and amplitude of evoked movements varied across neurons. Protraction movements were more common than retraction movements ( n = 16 vs. n = 4), had larger amplitudes (1.8 vs. 0.3° for single spike events), and most protraction movements involved only a single whisker, whereas most retraction movements involved multiple whiskers. We found a large range in the amplitude of single spike-evoked whisker movements (0.06–5.6°). Onset of the movement occurred at 7.6 (SD 2.5) ms after the spike and the time to peak deflection was 18.2 (SD 4.3) ms. Each spike reliably evoked a stereotyped movement. In two of five cases peak whisker deflection resulting from consecutive spikes was larger than expected when based on linear summation of single spike-evoked movement profiles. Our data suggest the following coding scheme for whisker movements in the facial nucleus. 1) Evoked movement characteristics depend on the identity of the stimulated neuron (a labeled line code). 2) The facial nucleus neurons are heterogeneous with respect to the movement properties they encode. 3) Facial nucleus spikes are translated in a one-to-one manner into whisker movements.
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Maslovat, Dana, Nicola J. Hodges, Romeo Chua i Ian M. Franks. "Motor preparation of spatially and temporally defined movements: evidence from startle". Journal of Neurophysiology 106, nr 2 (sierpień 2011): 885–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00166.2011.
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Previous research has shown that the preparation of a spatially targeted movement performed at maximal speed is different from that of a temporally constrained movement ( Gottlieb et al. 1989b ). In the current study, we directly examined preparation differences in temporally vs. spatially defined movements through the use of a startling stimulus and manipulation of the task goals. Participants performed arm extension movements to one of three spatial targets (20°, 40°, 60°) and an arm extension movement of 20° at three movement speeds (slow, moderate, fast). All movements were performed in a blocked, simple reaction time paradigm, with trials involving a startling stimulus (124 dB) interspersed randomly with control trials. As predicted, spatial movements were modulated by agonist duration and timed movements were modulated by agonist rise time. The startling stimulus triggered all movements at short latencies with a compression of the kinematic and electromyogram (EMG) profile such that they were performed faster than control trials. However, temporally constrained movements showed a differential effect of movement compression on startle trials such that the slowest movement showed the greatest temporal compression. The startling stimulus also decreased the relative timing between EMG bursts more for the 20° movement when it was defined by a temporal rather than spatial goal, which we attributed to the disruption of an internal timekeeper for the timed movements. These results confirm that temporally defined movements were prepared in a different manner from spatially defined movements and provide new information pertaining to these preparation differences.
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Evans, Peter. "The “Movement of Movements” for Global Justice". Contexts 6, nr 3 (sierpień 2007): 62–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/ctx.2007.6.3.62.
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Globalization from Below: Transnational Activists and Political Networks by Donatella della Porta, Massimiliano Andretta, Lorenzo Mosca, and Herbert Reiter University of Minnesota Press, 2006, 300 pages.
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Cox, Benjamin C., Massimo Cincotta i Alberto J. Espay. "Mirror Movements in Movement Disorders: A Review". Tremor and Other Hyperkinetic Movements 2 (16.04.2012): 02. http://dx.doi.org/10.5334/tohm.113.
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McGlotten, Shaka Paul. "SEXUAL POLITICS MEETS THE MOVEMENT OF MOVEMENTS". Cultural Studies 27, nr 4 (lipiec 2013): 653–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09502386.2013.779736.
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Fooken, Jolande, Kathryn Lalonde i Miriam Spering. "When hand movements improve eye movement performance". Journal of Vision 16, nr 12 (1.09.2016): 374. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/16.12.374.
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Swanston, M. "Interaction of induced movement and eye movements". Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics 14, nr 4 (październik 1994): 439. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0275-5408(94)90188-0.
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Hoffmann, Errol R., Alan H. S. Chan i P. T. Heung. "Head Rotation Movement Times". Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 59, nr 6 (24.03.2017): 986–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0018720817701000.
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Objective: The aim of this study was to measure head rotation movement times in a Fitts’ paradigm and to investigate the transition region from ballistic movements to visually controlled movements as the task index of difficulty (ID) increases. Background: For head rotation, there are gaps in the knowledge of the effects of movement amplitude and task difficulty around the critical transition region from ballistic movements to visually controlled movements. Method: Under the conditions of 11 ID values (from 1.0 to 6.0) and five movement amplitudes (20° to 60°), participants performed a head rotation task, and movement times were measured. Results: Both the movement amplitude and task difficulty have effects on movement times at low IDs, but movement times are dependent only on ID at higher ID values. Movement times of participants are higher than for arm/hand movements, for both ballistic and visually controlled movements. The information-processing rate of head rotational movements, at high ID values, is about half that of arm movements. Conclusion: As an input mode, head rotations are not as efficient as the arm system either in ability to use rapid ballistic movements or in the rate at which information may be processed. Application: The data of this study add to those in the review of Hoffmann for the critical IDs of different body motions. The data also allow design for the best arrangement of display that is under the design constraints of limited display area and difficulty of head-controlled movements in a data-inputting task.
