Artykuły w czasopismach na temat „Mosel (Germany)”
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Kirchhoff, M., J. Rodrigo-Comino, M. Seeger i J. B. Ries. "Soil erosion in sloping vineyards under conventional and organic land use managements (Saar-Mosel Valley, Germany)". Cuadernos de Investigación Geográfica 43, nr 1 (30.06.2017): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.18172/cig.3161.
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German vineyards are one of the land uses most prone to soil erosion. Due to their placement on mainly steep slopes and non-conservative cultivation practices, runoff and soil loss are a serious problem for wine growers. In the Saar-Mosel valley (Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany), there is a tendency towards organic management of vineyards with protective grass cover in the inter-rows. Since there is a lack of information about organic-conventional tillage in German vineyards related to soil erosion processes, this study presents a comparison between these two soil management practices. For this purpose, 22 rainfall simulations were performed as well as a medium-term monitoring by using 4-paired Gerlach troughs in two experimental sites in the Saar-Mosel valley. The mean simulated runoff coefficient and suspended sediment load in conventional vineyards amounted up to 23.3% and 33.75 g m-2, respectively. In the organic site, runoff and soil loss were only recorded in one out of the 11 simulations. Runoff and sediment was collected in the Gerlach troughs for 33 natural rainfall events. In the conventional vineyard, the total measured soil loss was 3314.63 g m-1 and 6503.77 g m-1 and total runoff volumes were 105.52 L m-1 and 172.58 L m-1. In the organic site, total soil losses reached 143.16 g m-1 and 258.89 g m-1 and total runoff was 21.65 L m-1 and 12.69 L m-1. When soil loss was measured without corresponding runoff or precipitation, soil erosion was activated by tillage or trampling. Finally, the conventional vineyard showed a higher variability in soil loss and runoff suggesting less predictable results.
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Seeger, Rodrigo-Comino, Iserloh, Brings i Ries. "Dynamics of Runoff and Soil Erosion on Abandoned Steep Vineyards in the Mosel Area, Germany". Water 11, nr 12 (9.12.2019): 2596. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11122596.
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The Mosel Wine region has suffered during the last decades a decrease in productive area, mostly on steep sloping vineyards. To avoid the spread of diseases, the extraction of grapevines on abandoned vineyards is mandatory in Rhineland-Palatinate. At the same time, the organic production of wine is growing slowly, but well established in the area. We assess in this paper the degree of the land-use changes, as well as their effect on runoff generation and sediment production, depending on the age of the abandonment, as well as the type and age of the land management, whether organic or conventional. Land use data were obtained to identify land-use change dynamics. For assessment of runoff generation and soil erosion, we applied rainfall simulation experiments on the different types of vineyard management. These were organically managed, conventionally managed and abandoned ones, all of varying ages. During the last decades of the last century, a decrease of around 30% of vineyard surface could be observed in Germany’s Mosel Wine Region, affecting mostly the steep sloping vineyards. Despite a high variability within the types of vineyard management, the results show higher runoff generation, and soil erosion associated with recently installed or abandoned vineyards when compared to organic management of the vineyards, where erosion reached only 12%. In organic management, runoff and erosion are also reduced considerably, less than 16%, after a decade or more. Thus, organic vineyard management practices show to be very efficient for reduction of runoff and erosion. Consequently, we recommend to adopt as far as possible these soil management practices for sustainable land management of steep sloping vineyards. In addition, soil protection measures are highly recommended for vineyard abandonment according to the law.
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Poschmann, Markus, i Simon J. Braddy. "Eurypterid trackways from Early Devonian tidal facies of Alken an der Mosel (Rheinisches Schiefergebirge, Germany)". Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments 90, nr 2 (4.03.2010): 111–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12549-010-0024-2.
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Poschmann, Markus, i Jason A. Dunlop. "Trigonotarbid arachnids from the Lower Devonian (Lower Emsian) of Alken an der Mosel (Rhineland-Palatinate, SW Germany)". Paläontologische Zeitschrift 84, nr 4 (26.03.2010): 467–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12542-010-0061-1.
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Remke, Alexander, Jesús Rodrigo-Comino, Yeboah Gyasi-Agyei, Artemi Cerdà i Johannes Ries. "Combining the Stock Unearthing Method and Structure-from-Motion Photogrammetry for a Gapless Estimation of Soil Mobilisation in Vineyards". ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 7, nr 12 (27.11.2018): 461. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi7120461.
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In vineyards, especially on steep slopes like the Ruwer-Mosel Valley, Germany, soil erosion is a well-known environmental problem. Unfortunately, some enterprises and farmers are not aware of how much soil is being lost and the long-term negative impacts of soil erosion. The non-invasive technique of the stock unearthing method (SUM) can be used for a quick assessment of soil erosion in vineyards. SUM uses the graft union as a reference elevation for soil surface changes since the time of plantation commencement, which is modelled with the help of a geographic information system. A shortcoming of SUM is that the areas between the pair-vine cross sections are not surveyed, hence it is not accurate enough to identify erosion hot-spots. A structure-from-motion (SfM) photogrammetric technique is adopted to complement SUM to fill this data gap. Combining SUM (only measuring the graft unions) and SfM techniques could lead to an improved, easy and low-cost method with a higher accuracy for estimation of soil erosion based on interpolation by projection, and contact and gapless measuring. Thus, the main aim of this paper was to map the current soil surface level and to improve the accuracy of estimation of long-term soil mobilisation rates in vineyards. To achieve this goal, the TEPHOS (TErrestrial PHOtogrammetric Scanner), a static five camera array, was developed on a 20 m2 plot located in a steeply sloping vineyard of the Ruwer-Mosel Valley, Trier, Germany. A total soil mobilisation of 0.52 m3 (9.14 Mg ha yr−1) with soil surface level differences in excess of 30 cm in the 40 years since plantation commencement were recorded. Further research is, however, needed to reduce the number of photos used for the point cloud without loss of accuracy. This method can be useful for the observation of the impacts of other factors in vineyards, such as tillage erosion, runoff pathway detection or the trampling effect on soil erosion in vineyards.
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Ivanchenko, T. A. "Features of intercultural communication of Germans in Germany and abroad". Uchenye zapiski St. Petersburg University of Management Technologies and Economics, nr 1 (9.04.2022): 17–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.35854/2541-8106-2022-1-17-23.
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The article describes the specifics of the communicative behavior of Germans in Germany and abroad. The model of communication of Germans within their own country is analyzed. The differences in communicative values between the inhabitants of the eastern and western parts of Germany are described. Highlighted are communicative principles common to all Germans in Germany. The features of the communicative style of the inhabitants of Germany and other German-speaking countries - Austria and Switzerland are studied. The ways of solving the problems of intercultural communication of the inhabitants of German-speaking countries are outlined.
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Behrmann-Godel, J., i R. Eckmann. "A preliminary telemetry study of the migration of silver European eel (Anguilla anguilla L.) in the River Mosel, Germany". Ecology of Freshwater Fish 12, nr 3 (12.08.2003): 196–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0633.2003.00015.x.
