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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat „Monopole”

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Autor: Grafiati

Data publikacji: 4 czerwca 2021

Data aktualizacji: 9 marca 2023

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1

Iwazaki, Aiichi. "QCD monopole and sigma meson coupling". International Journal of Modern Physics A 32, nr 18 (28.06.2017): 1750109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x17501093.

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Under the assumption of the Abelian dominance in QCD, we show that chiral condensate is locally present around a QCD monopole. The appearance of the chiral condensate around a GUT monopole was shown in the previous analysis of the Rubakov effect. We apply a similar analysis to the QCD monopole. It follows that the condensation of the monopole carrying the chiral condensate leads to the chiral symmetry breaking as well as quark confinement. To realize the result explicitly, we present a phenomenological linear sigma model coupled with the monopoles, in which the monopole condensation causes the chiral symmetry breaking as well as confinement. The monopoles are assumed to be described by a model of dual superconductor. Because the monopoles couple with mesons, we point out the presence of an observable color singlet monopole coupled with the mesons.

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2

MATHESON, A. M., i D. M. UPTON. "MONOPOLE ACCRETION BY COSMIC STRINGS". Modern Physics Letters A 05, nr 17 (20.07.1990): 1313–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732390001499.

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We study the accretion of super-heavy magnetic monopoles around cosmic string loops in the very early universe. For sufficiently massive monopoles, a possible result of this accretion process is the formation of monopole-black holes, leading ultimately to a monopole-to-photon ratio comparable to the limits required by neutron star observations.

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3

Pollmann, Anna. "Searches for magnetic monopoles with IceCube". EPJ Web of Conferences 168 (2018): 04010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201816804010.

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Particles that carry a magnetic monopole charge are proposed by various theories which go beyond the Standard Model of particle physics. The expected mass of magnetic monopoles varies depending on the theory describing its origin, generally the monopole mass far exceeds those which can be created at accelerators. Magnetic monopoles gain kinetic energy in large scale galactic magnetic fields and, depending on their mass, can obtain relativistic velocities. IceCube is a high energy neutrino detector using the clear ice at the South Pole as a detection medium. As monopoles pass through this ice they produce optical light by a variety of mechanisms. With increasing velocity, they produce light by catalysis of baryon decay, luminescence in the ice associated with electronic excitations, indirect and direct Cherenkov light from the monopole track, and Cherenkov light from cascades induced by pair creation and photonuclear reactions. By searching for this light, current best limits for the monopole flux over a broad range of velocities was achieved using the IceCube detector. A review of these magnetic monopole searches is presented.

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4

YU. IGNATIEV, A., i G. C. JOSHI. "ELECTRON–POSITRON ANNIHILATION INTO DIRAC MAGNETIC MONOPOLE AND ANTIMONOPOLE: THE STRING AMBIGUITY AND THE DISCRETE SYMMETRIES". Modern Physics Letters A 13, nr 28 (14.09.1998): 2295–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732398002448.

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We address the problem of string arbitrariness in the quantum field theory of Dirac magnetic monopoles. Different prescriptions are shown to yield different physical results. The constraints due to the discrete symmetries (C and P) are derived for the process of electron–positron annihilation into the monopole–antimonopole pair. In the case of the annihilation through the one-photon channel, the production of spin-0 monopoles is absolutely forbidden; spin-1/2 monopole and antimonopole should have the same helicities (or, equivalently, the monopole–antimonopole state should be p-wave 1P1).

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5

TEH, ROSY, BAN-LOONG NG i KHAI-MING WONG. "CHO DECOMPOSITION OF ONE-HALF INTEGER MONOPOLES SOLUTIONS". International Journal of Modern Physics A 28, nr 30 (4.12.2013): 1350144. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x13501443.

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We performed the Cho decomposition of the SU(2) Yang–Mills–Higgs gauge potentials of the finite energy (1) one-half monopole solution and (2) the one and a half monopoles solution into Abelian and non-Abelian components. We found that the semi-infinite string singularity in the gauge potentials is a contribution from the Higgs field of the one-half monopole in both of the solutions. The non-Abelian components of the gauge potentials are able to remove the point singularity of the Abelian components of the 't Hooft–Polyakov monopole but not the string singularity of the one-half monopole which is topological in nature. Hence the total energy of a one monopole is infinite in the Maxwell electromagnetic theory but the total energy of a one-half monopole is finite. By analyzing the magnetic fields and the gauge covariant derivatives of the Higgs field, we are able to conclude that both the one-half integer monopoles solutions are indeed non-BPS even in the limit of vanishing Higgs self-coupling constant.

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6

KLEIHAUS, B., J. KUNZ i D. H. TCHRAKIAN. "INTERACTION ENERGY OF 't HOOFT–POLYAKOV MONOPOLES". Modern Physics Letters A 13, nr 31 (10.10.1998): 2523–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732398002680.

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The dependence of the energies of axially symmetric monopoles of magnetic charges 2 and 3, on the Higgs self-interaction coupling constant, is studied numerically. Comparing the energy per unit topological charge of the charge-2 monopole with the energy of the spherically symmetric charge-1 monopole, we confirm that there is only one repulsive phase in the interaction energy between like monopoles.

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7

Jeong, Eue Jin, i Dennis Edmondson. "Measurement of the Magnetic Monopole Charge, the Missing Link in Quantum Mechanics, Aether and the Dark Energy". International Journal of Fundamental Physical Sciences 12, nr 2 (czerwiec 2022): 19–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.14331/ijfps.2022.330152.