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Panchenko, Alexander. "New Religious Movements and the Study of Folklore: The Russian Case". Folklore: Electronic Journal of Folklore 28 (2004): 111–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.7592/fejf2004.28.movement.
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Schwartz, David, i Daniel Galily. "The Islamic Movement in Israel: Ideology vs. Pragmatism". Open Journal for Studies in History 4, nr 1 (2.05.2021): 11–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.32591/coas.ojsh.0401.02011s.
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This study aims to present the Islamic Movement in Israel, its ideology and pragmatism. With progress and modernization, the Islamic movements in the Middle East realized that they could not deny progress, so they decided to join the mainstream and take advantage of technological progress in their favor. The movement maintains at least one website in which it publishes its way, and guides the audience. Although these movements seem to maintain a rigid ideology, they adapt themselves to reality with the help of many tools, because they have realized that reality is stronger than they are. The main points in the article are: The Status of Religion in Israel; The Legal Status of Muslim Sharia in Israel; Personal status according to Israeli law; The establishment of the Islamic Movement in Israel – Historical Background; The crystallization of movement; Theoretical Background – The Theory of Pragmatism; Ideology and goals of the Islamic Movement in Israel; The background to the split in the movement – the opposition to pragmatism; How the ideology of the movement is expressed in its activity? The movement’s attitudes toward the Israeli elections, the Oslo Accords and the armed struggle against Israel; How does pragmatism manifest itself in the movement’s activities?
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Fitrah, Andi Awaluddin, Hermin Indah Wahyuni i I. Gusti Ngurah Putra. "Social Media & Organizational Management of Contemporary Socio-Cultural Movement: An Instrumental Case Study of Akademi Berbagi in Indonesia". Romanian Journal of Communication and Public Relations 21, nr 3 (1.12.2019): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.21018/rjcpr.2019.3.282.
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The rise of the internet and social media has promoted the evolution of a new form of social movement in Indonesia, one that has predominantly promoted socio-cultural, rather than political change. However, many of these movements have continued to face the classic challenges of social movements, particularly consistency and sustainability. As such, a number of movements have dissolved as they have been unable to accumulate and allocate their resources. This article has taken on internet-based social movement, Akademi Berbagi (Akber), for an instrumental case study. Akber is a movement that has emerged and been active almost wholly through Twitter, with its main goal being to promote sociocultural change at the individual level, particularly in the field of education. This article seeks to analyse the organizational management of Akber, referring specifically to its organizational efforts and strategies to accumulate and allocate its resources. Data were collected through interviews and online/offline observations, as well as investigation of the digital documents from the official social media accounts of Akber and its members. This research finds that the optimal management of socio-cultural movements such as Akber relies on several factors, including the use of various internet platforms, the loose federal organizational structure, the movement’s ability to avoid the trap of pseudo-support, and the ability to respond to external changes.
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DELLA PORTA, DONATELLA, i LORENZO MOSCA. "Global-net for Global Movements? A Network of Networks for a Movement of Movements". Journal of Public Policy 25, nr 1 (2.02.2005): 165–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0143814x05000255.
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This article focuses on the use of Computer-Mediated Communication by the movement for global justice, with special attention to the organisations involved in the movement and its activists. We examined data collected during two supranational protest events: the anti-G8 protest in Genoa in July 2001 and the European Social Forum (ESF) in Florence in November 2002. In both cases, we have complemented an analysis of the Genoa Social Forum and ESF websites with a survey of activists, including questions about their use of the Internet. We then examine hypotheses about changes new technologies introduce in collective action. The Internet empowers social movements in: (a) purely instrumental ways (an additional logistical resource for ‘resource-poor’ actors), (b) a protest function (direct expression of protest); (c) symbolically (as a medium favouring identification processes in collective actors) and (d) cognitively (informing and sensitising public opinion).
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Whitehall, Geoffrey, i Victoria Silva Sánchez. "In different states of indifference: movement, friction, and resistance". Relaciones Internacionales, nr 54 (24.10.2023): 39–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.15366/relacionesinternacionales2023.54.002.