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Dittrich, Felix, Thomas Iserloh, Cord-Henrich Treseler, Roman Hüppi, Sophie Ogan, Manuel Seeger i Sören Thiele-Bruhn. "Crop Diversification in Viticulture with Aromatic Plants: Effects of Intercropping on Grapevine Productivity in a Steep-Slope Vineyard in the Mosel Area, Germany". Agriculture 11, nr 2 (23.01.2021): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11020095.
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The effects of intercropping grapevine with aromatic plants are investigated using a multi-disciplinary approach. Selected results are presented that address the extent to which crop diversification by intercropping impacts grapevine yield and must quality, as well as soil water and mineral nutrients (NO3-N, NH4-N, plant-available K and P). The experimental field was a commercial steep-slope vineyard with shallow soils characterized by a high presence of coarse rock fragments in the Mosel area of Germany. The field experiment was set up as randomized block design. Rows were either cultivated with Riesling (Vitis vinifera L.) as a monocrop or intercropped with Origanum vulgare or Thymus vulgaris. Regarding soil moisture and nutrient levels, the topsoil (0–0.1 m) was more affected by intercropping than the subsoil (0.1–0.3 m). Gravimetric moisture was consistently lower in the intercropped topsoil. While NO3-N was almost unaffected by crop diversification, NH4-N, K, and P were uniformly reduced in topsoil. Significant differences in grapevine yield and must quality were dominantly attributable to climate variables, rather than to the treatments. Yield stabilization due to intercropping with thyme and oregano seems possible with sufficient rainfall or by irrigation. The long-term effects of intercropping on grapevine growth need further monitoring.
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Behrendt, Horst. "Inventories of point and diffuse sources and estimated nutrient loads - a comparison for different river basins in Central Europe". Water Science and Technology 33, nr 4-5 (1.02.1996): 99–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1996.0493.
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A comparison of the estimated emissions (input) with the measured loads at monitoring stations (output) is presented for the large Rivers Rhine, Elbe and its main tributaries and for the River Warnow, a smaller river in the north-east part of Germany. The comparison shows that the discrepancies between the estimated emissions and the measured load is small for the Rhine and its main tributaries, Mosel, Neckar and Main. Large discrepancies were found for the Elbe and its main tributaries. For all investigated river systems a strong relationship exists between the quotient of measured nutrient load versus the estimated sum of point and diffuse emissions of nutrients and the areal specific runoff. A function is derived for the dependency of the sum of retention and/or losses in a river system on the specific runoff and the nutrient concentration in the river. The high accuracy of the estimated retention and/or losses within the different river basins offer the possibility to use these equations for a prediction of the emitted nutrients from measured nutrient load in similar rivers.
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Wittlinger, Ruth. "A ‘model of reconciliation’? Fifty years of German–Israeli relations". Cooperation and Conflict 53, nr 4 (22.01.2018): 507–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0010836717750200.
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This article argues that German–Israeli reconciliation after 1945 has not been as exemplary as is often suggested. Drawing on key aspects which emerge from a discussion of relevant concepts in the first part of the article – transitional justice and reconciliation – it will show that Germany’s memory culture, as evidenced in the elite discourse, has indeed developed in a way that points to a successful reconciliation between the two countries. On the other hand, however, German regret emerged only reluctantly, was by and large confined to West Germany, and took a long time to establish itself formally, with emphasis on German suffering rather than suffering caused by Germans always playing an important role in German collective memory after 1945. It will also show that at grass-roots level, reconciliation between Germany and Israel is far from unproblematic. Apart from providing a critical assessment of the reconciliation between Germany and Israel after 1945, the article contributes to current academic literature on transitional justice, reconciliation and the role of memory which suggests that even though commemoration and micro-level reconciliation might be important, the geopolitical context in which reconciliation takes place and strategic security considerations also play a significant role.
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WEHRMANN, A., G. HERTWECK, R. BROCKE, U. JANSEN, P. KONIGSHOF, G. PLODOWSKI, E. SCHINDLER, V. WILDE, A. BLIECK i S. SCHULTKA. "Paleoenvironment of an Early Devonian Land-Sea Transition: a Case Study from the Southern Margin of the Old Red Continent (Mosel Valley, Germany)". PALAIOS 20, nr 2 (1.04.2005): 101–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2110/palo.2003.p03-33.
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Tlemissova, Zh, i A. Mamyrbekov. "Cultural relations of Kazakhstan and Germany: the case of the German diaspora (1991-2020)". Bulletin of the L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University. Historical Sciences. Philosophy. Religion Series 140, nr 3 (2022): 106–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.32523/2616-7255-2022-140-106-121.
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Since independence, the Republic of Kazakhstan has been pursuing a multi-vector policy with Western countries. The main directions are aimed at politics, economics, and the cultural and humanitarian sphere. Our country has established relations with Western countries, including Germany. Bilateral cooperation is a priority and enhances mutually beneficial partnerships between the two states. Economic relations and political integration as an impulse of the new time are a model for all states of the modern world. In addition, the strategic partnership between Kazakhstan and Germany is constantly strengthening and expanding, covering almost all areas of activity. Reciprocity and tolerance, as a manifestation of the culture of relations between peoples, are the distinctive qualities of Kazakh-German relations. The coincidence of interests in the main areas of foreign relations will undoubtedly contribute to the harmonization of cultural relations in bilateral friendly relations. A significant part of the contact between Kazakhstan and Germany in the cultural sphere is linked to the German diaspora in Kazakhstan. If we make a historical digression, the Germans have lived throughout the territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan since the time of tsarist power. Kazakhstani Germans, preserving their culture and identity, live in close cultural ties with the Kazakh people. Such activities between peoples reach the interstate level, which contributes to the development of cultural ties between Kazakhstan and Germany. The article examines the cultural ties between Kazakhstan and Germany through the example of the German diaspora in our country. The article presents a scientific analysis of the role and influence of Kazakhstani Germans on these relations.
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Rodrigo-Comino, J., M. Seeger, J. M. Senciales, J. D. Ruiz-Sinoga i J. B. Ries. "Variación espacio-temporal de los procesos hidrológicos del suelo en viñedos con elevadas pendientes (Valle del Ruwer-Mosela, Alemania)". Cuadernos de Investigación Geográfica 42, nr 1 (27.06.2016): 281. http://dx.doi.org/10.18172/cig.2934.