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Charge conservation in the theory of elementary particle physics is one of the best-established principles ‎in physics. As such, if ‎there are magnetic monopoles in the universe, the magnetic charge will most likely be a ‎conserved quantity like electric ‎charges. If neutrinos are magnetic monopoles, as physicists have reported ‎the possibility, the Earth should show signs of ‎having a magnetic monopole charge on a macroscopic scale ‎since neutrons must also have a magnetic monopole charge if ‎the general charge conservation principle is valid. ‎To test this hypothesis, experiments were performed to detect the collective ‎effect of the magnetic monopole ‎charge of neutrons on the earth's equator using two balanced high-strength neodymium rod ‎magnets. We ‎were able to identify the non-zero magnetic monopole charge of the individual neutrons from the experiments. ‎‎The presence of individual magnetic monopole charges in the universe prompted the proposition of the new ‎symmetric form ‎of Maxwell's equations. Based on the theoretical investigation of the new Maxwell's ‎equations, we conclude that magnetic ‎monopole neutrinos are the cause of the origin of quantum ‎mechanical uncertainty, dark energy, and the medium for ‎electromagnetic wave propagation in space.‎‎

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8

Antoshkin, Alexander, i Martin Frank. "Slow magnetic monopoles search in NOvA". EPJ Web of Conferences 177 (2018): 04002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201817704002.

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The NOvA far detector is well suited for finding exotic particles due to its technical features (see [1]). One type of those exotic particles is a "slow" magnetic monopole. It is assumed that the energy deposition of such monopoles should be enough to be registered (see [2]). Measurement of the expected signals was performed on the NOvA test bench at JINR (see [3]). Result of this measurement allows us to perform slow monopole's research using NOvA software and hardware with high efficiency. As a whole, the research can lead to a discovery, or it can limit the existence of monopoles in a wide range of parameters, previously unreachable in other experiments (MACRO, SLIM, RICE, IceCube). Several special software tools have been developed. Slow Monopole Trigger has been created and implemented in the NOvA Data-Driven-Trigger system. Also, an online reconstruction algorithm has been developed and tested on 5% of the data. A technical description of these tools and current results of the analysis are presented in this work.

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9

Weisbrich, H., M. Bestler i W. Belzig. "Tensor Monopoles in superconducting systems". Quantum 5 (7.12.2021): 601. http://dx.doi.org/10.22331/q-2021-12-07-601.

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Topology in general but also topological objects such as monopoles are a central concept in physics. They are prime examples for the intriguing physics of gauge theories and topological states of matter. Vector monopoles are already frequently discussed such as the well-established Dirac monopole in three dimensions. Less known are tensor monopoles giving rise to tensor gauge fields. Here we report that tensor monopoles can potentially be realized in superconducting multi-terminal systems using the phase differences between superconductors as synthetic dimensions. In a first proposal we suggest a circuit of superconducting islands featuring charge states to realize a tensor monopole. As a second example we propose a triple dot system coupled to multiple superconductors that also gives rise to such a topological structure. All proposals can be implemented with current experimental means and the monopole readily be detected by measuring the quantum geometry.

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10

Rajput, B. S., i Sandeep Kumar. "Superconductivity due to Condensation of Monopoles around RCD Strings in SU(2) Gauge Theory". Advances in High Energy Physics 2010 (2010): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/768054.

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The study of the condensation of monopoles and the resulting chromomagnetic superconductivity have been undertaken in restricted chromodynamics of SU(2) gauge theory. Constructing the RCD Lagrangian and the partition function for monopoles in terms of string action and the action of the current around the strings, the monopole current in RCD chromo magnetic superconductor has been derived and it has shown that in London' limit the penetration length governs the monopole density around RCD string in chromo magnetic superconductors while with finite (nonzero) coherence length the leading behavior of the monopole density at large distances from the string is controlled by the coherence length and not by the penetration length.

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11

Vento, Vicente. "Ions, Protons, and Photons as Signatures of Monopoles". Universe 4, nr 11 (7.11.2018): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/universe4110117.

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Magnetic monopoles have been a subject of interest since Dirac established the relationship between the existence of monopoles and charge quantization. The Dirac quantization condition bestows the monopole with a huge magnetic charge. The aim of this study was to determine whether this huge magnetic charge allows monopoles to be detected by the scattering of charged ions and protons on matter where they might be bound. We also analyze if this charge favors monopolium (monopole–antimonopole) annihilation into many photons over two photon decays.

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12

Tripathi, Buddhi Vallabh, Hemwati Nandan i K. D. Purohit. "Global monopole in a broken-symmetric theory of gravitation". Modern Physics Letters A 32, nr 13 (25.04.2017): 1750061. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732317500614.

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We investigate global monopole solutions in a particular kind of scalar–tensor theory of gravity, viz. the broken-symmetric theory of gravity. Invoking the “hedgehog” ansatz for the scalar field, we derive the metric corresponding to global monopole solutions. The global monopole solutions found are independent of the scale of symmetry breaking unlike the Barriola–Vilenkin global monopoles in Einstein’s General Relativity (GR) which intrinsically depend on the symmetry breaking scale.

