Książki: „Morphology of stem”

1

Rieppel, Olivier. Osteology of Simosaurus gaillardoti and the relationships of stem-group Sauropterygia. [Chicago, Ill.]: Field Museum of Natural History, 1994.

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Sliva, Monica Dawn. Developmental morphology of stem galls induced by Aulacidea hieracii (Hymenoptera: cynipidae) on Hawkweed and Diplolepis spinosa (Hymenoptera: cynipidae) on Rose: Y Monica Dawn Sliva. Sudbury, Ont: Laurentian University, School of Graduate Studies, 2005.

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L, Gartner Barbara, red. Plant stems: Physiology and functional morphology. San Diego, CA: Academic Press, 1995.

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Rudes, Blair A. Tuscarora roots, stems, and particles: Towards a dictionary of Tuscarora. Winnipeg: Algonquian and Iroquoian Linguistics, 1987.

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Rudes, Blair A. Tuscarora roots, stems, and particles: Towards a dictionary of Tuscarora. Winnipeg: Algonquian and Iroquoian Linguistics, 1987.

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Morphology by itself: Stems and inflectional classes. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press, 1994.

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Aronoff, Mark. Morphology by itself: Stems and inflectional classes. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press, 1994.

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Stüber, Karin. The historical morphology of N-stems in Celtic. Maynooth: Department of Old Irish, National University of Ireland, Maynooth, 1998.

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9

Amazing plant bodies: Tiny to gigantic. New York, N.Y: Bearport Pub., 2013.

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Downs, Colleen T., i Lorinda A. Hart, red. Invasive birds: global trends and impacts. Wallingford: CABI, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789242065.0000.

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Abstract This 381-paged book covers the biology, ecology, impact and management of 34 common alien invasive species, with reviews on the history and context of avian introductions and invasions in five major regions (Oceania, Africa, Europe (including the Middle East, Asia and South America)), as well as management challenges and the potential of citizen science for monitoring alien birds. The book pitches at the introductory level and is ideal for readers to gain a quick and comprehensive view of the current status of global avian invasions. It has brought the records and research of avian invasion one step ahead of other alien invasive animal taxa. Many chapters contain distribution maps and data tables on the diet and morphology of the species, providing a good reference for the species and its management issues. Each chapter also contains a rich list of references that could help readers dive further into the topic.

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Corti, Claudia, Pietro Lo Cascio i Marta Biaggini, red. Mainland and insular lacertid lizards. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-8453-523-8.

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Lacertid lizards have long been a fruitful field of scientific enquiry with many people working on them over the past couple of hundred years. The scope of the field has steadily increased, beginning with taxonomy and anatomy and gradually spreading so that it includes such topics as phylogenetics, behaviour, ecology, and conservation. Since 1992, a series of symposia on lacertid lizards of the Mediterranean basin have taken place every three years. The present volume stems from the 2004 meeting in the Aeolian Islands. In the volume a wide range of island topics are considered, including the systematics of the species concerned, from both morphological and molecular viewpoints, interaction with other taxa, and conservation. The last topic is especially important, as island lizards across the world have often been vulnerable to extinction, after they came into contact with people and the animals they introduced. The volume also has papers on the more positive aspects of human influence, specifically the benign effects of traditional agriculture on at least some reptile species. Olive trees, cork oaks and the banks and walls of loose rocks that crisscross the Mediterranean scene all often contribute to elevated lizard populations. Nor is more basic biology neglected and there are articles on morphology, reproduction, development and thermoregulation. Finally, it is good to see one paper on non-Mediterranean species is included. For, to fully understand the lacertids of this region, it is necessary to appreciate their close relatives in Africa, Asia and the archipelagos of the northeastern Atlantic Ocean. (From Preface by E. Nicholas Arnold & Wolfgang Böhme)

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Ratcliffe, Robert R. Morphology. Redaktor Jonathan Owens. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199764136.013.0004.

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This article discusses the study of Arabic morphology. It first considers the root-and-pattern theory, which has become the orthodox approach to Arabic synchronic morphology. It then details the paradigm shift in the mid-1980s, when students of Arabic morphology reached the conclusion that a rigidly reductionist root-and-pattern analysis is fundamentally inadequate as a descriptive tool. This has led to a variety of alternative models, which can be loosely grouped under the rubric of word based or stem based. All such models have in common the idea that many or all morphological regularities in Arabic can be best described in terms of derivational processes operating on words or stems rather than in terms of combinations of roots and patterns.