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The vineyards of Ruwer-Mosel valley (Germany) cultivated on steep slopes showed a high spatial and temporal variability of hydrological dynamics. Forty two experiments were carried out using a Guelph permeameter in old and young vines to measure the infiltration rates, the hydraulic conductivity and the soil matrix flux potential. The essays were performed before (spring-summer) and after (autumn) the harvest with dry soil conditions and without soil tillage signals, and with humid soil conditions, signals of soil farming (wheel traffic and footprints) and a decrease of organic matter, respectively. In general, the results of the young vineyards were higher than the values of the old vineyards. Furthermore, all the rates increased after the harvest. For the young vineyards, the most elevated values were registered on the middle slope (398.5 mm h-1 infiltration rate, 89.2 mm h-1 hydraulic conductivity and 62.8 mm2 h-1 soil matrix flux potential). For its part, a decrease of the infiltration from the upper slope to the foot slope was observed (from 42.5 to 16.8 mm h-1). Hydraulic conductivity and soil matrix flux potential showed the same hydro-dynamic: from 13.2 to 5.4 mm h-1 and from 5.5 to 2.5 mm2 h-1, respectively. Finally, it was observed that the most correlated factor with these hydrological processes was the soil moisture content and the soil tillage practices.
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Silver, Hilary. "The Social Integration of Germany since Unification". German Politics and Society 28, nr 1 (1.03.2010): 165–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/gps.2010.280109.
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Germans are inordinately preoccupied with the question of national integration. From the Kulturkampf to the Weimar Republic to the separation of East and West, social fractiousness is deeply ingrained in German history, giving rise to a desire to unify the "incomplete nation." Yet, the impulse to integrate German society has long been ambivalent. Between Bismarck and the Nazi interregnum, top-down efforts to force Germans to integrate threatened to erase valued differences. The twentieth anniversary of German reunification is the occasion to assess the reality of and ambivalence towards social integration in contemporary Germany. A review of economic and social measures of East-West, immigrant, and Muslim integration provides many indications of progress. Nevertheless, social cleavages persist despite political integration. Indeed, in some aspects, including in the party system, fragmentation is greater now than it was two decades ago. Yet successful social integration is a two-way street, requiring newcomers and oldtimers to interact. Integration of the European Union to some extent has followed this German path, with subsidiarity ensuring a decentralized social model and limited cohesion. German ambivalence about social integration is a major reason for the continuing social fragmentation of the society.
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Auspurg, Katrin, Josef Brüderl i Thomas Wöhler. "Does Immigration Reduce the Support for Welfare Spending? A Cautionary Tale on Spatial Panel Data Analysis". American Sociological Review 84, nr 4 (10.07.2019): 754–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0003122419856347.
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There has been a long-lasting debate over whether increasing ethnic diversity undermines support for social welfare, and whether this conflict thesis applies not only to the United States, but also to European welfare states. In their 2016 ASR article, Schmidt-Catran and Spies analyzed a panel (1994 to 2010) of regional units in Germany and concluded that this thesis also holds for Germany. We argue that their analysis suffers from misspecification: their model specification assumes parallel time trends in welfare support in all German regions. However, time trends strongly differed between Western and Eastern Germany after reunification. In the 1990s, Eastern Germans’ attitudes adapted to a less interventionist Western welfare system (“Goodbye Lenin effect”). When allowing for heterogeneous time trends, we find no evidence that increasing proportions of foreigners undermine welfare support, or that this association is moderated by economic hardship (high unemployment rates). We conclude with some general suggestions regarding the conceptualization of context effects in spatial analyses.
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Carroll, Glenn R., Peter Preisendoerfer, Anand Swaminathan i Gabriele Wiedenmayer. "Brewery and Brauerei: The Organizational Ecology of Brewing". Organization Studies 14, nr 2 (marzec 1993): 155–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/017084069301400201.
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Germans and Americans differ in their beer drinking habits and customs. The organizational structures of their brewing industries also differ: Germany is notable for the highly fragmented nature of its industry, which contains many more breweries than the larger American industry. Yet the historical evolution of the two brewing industries is remarkably similar. In both Germany and the U.S., the number of breweries grew slowly for a long period, then expanded rapidly in the late 19th century, and finally declined severely for almost a century. Intrigued by this common pattern, we attempt to explain long-term organizational change in the two industries using the ecological perspective on organizations. We focus on the organizational ecology model of density-dependent legitimation and com petition. Our tests use life history data on all breweries known to have operated in the U.S. and Germany during the period 1861 to 1988. We estimate and report specific tests of the density model using stochastic rates of organizational founding and mortality. The findings are generally supportive of the model and suggest that the organizational evolution of both the German and American brewing industries was density dependent.
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Kabalek, Kobi. "“Other Germans”: Exceptions and Rules in the Memory of Rescuing Jews in Postwar Germany". Central European History 55, nr 3 (wrzesień 2022): 390–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008938921001357.
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AbstractThe rising German interest in rescuers of Jews during the Holocaust has been accompanied by an emphasis on their exceptionality among the wartime German population. Seen as aberrations, rescuers are used to present a simplified generalization of the German majority’s wartime conduct by defining what it was not. This article argues that this view, as well as the common claim that rescue and rescuers of Jews were “forgotten” in the postwar Germanys, are based on a certain interpretative model concerning the relationship between exception and rule. I trace the different uses of this model and show that from 1945 to the present, many Jewish and non-Jewish Germans employed variously defined exceptions to trace and determine one's preferred image of the majority—as an object of desire or critique. The article presents the different conceptualizations and idealizations of rescue and their functions in imagining a collective self in commemorative and historiographical portrayals of past and current German societies.
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Eib, Constanze, i Steffi Siegert. "Is Female Entrepreneurship Only Empowering for Single Women? Evidence from France and Germany". Social Sciences 8, nr 4 (23.04.2019): 128. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci8040128.
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Entrepreneurship has been suggested as an alternative career model for women to gain economic empowerment while maintaining caring obligations. In this study, we investigate how gender and living situation affect entrepreneurs’ engagement in their business, home, well-being and business success in both France and Germany. Data from the European Social Survey were used, which included 470 French and 622 German self-employed people. For the French, women reported more working hours when living alone but there were no gender differences for the other living situations. For the Germans, there were no gender differences when the self-employed person lived alone; for the other living situations, men reported more working hours. Women reported working more household hours than men in both countries. There were no gender differences in life satisfaction for German self-employed people regardless of living situation; for the French, gender differences varied by living situation. Men reported more business success than women in both countries. Results suggest that self-employed people in Germany follow a traditional breadwinner model, whereas in France, self-employed women do more paid and unpaid work at the same time. In sum, entrepreneurship may only be empowering for self-employed women living alone.
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Seeger, Manuel, Felix Dittrich, Thomas Iserloh i Sören Thiele-Bruhn. "Diversifying Steep Slope Viticulture—Towards a Sustainable Intensive Agriculture?" Proceedings 30, nr 1 (23.03.2020): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2019030051.