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13

Mavromatos, Nick E., i Vasiliki A. Mitsou. "Magnetic monopoles revisited: Models and searches at colliders and in the Cosmos". International Journal of Modern Physics A 35, nr 23 (20.08.2020): 2030012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x20300124.

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In this review, we discuss recent developments in both the theory and the experimental searches of magnetic monopoles in past, current and future colliders and in the Cosmos. The theoretical models include, apart from the standard Grand Unified Theories, extensions of the Standard Model that admit magnetic monopole solutions with finite energy and masses that can be as light as a few TeV. Specifically, we discuss, among other scenarios, modified Cho–Maison monopoles and magnetic monopoles in (string-inspired, higher derivative) Born–Infeld extensions of the hypercharge sector of the Standard Model. We also outline the conditions for which effective field theories describing the interaction of monopoles with photons are valid and can be used for result interpretation in monopole production at colliders. The experimental part of the review focuses on, past and present, cosmic and collider searches, including the latest bounds on monopole masses and magnetic charges by the ATLAS and MoEDAL experiments at the LHC, as well as prospects for future searches.

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14

OVRUT, BURT A., i STEVEN THOMAS. "VORTICES AND MONOPOLES ON A SPHERE". Modern Physics Letters A 05, nr 28 (10.11.1990): 2351–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732390002705.

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The theory of a vortex-monopole Coulomb gas on a two-dimensional sphere is presented. We discuss the structure of Kosterlitz-Thouless phase transitions, construct the effective Lagrangian induced by vortices and monopoles, and exhibit a generalized form of vortex-monopole duality.

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15

BOZKAYA, H., M. FABER, P. KOPPENSTEINER i M. PITSCHMANN. "ARE THERE LOCAL MINIMA IN THE MAGNETIC MONOPOLE POTENTIAL IN COMPACT QED?" International Journal of Modern Physics A 19, nr 29 (20.11.2004): 5017–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x0402004x.

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We investigate the influence of the granularity of the lattice on the potential between monopoles. Using the flux definition of monopoles we introduce their centers of mass and are able to realize continuous shifts of the monopole positions. We find periodic deviations from the 1/r-behavior of the monopole-antimonopole potential leading to local extrema. We suppose that these meta-stabilities may influence the order of the phase transition in compact QED.

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16

KUROCHKIN, YU, I. SATSUNKEVICH, DZ SHOUKAVY, N. RUSAKOVICH i YU KULCHITSKY. "ON PRODUCTION OF MAGNETIC MONOPOLES VIA γγ FUSION AT HIGH ENERGY pp COLLISIONS". Modern Physics Letters A 21, nr 38 (14.12.2006): 2873–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732306022237.

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We consider the production of magnetic monopoles via γγ fusion at high energy pp collisions. In the assumption that the monopole spin is equal 0, 1/2, 1, the monopole–antimonopole pair production cross-section by this mechanism at LHC energies is estimated and analyzed.

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17

Bramwell, Steven T. "Generalized longitudinal susceptibility for magnetic monopoles in spin ice". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 370, nr 1981 (28.12.2012): 5738–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2011.0596.

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The generalized longitudinal susceptibility χ (q, ω ) affords a sensitive measure of the spatial and temporal correlations of magnetic monopoles in spin ice. Starting with the monopole model, a mean field expression for χ (q, ω ) is derived as well as expressions for the mean square longitudinal field and induction at a point. Monopole motion is shown to be strongly correlated, and both spatial and temporal correlations are controlled by the dimensionless monopole density x which defines the ratio of the magnetization relaxation rate and the monopole hop rate. Thermal effects and spin-lattice relaxation are also considered. The derived equations are applicable in the temperature range where the Wien effect for magnetic monopoles is negligible. They are discussed in the context of existing theories of spin ice and the following experimental techniques: DC and AC magnetization, neutron scattering, neutron spin echo and longitudinal and transverse field μ SR. The monopole theory is found to unify diverse experimental results, but several discrepancies between theory and experiment are identified. One of these, concerning the neutron scattering line shape, is explained by means of a phenomenological modification to the theory.

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18

NITTA, MUNETO. "KNOTTED INSTANTONS FROM ANNIHILATIONS OF MONOPOLE–INSTANTON COMPLEX". International Journal of Modern Physics A 28, nr 32 (30.12.2013): 1350172. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x13501728.

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Monopoles and instantons are sheets (membranes) and strings in d = 5+1 dimension, respectively, and instanton strings can terminate on monopole sheets. We consider a pair of monopole and antimonopole sheets which is unstable to decay and results in a creation of closed instanton strings. We show that when an instanton string is stretched between the monopole sheets, there remains a new topological soliton of codimension five after the pair annihilation, i.e. a twisted closed instanton string or a knotted instanton.

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19

Cho, Y. M. "Cosmological Implications of Electroweak Monopole". EPJ Web of Conferences 168 (2018): 01002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201816801002.

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In this talk we review the basic features of the electroweak monopole, and estimate the remnant electroweak monopole density of the standard model in the present universe. We show that, although the electroweak phase transition is of the first order, the monopole production comes from the thermal fluctuations of the Higgs field after the phase transition, not the vacuum bubble collisions during the phase transition. Moreover, most of the monopoles produced initially are annihilated as soon as created, and this annihilation continues very long time, longer than the muon pair annihilation time. As the result the remnant monopole density at present universe becomes very small, of 10-11 of the critical density, too small to be the dark matter. We discuss the physical implications of our results on the ongoing monopole detection experiments.