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13

Dworkin, Steven N. Inflectional morphology of medieval Hispano-Romance. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199687312.003.0003.

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This chapter describes the inflectional nominal, pronominal, and verbal morphology of Old Spanish, a language whose texts show a great deal of formal variation. It first deals with nominal gender and plural marking before going on to describe the morphology of articles, demonstratives, and possessives. Attention next turns to the forms of subject and object pronouns, indefinite, interrogative, and relative pronouns, negators, and adverbs. The rest of the chapter deals with inflectional verbal morphology. It opens with a survey of the three conjugation classes, the relevant past participles, and morphophonological alternations involving monophthongs and diphthongs in verb stems, before examining for each synthetic and analytic tense the wide range of relevant verbal suffixes or endings and instances of stem alllomorphy in both the indicative and subjunctive.

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14

Rieppel, Olivier. Osteology of Simosaurus Gaillardoti and the Relationships of Stem-group Sauropterygia: Fieldiana, Geology, new series, no. 28. Franklin Classics, 2018.

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Rieppel, Olivier. Osteology of Simosaurus Gaillardoti and the Relationships of Stem-Group Sauropterygia: Fieldiana, Geology, New Series, No. 28. Franklin Classics Trade Press, 2018.

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16

Rieppel, Olivier. Osteology of Simosaurus Gaillardoti and the Relationships of Stem-Group Sauropterygia: Fieldiana, Geology, New Series, No. 28. Creative Media Partners, LLC, 2018.

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17

Rouse, W. H. D. Morphology (Stem-Formation and Inflexion). Part I. Introduction. Noun Compounds. Reduplicated Nouns. Formative Suffixes, Root-Nouns. Walter de Gruyter, 2021.

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18

Leggo, Jonathan James. Developmental morphology of a rose stem gall induced by Diplolepis triforma (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) and its modification by parasitoids. 2003.

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19

Maiden, Martin. The Latin third stem and its survival in Romance. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199660216.003.0007.

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The implications of Aronoff’s classic example of a morphome—the Latin third stem—for the history of the Romance languages are considered; the third stem is shown to persist in Romance in the form of the past participle (also, in Romanian, in the supine) and to display truly ‘morphomic’ properties in diachrony. Some criticisms of the morphomic status of the third stem in Latin are reviewed. The significance of apparent counterexamples in Portuguese and elsewhere is considered. The diachronic data disclose a probably crucial distinction between derivational and inflexional domains in the definition of morphomic patterns. Such patterns reveal themselves as robust only within inflexional morphology, and it is suggested that perfect lexical identity between alternating word forms is crucial to the existence and persistence of morphomic patterns.

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20

Bassene, Mamadou, i Ken Safir. Theory and Description. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190256340.003.0012.

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Jóola-Eegimaa, an endangered Atlantic (Niger-Congo) language, has a rich agglutinative morphology resulting in complex words that often permit multiple readings. The regularity and limitations of these ambiguities suggests they are generated by a speaker’s systematic knowledge. Preserving that knowledge demands not simply cataloguing outward forms but also understanding the organizing principles that permit using that knowledge creatively. Investigation of Eegimaa verb stem structure shows that the superficial linear order of stem affixes, seemingly not compositionally transparent, arises from syntactic movement of sub-stem morphemes in a way that preserves the underlying structure necessary for compositional interpretation. Under this analysis a copy of complex v movement is left behind and has the right contents to predict patterns of possible and impossible verb reduplication. Such research can reveal how general features of the language faculty interact with specific lexical properties of morphemes to predict the order and interpretation of verb stem morphology.

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21

Stoll, Sabine, Balthasar Bickel i Jekaterina Mažara. The Acquisition of Polysynthetic Verb Forms in Chintang. Redaktorzy Michael Fortescue, Marianne Mithun i Nicholas Evans. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199683208.013.28.

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In first language acquisition research so far little is known about the affordances involved in children's acquisition of morphologies of different complexities. This chapter discusses the acquisition of Chintang verbal morphology. Chintang is a Sino-Tibetan (Kiranti) polysynthetic language spoken in a small village in Eastern Nepal by approximately 6,000 speakers. The most complex part of Chintang morphology is verbal inflection. A large number of affixes, verb compounding, and freedom in prefix ordering results in over 1,800 verb forms of single stem verbs and more than 4,000 forms if a secondary stem is involved. In this chapter we assess the challenges of learning such a complex system, and we describe in detail what this acquisition process looks like. For this we analyze a large longitudinal acquisition corpus of Chintang.

