Artykuły w czasopismach: „Monopoles”

1

Antoshkin, Alexander, i Martin Frank. "Slow magnetic monopoles search in NOvA". EPJ Web of Conferences 177 (2018): 04002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201817704002.

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The NOvA far detector is well suited for finding exotic particles due to its technical features (see [1]). One type of those exotic particles is a "slow" magnetic monopole. It is assumed that the energy deposition of such monopoles should be enough to be registered (see [2]). Measurement of the expected signals was performed on the NOvA test bench at JINR (see [3]). Result of this measurement allows us to perform slow monopole's research using NOvA software and hardware with high efficiency. As a whole, the research can lead to a discovery, or it can limit the existence of monopoles in a wide range of parameters, previously unreachable in other experiments (MACRO, SLIM, RICE, IceCube). Several special software tools have been developed. Slow Monopole Trigger has been created and implemented in the NOvA Data-Driven-Trigger system. Also, an online reconstruction algorithm has been developed and tested on 5% of the data. A technical description of these tools and current results of the analysis are presented in this work.

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2

Iwazaki, Aiichi. "QCD monopole and sigma meson coupling". International Journal of Modern Physics A 32, nr 18 (28.06.2017): 1750109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x17501093.

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Under the assumption of the Abelian dominance in QCD, we show that chiral condensate is locally present around a QCD monopole. The appearance of the chiral condensate around a GUT monopole was shown in the previous analysis of the Rubakov effect. We apply a similar analysis to the QCD monopole. It follows that the condensation of the monopole carrying the chiral condensate leads to the chiral symmetry breaking as well as quark confinement. To realize the result explicitly, we present a phenomenological linear sigma model coupled with the monopoles, in which the monopole condensation causes the chiral symmetry breaking as well as confinement. The monopoles are assumed to be described by a model of dual superconductor. Because the monopoles couple with mesons, we point out the presence of an observable color singlet monopole coupled with the mesons.

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3

GABADADZE, GREGORY, i ZURAB KAKUSHADZE. "ZERO-BRANE MATRIX MECHANICS, MONOPOLES AND MEMBRANE APPROACH IN QCD". Modern Physics Letters A 15, nr 04 (10.02.2000): 293–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732300000281.

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We conjecture that a T-dual form of pure QCD describes dynamics of point-like monopoles. T-duality transforms the QCD Lagrangian into a matrix quantum mechanics of zero-branes which we identify with monopoles. At generic points of the monopole moduli space, the SU (N) gauge group is broken down to U (1)N-1 reproducing the key feature of 't Hooft's Abelian projection. There are certain points in the moduli space where monopole positions coincide, gauge symmetry is enhanced and gluons emerge as massless excitations. We show that there is a linearly rising potential between zero-branes. This indicates the presence of a stretched flux tube between monopoles. The lowest energy state is achieved when monopoles are sitting on top of each other and gauge symmetry is enhanced. In this case they behave as free massive particles and can be condensed. In fact, we find a constant eigenfunction of the corresponding Hamiltonian which describes condensation of monopoles. Using the monopole quantum mechanics, we argue that large-N QCD in this T-dual picture is a theory of a closed bosonic membrane propagating in five-dimensional space–time. QCD point-like monopoles can be regarded in this approach as constituents of the membrane.

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4

Vento, Vicente. "Ions, Protons, and Photons as Signatures of Monopoles". Universe 4, nr 11 (7.11.2018): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/universe4110117.

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Magnetic monopoles have been a subject of interest since Dirac established the relationship between the existence of monopoles and charge quantization. The Dirac quantization condition bestows the monopole with a huge magnetic charge. The aim of this study was to determine whether this huge magnetic charge allows monopoles to be detected by the scattering of charged ions and protons on matter where they might be bound. We also analyze if this charge favors monopolium (monopole–antimonopole) annihilation into many photons over two photon decays.

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5

Weisbrich, H., M. Bestler i W. Belzig. "Tensor Monopoles in superconducting systems". Quantum 5 (7.12.2021): 601. http://dx.doi.org/10.22331/q-2021-12-07-601.

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Topology in general but also topological objects such as monopoles are a central concept in physics. They are prime examples for the intriguing physics of gauge theories and topological states of matter. Vector monopoles are already frequently discussed such as the well-established Dirac monopole in three dimensions. Less known are tensor monopoles giving rise to tensor gauge fields. Here we report that tensor monopoles can potentially be realized in superconducting multi-terminal systems using the phase differences between superconductors as synthetic dimensions. In a first proposal we suggest a circuit of superconducting islands featuring charge states to realize a tensor monopole. As a second example we propose a triple dot system coupled to multiple superconductors that also gives rise to such a topological structure. All proposals can be implemented with current experimental means and the monopole readily be detected by measuring the quantum geometry.

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6

MATHESON, A. M., i D. M. UPTON. "MONOPOLE ACCRETION BY COSMIC STRINGS". Modern Physics Letters A 05, nr 17 (20.07.1990): 1313–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732390001499.

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We study the accretion of super-heavy magnetic monopoles around cosmic string loops in the very early universe. For sufficiently massive monopoles, a possible result of this accretion process is the formation of monopole-black holes, leading ultimately to a monopole-to-photon ratio comparable to the limits required by neutron star observations.

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7

Mavromatos, Nick E., i Vasiliki A. Mitsou. "Magnetic monopoles revisited: Models and searches at colliders and in the Cosmos". International Journal of Modern Physics A 35, nr 23 (20.08.2020): 2030012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x20300124.