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Viticulture is a land use system with a high impact on the environment and the landscape due to the high input of energy and material for soil and plant management. Reducing the input would help to reduce both, the environmental and economic costs, and consequently, increase the sustainability of this crop production. In Germany, especially in the Mosel area, vineyards are also part of the cultural heritage and substantial part of the touristic appeal, especially those located on steep slopes with shallow soils developed on Devonian slate. Within the last decades, the economic sustainability of the vineyards and cellars have been on the focus, by applying land consolidation, increasing the use of machinery and rationalisation of plant protection by e.g. spraying pesticides with helicopters. However, the awareness of the consequences of this kind of high intensive viticulture has also lead to changes in some paradigms, especially regarding soil protection: greening of the lane and selective traffic of machines is becoming more and more widespread, and there is a slowly growing community of wine cellars applying organic production. A careful management of the vegetation within the traffic lanes, and recently the implementation of plants underneath the grapevines is meant to increase soil quality and to reduce the risk of erosion. Here, we will present the concept developed within the EU-H2020 project Diverfarming (H2020-RUR-2016-2/728003), where aromatic herbs (Thymus vulgaris, Origanum vulgare) have been planted underneath grapevines. The purpose is to suppress the growth of plants fostering diseases, to reduce soil disturbance and thus, to increase soil quality as well as to stabilize it against soil erosion. A holistic approach is adopted, as the analysis and monitoring covers plant growth, soil parameters up to product quality and a value chain analysis.
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Ditlmann, Ruth K., i Johannes Kopf-Beck. "The meaning of being German: An inductive approach to national identity". Journal of Social and Political Psychology 7, nr 1 (18.06.2019): 423–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5964/jspp.v7i1.557.
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Germany is often cited as a paradigmatic case for an ethnic model of nationalism but in recent years introduced many civic elements into its citizenship policies. The goal of the current article is to explore how German citizens construct their national identity against this backdrop. Using an inductive approach, we asked 987 German citizens to describe what being German means for them. A latent class analysis of content-coded responses revealed four classes: a heritage-based identity class with a strong focus on language and culture (39%), an ideology-based identity class that revolves around democracy, welfare, freedom, and economy and safety (19%), a legal-formalistic identity class that is mostly concerned with the legal requirement for obtaining and holding citizenship of national identity (26%), and a trait-based identity class describing personality-traits that are supposed to be typical for Germans (16%). These findings expand upon and add nuance to the commonly used civic vs. ethnic national identity content typology.
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Ramanuj, S. "CONTINUOUS DIFFUSION OF AUSTRIAN MODEL GERMAN FRONT VOWELS: A SOCIOLINGUISTIC ANALYSIS". CURRENT RESEARCH JOURNAL OF PHILOLOGICAL SCIENCES 02, nr 05 (30.05.2021): 18–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/philological-crjps-02-05-05.
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In Austrian Model German ASG , the vowels in the words Beeren and Bärenare ordinarily respected to be consolidated. Some acoustic investigations on ASG additionally recommend a consolidation between the vowels as in Maitland Mitteand even between the BEEREN/BÄREN consolidation and the MIETE vowel. This paper re-examines these consolidations from a sociolinguistic perspective and shows that more established speakers will in general union the vowels more than more youthful speakers. This focuses towards a continuous scattering or 'unmerger' and we contend that this is an aftereffect of convenience toward Model German as it is articulated in Germany.
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Leibold, Stefan. "Il welfare tedesco: un compromesso confessionale?" SOCIOLOGIA E POLITICHE SOCIALI, nr 3 (styczeń 2013): 35–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/sp2012-003004.
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From the end of the 19th century to the present, six political regimes followed one another in Germany: from the monarchy to the Weimar Republic, the national socialist dictatorship, the occupation by the allies after the Second World War, East Germany under Soviet influence, the new established capitalist West Germany and the reunified Germany (the "Berlin Republic" after 1990). Nevertheless, surprisingly enough, the structure of the German welfare state has shown a steady continuity over such a long span of time: Germany is a very prominent example of "path dependency" in matter of welfare state. This direction is characterized by a corporative stance in social policy and it involves economic associations, Unions, private welfare organizations and mainstream Churches as leading actors of this process. The article discusses whether or not the influence of religion is a cause for the distinct features of the German welfare state. It briefly draws on current analysis and a research project in Münster (Germany); it investigates the historical and ideological roots of the typical German welfare model, and the role religion played in that respect. Finally, it focuses upon the German welfare-state model from 1945 to the present.
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Redding, Stephen J., i Daniel M. Sturm. "The Costs of Remoteness: Evidence from German Division and Reunification". American Economic Review 98, nr 5 (1.11.2008): 1766–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.98.5.1766.
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This paper exploits the division of Germany after the Second World War and the reunification of East and West Germany in 1990 as a natural experiment to provide evidence for the importance of market access for economic development. In line with a standard new economic geography model, we find that, following division, cities in West Germany close to the East-West German border experienced a substantial decline in population growth relative to other West German cities. We show that the model can account for the quantitative magnitude of our findings and provide additional evidence against alternative possible explanations. (JEL F15, N94, R12, R23)
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Mikhail A., Korotkevich. "GERMAN PUBLIC BROADCASTING MODEL: CONSTITUTIONAL AND LEGAL ASPECT". Ser-11_2023-2 64, nr 2, 2023 (30.08.2023): 100–128. http://dx.doi.org/10.55959/msu0130-0113-11-64-2-7.
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The communication rights enshrined in Part 1 of Article 5 of the Basic Law of the Federal Republic of Germany — freedom of expression, freedom of informa-tion, press, broadcasting, and cinema (Kommunikationsgrundrechte) are of constitu-tive importance for German democracy, since the process of forming of public opinion, which is important for the functioning of democratic institutions, depends on the level of their guarantee. At the same time, due to the special persuasiveness of the audiovi-sual form of information presentation, broadcasting is the most significant means of influence. Public service broadcasting (öffentlich- rechtlicher Rundfunk) is central to the German broadcasting system, while the role of private broadcasters is secondary. The decisive importance of public broadcasting in shaping the political opinion of Ger-man citizens presupposes the existence of sufficient and effective constitutional and legal guarantees that exclude the instrumentalization of this institution by the state, industry, and other influential public groups. The article, taking into account the historical con-text and using examples from the legislation and practice of the Federal Constitutional Court of Germany, analyzes these guarantees, and also describes the basic constitutional and legal principles of the functioning of the broadcasting system in Germany. As a conclusion, a set of the basic essential characteristics of the German model of public broadcasting is fixed, which might be used for further critical consideration of this institution.
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Allen, Christopher S. "Institutional Adaptation, Trust and Change in the German Political Economy". German Politics and Society 29, nr 1 (1.03.2011): 58–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/gps.2011.290103.
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Henry Farrell, The Political Economy of Trust: Institutions, Interests and Interfirm Cooperation in Italy and Germany (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009).Jeremy Leaman, The Political Economy of Germany under Chancellors Kohl and Schroeder: Decline of the German Model? (New York: Berghahn, 2009)Wolfgang Streeck, Re-Forming Capitalism: Institutional Change in the German Political Economy (New York: Oxford University Press, 2009)
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Grak, E. A. "ETHNIC IDENTITY TRANSFORMATION OF RUSSIAN GERMANS (BY THE EXAMPLE OF MATERIALS IN THE KRASNOYARSK TERRITORY)". Northern Archives and Expeditions 5, nr 2 (30.06.2021): 65–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.31806/2542-1158-2021-5-2-65-79.