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22

Evans, Nicholas. Polysynthesis in Dalabon. Redaktorzy Michael Fortescue, Marianne Mithun i Nicholas Evans. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199683208.013.43.

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This chapter gives a sketch of how polysynthesis behaves in Dalabon, a polysynthetic language of Arnhem Land belonging to the Gunwinyguan family. It focuses on synchronic issues; some additional features of Dalabon which are better understood in a diachronic perspective and hence require comparative data from other Gunwinyguan languages are discussed in Chapter 19. Particularly interesting are the rich set of adverbial prefixes to the verb, the complex methods for modifying valency (stem thematic alternations, applicatives, and reflexive/reciprocal suffixes), the rich incorporation possibilities for both nouns and (more limited) verbal stems, and the existence of a number of types of subordinating morphology.

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23

Forshaw, Bill, Lucinda Davidson, Barbara Kelly, Rachel Nordlinger, Gillian Wigglesworth i Joe Blythe. The Acquisition of Murrinhpatha (Northern Australia). Redaktorzy Michael Fortescue, Marianne Mithun i Nicholas Evans. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199683208.013.27.

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This chapter reports on initial findings of an ongoing large-scale research project into the acquisition of Murrinhpatha, a polysynthetic language of the Daly River region of the Northern Territory of Australia with complex morphology. The complex verbal structures in Murrinhpatha, which can contain a large number of morphemes and bipartite stem morphology discontinuously distributed throughout the verbal template, raise a multitude of questions for acquisition. In this chapter we focus particularly on the acquisition of the complex predicate system in the verb, and the acquisition of subject-marking categories and tense/aspect/mood. Our findings are based on the language development of five Murrinhpatha acquiring children aged from 2;7–4;11 years.

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24

McPherson, Laura. On (Ir)realis in Seenku (Mande, Burkina Faso). Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190256340.003.0013.

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This article explores the cyclic interplay of documentation and linguistic theory, focusing on the case study of Southern Seenku (Gbene Ku) verbal morphology. Southern Seenku is a hitherto undocumented Mande language of Burkina Faso. Preliminary fieldwork on the language revealed that all verbs have two stem forms, each used in a variety of constructions. It was hypothesized that this division is based on an irrealis/realis distinction. Theoretical predictions of where realis and irrealis forms should be found were tested in subsequent fieldwork, and it is shown that the results of this fieldwork uphold the original analysis. The chapter concludes by considering how the Seenku data patterns fit into the broader context of Mande verbal morphology and the typology of (ir)realis.

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25

Arora, Dilip K. Morphology and Anatomy of Stems. Anmol Publications Pvt Ltd, 2004.

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Gartner, Barbara L. Plant Stems: Physiology and Functional Morphology. Elsevier Science & Technology Books, 1995.

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Thornes, Tim. On the heterogeneity of Northern Paiute directives. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198803225.003.0007.

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The formal encoding of directive speech in Northern Paiute (W. Numic, Uto-Aztecan) is quite heterogeneous, despite the simplicity of bare verb stem, addressee-directed command forms. The language employs a range of grammatical constructions both to colour the force of a canonical imperative and to form non-canonical imperatives. This chapter addresses formal strategies that express directive speech in Northern Paiute with attention to pragmatic context in naturally occurring speech, in addition to preliminary comparisons with related languages and hypotheses around historical developments in Numic and beyond, placing the data in the context of a general typology of commands in the world’s languages. The use of aspect marking, deontic modality, and subordinating morphology is common. The ways in which aspectual morphology is deployed in Northern Paiute directives do not always follow patterns found in other languages. Of further interest is the evidence for a biclausal origin in the grammar of directive speech acts.

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Kruschwitz, Peter. Linguistic Variation, Language Change, and Latin Inscriptions. Redaktorzy Christer Bruun i Jonathan Edmondson. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195336467.013.033.

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This chapter investigates Latin inscriptions that contain linguistic features which appear to stem from popular, as opposed to elite, usage and are rarely, if ever, found in Roman literary authors, unless these were explicitly seeking to mimic uneducated, semi-literate, or moronic people’s speech. Topics treated include: diastratic, diaphasic, and diatopic varieties of Latin, the now contested concept of “Vulgar Latin,” and the phonology, morphology, and syntax and semantics of such Latin inscriptions. The chapter traces the broader use of the Latin language than that found in the literary corpus and thus widens our understanding of what may be considered “standard” Latin.