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. This article critically engages with the question of mobility in the study of international politics by centering the concept of resistance. It starts with the example of the Canadian Government blocking the Roxham Road irregular border crossing in March 2023 and Canadian officials arguing in favour of normalizing movement between the US/Canada. In general, the paper challenges the global state centric project of normalizing movement by arguing that resistance always comes first. As such, this challenge does not only ask who/what gets to move freely and when; it is centers the very resistances to normalizing movement that emerges from within and without movement itself. The paper has three sections: the first acknowledges that celebrating movement is important because it loosens the state centric study of international politics and sets borders, states, and migrants adrift in a sea of irregular movements. It creates a differential analysis of movement which I refer to as “differential encounters”. In the context of this article, recasting the state in the context of movement demands an engagement with Indigenous and migrant histories beyond the modern categories of immigrant or settler. It requires going beyond merely placing Indigenous peoples into other non-Indigenous migrations stories since it reproduces the colonial efforts to exceptionalize the immigrant experience in and through its universalization/provincialization. Such practical efforts to normalize movement allow the Canadian state to present itself as the apolitical and fixed arbiter of different movements and thereby displace the unceded mediating role inherent to Indigenous relationships to the land and its peoples. The second section shifts to an epistemological register of movements to recognize that celebrating movement can also depoliticize movements differences. Therefore, movement is not simply given; it is itself treated as diagnostic and productive by attending to the function of friction inside and between movements. Following the work of Anna Tsing, frictions are not only the product of movement but also the shapers and materializers of movement(s). They are the encounters that actualize, materialize, and define movements. They occur when movements interact, and they produce something new within the specific place-based context of differential encounters. Friction is becoming movement because nothing moves or matters without friction. This section “matters” the nine individuals, including two children, who lost their lives while being smuggled through the Akwesasne district of the St. Lawrence River, which straddles the US/Canada border. Their lives are mattered in and through the materialization of movements. Yet, in differential encounters, there can be no sovereign, disciplinary, or biopolitical accounting of bodies and lives: only frictions, movements, and resistances. These frictions both materialize and are material. They are historical and immediate. From macro to micro: the decision to deploy a particular technology is as significant as the reliability of an operation, machine, or equipment in the day to day. The political frictions between movements, as such, become the focus of studies which centre movement. To find politics one must move with resistance. To move with resistance is to open untoward frictions. Moving with resistance politicizes those very movements and frictions that have become regularized and/or normalized. The final section argues that despite the emancipatory narrative attached to privileging ontological and epistemological approaches, resistance should always be situated as a generative force that comes first. This section uses the four-part documentary series Thunder Bay (2023), by Ryan McMahonm, the award winning Anishinaabe journalist, to investigates forms of resistance in Thunder Bay, Ontario, which sits at the head of Lake Superior. The history of Thunder Bay is defined by Indigenous/settler relations —a complex of trade, employment, governance, policing, and personal frictions —and amass into the colonial frictions of the city. Thunder Bay’s purpose has not changed. It continues to exist in order to control, extract and extinguish Indigenous futures. While the documentary challenges the audience to see Thunder Bay as both an exceptional crisis in policing and as an exemplar case of continued Canadian colonialism, McMahon’s series also helps the effort in this paper to rethink the concept of resistance in the context of movement and friction. To think about resistance as coming first, the concept of resistance itself must be redefined, not as opposition or reaction, but as an enduring medium of escalation and indifference. Resisting colonialism cannot erase its constitutive frictions; colonialism is a movement responding to already existing resistance, friction and movement. As such, the colonial project remains intact, and escalation adds new opportunities for the state to escalate in turn. Thunder Bay laments that, despite the inspiring efforts of individuals and movements, Indigenous resistance is reduced to new and further instances of friction that keep the wheels of the Canadian state turning. Resistance in movement is a prior interplay of indifferently releasing one movement and politically escalating other emergent movements that resurface in the wake. The article puts special attention to the concept of indifference since “to indiffer” break or turn away from the modern state form, is to actively dismantle those escalatory forces of resistance and friction captured by the state’s ambition to appear static. However, just as resistance has come to mean opposition to movement and lost its political value, indifference has also been cast as a static apolitical form of being. Again, just as resistance escalates, it also indiffers. To indiffer evokes differing, but not in ways that contribute to a particular movement’s escalation or friction. Instead, indiffering releases, liberates, suspends both escalation and friction. This does not mean that indifference has no relationship with escalation or friction in the abstract. To indiffer is an active unattending to a movement’s particular escalation and friction. It is resisting, releasing, and forgetting and generating new frictions and movements. Yet indifference is not innocent —it is not only a weapon of the weak. The state also practices indifference. The indifferent state actively uncares about Indigenous lives because its own future requires unmaking of Indigenous future horizons. This article suggests that if resistance is no longer believed to be a willful action of the liberal subject, and resistance always comes in advance, then the frictions that unfold as movements inevitably unmap geographies of the state and open untoward irregular movements and futures.