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The article considers the nature of ethnic identity transformation of Russian Germans and their descendants currently residing in Krasnoyarsk Region. Ethnic and demographic development of Russian Germans is characterized by depopulation, migration loss and irreversibility of ethnic assimilation. This actualizes the problem of finding effective mechanisms for preservation and ethnical and cultural reproduction of the German ethnic group. Analyze of the ethnic identification model of the deported Germans and their descendants allows to determine key ethnic-forming factors. It is concluded that traditional markers, such as language and religion, have lost their meaning in the process of ethnic self-identification. Their reproduction was destroyed by alien ethnic environment with the spread of nationally mixed marriages. The article notes the increased role of historical memory in the post-deportation period, which is formed through interfamilial and intergenerational communication. Images of the past are represented and transmitted, first of all, through family and other social institutions. The otherness of the Russian Germans is manifested through their opposition to Germans of Germany. The study is based on biographical interviews of deported Germans and their descendants taken by a group of Krasnoyarsk historians during a field expedition to the south of the region in 2017 in termd of the project «Ethnic groups in Siberia: conditions for cultural memory preservation» with the support of the Russian Foundation for Basic Research. The article is dated to the 80th anniversary of the Russian Germans deportation.
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Dimitrova, Radosveta, Arzu Aydinli, Athanasios Chasiotis, Michael Bender i Fons J. R. van de Vijver. "Heritage Identity and Maintenance Enhance Well-Being of Turkish-Bulgarian and Turkish-German Adolescents". Social Psychology 46, nr 2 (1.03.2015): 93–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1864-9335/a000230.
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This study compares Turkish minority youth in Bulgaria and Germany by examining differences in ethnic identity (heritage and mainstream), acculturation (host culture adoption and heritage culture maintenance), and their influence on psychological and sociocultural outcomes. Participants were 178 Turkish-Bulgarian and 166 Turkish-German youth (mean age of 15.96 years). Youth in both cultural contexts regarded their Turkish identity and culture maintenance as more relevant than their mainstream identity and culture adoption. Turkish-Bulgarians also reported higher scores on host culture adoption than Turkish-Germans. A multigroup path model showed that Turkish identity and maintenance were positively related to well-being and adjustment to both cultures, whereas mainstream identity and adoption were positively associated with adjustment to the host culture only.
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Kwon, Hyeong-ki. "The German Model Reconsidered". German Politics and Society 20, nr 4 (1.12.2002): 48–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/104503002782385336.
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The German model of political economy that had been an enviablealternative to the liberal market until the late 1980s in the literature ofpolitical economy was under serious structural crisis throughout the1990s, causing serious doubts about its viability. Many neoliberalsand industrial experts in Germany began to doubt whether Germanywas an attractive place for business activity, initiating the StandortDeutschland debate. Even German Chancellor Gerhard Schröder conceded“the end of German model.”1 Many political economists andjournalists expected and recommended imitating the Americanmodel of a liberal market. Prominent German newspapers and magazinessuch as the Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, Der Spiegel, and DieWoche ran articles titled “The Discovery of America” and “Jobwunderin Amerika.” Wolfgang Streeck, one of the main proponents of theGerman model, expected the convergence of the German economytoward an American-led liberal market economy under globalizationbecause of “a secular exhaustion of the German model.” Streeckbelieved that the postwar German model was based on the politicsbetween labor and capital within a national boundary, but globalizationrepresents a fluidity of financial and labor markets that extricateswhatever coordination has been nationally accomplished.
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Hein, Eckhard, Thorstem Schulten i Achim Truger. "Lohnentwicklung und Deflationsgefahren in Deutschland und Europa". PROKLA. Zeitschrift für kritische Sozialwissenschaft 34, nr 134 (1.03.2004): 61–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.32387/prokla.v34i134.641.
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Starting from a post-Keynesian model of the relationship between wages, prices and employment this paper studies the development of unit labour costs and inflation in Germany and Europe in the first place. Then, the reasons for the deflationary course of wages, in particular in Germany, are analysed. Finally the impact of deflationary wage policies on German and European stagnation are discussed and it is concluded, that German wage policies do not only exacerbate stagnation and deflationary tendencies in Germany but might also impose a deflationary impact on the EMU.
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Gook, Ben. "Backdating German neoliberalism: Ordoliberalism, the German model and economic experiments in eastern Germany after 1989". Journal of Sociology 54, nr 1 (19.02.2018): 33–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1440783318759085.
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Since the 2007–8 financial crisis and subsequent difficulties in the eurozone, Germany’s recent economic history has been much studied. However, less attention has been paid to neoliberalisation in eastern Germany in the early 1990s, when the region became a laboratory for political economic experiments. The results were later spread across the (western) German economy, then into the European Union’s (EU’s) ideological core. As such, a focus on the western ‘German model’ and the EU can miss the way neoliberalism crept into German social and economic life through German re-unification in the 1990s. Re-unification provided conditions in the former East for a ‘natural experiment’ with different modes of economic and social governance – a space of exception from the West German model, whose corporatist features were already fraying in the 1980s. In short, re-unification was a turning point in a drift towards neoliberalism, intensifying moves already quietly under way in West Germany in the 1980s. The contentious nature of this shift has largely been forgotten and sidelined.
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Yang, Quanzhou. "Analysis of the economic problems after the unification of Germany". BCP Business & Management 24 (10.08.2022): 279–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.54691/bcpbm.v24i.1508.
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The fall of the Berlin Wall, one of the eight major political upheavals in Eastern Europe in 1989, fueled popular enthusiasm for reunification, directly undermined the East German government's plans for control and reform, and put the German question back on the international political agenda. The different economic paths and outcomes between the GDR and the Federal Republic of Germany led to different social outcomes, resulting in different social structures and social problems. In the end, the economic and social model of federal Germany came to the fore, but the after-effects of reunification and the new national environment forced Germany to embark on a different economic path after reunification. Such new changes in the economic sphere constantly triggered corresponding changes in the structure of German society. How to view these changes is a new problem facing contemporary German studies.
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Jäger, Simon, Shakked Noy i Benjamin Schoefer. "The German Model of Industrial Relations: Balancing Flexibility and Collective Action". Journal of Economic Perspectives 36, nr 4 (1.11.2022): 53–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.36.4.53.
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We give an overview of the “German model” of industrial relations. We organize our review by focusing on the two pillars of the model: sectoral collective bargaining and firm-level codetermination. Relative to the United States, Germany outsources collective bargaining to the sectoral level, resulting in higher coverage and the avoidance of firm-level distributional conflict. Relative to other European countries, Germany makes it easy for employers to avoid coverage or use flexibility provisions to deviate downwards from collective agreements. The greater flexibility of the German system may reduce unemployment, but may also erode bargaining coverage and increase inequality. Meanwhile, firm-level codetermination through worker board representation and works councils creates cooperative dialogue between employers and workers. Board representation has few direct impacts owing to worker representatives’ minority vote share, but works councils, which hold a range of substantive powers, may be more impactful. Overall, the German model highlights tensions between efficiency-enhancing flexibility and equity-enhancing collective action.