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Talbot, Hugues, i Richard Beare. Mathematical Morphology. CSIRO Publishing, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9780643107342.

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Mathematical morphology is a powerful methodology for processing and analysing the shape and form of objects in images. The advances in this area of science allow for application in the digital recognition and modeling of faces and other objects by computers. Mathematical Morphology is comprehensive work that provides a broad sampling of the most recent theoretical and practical developments in applications to image processing and analysis. Subject areas covered include: binary morphology, regularised region growing, morphological scale-space techniques, levelings, reconstruction, modeling and simulation, and applications as diverse as medicine, forestry and geology. This fascinating research will be of great interest to engineers, computer scientists, mathematicians and statisticians whose research work is focussed on the theoretical and practical aspects of non-linear image processing and analysis. The content stems from the proceedings of the VIth International Symposium on Mathematical Morphology, held April 3–5, 2002 in Sydney, Australia.

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Gartner, Barbara L. Plant Stems: Physiology and Functional Morphology (Physiological Ecology). Academic Press, 1995.

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Gartner, Barbara L. Plant Stems: Physiology and Functional Morphology (Physiological Ecology). Academic Press, 1995.

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32

Stuber, Karin. Historical Morphology of N-stems in Celtic. National University of Ireland, Maynooth, 1998.

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Aronoff, Mark. Morphology by Itself: Stems and Inflectional Classes. The MIT Press, 1993.

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Gisborne, Nikolas, i Andrew Hippisley. Defaults in linguistics. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198712329.003.0001.

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The notion of default and override can serve linguistic analysis in different ways. In the lexicon defaults are used for the resolution of rule competition, to capture lexical blocking, to select the right stem where there are choices, and when used in inheritance systems to provide for instances that do not meet every characteristic of their class allowing exceptionality to be expressed as semi-regularity. Defaults in syntax and semantics play a more organizational, ontological role, expressing markedness in lists of features and their possible values and resolving conflicts that may arise when two sub-systems intersect. The chapters discuss how defaults and overrides can address specific linguistic phenomena, suggest an architecture of the grammar, and assess the role of morphology in language and cognition.

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35

Panagiotidis, Phoevos, Vassilios Spyropoulos i Anthi Revithiadou. Little v as a categorizing verbal head: evidence from Greek. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198767886.003.0002.

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This chapter proposes that Greek exhibits systematic verbalizing morphology so that the vast majority of Greek verbs contain the morphophonological exponence of v in their stem, either as an overt formative via derivational suffixation (first conjugation) or as an empty vocalic element ̃V (second conjugation). Thus, Greek provides a case for a robust morphophonological manifestation of a verbalizing v head as a simple categorizer, which combines with a category-specific or an a-categorial root to derive a verb and, crucially, is not related to transitivity, agentivity, or to argument/event structure. Finally, the chapter shows that the verbalizing exponent itself does not encode Aktionsart, causativity, transitivity, Voice, or Aspect and that the choice of the allomorph expressing the v head lexically depends on the root.

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36

Schifano, Norma. Macrovariation. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198804642.003.0004.

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Chapter 4 provides an analysis of the patterns of default verb movement identified in Chapters 2 and 3. First, it shows that the attested macro-typologies are not accidental choices of the languages, but rather stem from a compensatory mechanism between syntax and morphology in licensing the Tense, Aspect, and Mood (TAM) interpretation of the verb, whereby verb movement only occurs in cases of poor paradigmatic instantiation of TAM, that is in cases when TAM chief values are not expressed by synthetic and non-syncretic paradigms. Second, a technical implementation of this proposal is offered which allows the modelling of this instance of variation into a parameter hierarchy, along the lines envisaged by the Rethinking Comparative Syntax research group. To conclude, the data from Brazilian Portuguese are assessed against the expectations of the proposed mechanism.

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37

Kaufman, Daniel. Lexical Category and Alignment in Austronesian. Redaktorzy Jessica Coon, Diane Massam i Lisa Demena Travis. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198739371.013.24.

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Philippine-type languages are often cited as exemplifying a cross-linguistically unique voice system, in which verb morphology can select not only an agent or patient, but also locative, instrumental and other adjunct type relations as the nominative argument. In this paper, we examine three approaches to this typologically remarkable system: the ergative analysis, the case agreement analysis and the nominalization analysis, arguing for the latter based on strong parallels between verbal and nominal predication from the root level to the clause level. The morphologically symmetric nature of Philippine-type languages is argued to stem from their nominal roots. The historical development of verbal roots leads to a more fixed argument structure in which canonical ergative languages develop. Mamuju, an Austronesian language of West Sulawesi, Indonesia, is offered as an example of a classically ergative language, in contrast to Philippine-type systems.