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Sailer, Uta, Florian Güldenpfennig i Thomas Eggert. "Saccade-Related Potentials During Eye-Hand Coordination: Effects of Hand Movements on Saccade Preparation". Motor Control 20, nr 3 (lipiec 2016): 316–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/mc.2015-0018.
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This study investigated the effect of hand movements on behavioral and electro-physiological parameters of saccade preparation. While event-related potentials were recorded in 17 subjects, they performed saccades to a visual target either together with a hand movement in the same direction, a hand movement in the opposite direction, a hand movement to a third, independent direction, or without any accompanying hand movements. Saccade latencies increased with any kind of accompanying hand movement. Both saccade and manual latencies were largest when both movements aimed at opposite directions. In contrast, saccade-related potentials indicating preparatory activity were mainly affected by hand movements in the same direction. The data suggest that concomitant hand movements interfere with saccade preparation, particularly when the two movements involve motor preparations that access the same visual stimulus. This indicates that saccade preparation is continually informed about hand movement preparation.
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Sriyadi, Sriyadi. "The Choreography of Bedhaya Gandakusuma Dance with Mangkunegaran Style: The Study of Movement Patterns". Jurnal Seni Tari 12, nr 1 (26.07.2023): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/jst.v12i1.65265.
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Movement patterns in Javanese dance works are formed from types of movement series constructed to become a unified whole. This series of movements is often called a motion motif, a motion range, or sekaran. A series of movements can be likened to a puzzle arranged in such a way as to form a unified whole. This article aims to describe the movement patterns of the Bedhaya Gandakusuma dance with Mangkunegaran style. This description is essential to know the construction of the movement pattern used. This research is a form of qualitative research with an ethnochoreological approach. Data collection techniques used are participant observation, interviews, and literature study. The results show that the construction of the Bedhaya Gandakusuma dance movement patterns consists of elements of gesture and movement that become the basic material in the arrangement of each series of movements. In the arrangement process, it is tied with a motif or a basic movement as a unifying thread. The basic movement is a series of ngenceng movements. It means that the series of ngenceng movements become the foundation in various variations of the series of movements used. The series of movements are connected by using transition movements (sendhi). The movement patterns construction of the Bedhaya Gandakusuma dance not only considers motifs, variations, and transitions but also considers repetition, climax, proportion, logical development, and unity. The purpose is to achieve wholeness to give vitality in conveying the meaning or essence being expressed.
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POLLICK, FRANK E., JOSHUA G. HALE i MARIA TZONEVA-HADJIGEORGIEVA. "PERCEPTION OF HUMANOID MOVEMENT". International Journal of Humanoid Robotics 02, nr 03 (wrzesień 2005): 277–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021984360500048x.
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With the ultimate goal of producing natural-looking movements in humanoid robots and virtual humans, we examined the visual perception of movements generated by different models of movement generation. The models of movement generation included 14 synthetic motion generation algorithms based on theories of human motor production. In addition, we obtained motion from recordings of actual human movement. The resulting movements were applied to both a humanoid robot and a computer graphics virtual human. The computational efficiency of the motion production algorithms is described. In Experiment 1, we examined observers' judgments of the naturalness of a movement. Results showed that, for the humanoid robot, low ratings of naturalness were obtained for rapid movement. In addition, it was found that some movements that appeared to have unremarkable naturalness ratings were anomalous examples of the desired movement. In Experiment 2, we used naturalness ratings to study the influence of movement speed on the humanoid robot. Results indicated that the decrease in naturalness was due to motion artifacts at the ends of the movement. In Experiment 3, we returned to the issue of anomalous movements by obtaining ratings of similarity between pairs of movements, and analyzing these with multi-dimensional scaling to obtain a psychological space representation of the set of movements. Results showed that the presumed anomalous movements were indeed distinctive from the other movements, suggesting that the naturalness judgments did not completely indicate the perception of movement. We discuss these results in the context of what they suggest for the relative effectiveness of the different generation algorithms at producing natural movement, and their relative computational efficiency, as well as in terms of the effectiveness of different psychological techniques for the assessment of humanoid movement.