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Belukhin, Nikita. "The Settlement of the Status of National Minorities in the Danish-German Borderlands in Light of The Post-War Reconciliation Between Denmark and Germany (1945—1955)". ISTORIYA 14, nr 8 (130) (2023): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840027719-9.
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The article deals with the legal settlement of the status and rights of the Danish and German minorities in South Schleswig and South Jutland and it significance for the postwar reconciliation between Denmark and Germany. Whereas in the case of France and Germany the integration of the coal and steel industries within the framework of the European Coal and Steel Community provided a practical basis and simultaneously became the symbol of their postwar reconciliation, in the case of Denmark and Germany such basis and symbol was embodied by the Danish-German model of national minorities’ protection and political emancipation which was reflected in the Copenhagen-Bonn Declarations of 1955. Since the question of Germany's accession to NATO became inseparable from the problem of the Danish and German national minorities, the German government headed by K. Adenauer considered it possible to make significant concessions to the Danish side and to provide the Danish minority with a possibility to achieve a broad political representation both at the local and the federal level.
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Fuchs-Schündeln, Nicola. "The Response of Household Saving to the Large Shock of German Reunification". American Economic Review 98, nr 5 (1.11.2008): 1798–828. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.98.5.1798.
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German reunification was a large, unexpected shock for East Germans. Exploiting German reunification as a natural experiment, I analyze the validity of the life-cycle consumption model. I derive three stylized features concerning the saving behavior of East versus West Germans after reunification: (i) East Germans have higher saving rates than West Germans; (ii) this East-West gap is increasing in age at reunification; and (iii) for every cohort, this gap is declining over time. I show that a comprehensive life-cycle model can replicate these features. The precautionary saving motive is essential for the success of the model. (JEL D14, D91, E21)
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Risse, Jörg. "Arbitration in Germany: SchiedsVZ Journal SchiedsVZ Journal Promotes Arbitration in Germany". German Law Journal 4, nr 2 (1.02.2003): 199–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s207183220001587x.
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Business disputes, especially those with an international context, are often decided by an arbitral tribunal. As of January 1, 1998, the Federal Republic of Germany has adopted the UNCITRAL Model Law for domestic and international arbitrations taking place in Germany. Consequently, German parties have increasingly chosen arbitration as a means of dispute resolution. Moreover, international parties are also discovering Germany as a suitable place for arbitration. The reason for this trend is not only the acceptance of the well-known and arbitration-friendly Model Law. Germany as the designated place of arbitration compares favourably with its international competitors given its very efficient court system that willingly supports arbitral tribunals, if required. Furthermore, a large number of polyglot German lawyers who are well-versed in the laws of foreign jurisdictions are qualified to conduct arbitral proceedings at a high standard for – compared to their Anglo-Saxon competitors – a relatively low price.
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Seibel, Wolfgang. "Necessary Illusions: the Transformation of Governance Structures in the New Germany". Tocqueville Review 13, nr 1 (styczeń 1992): 179–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/ttr.13.1.179.
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Unified Germany is not simply an extended version of West Germany before 9 November 1989. but a new Germany. The forces dial have made this entity different from the West German model are revealing themselves in the structure of governance that is emerging. In this paper I attempt a preliminary account of this evolving structure of governance. address three questions: First, how the process of unification is being managed politically. Second, what crucial problems and dilemmas arc likely to emerge and how will the German political system deal with these issues. Third, how will the process of unification affect general structural change in Gentian polity.
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Stollenwerk, Björn, Andreas Gerber, Karl W. Lauterbach i Uwe Siebert. "The German Coronary Artery Disease Risk Screening Model: Development, Validation, and Application of a Decision-Analytic Model for Coronary Artery Disease Prevention with Statins". Medical Decision Making 29, nr 5 (wrzesień 2009): 619–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0272989x09331810.
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Background. Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a major cause of death in industrial countries, leading to high health-related costs and decreased quality of life. Objective. To develop and validate a decision-analytic model for CAD risk screening in Germany (German Coronary Artery Disease Screening Model). Design. Markov model. Target Population. Age- and gender-specific cohorts of the German population. Data Sources. Mortality rates posted by the German Federal Statistical Office, the German Health Survey, social health insurance institutions, the MONICA Augsburg study, and the literature. Time Horizon. Lifetime. Interventions. CAD risk screening for high-risk individuals using Framingham risk equation and use of statins as the primary preventive measure, compared with a setting without screening. Outcome Measures. Life-years (LY) gained, quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) gained. Results. The model-based CAD incidence corresponds well with empirical data from the MONICA Augsburg study. Health outcomes depend on the screening threshold (cutoff value of Framingham 10-year risk) and on the age and gender of the cohort screened (0.03 to 0.26 LYs and 0.06 to 0.42 QALYs gained per person screened in cohorts of 50- and 60-year-old men and women, respectively). Conclusions. The model provides a valid tool for evaluating the long-term effectiveness of CAD risk screening in Germany. Using statins as a primary prevention intervention for CAD in high-risk individuals identified by screening could improve the long-term health of the German population.
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Stankov, Nikolai N. "Vlastimil Tusar’s Governments and the German Problem in Czechoslovakia (July, 1919 — September, 1920)". Central-European Studies 2020, nr 3 (12) (2021): 188–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.31168/2619-0877.2020.3.9.
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The author of this article deals the with problem of the German minority in the Czechoslovak Republic using archival and published documents and investigates the policy of Vlastimil Tusar’s two governments (the first from July 8, 1919 to May 25, 1920, and the second from May 25 till September 15, 1920). The author pays special attention to Tusar’s personal efforts in settling the German Bohemians’ problem, and to his negotiations with the leaders of German political parties, primarily with the German social democratic workers’ party in Czechoslovakia, and his efforts to reach agreements with them. The author shows the foreign and domestic political reasons that blocked the success of these negotiations. The most important of the latter were the disagreements between the Czechoslovak ruling circles and German political leaders (including social democrats) over the questions of the settlement of the Czechoslovak Republic. While the Czech politicians were trying to create “a national state”, the German leaders demanded the formation of “a state of nationalities”. The latter insisted on dividing the state on the basis of national belonging and its formation following the model of the Swiss confederation. In addition, the German-Bohemian parties demanded changes to Czechoslovak foreign policy: they were against a unilateral orientation to France and participation in any coalitions, and they were for the establishment of friendly relations with all states including Germany and Austria. It was difficult to reach a mutual understanding because the Czechoslovak political elite refused to agree that German political parties could participate in the elaboration of the constitution and other basic laws of the Republic. The author of the article considers the 1920 parliamentary elections that took place after the passing of the constitution of Czechoslovak Republic, the activity of the German political clubs in the National Assembly of Czechoslovakia, the foundation of the German parliamentary union, and the attitude of the German-Bohemian political parties to the second Tusar government. The article also deals with the relations between the Czech and German Social Democrats, perspectives on the participation of Germans in the Tusar governments, and the reasons for the resignation of the latter in September 1920. According to the author, “the Red–Green Coalition” headed by Tusar was not able to achieve international reconciliation and corroboration because there were widespread prejudices between Czechs and Germans, which were made full use of by nationalists from both sides in the course of the political fight.