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20

GABADADZE, GREGORY, i ZURAB KAKUSHADZE. "ZERO-BRANE MATRIX MECHANICS, MONOPOLES AND MEMBRANE APPROACH IN QCD". Modern Physics Letters A 15, nr 04 (10.02.2000): 293–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732300000281.

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We conjecture that a T-dual form of pure QCD describes dynamics of point-like monopoles. T-duality transforms the QCD Lagrangian into a matrix quantum mechanics of zero-branes which we identify with monopoles. At generic points of the monopole moduli space, the SU (N) gauge group is broken down to U (1)N-1 reproducing the key feature of 't Hooft's Abelian projection. There are certain points in the moduli space where monopole positions coincide, gauge symmetry is enhanced and gluons emerge as massless excitations. We show that there is a linearly rising potential between zero-branes. This indicates the presence of a stretched flux tube between monopoles. The lowest energy state is achieved when monopoles are sitting on top of each other and gauge symmetry is enhanced. In this case they behave as free massive particles and can be condensed. In fact, we find a constant eigenfunction of the corresponding Hamiltonian which describes condensation of monopoles. Using the monopole quantum mechanics, we argue that large-N QCD in this T-dual picture is a theory of a closed bosonic membrane propagating in five-dimensional space–time. QCD point-like monopoles can be regarded in this approach as constituents of the membrane.

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21

Suganuma, H., S. Umisedo, S. Sasaki, H. Toki i O. Miyamura. "Monopole Dominance for Nonperturbative QCD". Australian Journal of Physics 50, nr 1 (1997): 233. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/p96045.

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Monopole dominance for the nonperturbative features in QCD is studied both in the continuum and the lattice gauge theories. First, we study the dynamical chiral-symmetry breaking (DχSB) in the dual Higgs theory using the effective potential formalism. We find that the main driving force for DχSB is brought from the confinement part in the nonperturbative gluon propagator rather than the short-range part, which means monopole dominance for DχSB. Second, the correlation between instantons and QCD–monopoles is studied. In the Polyakov-like gauge, where A4(x) is diagonalized, the QCD–monopole trajectory penetrates the centre of each instanton, and becomes complicated in the multi-instanton system. Finally, using the SU(2) lattice gauge theory with 164 and 163 × 4, the instanton number is measured in the singular (monopole-dominating) and regular (photon-dominating) sectors, respectively. Instantons and anti-instantons only exist in the monopole sector both in the maximally abelian gauge and in the Polyakov gauge, which means monopole dominance for the topological charge.

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22

Ray, K. P. "Design Aspects of Printed Monopole Antennas for Ultra-Wide Band Applications". International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2008 (2008): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2008/713858.

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This paper presents the design equations for lower band-edge frequency for all the regular shapes of printed monopole antennas with various feed positions. The length of the feed transmission line is a critical design parameter of these monopole antennas. Design curves for the length of the feed transmission line for various lower band-edge frequencies for all these regular shaped monopoles have been generated. A systematic study has been presented to explain the ultra-wide bandwidth obtained from these antennas with an example of elliptical monopole antenna.

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23

HÖLLWIESER, ROMAN, i MANFRIED FABER. "DISTRIBUTION OF MAGNETIC MONOPOLES WITHIN CUBES IN COMPACT QED". International Journal of Modern Physics A 25, nr 09 (10.04.2010): 1853–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x10048147.

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Earlier investigations [Int. J. Mod. Phys. A19, 5017 (2004)] showed local minima in the monopole–antimonopole potential in U(1) gauge theory on the lattice. In this paper we localize monopoles of Monte Carlo configurations. A statistical analysis of localization measurements gives us the probability density which we compare with the potential found in Ref. 1. We find the monopoles mainly located either in the center of three-dimensional cubes or on the interface between two cubes. This agrees with the position of minima and maxima of the monopole–antimonopole potential.

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24

Cho, Y. M. "Cosmological Implication of Electroweak Monopole". EPJ Web of Conferences 182 (2018): 02030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201818202030.

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We estimate the remnant electroweak monopole density of the standard model in the present universe. We show that, although the electroweak phase transition is of the first order, the monopole production comes from the thermal fluctuations of the Higgs field after the phase transition, not the vacuum bubble collisions during the phase transition. Moreover, most of the monopoles produced initially are annihilated as soon as created, and this annihilation continues very long time, longer than the muon pair annihilation time. As the result the remnant monopole density at present universe becomes very small, of 10-11 of the critical density, too small to be the dark matter. We discuss the physical implications of our results on the ongoing monopole detection experiments.

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25

Lochak, Georges. "The Equation of a Light Leptonic Magnetic Monopole and its Experimental Aspects". Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A 62, nr 5-6 (1.06.2007): 231–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zna-2007-5-602.

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The present theory is closely related to Dirac’s equation of the electron, but not to his magnetic monopole theory, except for his relation between electric and magnetic charge. The theory is based on the fact, that the massless Dirac equation admits a second electromagnetic coupling, deduced from a pseudo-scalar gauge invariance. The equation thus obtained has the symmetry laws of a massless leptonic, magnetic monopole, able to interact weakly. We give a more precise form of the Dirac relation between electric and magnetic charges and a quantum form of the Poincar´e first integral. In the Weyl representation our equation splits into P-conjugated monopole and antimonopole equations with the correct electromagnetic coupling and opposite chiralities, predicted by P. Curie. Charge-conjugated monopoles are symmetric in space and not in time (contrary to the electric particles), an important fact for the vacuum polarization. Our monopoles are magnetically excited neutrinos, which leads to experimental consequences. These monopoles are assumed to be produced by electromagnetic pulses or arcs, leading to nuclear transmutations and, for beta radioactive elements, a shortening of the life time and the emission of monopoles instead of neutrinos in a magnetic field. A corresponding discussion is given.