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McCallum, Leanne. "Reflections from the Field: Disparate responses to labour exploitation in post-Katrina Louisiana". Anti-Trafficking Review, nr 15 (28.09.2020): 21–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.14197/atr.201220152.
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Hurricane Katrina was a devastating natural disaster that changed the landscape of the United States’ Gulf Coast. This was followed by a human-made disaster of failed policies, poor governmental oversight, and rampant labour abuse. This article compares how the anti-trafficking and labour rights movements responded to the widespread labour abuse following Katrina. It examines how the worker rights movement responded to systemic issues impacting labourers, and explores the anti-trafficking movement’s criminal justice response to severe forms of exploitation. It shows how the anti-trafficking movement failed to adequately address severe forms of labour abuse, as opposed to the more successful organising efforts of the worker rights movement. The article concludes by considering how the two movements may respond to conditions of labour exploitation emerging as a result of a new disaster impacting workers in Louisiana: the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Jeong, Boyeong. "A Critical Discourse Analysis of Minimum Wage Politics in South Korea: Framing Strategies of the Minimum Wage Movement and Changes in Institutional Discourse". Korean Association of Cultural Studies 12, nr 1 (30.04.2024): 5–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.38185/kjcs.2024.12.1.5.
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This study examines the social movement's framing strategy and the changing discourse of the institution through the case of the minimum wage movement. The discourse politics of the minimum wage began in earnest in the 2000s and has continuously changed. Social movement organizations, especially the newly emerging labor movements have been actively producing new framings related to the minimum wage. Through the framing of ‘the minimum wage is the youth wage,’ the Youth Union has made the minimum wage a important social agenda connecting the issue with the precariousness of youth generation. The Part-time Workers’ Union’s ‘minimum wage into 10,000 won’ restructured the existing minimum wage discourse through a progressive framing, stimulating the formation of public opinion necessary for a sharp increase. However, the minimum wage movement failed to respond to the rapidly growing number of people opposing the increases. As a result, the impetus for raising the minimum wage was lost. Through the analysis, it was confirmed that the frames dispute with each other and are ultimately adopted among social movement sector. Institutional discourse acts as an environment that constrains social movements when they construct framing strategies, but social movements can change existing discourse even within these constraints.
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Taylor, Jordan A., i Kurt A. Thoroughman. "Divided Attention Impairs Human Motor Adaptation But Not Feedback Control". Journal of Neurophysiology 98, nr 1 (lipiec 2007): 317–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.01070.2006.
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When humans experience externally induced errors in a movement, the motor system's feedback control compensates for those errors within the movement. The motor system's predictive control then uses information about those errors to inform future movements. The role of attention in these two distinct motor processes is unclear. Previous experiments have revealed a role for attention in motor learning over the course of many movements; however, these experimental paradigms do not determine how attention influences within-movement feedback control versus across-movement adaptation. Here we develop a dual-task paradigm, consisting of movement and audio tasks, which can differentiate and expose attention's role in these two processes of motor control. Over the course of several days, subjects performed horizontal reaching movements, with and without the audio task; movements were occasionally subjected to transient force perturbations. On movements with a force perturbation, subjects compensated for the force-induced movement errors, and on movements immediately after the force perturbation subjects exhibited adaptation. On every movement trial, subjects performed a two-tone frequency-discrimination task. The temporal specificity of the frequency-discrimination task allowed us to divide attention within and across movements. We find that divided attention did not impair the within-movement feedback control of the arm, but did reduce subsequent movement adaptation. We suggest that the secondary task interfered with the encoding and transformation of errors into changes in predictive control.
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du Lac, S., i E. I. Knudsen. "Neural maps of head movement vector and speed in the optic tectum of the barn owl". Journal of Neurophysiology 63, nr 1 (1.01.1990): 131–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1990.63.1.131.