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Schunk, Michaela V., i Carroll L. Estes. "Is German Long-Term Care Insurance a Model for the United States?" International Journal of Health Services 31, nr 3 (lipiec 2001): 617–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/ve9q-l54y-bc90-2wph.
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German long-term care insurance, implemented in 1995, significantly extends the coverage of care-related risks. Given the similarities of German and U.S. institutional features, the German social insurance approach has been put forward as a possible model for long-term care in the United States. Using a political economy framework, the authors conducted a policy analysis that compares the main shortfalls of long-term care (LTC) provision in the United States and Germany, examines the responses provided by LTC insurance in Germany, and relates them to broader trends and proposals for change in welfare policy in both countries. German LTC insurance includes a high degree of consumer direction and compensation and protection for informal caregivers; it supports the extension of community-based services. Its shortfalls include the continued split between health and LTC insurance. In both countries, decentralization and institutional and financial fragmentation are some of the characteristics responsible for the failure to promote egalitarian social policy and substantially expand social protection to family- and care-related risks. The German LTC program is a good model for the United States. With a social insurance approach to LTC, costs are spread across the largest possible risk pool. Major goals that can be reached with such a program include establishment of universal entitlements to LTC benefits, consumer choice, and equitability and uniformity.
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Wiesenthal, Helmut. "German unification and ‘Model Germany’: An adventure in institutional conservatism". West European Politics 26, nr 4 (październik 2003): 37–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01402380312331280678.
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Bormann, H. "Analysis of possible impacts of climate change on the hydrological regimes of different regions in Germany". Advances in Geosciences 21 (10.08.2009): 3–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-21-3-2009.
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Abstract. In this study, the impact of climate change scenarios on the hydrological regimes of five different regions in Germany is investigated. These regions (Northwest Germany, Northeast Germany and East German basins, upper and lower Rhine, pre-Alps) differ with respect to present climate and projected climate change. The physically based SVAT-model SIMULAT is applied to theoretical soil columns based on combinations of land use, soil texture and groundwater depth to quantify climate change effects on the hydrological regime. Observed climate, measured at climate stations of the German Weather Service (1991–2007), is used for comparison with climate projections (2071–2100) generated by the regional scale climate model WETTREG. While all climate scenarios implicate an increase in precipitation in winter, a decrease in precipitation in summer and an increase in temperature, the simulated impacts on the hydrological regime are regionally different. In the Rhine region and in Northwest Germany, an increase in the annual runoff and groundwater recharge is simulated despite the increase in temperature and potential evapotranspiration. In the Eastern part of Germany and the pre-Alps, annual runoff and groundwater recharge will decrease. Due to dry conditions in summer, the soil moisture deficit will increase (in Northeast Germany and the East German basins in particular) or remain constant (Rhine region). In all regions the seasonal variability in runoff and soil moisture status will increase. Despite regional warming actual evapotranspiration will decrease in most regions except in areas with shallow groundwater tables and the lower Rhine. Although the study is limited by the fact that only one climate model was used to drive one hydrologic model, the study shows that the hydrological regime will be affected by climate change. The direction of the expected changes seems to be obvious as well as the necessity of the adaptation of future water management strategies.
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Deaville, James. "Yrjö Kilpinen: Finnish Composer and German Lieder in the 1930s". Articles 25, nr 1-2 (17.12.2012): 171–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1013310ar.
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The Lieder of Finnish composer Yrjö Kilpinen (1892-1959) provide an interesting opportunity to study the interaction of national identity and musical aesthetics in National Socialist Germany. His German-language songs, above all to texts by Christian Morgenstern, enjoyed considerable success in Germany of the 1930s. Kilpinen's own political sympathies made him a model for Nazi ideologists, even as a non-German composing in the quintessentially German musical genre of the Lied. Reviews of his Lieder in the German-language press expound on the "Nordic" qualities of the work of this "Aryan" composer. Closer examination of the Lieder urn den Tod reveals a stark, at times heavy-handed compositional technique, which well suited the political ideology of the Third Reich.
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CHKHAN, M. V. "APPLICATION IN RUSSIA OF THE EXPERIENCE OF GERMANY AS AN OECD MEMBER COUNTRY IN THE FIELD OF FINANCIAL MARKET REGULATION". EKONOMIKA I UPRAVLENIE: PROBLEMY, RESHENIYA 1, nr 2 (2021): 160–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.36871/ek.up.p.r.2021.02.01.019.
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The article deals with the issue of the efficiency of financial market regulation by the example of Germany as a member-state of the OECD. In the beginning it is explained how the financial market regulation system in Germany works. Then it is pointed out risks as well as modern challenges and chances of the German model. Summing up it is estimated whether it is reasonable to regulate Russian financial market on German pattern taking into account national specifics of the countries considered. Respective analysis in Germany Russia format is extrapolated to European Union-Eurasian Economic Union area with the conclusion about the possibility to apply some EU regulation mechanisms in the EEU region.
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Peters, Michael. "Market Size and Spatial Growth—Evidence From Germany's Post‐War Population Expulsions". Econometrica 90, nr 5 (2022): 2357–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3982/ecta18002.
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Virtually all theories of economic growth predict a positive relationship between population size and productivity. In this paper, I study a particular historical episode to provide direct evidence for the empirical relevance of such scale effects. In the aftermath of the Second World War, 8 million ethnic Germans were expelled from their domiciles in Eastern Europe and transferred to West Germany. This inflow increased the German population by almost 20%. Using variation across counties, I show that the settlement of refugees had large and persistent effects on the size of the local population, manufacturing employment, and income per capita. These findings are quantitatively consistent with an idea‐based model of spatial growth if population mobility is subject to frictions and productivity spillovers occur locally. The estimated model implies that the refugee settlement increased aggregate income per capita by about 12% after 25 years and triggered a process of industrialization in rural areas.
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Baldi, Gregory. "A Return to Fashion: Revisiting the German Model". German Politics and Society 34, nr 1 (1.03.2016): 93–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/gps.2016.340105.
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Stephen Padgett, William E. Paterson, and Reimut Zohlnhöfer, ed. Developments in German Politics 4. 4th Revised edition (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014)Simon Green and Ed Turner, ed. Understanding the Transformation of Germany’s CDU (London: Routledge, 2014)Ştefan Sorin Mureşan, Social Market Economy: The Case of Germany (Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014).