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26

KLEINERT, H. "THE EXTRA GAUGE SYMMETRY OF STRING DEFORMATIONS IN ELECTROMAGNETISM WITH CHARGES AND DIRAC MONOPOLES". International Journal of Modern Physics A 07, nr 19 (30.07.1992): 4693–705. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x9200212x.

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We point out that electromagnetism with Dirac magnetic monopoles harbors an extra local gauge invariance called monopole gauge invariance. The gauge transformations act on a gauge field of monopoles [Formula: see text] and are independent of the ordinary electromagnetic gauge invariance. The extra invariance expresses the physical irrelevance of the shape of the Dirac strings attached to the monopoles. The independent nature of the new gauge symmetry is illustrated by comparison with two other systems, superfluids and solids, which are not gauge-invariant from the outset but which nevertheless possess a precise analog of the monopole gauge invariance in their vortex and defect structure, respectively. The extra monopole gauge invariance is shown to be responsible for the Dirac charge quantization condition 2eg/ħc=integer, which can now be proved for any fixed particle orbits, i.e. without invoking fluctuating orbits which would correspond to the standard derivation using Schrödinger wave functions. The only place where quantum physics enters in our theory is by admitting the action to jump by 2πħ×integer without physical consequences when moving the string at fixed particle orbits.

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27

Chen, Xiaodong, Jianxin Liang, Pengcheng Li i Choo C. Chiau. "UWB Electric and Magnetic Monopole Antennas". African Journal of Information & Communication Technology 2, nr 1 (28.02.2006): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5130/ajict.v2i1.6.

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This paper summarizes our recent advances in antenna designs for ultra wideband (UWB) applications. Two types of monopoles are studied and developed in our research group. The first type belongs to the electric monopole with a circular disc fed by three different feeding structures. The second type is the magnetic monopole with an elliptical slot. The performances of these two types of antennas are evaluated in both frequency and time domains. The important design parameters for achieving optimal operations are also analyzed. It is shown that both electric and magnetic monopoles can provide ultra wide bandwidth with nearly omni-directional radiation patterns over the entire frequency band. In addition, the impulse responses of the selected antennas are shown to correspond well to the frequency domain characteristics.

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28

Yablon, Jay R. "QCD Theory of the Hadrons and Filling the Yang–Mills Mass Gap". Symmetry 12, nr 11 (16.11.2020): 1887. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym12111887.

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The rank-3 antisymmetric tensors which are the magnetic monopoles of SU(N) Yang–Mills gauge theory dynamics, unlike their counterparts in Maxwell’s U(1) electrodynamics, are non-vanishing, and do permit a net flux of Yang–Mills analogs to the magnetic field through closed spatial surfaces. When electric source currents of the same Yang–Mills dynamics are inverted and their fermions inserted into these Yang–Mills monopoles to create a system, this system in its unperturbed state contains exactly three fermions due to the monopole rank-3 and its three additive field strength gradient terms in covariant form. So to ensure that every fermion in this system occupies an exclusive quantum state, the Exclusion Principle is used to place each of the three fermions into the fundamental representation of the simple gauge group with an SU(3) symmetry. After the symmetry of the monopole is broken to make this system indivisible, the gauge bosons inside the monopole become massless, the SU(3) color symmetry of the fermions becomes exact, and a propagator is established for each fermion. The monopoles then have the same antisymmetric color singlet wavefunction as a baryon, and the field quanta of the magnetic fields fluxing through the monopole surface have the same symmetric color singlet wavefunction as a meson. Consequently, we are able to identify these fermions with colored quarks, the gauge bosons with gluons, the magnetic monopoles with baryons, and the fluxing entities with mesons, while establishing that the quarks and gluons remain confined and identifying the symmetry breaking with hadronization. Analytic tools developed along the way are then used to fill the Yang–Mills mass gap.

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29

Wang, Quanxin, Zhongxiang Shen i Erping Li. "Modal-Expansion Analysis of Multiple Monopole Antennas". International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2007 (2007): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2007/76930.

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The modal-expansion method is employed to analyze an array of multiple monopole antennas. A perfectly conducting plate is introduced at the top of the monopole array to facilitate the modal-expansion analysis. Expansion coefficients in the field expressions are found by enforcing continuity conditions of the tangential field components across the regional surfaces. Cylindrical function's addition theorem is employed to realize the transformation of field expressions in different coordinate systems. Numerical results for theS-parameters of a two-monopole antenna are presented and they are in good agreement with experimental ones. Also examined is the effect of the distance between two monopoles on the antenna's mutual coupling and radiation pattern. A four-monopole antenna is studied for its beam-steering capability and simulated results for its radiation properties are compared with those obtained by high frequency structure simulator (HFSS).

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30

Su, Saou-Wen, Peng-Hao Juan i Fa-Shian Chang. "Conjoined, Two-Monopole Antenna Pair with Decoupling Inductor for Wi-Fi 6E Notebook Applications". International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2022 (5.09.2022): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/4553924.