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1. This study investigates the contribution of the optic tectum in encoding the metric and kinetic properties of saccadic head movements. We describe the dependence of head movement components (size, direction, and speed) on parameters of focal electrical stimulation of the barn owl's optic tectum. The results demonstrate that both the site and the amount of activity can influence head saccade metrics and kinetics. 2. Electrical stimulation of the owl's optic tectum elicited rapid head movements that closely resembled natural head movements made in response to auditory and visual stimuli. The kinetics of these movements were similar to those of saccadic eye movements in primates. 3. The metrics and kinetics of head movements evoked from any given site depended strongly on stimulus parameters. Movement duration increased with stimulus duration, as did movement size. Both the size and the maximum speed of the movement increased to a plateau value with current strength and pulse rate. Movement direction was independent of stimulus parameters. 4. The initial position of the head influenced the size, direction, and speed of movements evoked from any given site: when the owl initially faced away from the direction of the induced saccade, the movement was larger and faster than when the owl initially faced toward the direction of the induced movement. 5. A characteristic movement of particular size, direction, and speed could be defined for each site by the use of stimulation parameters that elicited plateau movements with normal kinetic profiles and by having the head initially centered on the body. The size, direction, and speed of these characteristic movements varied systematically with the site of stimulation across the tectum. The map of head movement vector (size and direction) was aligned with the sensory representations of visual and auditory space, such that the movement elicited from a given site when the owl initially faced straight ahead brought the owl to face that region of space represented by the sensory responses of the neurons at the site of stimulation. 6. The results imply that both the site and the amount of neural activity in the optic tectum contribute to encoding the metrics and kinetics of saccadic movements. A comparison of the present findings with previous studies on saccadic eye movements in primates and combined eye and head movements in cats suggests striking similarities in the ways in which tectal activity specifies a redirection in gaze to such dissimilar motor effectors as the eyes and head.
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Serbulo, Leanne C. "Anatomy of a Violent Protest Wave: Understanding the Mechanisms of Escalation and De-Escalation in Far-Right and Anti-Fascist Street Clashes". Youth and Globalization 2, nr 2 (31.12.2020): 186–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/25895745-02020004.
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Abstract With the rise of right-wing populist ideologies and ensuing social polarization, political violence has become more widespread. Between 2017 and 2019, far-right extremists and anti-fascists engaged in more than twenty violent protest clashes in Portland, Oregon, USA. Through a protest event analysis of those clashes supplemented with a case study of the protest wave, this paper explores how the mechanisms of radicalization and de-radicalization operate when two violent protest movements collide and interact with state security forces. The three-way interaction among a movement, counter-movement, and the police can produce unanticipated outcomes. For example, rather than de-escalating the situation, police underbidding resulted in an increase in violence between the two movements. Understanding how the mechanisms of radicalization and de-radicalization function in a movement/counter-movement protest cycle can provide insight into the ways in which a movement’s strategy and their adversaries’ responses to it can increase or decrease levels of violence.
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Li, Yevgeniya, Jean-Grégoire Bernard i Markus Luczak-Roesch. "Beyond Clicktivism: What Makes Digitally Native Activism Effective? An Exploration of the Sleeping Giants Movement". Social Media + Society 7, nr 3 (lipiec 2021): 205630512110353. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/20563051211035357.
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This article explores how successful digitally native activism generates social change. Digitally native movements are initiated, organized, and coordinated online without any physical presence or pre-existing offline campaign. To do so, we explore the revelatory case of Sleeping Giants (SG)—an online movement that led more than 4,000 organizations to withdraw their programmatic advertising spend from Breitbart, a far-right publisher. Analyzing 3.5 million tweets related to the movement along with qualitative secondary data, we used a mixed method approach to investigate the conditions that favored SG emergence, the organizing and coordinating practices of the movement, and the strategic framing practices involved in the tuning of the movement’s language and rhetoric toward its targets. Overall, we contribute to research on online movements and shed light on the pivotal role of peer production work and of language in leading an impactful online movement that aimed to counter online disinformation and hate speech.
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Mahayasa, Dias Pabyantara Swandita. "Nudity as Strategy: Examining Femen Sextremism Ideology to Weaponize Women’s Body". JUSS (Jurnal Sosial Soedirman) 6, nr 1 (28.03.2023): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.20884/juss.v6i1.8384.
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In the age of the new wave feminism movement, Femen stood out to be one of the heavily discussed topics of women's movements due to its controversial protest strategy. They are one of few feminist movements that utilize, or in their terms, weaponize, the naked body to deliver a political message. It generates various backlash, upon which they are accused of perpetuating western biased standards of beauty and marginalizing non-white women's experience. Despite the controversy, they gained international recognition from the birth of the movement in 2009 until recently. We explore the matters by examining the enabling factors supporting the global movement to endure the controversy over the last decade. We conclude that two factors play a crucial role in the movement's sustainability. First, how they encapsulate and translate the sextremism ideology into firm action. Second, Femen has developed a firm, organized, yet fluid social movement by establishing strong informal ties through soldier-like training.