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Malyshev, Alexey I. "Institutional Model of the Organization of Professional Education of Athletes Throughout Their Sport Career". Bulletin of Nizhnevartovsk State University, nr 4 (21.12.2023): 94–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.36906/2311-4444/23-4/09.
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The article presents the material devoted to the problem of professional education of athletes. A systematic approach was used as the methodological basis of the study, which allows considering the professional partnership of subjects of sports, education, government agencies and entrepreneurship as an institutional model for building an academic and sports career, which is an element of the system of social adaptation of athletes. The theoretical basis of the study was the activity approach, cultural approach, anthropological approach, axiological approach. The aim of the study was to study the institutional model of the organization of professional education of athletes throughout their sports career, which has developed in Germany in the form of professional partnership between subjects of sports, education, government agencies and entrepreneurship. Based on the study of the materials of the periodical press and the Internet, the expediency of building an academic and sports career is substantiated, as well as the experience of organizing professional education in parallel with sports training within the framework of the «Duale Karriere» project of the Olympic Sports Confederation of Germany is revealed. The essence and mechanisms of partnership within the framework of the «Partner hochschulen des Spitzen sports» project between interested parties – Olympic training centers, the Olympic Sports Confederation of Germany, the German Sports Aid Foundation, German higher education organizations, etc. Examples of the formation of an institutional environment for building an academic and sports career based on the use of lapidary documents, business documents of a framework nature, documents of self-regulation of national sports organizations are presented. The institutional nature of the interaction between the Olympic Sports Confederation of Germany, the All-German Student Sports Association, sports federations, Olympic training centers, public administration bodies and higher education organizations is substantiated on the basis of documents regulating their relations within the framework of professional partnership.
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Kolodeznikova, Inna V., Roman V. Kondurov i Diana V. Galitskayа. "SOCIAL INSURANCE SYSTEMS IN RUSSIA AND GERMANY: SOCIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS". Moscow State University Bulletin. Series 18. Sociology and Political Science 25, nr 2 (27.07.2019): 93–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.24290/1029-3736-2019-25-2-93-115.
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Social insurance occupies a special place in the entire social policy of the state. Developed system of social insurance in the country provides citizens with effective protection mechanisms and thereby ensures economic stability and creates an atmosphere of social cohesion in society. At present, social insurance systems in Russia and Germany have significant differences that include both the structure and functioning of each type of insurance separately. These differences in the organization of social insurance systems in Russia and Germany are traceable from the very beginning. System of social insurance in modern Russia has been developing to a certain extent inconsistently and to the present time still is not completely formed. The German system developed gradually and improved with regard to the features of the interests of society at various stages of its development. The establishment of the Federal Republic of Germany as a social state determined the modern model of the social insurance system. Therefore, the study of the German model is interesting from the point of view of the subsequent possible introduction of its elements into Russian insurance practice. The article compares social insurance systems of Russia and Germany. The components of the systems are studied; their similarities and differences are revealed. Opinions of experts of the Federal Service for Labor and Employment on the prospects and problems of the development of the Russian model of the social insurance system and the possibility of using the German insurance experience in Russian practice are given.
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Mosebach, Kai. "Gesundheit als Ware?" PROKLA. Zeitschrift für kritische Sozialwissenschaft 33, nr 132 (1.09.2003): 411–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.32387/prokla.v33i132.659.
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The globalization process and national reform policies provoke concerns about the future of the German health care system. The anti-globalist movements are fearing a kind of 'Americanization' of the Bismarckian-style German model. The article shows that such concerns are exaggerated at the moment but nevertheless point correctly to the already started process of the economization of health care delivery on a global level. Although concepts of managed care and integrated delivery systems have begun to be implemented in Germany the institutional context is rather different from the US. But the neo-liberal context of the Single European Market and the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) could pose a threat to the institutional body of the solidarity based health care system in Germany. The politics of fiscal austerity, lowering ancillary wage costs through privatization and competitiondriven reform policies might alter the shape of the German model in future, resembling more the US-model than its Bismarckian-style inheritance.
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BIRN, RUTH BETTINA. "REVISING THE HOLOCAUST". Historical Journal 40, nr 1 (marzec 1997): 195–215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x9600708x.
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Hitler's willing executioners. Ordinary Germans and the Holocaust. By Daniel Jonah Goldhagen. London: Little Brown and Company, 1996. Pp. x+622. £20.Questions about the motives of the perpetrators and, by implication, the causes of the Holocaust, have long been in the forefront of academic or non-academic discussions of the Nazi period – from the time of contemporary observers to the present day. A wide range of possible responses to these questions has been put forward, drawing on concepts from a variety of disciplines, such as history, psychology, sociology or theology. Daniel Goldhagen's book on the motivation of the perpetrators of the Holocaust claims to be a ‘radical revision of what has until now been written’ (p. 9). This claim is made on the book-jacket and by the author himself. His thesis can be summarized as follows: Germany was permeated by a particularly radical and vicious brand of anti-Semitism whose aim was the elimination of Jews. The author defines this as ‘eliminationist anti-Semitism’. This viral strain of anti-semitism, he states, ‘resided ultimately in the heart of German political culture, in German society itself’ (p. 428). Medieval anti-Semitism, based as it was on the teachings of the Christian religion, was so ‘integral to German culture’ (p. 55) that with the emergence of the modern era it did not disappear but rather took on new forms of expression, in particular, racial aspects. By the end of the nineteenth century ‘eliminationist anti-Semitism’ dominated the German political scene. In the Weimar Republic, it grew more virulent even before Hitler came to power. The Nazi machine merely turned this ideology into a reality. The course of its actualization was not deterred by anything save bare necessity: ‘the road to Auschwitz was not twisted’ (p. 425). When the ‘genocidal program’ was implemented along with the German attack on the Soviet Union, it was supported by the general German population, by the ‘ordinary Germans’ – the key phrase of the book – who became ‘willing executioners’. They had no need of special orders, coercion or pressure because their ‘cognitive model’ showed them that Jews were ‘ultimately fit only to suffer and to die’ (p. 316).
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RÖGER, MAREN. "The Sexual Policies and Sexual Realities of the German Occupiers in Poland in the Second World War". Contemporary European History 23, nr 1 (6.01.2014): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960777313000490.
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AbstractSexual policies were a core component of the National Socialist racial policies, both in the Altreich (territories considered part of Nazi Germany before 1938), as well as in the occupied territories. In occupied Poland the Germans imposed a ‘prohibition of contact’ (Umgangsverbot) with the local Polish population, a restriction that covered both social as well as sexual encounters. But this model of absolute racial segregation was never truly implemented. This paper attempts to show that there existed a wide range of sexual contacts between the occupiers and the local inhabitants, with the focus here being on consensual and forced contacts (sexual violence) as seen against the backdrop of National Socialist policies. This article positions itself at the intersection of the history of everyday life (Alltagsgeschichte), the history of sexuality and the gender history of the German occupation of Poland – perspectives that have rarely been used with regard to this region.