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A low-profile, conjoined and yet decoupled two-monopole design for Wi-Fi 6E notebook applications is presented. The single monopole antenna has a small size of 4 mm × 18.7 mm. The antenna is composed of a two-branched monopole with two shorting inductors for producing the 5 GHz (5150–5825 MHz) and 6 GHz (5925–7125 MHz) bands, and an inductor loaded at one branch end and connecting to a tuning portion for 2.4 GHz (2400–2484 MHz) operation. Two symmetrical monopoles are further conjoined by a chip inductor that connects the open ends of the tuning portions, forming a compact footprint of 4 mm × 38.4 mm for the two-notebook antenna design. With the use of the decoupling inductor and a proper two-monopole arrangement, acceptable isolation and a low envelop correlation coefficient (ECC) can be attained.

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31

Yeliseyeva, N., S. Berdnik i V. Katrich. "Directional radiation properties of two impedance monopoles mounted on a perfectly conducting rectangular screen". RADIOFIZIKA I ELEKTRONIKA 26, nr 2 (2021): 54–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/rej2021.02.054.

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Subject and Purpose. Two impedance resonant monopoles of electric length 0.2 £ l / l £ 0.3 are mounted on a rectangular screen perpendicularly to the screen surface and studied for the directional radiation properties (directive gain and radiation patterns) depending on the monopole separation and the side length and aspect ratio of the screen. Methods and Methodology. A three-dimensional diffraction vector problem of two impedance monopoles mounted on a perfectly conducting rectangular screen is solved in terms of the uniform geometric theory of diffraction. Allowances are made for the diffracted field asymptotics of the secondary diffraction at the screen edges and for the electric current distribution asymptotics of a thin impedance dipole in the free space. Results. For a lattice of two impedance monopoles mounted on a rectangular screen, 3-D programs have been developed for calculating its radiation patterns, directive gain Dmax at a radiation maximum, and radiation resistance in view of the secondary diffraction at the screen edges. The radiation pattern shaping for the diffraction and total fields and the directive gain Dmax have been analyzed depending on the monopole separation x / l  0.1...1, the screen side length x / l  1.2…4, and the screen aspect ratio W / L  0.5…3. It has been shown that the so obtained optimum separation x opt  0.65, optimum length Lopt and optimum ratio (W / L) opt make Dopt three times greater than the lowest Dmax value. Conclusions. The three-dimensional vector problem of field diffraction of two impedance monopoles mounted on an ideally conducting rectangular screen has been solved. It is of interest that given an optimum monopole separation xopt and an optimum side length Lopt of the square screen, a lattice of two monopoles offers a greater radiation resistance and a two times larger Dopt than a single monopole on the same screen does. The developed computational programs and the obtained numerical results enable efficient actual wireless communication systems to be modelled for both ideally conducting and impedance resonant monopoles.

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32

Sarkar, Sarben. "Magnetic Global Monopoles from Torsion". EPJ Web of Conferences 182 (2018): 02110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201818202110.

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In the search of avatars of new physics, we present a new classical solution for electromagnetic monopoles induced by global gravitational monopoles in the presence of a four-dimensional Kalb-Ramond axion field. The torsion induces the magnetic charge of the monopole.

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33

SMALL, A. J. "OSCULATION AND SINGULARITY OF CHARGE 2 (COMPLEXIFIED) BPS MONOPOLES". International Journal of Mathematics 11, nr 07 (wrzesień 2000): 943–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129167x00000453.

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Hurtubise showed that the singular locus of the complexification of a BPS monopole intersects the degeneracy locus of the complex Higgs field in a null curve [Formula: see text] has a dual [Formula: see text]: by adapting a criterion of Hitchin it is shown that for a generic charge 2 monopole, [Formula: see text], the monopole's spectral curve.

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34

HORVÁTHY, P. A., L. O’RAIFEARTAIGH i J. H. RAWNSLEY. "MONOPOLE-CHARGE INSTABILITY". International Journal of Modern Physics A 03, nr 03 (marzec 1988): 665–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x88000291.

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For monopoles with nonvanishing Higgs potential it is shown that with respect to “Brandt-Neri-Coleman type” variations (a) the stability problem reduces to that of a pure gauge theory on the 2-sphere (b) each topological sector admits one, and only one, stable monopole charge, and (c) each nonstable monopole admits 2∑2|q|−1 negative modes where the sum goes over all negative eigenvalues q of the non-Abelian charge Q. An explicit construction for (i) the unique stable charge (ii) the negative modes and (iii) the spectrum of the Hessian, on the 2-sphere, is then given. The relation to loops in the residual group is explained. The negative modes are tangent to suitable energy-reducing two-spheres. The general theory is illustrated for the little groups U (2), U (3), SU (3)/ℤ3 and O (5).

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35

KHVIENGIA, Z., i V. F. TOKAREV. "CIRCUMSTANCES OF FERMION FRACTIONIZATION IN HIGH DENSITY FERMI GAS". Modern Physics Letters A 07, nr 23 (30.07.1992): 2143–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732392001889.

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We consider a (3 + 1)-dimensional SU(2)-gauge theory which is known to possess the fractional fermions. These are the monopoles. We compute the fermion number of a monopole in the dense Fermi gas and find the conditions under which fermions decay into the monopoles.