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In this review, we discuss recent developments in both the theory and the experimental searches of magnetic monopoles in past, current and future colliders and in the Cosmos. The theoretical models include, apart from the standard Grand Unified Theories, extensions of the Standard Model that admit magnetic monopole solutions with finite energy and masses that can be as light as a few TeV. Specifically, we discuss, among other scenarios, modified Cho–Maison monopoles and magnetic monopoles in (string-inspired, higher derivative) Born–Infeld extensions of the hypercharge sector of the Standard Model. We also outline the conditions for which effective field theories describing the interaction of monopoles with photons are valid and can be used for result interpretation in monopole production at colliders. The experimental part of the review focuses on, past and present, cosmic and collider searches, including the latest bounds on monopole masses and magnetic charges by the ATLAS and MoEDAL experiments at the LHC, as well as prospects for future searches.

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8

KLEIHAUS, B., J. KUNZ i D. H. TCHRAKIAN. "INTERACTION ENERGY OF 't HOOFT–POLYAKOV MONOPOLES". Modern Physics Letters A 13, nr 31 (10.10.1998): 2523–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732398002680.

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The dependence of the energies of axially symmetric monopoles of magnetic charges 2 and 3, on the Higgs self-interaction coupling constant, is studied numerically. Comparing the energy per unit topological charge of the charge-2 monopole with the energy of the spherically symmetric charge-1 monopole, we confirm that there is only one repulsive phase in the interaction energy between like monopoles.

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9

Pollmann, Anna. "Searches for magnetic monopoles with IceCube". EPJ Web of Conferences 168 (2018): 04010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201816804010.

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Particles that carry a magnetic monopole charge are proposed by various theories which go beyond the Standard Model of particle physics. The expected mass of magnetic monopoles varies depending on the theory describing its origin, generally the monopole mass far exceeds those which can be created at accelerators. Magnetic monopoles gain kinetic energy in large scale galactic magnetic fields and, depending on their mass, can obtain relativistic velocities. IceCube is a high energy neutrino detector using the clear ice at the South Pole as a detection medium. As monopoles pass through this ice they produce optical light by a variety of mechanisms. With increasing velocity, they produce light by catalysis of baryon decay, luminescence in the ice associated with electronic excitations, indirect and direct Cherenkov light from the monopole track, and Cherenkov light from cascades induced by pair creation and photonuclear reactions. By searching for this light, current best limits for the monopole flux over a broad range of velocities was achieved using the IceCube detector. A review of these magnetic monopole searches is presented.

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10

Sarkar, Sarben. "Magnetic Global Monopoles from Torsion". EPJ Web of Conferences 182 (2018): 02110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201818202110.

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In the search of avatars of new physics, we present a new classical solution for electromagnetic monopoles induced by global gravitational monopoles in the presence of a four-dimensional Kalb-Ramond axion field. The torsion induces the magnetic charge of the monopole.

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11

YU. IGNATIEV, A., i G. C. JOSHI. "ELECTRON–POSITRON ANNIHILATION INTO DIRAC MAGNETIC MONOPOLE AND ANTIMONOPOLE: THE STRING AMBIGUITY AND THE DISCRETE SYMMETRIES". Modern Physics Letters A 13, nr 28 (14.09.1998): 2295–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732398002448.

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We address the problem of string arbitrariness in the quantum field theory of Dirac magnetic monopoles. Different prescriptions are shown to yield different physical results. The constraints due to the discrete symmetries (C and P) are derived for the process of electron–positron annihilation into the monopole–antimonopole pair. In the case of the annihilation through the one-photon channel, the production of spin-0 monopoles is absolutely forbidden; spin-1/2 monopole and antimonopole should have the same helicities (or, equivalently, the monopole–antimonopole state should be p-wave 1P1).

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12

Lochak, Georges. "The Equation of a Light Leptonic Magnetic Monopole and its Experimental Aspects". Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A 62, nr 5-6 (1.06.2007): 231–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zna-2007-5-602.

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The present theory is closely related to Dirac’s equation of the electron, but not to his magnetic monopole theory, except for his relation between electric and magnetic charge. The theory is based on the fact, that the massless Dirac equation admits a second electromagnetic coupling, deduced from a pseudo-scalar gauge invariance. The equation thus obtained has the symmetry laws of a massless leptonic, magnetic monopole, able to interact weakly. We give a more precise form of the Dirac relation between electric and magnetic charges and a quantum form of the Poincar´e first integral. In the Weyl representation our equation splits into P-conjugated monopole and antimonopole equations with the correct electromagnetic coupling and opposite chiralities, predicted by P. Curie. Charge-conjugated monopoles are symmetric in space and not in time (contrary to the electric particles), an important fact for the vacuum polarization. Our monopoles are magnetically excited neutrinos, which leads to experimental consequences. These monopoles are assumed to be produced by electromagnetic pulses or arcs, leading to nuclear transmutations and, for beta radioactive elements, a shortening of the life time and the emission of monopoles instead of neutrinos in a magnetic field. A corresponding discussion is given.

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13

BOZKAYA, H., M. FABER, P. KOPPENSTEINER i M. PITSCHMANN. "ARE THERE LOCAL MINIMA IN THE MAGNETIC MONOPOLE POTENTIAL IN COMPACT QED?" International Journal of Modern Physics A 19, nr 29 (20.11.2004): 5017–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x0402004x.

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We investigate the influence of the granularity of the lattice on the potential between monopoles. Using the flux definition of monopoles we introduce their centers of mass and are able to realize continuous shifts of the monopole positions. We find periodic deviations from the 1/r-behavior of the monopole-antimonopole potential leading to local extrema. We suppose that these meta-stabilities may influence the order of the phase transition in compact QED.

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14

CHERNODUB, M. N. "MONOPOLES FROM QUARK CONDENSATES IN QCD". Modern Physics Letters A 23, nr 27n30 (30.09.2008): 2356–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021773230802937x.

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Chiral monopoles are hedgehoglike structures in local chiral condensates in QCD. These monopoles are (i) made of quark and gluon fields; (ii) explicitly gauge-invariant; (iii) they carry quantized and conserved chromomagnetic charge. We argue that the chiral condensate vanishes in a core of the chiral monopole while the density of these monopoles increases with temperature wiping out the quark condensate in quark-gluon plasma. We suggest that the chiral monopoles are responsible for the chiral symmetry restoration in QCD. We also argue that the chiral monopoles are unlikely to be responsible for confinement of color. Thus, phenomena of the chiral symmetry restoration and the color deconfinement in QCD are not necessarily related to each other and the corresponding transitions may happen at different temperatures.