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Schifano, Norma. Verb Movement in Romance. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198804642.001.0001.

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This book provides a detailed account of verb movement across more than twenty standard and non-standard Romance varieties. It examines the position of the verb with respect to a wide selection of hierarchically ordered adverbs, as laid out in Cinque’s (1999) seminal work. The volume uses extensive empirical data to demonstrate that, contrary to traditional assumptions, it is possible to identify at least four distinct macro-typologies in the Romance languages: these macro-typologies stem from a compensatory mechanism between syntax and morphology in licensing the Tense, Aspect, and Mood interpretation of the verb. It adopts a hybrid cartographic / minimalist approach, in which cartography provides the empirical tools of investigation, and minimalist theory provides the technical motivations for the movement phenomena that are observed. It provides a valuable tool for the examination of fundamental morphosyntactic properties from a cross-Romance perspective, and constitutes a useful point of departure for further investigations into the nature and triggers of verb movement cross-linguistically.

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39

Schulze, Ernst-Detlef, Annett Börner i Fritz Hans Schweingruber. Atlas of Woody Plant Stems: Evolution, Structure, and Environmental Modifications. Springer, 2014.

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Schulze, Ernst-Detlef, Fritz H. Schweingruber i Annett Börner. Atlas of Woody Plant Stems: Evolution, Structure, and Environmental Modifications. Springer, 2006.

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Schulze, Ernst-Detlef, Annett Börner i Fritz Hans Schweingruber. Atlas of Woody Plant Stems: Evolution, Structure, and Environmental Modifications. Springer London, Limited, 2010.

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42

Aronoff, Mark. Morphology by Itself: Stems and Inflectional Classes (Linguistic Inquiry Monographs). The MIT Press, 1993.

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43

Givón, Tom. Is Polysynthesis a Valid Theoretical Notion? Redaktorzy Michael Fortescue, Marianne Mithun i Nicholas Evans. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199683208.013.22.

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While Ute (Numic, Uto-Aztecan) currently has “free” word-order, most of its morphology conforms to a historical OV syntax, with postpositions pronouns, pre-nominal genitive modifiers, and predominantly suffixal verbal morphology,with most exceptions to the latter easily attributed to pre-verbal incorporation of object, instrument, adjective, or adverb stems. Ute also displays an extensive array of complex verbal stems, most commonly two-verb combinations. Of the two combined verbal stems, the second usually loses its original valence, exhibits semantic bleaching, and otherwise bears the traditional marks of grammaticalization. While the process of complex-verb creation is extensive, long-standing, and still ongoing, its diachrony is far from clear. This chapter describes Ute complex verbs, then reviews the potential candidates for the diachronic source-constructions that gave rise to these complex lexemes. While an unambiguous identification of “the” source-construction is not yet possible, the phenomenon as a whole represents a clear trend from syntax to lexis.

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44

Ringe, Don. Proto-Indo-European. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198792581.003.0002.

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This chapter is a grammatical sketch of Proto-Indo-European. It describes the phonology of the language, including the system of surface contrasts; peculiarities of subsystems and individual segments; syllabification of sonorants; ablaut; rules affecting obstruents (including laryngeals); the accent system; and Auslautgesetze. The inflectional morphology is described, including the system of inflectional categories and their formal expression; the complex inflection of the verb (organized around aspect stems and inflected also for mood, voice, the person and number of the subject, and—marginally—tense); and the inflection of the various classes of nominals, with emphasis on the accent and ablaut paradigms of nouns. Short sections on derivational morphology, syntax, and the lexicon are included.

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45

Wang, X. S., S. S. Kushvaha, X. Chu, H. Zhang, Z. Yan i W. Xiao. Selective self-assembly of semi-metal straight and branched nanorods on inert substrates. Redaktorzy A. V. Narlikar i Y. Y. Fu. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199533053.013.15.

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This article discusses the selective self-assembly of semi-metal straight and branched nanorods on inert substrates. In particular, it describes antimony (Sb) nanorods and bismuth (Bi) nanobelts on inert substrates by physical vapor deposition in vacuum without using any catalyst and nanoscale template. After describing the experimental and drift correction procedures, the article reviews previous studies of semi-metal growth on inert substrates. It then measures the surface morphology and atomic structures of self-assembled Sb nanorods and Bi nanobelts using an in-situ scanning tunnelling microscope (STM) in ultrahigh vacuum (UHV). Based on these STM data, a mechanism for the self-assembly of straight and branched semi-metal nanorods is proposed.