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36

Freund, Peter G. O. "Dirac monopoles and the Seiberg–Witten monopole equations". Journal of Mathematical Physics 36, nr 6 (czerwiec 1995): 2673–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.531058.

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37

Copeland, E., D. Haws, T. W. Kibble, D. Mitchell i N. Turok. "Monopoles connected by strings and the monopole problem". Nuclear Physics B 298, nr 3 (marzec 1988): 445–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0550-3213(88)90350-1.

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38

Moriyama, Sanefumi. "Noncommutative monopole from nonlinear monopole". Physics Letters B 485, nr 1-3 (lipiec 2000): 278–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0370-2693(00)00692-4.

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39

Rajantie, Arttu. "Monopole–antimonopole pair production by magnetic fields". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 377, nr 2161 (11.11.2019): 20190333. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2019.0333.

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Quantum electrodynamics predicts that in a strong electric field, electron–positron pairs are produced by the Schwinger process, which can be interpreted as quantum tunnelling through the Coulomb potential barrier. If magnetic monopoles exist, monopole–antimonopole pairs would be similarly produced in strong magnetic fields by the electromagnetic dual of this process. The production rate can be computed using semiclassical techniques without relying on perturbation theory, and therefore it can be done reliably in spite of the monopoles' strong coupling to the electromagnetic field. This article explains this phenomenon and discusses the bounds on monopole masses arising from the strongest magnetic fields in the universe, which are in neutron stars known as magnetars and in heavy ion collision experiments such as lead–lead collisions carried out in November 2018 in the large Hadron collider at CERN. It will also discuss open theoretical questions affecting the calculation. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘Topological avatars of new physics’.

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40

ADAMENKO, S. V., i V. I. VYSOTSKII. "SURFACE CHANNELING OF MAGNETIC-CHARGED PARTICLES ON MULTILAYER SURFACE". International Journal of Modern Physics A 25, supp01 (czerwiec 2010): 118–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x10049967.

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In the work the mechanism of generation of hypothetical magneto-charged particles, which were observed in experiments on supercompression of condensed target in Electrodynamics Laboratory "Proton-21", is discussed. It was shown that these particles are most probably the hypothetical light magnetic monopoles, that were introduced by George Lochak [1] as magneto-excited state of neutrinos. Parameters of these particles (including mass of monopole and both size and binding energy of monopole-antimonopole pair) and the method of their generation in "Proton-21" Lab are discussed and calculated.

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41

Chen, Mo, Changhao Li, Giandomenico Palumbo, Yan-Qing Zhu, Nathan Goldman i Paola Cappellaro. "A synthetic monopole source of Kalb-Ramond field in diamond". Science 375, nr 6584 (4.03.2022): 1017–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.abe6437.

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Magnetic monopoles play a central role in areas of physics that range from electromagnetism to topological matter. String theory promotes conventional vector gauge fields of electrodynamics to tensor gauge fields and predicts the existence of more exotic tensor monopoles. Here, we report the synthesis of a tensor monopole in a four-dimensional parameter space defined by the spin degrees of freedom of a single solid-state defect in diamond. Using two complementary methods, we characterized the tensor monopole by measuring its quantized topological charge and its emanating Kalb-Ramond field. By introducing a fictitious external field that breaks chiral symmetry, we further observed an intriguing spectral transition, characterized by spectral rings protected by mirror symmetries. Our work demonstrates the possibility of emulating exotic topological structures inspired by string theory.

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42

Cho, Y. M. "Abelian Decomposition and Monopole Condensation in QCD". EPJ Web of Conferences 182 (2018): 02029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201818202029.

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We demonstrate the monopole condensation in QCD using the Abelian decomposition. The Abelian decomposition decomposes the gluons to the color neutral binding gluons (the neurons and the monopoles) and the colored valence gluons (the chromons), and shows that QCD can be viewed as the restricted QCD (RCD) made of the binding gluons which has the chromons as colored source. This simplifies the QCD dynamics greatly. In the perturbative regime this decomposes the gluon propagater to the neuron propagaters and the chromon propagaters, and simplifies the Feynman diagram. In the non-perturbative regime this allows us to calculate the QCD effective potential gauge independently, and demonstrate the monopole condensation unambiguously.

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43

Mielke, Eckehard W. "Magnetische Monopole in vereinheitlichten Eichtheorien". Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A 41, nr 6 (1.06.1986): 777–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zna-1986-0603.

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Although refuted for a long time as a monstrosity, today’s concepts in elementary particle physics necessitate it on theoretical grounds: The existence of isolated elementary magnetic north- or south poles. If compared with a proton, the mass of such a monopole is estimated to be gigantic; comparable to that of an amoeba. Under the impact of the empirical success of unified gauge models, the search for monopoles has been steadily enforced with the aid of new detection methods.

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44

ALI, S. A., C. CAFARO, S. CAPOZZIELLO i CH CORDA. "ABELIAN MAGNETIC MONOPOLES AND TOPOLOGICALLY MASSIVE VECTOR BOSONS IN SCALAR-TENSOR GRAVITY WITH TORSION POTENTIAL". International Journal of Modern Physics A 23, nr 26 (20.10.2008): 4315–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x08041438.