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15

KHVIENGIA, Z., i V. F. TOKAREV. "CIRCUMSTANCES OF FERMION FRACTIONIZATION IN HIGH DENSITY FERMI GAS". Modern Physics Letters A 07, nr 23 (30.07.1992): 2143–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732392001889.

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We consider a (3 + 1)-dimensional SU(2)-gauge theory which is known to possess the fractional fermions. These are the monopoles. We compute the fermion number of a monopole in the dense Fermi gas and find the conditions under which fermions decay into the monopoles.

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16

Yeliseyeva, N., S. Berdnik i V. Katrich. "Directional radiation properties of two impedance monopoles mounted on a perfectly conducting rectangular screen". RADIOFIZIKA I ELEKTRONIKA 26, nr 2 (2021): 54–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/rej2021.02.054.

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Subject and Purpose. Two impedance resonant monopoles of electric length 0.2 £ l / l £ 0.3 are mounted on a rectangular screen perpendicularly to the screen surface and studied for the directional radiation properties (directive gain and radiation patterns) depending on the monopole separation and the side length and aspect ratio of the screen. Methods and Methodology. A three-dimensional diffraction vector problem of two impedance monopoles mounted on a perfectly conducting rectangular screen is solved in terms of the uniform geometric theory of diffraction. Allowances are made for the diffracted field asymptotics of the secondary diffraction at the screen edges and for the electric current distribution asymptotics of a thin impedance dipole in the free space. Results. For a lattice of two impedance monopoles mounted on a rectangular screen, 3-D programs have been developed for calculating its radiation patterns, directive gain Dmax at a radiation maximum, and radiation resistance in view of the secondary diffraction at the screen edges. The radiation pattern shaping for the diffraction and total fields and the directive gain Dmax have been analyzed depending on the monopole separation x / l  0.1...1, the screen side length x / l  1.2…4, and the screen aspect ratio W / L  0.5…3. It has been shown that the so obtained optimum separation x opt  0.65, optimum length Lopt and optimum ratio (W / L) opt make Dopt three times greater than the lowest Dmax value. Conclusions. The three-dimensional vector problem of field diffraction of two impedance monopoles mounted on an ideally conducting rectangular screen has been solved. It is of interest that given an optimum monopole separation xopt and an optimum side length Lopt of the square screen, a lattice of two monopoles offers a greater radiation resistance and a two times larger Dopt than a single monopole on the same screen does. The developed computational programs and the obtained numerical results enable efficient actual wireless communication systems to be modelled for both ideally conducting and impedance resonant monopoles.

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17

Bratek, Łukasz, i Joanna Jałocha. "On the Issue of Magnetic Monopoles in the Prospect of UHE Photon Searches". Universe 8, nr 8 (15.08.2022): 422. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/universe8080422.

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Ultra-high energy (UHE) photons with energies exceeding 1018eV can potentially be observed. They are produced in various processes involving electrically charged particles. However, more exotic scenarios are also possible. UHE photons could be emitted in encounters of massive magnetically charged monopole-antimonopole pairs or in processes associated with monopoles accelerated to high energies, typically 1021eV or beyond. Observing UHE photons can pose constraints on the properties of magnetic monopoles. There are compelling theoretical reasons in favor of the presence of magnetic monopoles in nature. The predicted observational signatures of these particles are therefore searched for in dedicated experiments currently in operation. Despite these attempts, magnetic monopoles have yet to be empirically proved. There are also theoretical reasons why magnetic monopoles allowed by Dirac’s theory might not be realized in nature in the form of isolated particles. Detection or non-detection of UHE photon signatures of magnetic monopoles would bring us closer to solving this fascinating puzzle.

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18

Sun, Y. Y., S. W. Cheung i T. I. Yuk. "Planar Monopoles with Different Radiator Shapes for UWB Body-Centric Wireless Communications". Journal of Engineering 2013 (2013): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/683428.

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This paper presents a study on the performances of a group of planar monopoles using radiators of different shapes, such as triangle, rectangle, square, annual ring, circle, horizontal ellipse, vertical ellipse, pentagon, and hexagon, for ultra-wideband (UWB) body-centric wireless communications. The planar monopoles have the radiators with microstrip-fed line printed on one side of the substrate and a ground plane on the other side. Simulation studies show that, among these monopoles, the horizontal elliptical, vertical elliptical, and hexagonal monopoles have better overall performances in terms of bandwidth, gain, efficiency, and radiation pattern in free space. A solid-body phantom mimicking human tissue is used for studies of these three monopoles for body-centric communications. Simulated and measured results of these monopoles on the phantom show that the horizontal elliptical monopole achieves the widest impedance bandwidths, highest average peak gain and efficiency, least path loss, best fidelity, and good radiation pattern, making it a good candidate for UWB body-centric wireless communications.

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19

Lionti, Anthony. "Search for magnetic monopoles with the MoEDAL forward trapping detector in 13 TeV proton-proton collisions at the LHC". EPJ Web of Conferences 182 (2018): 02073. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201818202073.

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The MoEDAL experiment addresses a decades-old issue, the search for an elementary magnetic monopole, first theorised in 1931 by Dirac to explain electric charge quantisation. Since then it was showed that magnetic monopoles occur naturally in grand unified theories as solutions of classical equations of motion. The dedicated experiment can enjoy a new energy regime opened at the LHC allowing direct probes of magnetic monopoles at the TeV scale for the first time. MoEDAL pioneered a technique in which monopoles would be slowed down in a dedicated aluminium array and the presence of trapped monopoles is probed by analysing the samples with a superconducting magnetometer. The MoEDAL forward trapping detector array deployed in 2015 was analysed and found consistent with zero trapped magnetic charge, allowing to set the first LHC constraints for monopoles carrying twice or thrice the Dirac charge.