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46

Nordlinger, Rachel. The Languages of the Daly River Region (Northern Australia). Redaktorzy Michael Fortescue, Marianne Mithun i Nicholas Evans. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199683208.013.44.

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This chapter surveys the polysynthetic characteristics of the languages of the Daly River region of Australia’s Northern Territory. Although they are not all closely related, these languages share many typological features typical of polysynthesis, including the encoding of core arguments in the verbal word; noun incorporation; applicatives; and complex templatic verbal morphology. In addition the Daly languages exhibit complex verbal predicates composed of two discontinuous stems, one functioning broadly to classify the event type and the other providing more specific lexical semantics. These properties are surveyed across a range of Daly languages, considering both their similarities and their differences, and the implications they have for a cross-linguistic typology of polysynthesis.

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47

Fernández, Miguel Ángel García, i José Juan Gómez de Diego. Transthoracic echocardiography/two-dimensional and M-mode echocardiography. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198726012.003.0002.

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The echocardiogram is an extremely useful technique that gives all relevant information on morphology and function of the heart in a wide range of clinical situations. The very first step in echo is how to achieve the images needed for the cardiac evaluation. This chapter covers the basics of echo imaging acquisition including patient positioning and the pivotal concepts of echocardiographic window and view. The two-dimensional echo planes are carefully explained with a detailed description of the cardiac structures that can be studied in every view. The clinical scenarios where a specific imaging mode or orientation could be especially useful are also detailed. Finally M-mode imaging is covered, including detailed explanations of the habitual findings in normal studies.

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48

Medová, Lucie Taraldsen, i Bartosz Wiland. Functional Sequence Zones and Slavic L>T>N Participles. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190876746.003.0012.

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This chapter makes a case for morphemes as zones of functional sequence (fseq zones) in nanosyntax. Under such an approach, morphemes that compete for insertion with each other form the same fseq zone, whereas morphemes that co-occur together form different fseq zones. We illustrate this on the basis of the participle zone that is projected on top of verb stems in Slavic languages. We argue that in Polish and Czech, this participle zone spells out as L, T, or N, depending on its size and internal constituent structure. The constituent structure of this zone provides a direct solution to a long-standing puzzle in Polish and Czech morphology, namely why only unaccusative verbs build adjectival L-passives whereas all types of verbs build active L-participles.

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McCann, Shaun R. The role of technology in haematology. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198717607.003.0011.

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Various technologies have changed and improved the practice of haematology. Because it is possible to obtain blood cells so readily (via a simple venepuncture), haematology has been at the forefront of technological developments in medicine. The diagnosis of both malignant and benign haematological disorders has become more exact because of the technological advances outlined, and the understanding of the pathogenesis of many diseases has been advanced as a direct result of the application of technologies such as immunofluorescence, confocal and electron microscopy, automated cell counting, flow cytometry, digital cell morphology, advanced staining techniques, and PCR. However, it is important to stress that all technologies and ‘tests’ need to be cautiously interpreted, and a full history and physical examination should always be the first step in the investigation of patients.

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Lancellotti, Patrizio, Raluca Dulgheru, Mani Vannan i Kiyoshi Yoshida. Heart valve disease (mitral valve disease): mitral regurgitation. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198726012.003.0036.

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Mitral regurgitation (MR) is increasingly prevalent in Europe. Echocardiography has a key role in the diagnosis and management of patients with MR. Each echocardiographic study in patients with MR should aim to characterize mitral valve morphology, identify the mechanism of valve dysfunction, quantify the severity of MR, and give hints regarding the aetiology of the disease affecting the valve. Assessment of MR severity should be based on a step-wise approach including two-dimensional-derived Doppler data and, when available, data derived from three-dimensional echocardiography. MR assessment by quantitative methods should be implemented in each patient when possible. It is imperative not only to quantify the MR severity, but also to assess its consequences on the left ventricle, left atrium, and pulmonary vascular bed and to put everything into the clinical context (presence of symptoms, individual risk assessment, etc.) before taking any decision to correct the valvular incompetence. A rigorous echocardiographic study and a correct interpretation in the individual clinical context are needed to decide if the patient should be operated on or followed up closely. Exercise stress echocardiography, when appropriate, should be part of the evaluation algorithm in patients with both primary and secondary MR, as it has proved to be useful in individual risk stratification.

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