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A Lagrangian formulation describing the electromagnetic interaction — mediated by topologically massive vector bosons — between charged, spin-½ fermions with an Abelian magnetic monopole in a curved space–time with nonminimal coupling and torsion potential is presented. The covariant field equations are obtained. The issue of coexistence of massive photons and magnetic monopoles is addressed in the present framework. It is found that despite the topological nature of photon mass generation in curved space–time with isotropic dilaton field, the classical field theory describing the nonrelativistic electromagnetic interaction between a point-like electric charge and magnetic monopole is inconsistent.

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45

Serre, Solveig. "Monopole de l'art, art du monopole ?" Entreprises et histoire 53, nr 4 (2008): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/eh.053.0080.

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46

HORVÁTHY, P. A. "DYNAMICAL (SUPER)SYMMETRIES OF MONOPOLES AND VORTICES". Reviews in Mathematical Physics 18, nr 03 (kwiecień 2006): 329–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129055x06002668.

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The dynamical (super)symmetries for various monopole systems are reviewed. For a Dirac monopole, non-smooth Runge–Lenz vector can exist; there is, however, a spectrum-generating conformal o(2,1) dynamical symmetry that extends into osp(1/1) or osp(1/2) for spin 1/2 particles. Self-dual 't Hooft–Polyakov-type monopoles admit an su(2/2) dynamical supersymmetry algebra, which allows us to reduce the fluctuation equation to the spin 0 case. For large r, the system reduces to a Dirac monopole plus a suitable inverse-square potential considered before by McIntosh and Cisneros, and by Zwanziger in the spin 0 case, and to the "dyon" of D'Hoker and Vinet for spin 1/2. The asymptotic system admits a Kepler-type dynamical symmetry as well as a "helicity-supersymmetry" analogous to the one Biedenharn found in the relativistic Kepler problem. Similar results hold for the Kaluza–Klein monopole of Gross–Perry–Sorkin. For the magnetic vortex, the N = 2 supersymmetry of the Pauli Hamiltonian in a static magnetic field in the plane combines with the o(2) × o(2,1) bosonic symmetry into an o(2) × osp(1/2) dynamical superalgebra.

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47

Baumeister, K. J. "Reverberation Effects on Directionality and Response of Stationary Monopole and Dipole Sources in a Wind Tunnel". Journal of Vibration and Acoustics 108, nr 1 (1.01.1986): 82–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3269307.

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Analytical solutions for the three-dimensional inhomogeneous wave equation with flow in a hardwall rectangular wind tunnel and in the free field are presented for a stationary monopole noise source. Dipole noise sources are calculated by combining two monopoles 180 deg out of phase. Numerical calculations for the modal content, spectral response and directivity for both monopole and dipole sources are presented. In addition, the effect of tunnel alterations, such as the addition of a mounting plate, on the tunnels reverberant response are considered. In the frequency range of practical importance for the turboprop response, important features of the free field directivity can be approximated in a hardwall wind tunnel with flow if the major lobe of the noise source is not directed upstream. However, for an omnidirectional source, such as a monopole, the hardwall wind tunnel and free field response will not be comparable.

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48

Kuate, Alain, i Jean-François Essiben. "DESIGN AND SIMULATION OF A 2.4 GHz MONOPOLE ANTENNA ARRAYS WITH PARASITIC ELEMENTS FOR WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS". American Journal of Computing and Engineering 4, nr 1 (23.10.2021): 83–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.47672/ajce.825.

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Purpose: This paper presents the design and analysis of a 2.4 GHz monopole antenna arrays with parasitic elements for Wireless communications using the Finite-Element Method. Methodology: The antenna arrays are constituted of five quarter wave antenna monopoles of section ¶. The selected configuration is the side coupling on a plan of mass out of rectangular copper of form posed on a FR-4 substrate materiel with relative permittivity of 4.4 and the thickness of section ¶. Only the central monopole is fed and the others known as parasitic are in short-circuit position by an effect of mutual coupling. The so-called CST Microwave Studio simulation software is used to simulate the design antenna. Findings: It is shown that this array is directive with high gain. Recommendations: To integrate this antenna arrays into wireless telecommunication systems, future research must be based on reducing its weight and dimensions. The use of printed monopole elements based on metamaterials may be a possible path for this integration.

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49

Mitsou, Vasiliki A. "Searches for magnetic monopoles and beyond with MoEDAL at the LHC". EPJ Web of Conferences 181 (2018): 01030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201818101030.

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The MoEDAL experiment at the LHC is optimised to detect highly-ionising particles such as magnetic monopoles, dyons and (multiply) electrically-charged stable massive particles predicted in a number of theoretical scenarios. MoEDAL, deployed in the LHCb cavern, combines passive nuclear track detectors with magnetic monopole trapping volumes, while cavern backgrounds are being monitored with an array of MediPix detectors. The detector concept and its physics reach is presented with emphasis given to recent results on monopole searches providing the best limits on high magnetic charges in colliders. The potential to search for heavy, long-lived supersymmetric electrically-charged particles and multi-charged states is also discussed.

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50

SEGRE, G. C. "MASS MATRICES AND MONOPOLES IN THREE-DIMENSIONAL FLUX PHASE MODELS". Modern Physics Letters B 06, nr 25 (30.10.1992): 1569–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984992001277.

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Chiral spin states in two dimensions can be generalized to three dimensions by introducing effective monopoles to generate the background fluxes. We explore some generalizations of chiral spin states and the consequences of chiral rotations on the charges of dyons, particle-monopole bound states.

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