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20

OVRUT, BURT A., i STEVEN THOMAS. "VORTICES AND MONOPOLES ON A SPHERE". Modern Physics Letters A 05, nr 28 (10.11.1990): 2351–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732390002705.

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The theory of a vortex-monopole Coulomb gas on a two-dimensional sphere is presented. We discuss the structure of Kosterlitz-Thouless phase transitions, construct the effective Lagrangian induced by vortices and monopoles, and exhibit a generalized form of vortex-monopole duality.

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21

Rajput, B. S., i Sandeep Kumar. "Superconductivity due to Condensation of Monopoles around RCD Strings in SU(2) Gauge Theory". Advances in High Energy Physics 2010 (2010): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/768054.

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The study of the condensation of monopoles and the resulting chromomagnetic superconductivity have been undertaken in restricted chromodynamics of SU(2) gauge theory. Constructing the RCD Lagrangian and the partition function for monopoles in terms of string action and the action of the current around the strings, the monopole current in RCD chromo magnetic superconductor has been derived and it has shown that in London' limit the penetration length governs the monopole density around RCD string in chromo magnetic superconductors while with finite (nonzero) coherence length the leading behavior of the monopole density at large distances from the string is controlled by the coherence length and not by the penetration length.

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22

HÖLLWIESER, ROMAN, i MANFRIED FABER. "DISTRIBUTION OF MAGNETIC MONOPOLES WITHIN CUBES IN COMPACT QED". International Journal of Modern Physics A 25, nr 09 (10.04.2010): 1853–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x10048147.

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Earlier investigations [Int. J. Mod. Phys. A19, 5017 (2004)] showed local minima in the monopole–antimonopole potential in U(1) gauge theory on the lattice. In this paper we localize monopoles of Monte Carlo configurations. A statistical analysis of localization measurements gives us the probability density which we compare with the potential found in Ref. 1. We find the monopoles mainly located either in the center of three-dimensional cubes or on the interface between two cubes. This agrees with the position of minima and maxima of the monopole–antimonopole potential.

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23

KLEINERT, H. "THE EXTRA GAUGE SYMMETRY OF STRING DEFORMATIONS IN ELECTROMAGNETISM WITH CHARGES AND DIRAC MONOPOLES". International Journal of Modern Physics A 07, nr 19 (30.07.1992): 4693–705. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x9200212x.

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We point out that electromagnetism with Dirac magnetic monopoles harbors an extra local gauge invariance called monopole gauge invariance. The gauge transformations act on a gauge field of monopoles [Formula: see text] and are independent of the ordinary electromagnetic gauge invariance. The extra invariance expresses the physical irrelevance of the shape of the Dirac strings attached to the monopoles. The independent nature of the new gauge symmetry is illustrated by comparison with two other systems, superfluids and solids, which are not gauge-invariant from the outset but which nevertheless possess a precise analog of the monopole gauge invariance in their vortex and defect structure, respectively. The extra monopole gauge invariance is shown to be responsible for the Dirac charge quantization condition 2eg/ħc=integer, which can now be proved for any fixed particle orbits, i.e. without invoking fluctuating orbits which would correspond to the standard derivation using Schrödinger wave functions. The only place where quantum physics enters in our theory is by admitting the action to jump by 2πħ×integer without physical consequences when moving the string at fixed particle orbits.

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TEH, ROSY, BAN-LOONG NG i KHAI-MING WONG. "CHO DECOMPOSITION OF ONE-HALF INTEGER MONOPOLES SOLUTIONS". International Journal of Modern Physics A 28, nr 30 (4.12.2013): 1350144. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x13501443.

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We performed the Cho decomposition of the SU(2) Yang–Mills–Higgs gauge potentials of the finite energy (1) one-half monopole solution and (2) the one and a half monopoles solution into Abelian and non-Abelian components. We found that the semi-infinite string singularity in the gauge potentials is a contribution from the Higgs field of the one-half monopole in both of the solutions. The non-Abelian components of the gauge potentials are able to remove the point singularity of the Abelian components of the 't Hooft–Polyakov monopole but not the string singularity of the one-half monopole which is topological in nature. Hence the total energy of a one monopole is infinite in the Maxwell electromagnetic theory but the total energy of a one-half monopole is finite. By analyzing the magnetic fields and the gauge covariant derivatives of the Higgs field, we are able to conclude that both the one-half integer monopoles solutions are indeed non-BPS even in the limit of vanishing Higgs self-coupling constant.

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25

Yablon, Jay R. "QCD Theory of the Hadrons and Filling the Yang–Mills Mass Gap". Symmetry 12, nr 11 (16.11.2020): 1887. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym12111887.

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The rank-3 antisymmetric tensors which are the magnetic monopoles of SU(N) Yang–Mills gauge theory dynamics, unlike their counterparts in Maxwell’s U(1) electrodynamics, are non-vanishing, and do permit a net flux of Yang–Mills analogs to the magnetic field through closed spatial surfaces. When electric source currents of the same Yang–Mills dynamics are inverted and their fermions inserted into these Yang–Mills monopoles to create a system, this system in its unperturbed state contains exactly three fermions due to the monopole rank-3 and its three additive field strength gradient terms in covariant form. So to ensure that every fermion in this system occupies an exclusive quantum state, the Exclusion Principle is used to place each of the three fermions into the fundamental representation of the simple gauge group with an SU(3) symmetry. After the symmetry of the monopole is broken to make this system indivisible, the gauge bosons inside the monopole become massless, the SU(3) color symmetry of the fermions becomes exact, and a propagator is established for each fermion. The monopoles then have the same antisymmetric color singlet wavefunction as a baryon, and the field quanta of the magnetic fields fluxing through the monopole surface have the same symmetric color singlet wavefunction as a meson. Consequently, we are able to identify these fermions with colored quarks, the gauge bosons with gluons, the magnetic monopoles with baryons, and the fluxing entities with mesons, while establishing that the quarks and gluons remain confined and identifying the symmetry breaking with hadronization. Analytic tools developed along the way are then used to fill the Yang–Mills mass gap.

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Chaves, R. "On the Topology of Configurations of Gauge Fields and Higgs Fields". International Journal of Modern Physics A 18, nr 12 (10.05.2003): 2059–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x03015489.

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Starting with the topological classification of gauge fields on the sphere (Dirac monopoles) and of Higgs vacuum configurations (through the second homotopy group of the space of vacuum states), the features of minimum energy solutions to gauge theories with spontaneous symmetry breaking and in the presence of singularities (monopoles) are deduced. For each theory, this analysis reveals whether a monopole can exist isolated or must be attached to a massive string and how its flux must be distributed.

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27

Wan, Meiyan. "Unveiling the mysteries of magnetic monopoles in the electroweak symmetry breaking era". Theoretical and Natural Science 36, nr 1 (28.05.2024): 122–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2753-8818/36/20240531.

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The theoretical existence of magnetic monopoles within the framework of electroweak unification and quantum field theories presents one of the most intriguing puzzles in modern physics. This article explores the formation, theoretical implications, and potential experimental signatures of magnetic monopoles emerging from electroweak symmetry breaking. Through a detailed analysis of their theoretical foundation, including Dirac's quantization, monopole solutions in non-Abelian gauge theories, and their role in Grand Unified Theories (GUTs), we delve into the profound implications these entities have for the Standard Model and beyond. We further examine the challenges and prospects of detecting magnetic monopoles through particle accelerator experiments, cosmic ray observations, and their significance in the quest for a unified theory of quantum gravity. Our investigation not only highlights the current state of theoretical and experimental efforts but also underscores the pivotal role magnetic monopoles play in bridging the gap between quantum mechanics and cosmological phenomena, offering insights into the early universe's symmetry-breaking events and the fundamental forces that shape our universe.

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KUROCHKIN, YU, I. SATSUNKEVICH, DZ SHOUKAVY, N. RUSAKOVICH i YU KULCHITSKY. "ON PRODUCTION OF MAGNETIC MONOPOLES VIA γγ FUSION AT HIGH ENERGY pp COLLISIONS". Modern Physics Letters A 21, nr 38 (14.12.2006): 2873–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732306022237.

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We consider the production of magnetic monopoles via γγ fusion at high energy pp collisions. In the assumption that the monopole spin is equal 0, 1/2, 1, the monopole–antimonopole pair production cross-section by this mechanism at LHC energies is estimated and analyzed.

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29

Bramwell, Steven T. "Generalized longitudinal susceptibility for magnetic monopoles in spin ice". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 370, nr 1981 (28.12.2012): 5738–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2011.0596.

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The generalized longitudinal susceptibility χ (q, ω ) affords a sensitive measure of the spatial and temporal correlations of magnetic monopoles in spin ice. Starting with the monopole model, a mean field expression for χ (q, ω ) is derived as well as expressions for the mean square longitudinal field and induction at a point. Monopole motion is shown to be strongly correlated, and both spatial and temporal correlations are controlled by the dimensionless monopole density x which defines the ratio of the magnetization relaxation rate and the monopole hop rate. Thermal effects and spin-lattice relaxation are also considered. The derived equations are applicable in the temperature range where the Wien effect for magnetic monopoles is negligible. They are discussed in the context of existing theories of spin ice and the following experimental techniques: DC and AC magnetization, neutron scattering, neutron spin echo and longitudinal and transverse field μ SR. The monopole theory is found to unify diverse experimental results, but several discrepancies between theory and experiment are identified. One of these, concerning the neutron scattering line shape, is explained by means of a phenomenological modification to the theory.

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Chen, Xiaodong, Jianxin Liang, Pengcheng Li i Choo C. Chiau. "UWB Electric and Magnetic Monopole Antennas". African Journal of Information & Communication Technology 2, nr 1 (28.02.2006): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5130/ajict.v2i1.6.

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This paper summarizes our recent advances in antenna designs for ultra wideband (UWB) applications. Two types of monopoles are studied and developed in our research group. The first type belongs to the electric monopole with a circular disc fed by three different feeding structures. The second type is the magnetic monopole with an elliptical slot. The performances of these two types of antennas are evaluated in both frequency and time domains. The important design parameters for achieving optimal operations are also analyzed. It is shown that both electric and magnetic monopoles can provide ultra wide bandwidth with nearly omni-directional radiation patterns over the entire frequency band. In addition, the impulse responses of the selected antennas are shown to correspond well to the frequency domain characteristics.

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Jeong, Eue Jin, i Dennis Edmondson. "Measurement of the Magnetic Monopole Charge, the Missing Link in Quantum Mechanics, Aether and the Dark Energy". International Journal of Fundamental Physical Sciences 12, nr 2 (czerwiec 2022): 19–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.14331/ijfps.2022.330152.

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Charge conservation in the theory of elementary particle physics is one of the best-established principles ‎in physics. As such, if ‎there are magnetic monopoles in the universe, the magnetic charge will most likely be a ‎conserved quantity like electric ‎charges. If neutrinos are magnetic monopoles, as physicists have reported ‎the possibility, the Earth should show signs of ‎having a magnetic monopole charge on a macroscopic scale ‎since neutrons must also have a magnetic monopole charge if ‎the general charge conservation principle is valid. ‎To test this hypothesis, experiments were performed to detect the collective ‎effect of the magnetic monopole ‎charge of neutrons on the earth's equator using two balanced high-strength neodymium rod ‎magnets. We ‎were able to identify the non-zero magnetic monopole charge of the individual neutrons from the experiments. ‎‎The presence of individual magnetic monopole charges in the universe prompted the proposition of the new ‎symmetric form ‎of Maxwell's equations. Based on the theoretical investigation of the new Maxwell's ‎equations, we conclude that magnetic ‎monopole neutrinos are the cause of the origin of quantum ‎mechanical uncertainty, dark energy, and the medium for ‎electromagnetic wave propagation in space.‎‎

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32

TEH, ROSY, i KHAI-MING WONG. "STATIC MONOPOLES AND THEIR ANTICONFIGURATIONS". International Journal of Modern Physics A 20, nr 18 (20.07.2005): 4291–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x05023918.

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Recently, we have reported on the existence of some monopoles, multimonopole, and antimonopoles configurations. In this paper we would like to present more monopoles, multimonopole, and antimonopoles configurations of the magnetic ansatz of Ref. 9 when the parameters p and b of the solutions takes different serial values. These exact solutions are a different kind of BPS solution. They satisfy the first order Bogomol'nyi equation but possess infinite energy. They can have radial, axial, or rotational symmetry about the z-axis. We classified these serial solutions as (i) the multimonopole at the origin; (ii) the finitely separated 1-monopoles; (iii) the screening solutions of multimonopole and (iv) the axially symmetric monopole solutions. We also give a construction of their anticonfigurations with all the magnetic charges of poles in the configurations reversed. Half-integer topological magnetic charge multimonopole also exist in some of these series of solutions.

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33

Aguilar, Pedro. "All roads lead to the Dirac quantization condition". Revista de la Escuela de Física 6, nr 1 (16.01.2019): 102–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/ref.v6i1.7032.

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The existence of magnetic monopoles is a sufficient argument to explain the quantization of electric charge, an argument that was presented by Dirac. Regardless of the status of any search for magnetic monopoles, the formal description of the quantum mechanics of a charged particle in the field of a magnetic monopole is very rich and has increased our understanding of the mathematical structures underlying this description, as well as of its physical implications. In this short review, we present four different arguments all leading to the Dirac quantization condition, emphasizing their geometrical and topological aspects.

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MILTON, KIMBALL A., GEORGE R. KALBFLEISCH, WEI LUO i LEONARD GAMBERG. "THEORETICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL STATUS OF MAGNETIC MONOPOLES". International Journal of Modern Physics A 17, nr 06n07 (20.03.2002): 732–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x02010066.

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The Tevatron has inspired new interest in the subject of magnetic monopoles. First there was the 1998 D0 limit on the virtual production of monopoles, based on the theory of Ginzburg and collaborators. In 2000 the first results from an experiment (Fermilab E882) searching for real magnetically charged particles bound to elements from the CDF and D0 detectors were reported. This also required new developments in theory. The status of the experimental limits on monopole masses will be discussed, as well as the limitation of the theory of magnetic charge at present.

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35

Chen, Mo, Changhao Li, Giandomenico Palumbo, Yan-Qing Zhu, Nathan Goldman i Paola Cappellaro. "A synthetic monopole source of Kalb-Ramond field in diamond". Science 375, nr 6584 (4.03.2022): 1017–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.abe6437.

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Magnetic monopoles play a central role in areas of physics that range from electromagnetism to topological matter. String theory promotes conventional vector gauge fields of electrodynamics to tensor gauge fields and predicts the existence of more exotic tensor monopoles. Here, we report the synthesis of a tensor monopole in a four-dimensional parameter space defined by the spin degrees of freedom of a single solid-state defect in diamond. Using two complementary methods, we characterized the tensor monopole by measuring its quantized topological charge and its emanating Kalb-Ramond field. By introducing a fictitious external field that breaks chiral symmetry, we further observed an intriguing spectral transition, characterized by spectral rings protected by mirror symmetries. Our work demonstrates the possibility of emulating exotic topological structures inspired by string theory.

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36

Ma, Liang, Rui Xu, Hongchen Wen, Zhenbing Li, Jian Li i Yongjun Huang. "Low-Profile Ultra-Broadband Log-Period Monopole End-Fire Antenna". International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2018 (23.12.2018): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/7483719.

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This paper proposes an ultra-broadband (2–13 GHz) and low-profile log-period monopole end-fire antenna for the flush-mounted applications. 24 monopoles with a log-period rule are used to cover the whole operating frequency band, and those monopoles are printed on both sides of a low-loss dielectric layer vertically placed over a slot feeding line with wideband microstrip-to-slotline transition. The low profile is realized by bending the parts of the long monopoles so that the overall antenna size is obtained as 40 mm × 100 mm × 13.6 mm. The proposed antenna is fabricated, and the measured results agree with the simulated results very well. The measured results indicate that the proposed antenna can work at the whole 2–13 GHz band with very good end-fire radiation patterns and stable gain performances.

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37

Stumpf, Harald, i Karlheinz Wolf. "Electric Spark Discharges in Water: Light Leptonic Magnetic Monopoles and Catalysis of Ordinary Beta Decays in an Extended Standard Model". Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A 74, nr 3 (25.02.2019): 195–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zna-2018-0290.

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AbstractThe topic of this article is “research of accidents induced by supersonic electric spark discharges in water”. Experiments referring to such accidents were published by Urutskoev et al. in 2000 and Urutskoev in 2004. According to Urutskoev these spark discharges should be accompanied by the emission of a new kind of particles, namely leptonic magnetic monopoles, predicted by Lochak in 1985. Later, Lochak considered these monopoles as excited neutrinos. Both Lochak and Urutskoev supposed that these particles can influence weak decays and nuclear transmutations and that by catalysis the monopole effect can be amplified, leading to macroscopic effects, i.e. accidents. Spark discharges in water are connected with CP-symmetry-breaking, forcing the introduction of an extended standard model described in previous papers. There also, a mechanism of the catalytic effect was discussed, which is further studied in this article. For the selected unstable nuclear element ${}_{25}^{51}\text{Mn}$, the effect is demonstrated and numerically evaluated. A simple non-relativistic nuclear state description is applied for these low-energy processes. The extension of these calculations to other unstable nuclei requires higher calculational effort and is not done in this paper. However, the extraordinarily strong catalytic power of the monopoles revealed by the numerical calculation of the above example suggests looking for macroscopic effects of monopoles as an explanation for accidents, for instance, the catastrophe of Chernobyl, which has been the origin of monopole research. A short review of the corresponding experimental observations connected with this accident is also given in this article.

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38

Tripathi, Buddhi Vallabh, Hemwati Nandan i K. D. Purohit. "Global monopole in a broken-symmetric theory of gravitation". Modern Physics Letters A 32, nr 13 (25.04.2017): 1750061. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732317500614.

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We investigate global monopole solutions in a particular kind of scalar–tensor theory of gravity, viz. the broken-symmetric theory of gravity. Invoking the “hedgehog” ansatz for the scalar field, we derive the metric corresponding to global monopole solutions. The global monopole solutions found are independent of the scale of symmetry breaking unlike the Barriola–Vilenkin global monopoles in Einstein’s General Relativity (GR) which intrinsically depend on the symmetry breaking scale.

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Suganuma, Hideo, i Hiroki Ohata. "Local Correlation among the Chiral Condensate, Monopoles, and Color Magnetic Fields in Abelian Projected QCD". Universe 7, nr 9 (28.08.2021): 318. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/universe7090318.

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Using the lattice gauge field theory, we study the relation among the local chiral condensate, monopoles, and color magnetic fields in quantum chromodynamics (QCD). First, we investigate idealized Abelian gauge systems of (1) a static monopole–antimonopole pair and (2) a magnetic flux without monopoles, on a four-dimensional Euclidean lattice. In these systems, we calculate the local chiral condensate on quasi-massless fermions coupled to the Abelian gauge field, and find that the chiral condensate is localized in the vicinity of the magnetic field. Second, using SU(3) lattice QCD Monte Carlo calculations, we investigate Abelian projected QCD in the maximally Abelian gauge, and find clear correlation of distribution similarity among the local chiral condensate, monopoles, and color magnetic fields in the Abelianized gauge configuration. As a statistical indicator, we measure the correlation coefficient r, and find a strong positive correlation of r≃0.8 between the local chiral condensate and an Euclidean color-magnetic quantity F in Abelian projected QCD. The correlation is also investigated for the deconfined phase in thermal QCD. As an interesting conjecture, like magnetic catalysis, the chiral condensate is locally enhanced by the strong color-magnetic field around the monopoles in QCD.

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Littlejohn, Robert, Philip Morrison i Jeffrey Heninger. "Charged particle motion in spherically symmetric distributions of magnetic monopoles". Journal of Mathematical Physics 63, nr 11 (1.11.2022): 112703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0105653.

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The classical equations of motion of a charged particle in a spherically symmetric distribution of magnetic monopoles can be transformed into a system of linear equations, thereby providing a type of integrability. In the case of a single monopole, the solution was given long ago by Poincaré. In the case of a uniform distribution of monopoles, the solution can be expressed in terms of parabolic cylinder functions (essentially the eigenfunctions of an inverted harmonic oscillator). This solution is relevant to recent studies of nonassociative star products, symplectic lifts of twisted Poisson structures, and fluids and plasmas of electric and magnetic charges.

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Wirnsberger, Peter, Domagoj Fijan, Roger A. Lightwood, Anđela Šarić, Christoph Dellago i Daan Frenkel. "Numerical evidence for thermally induced monopoles". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, nr 19 (24.04.2017): 4911–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1621494114.

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Electric charges are conserved. The same would be expected to hold for magnetic charges, yet magnetic monopoles have never been observed. It is therefore surprising that the laws of nonequilibrium thermodynamics, combined with Maxwell’s equations, suggest that colloidal particles heated or cooled in certain polar or paramagnetic solvents may behave as if they carry an electric/magnetic charge. Here, we present numerical simulations that show that the field distribution around a pair of such heated/cooled colloidal particles agrees quantitatively with the theoretical predictions for a pair of oppositely charged electric or magnetic monopoles. However, in other respects, the nonequilibrium colloidal particles do not behave as monopoles: They cannot be moved by a homogeneous applied field. The numerical evidence for the monopole-like fields around heated/cooled colloidal particles is crucial because the experimental and numerical determination of forces between such colloidal particles would be complicated by the presence of other effects, such as thermophoresis.

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42

Bytsenko, A. A., i Yu P. Goncharov. "Dirac Monopoles in the Ernst–Schwarzschild Spacetime". International Journal of Modern Physics A 18, nr 12 (10.05.2003): 2153–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x0301560x.

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It is discussed that the Ernst–Schwarzschild metric describing a nonrotating black hole in the external magnetic field admits the solutions of the Dirac monopole types for the corresponding Maxwell equations. The given solutions are obtained in explicit form and a possible influence of the conforming Dirac monopoles on Hawking radiation is also outlined.

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Farhan, Alan, Michael Saccone, Charlotte F. Petersen, Scott Dhuey, Rajesh V. Chopdekar, Yen-Lin Huang, Noah Kent i in. "Emergent magnetic monopole dynamics in macroscopically degenerate artificial spin ice". Science Advances 5, nr 2 (luty 2019): eaav6380. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aav6380.

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Magnetic monopoles, proposed as elementary particles that act as isolated magnetic south and north poles, have long attracted research interest as magnetic analogs to electric charge. In solid-state physics, a classical analog to these elusive particles has emerged as topological excitations within pyrochlore spin ice systems. We present the first real-time imaging of emergent magnetic monopole motion in a macroscopically degenerate artificial spin ice system consisting of thermally activated Ising-type nanomagnets lithographically arranged onto a pre-etched silicon substrate. A real-space characterization of emergent magnetic monopoles within the framework of Debye-Hückel theory is performed, providing visual evidence that these topological defects act like a plasma of Coulomb-type magnetic charges. In contrast to vertex defects in a purely two-dimensional artificial square ice, magnetic monopoles are free to evolve within a divergence-free vacuum, a magnetic Coulomb phase, for which features in the form of pinch-point singularities in magnetic structure factors are observed.

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Mathur, Rohit, i Santanu Dwari. "Compact 4-Port MIMO/Diversity Antenna with Low Correlation for UWB Application". Frequenz 72, nr 9-10 (28.08.2018): 429–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/freq-2017-0232.

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Abstract A compact four port multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) antenna with polarization diversity for ultrawideband (UWB) application is proposed. The antenna contains four monopoles where each monopole has three concentric rings. Orthogonal arrangement of monopoles of the antenna provides good isolation and polarization diversity. The antenna has compact size of 36×36×1.6 mm3. It operates in the frequency band of 3.2 to 11 GHz where isolation is better than 15 dB. The envelop correlation coefficient (ECC) and diversity gain from S-parameter have been calculated to evaluate MIMO performance of the antenna. In addition to ensure distortion less transmission in UWB group delay is also calculated.

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SMALL, A. J. "OSCULATION AND SINGULARITY OF CHARGE 2 (COMPLEXIFIED) BPS MONOPOLES". International Journal of Mathematics 11, nr 07 (wrzesień 2000): 943–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129167x00000453.

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Hurtubise showed that the singular locus of the complexification of a BPS monopole intersects the degeneracy locus of the complex Higgs field in a null curve [Formula: see text] has a dual [Formula: see text]: by adapting a criterion of Hitchin it is shown that for a generic charge 2 monopole, [Formula: see text], the monopole's spectral curve.

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SEGRE, G. C. "MASS MATRICES AND MONOPOLES IN THREE-DIMENSIONAL FLUX PHASE MODELS". Modern Physics Letters B 06, nr 25 (30.10.1992): 1569–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984992001277.

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Chiral spin states in two dimensions can be generalized to three dimensions by introducing effective monopoles to generate the background fluxes. We explore some generalizations of chiral spin states and the consequences of chiral rotations on the charges of dyons, particle-monopole bound states.

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HUANG, KERSON, YUJI KOIKE i JANOS POLONYI. "ANOMALOUS TOPOLOGICAL CURRENT IN THE NONLINEAR SIGMA MODEL". International Journal of Modern Physics A 06, nr 08 (30.03.1991): 1267–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x91000666.

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It is proposed that a classically conserved current may not be conserved in quantum theory due to singular configurations in the path integral. This is illustrated in the (2+1)-dimensional O(3) nonlinear sigma model with lattice regularization. The current here is that of the topological charge density of “Skyrmions”. On the lattice the current is always “anomalous”, due to the existence of Dirac monopoles. The reason is that the world line of a Skyrmion can be regarded as a Dirac string (in a particular gauge), which is terminated by a monopole. Monte-Carlo simulations indicate that, in the continuum limit, current conservation obtains in a weak-coupling phase, in which monopole and anti-monopoles form bound states that disappear upon coarse-graining; but the anomaly persists in a strong-coupling phase, in which the above-mentioned bound states dissociate into a plasma. In the plasma phase rotational invariance will be broken in the presence of a “Hopf term” in the action.

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Rajantie, Arttu. "Monopole–antimonopole pair production by magnetic fields". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 377, nr 2161 (11.11.2019): 20190333. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2019.0333.

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Quantum electrodynamics predicts that in a strong electric field, electron–positron pairs are produced by the Schwinger process, which can be interpreted as quantum tunnelling through the Coulomb potential barrier. If magnetic monopoles exist, monopole–antimonopole pairs would be similarly produced in strong magnetic fields by the electromagnetic dual of this process. The production rate can be computed using semiclassical techniques without relying on perturbation theory, and therefore it can be done reliably in spite of the monopoles' strong coupling to the electromagnetic field. This article explains this phenomenon and discusses the bounds on monopole masses arising from the strongest magnetic fields in the universe, which are in neutron stars known as magnetars and in heavy ion collision experiments such as lead–lead collisions carried out in November 2018 in the large Hadron collider at CERN. It will also discuss open theoretical questions affecting the calculation. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘Topological avatars of new physics’.

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NITTA, MUNETO. "KNOTTED INSTANTONS FROM ANNIHILATIONS OF MONOPOLE–INSTANTON COMPLEX". International Journal of Modern Physics A 28, nr 32 (30.12.2013): 1350172. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x13501728.

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Monopoles and instantons are sheets (membranes) and strings in d = 5+1 dimension, respectively, and instanton strings can terminate on monopole sheets. We consider a pair of monopole and antimonopole sheets which is unstable to decay and results in a creation of closed instanton strings. We show that when an instanton string is stretched between the monopole sheets, there remains a new topological soliton of codimension five after the pair annihilation, i.e. a twisted closed instanton string or a knotted instanton.

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Hachi, Asmae, Lebbar Hassan i Mohamed Himdi. "Grating Lobes Reduction in an Array Antenna Using Curved Disc Monopoles". ELEKTRIKA- Journal of Electrical Engineering 21, nr 2 (25.08.2022): 19–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.11113/elektrika.v21n2.360.

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This paper shows the study of an array antenna with curved disc monopoles whose average spacing between elements is greater than a wavelength l0. The proposed antenna is a linear array, consisting of four equally spaced curved disc monopoles excited by a corporate feed (T-junction power divider). The single element is characterized by a directional radiation pattern in the H plane. Compared to an isotropic monopole antenna array, the proposed array reduces the grating lobes to more than -15dB. As a result, the gain will be increased. The array antenna is fabricated and measured for its impedance and radiation characteristics. The results of the simulation and measurement are in good agreement.

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