Artykuły w czasopismach na temat „Money management tips”

Modern people are obsessed with money, but the practice of tipping a waiter or chambermaid is a counterbalance against money’s tendency to infect human relations. People who tip infect money back, with nonmonetary values. This article provides a general history of tips investing money and monetary exchange with ideals such as status, dignity, waste, care, and play, in certain parts of the United States, c. 1880–1929. It also offers a case study of railroad red caps’ tips in the five years following passage of the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938; when tipping declined, it reduced red caps’ ability to invest their work with nonmonetary values.

Live streaming offers an unprecedented opportunity for content creators (broadcasters) to deliver their content to consumers (viewers) in real time. In a live stream, viewers may send virtual gifts (tips) to the broadcaster and engage with likes and chats free of charge. These activities reflect viewers’ underlying emotion and are likely to be affected by the broadcaster’s emotion. This article examines the role of emotion in interactive and dynamic business settings such as live streaming. To account for the possibility that broadcaster emotion, viewer emotion, and viewer activities influence each other, the authors estimate a panel vector autoregression model on data at the minute level from 1,450 live streams. The results suggest that a happier broadcaster makes the audience happier and begets intensified viewer activities, in particular tips. In addition, broadcasters reciprocate viewer engagement with more smiles. Further analyses suggest that these effects are pronounced only after a live stream has been active for a while, and they manifest only in streams by broadcasters who have more experience, receive more tips, or are more popular in past live streams. These results help platforms and broadcasters optimize marketing interventions such as broadcaster emotion enhancement in live streaming and quantify the financial returns.

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to detect how Value for Money (VfM) in Italian Project Finance (PF) investments can be enhanced and challenging criticalities minimized, with a synergistic interaction of macroeconomic, legal and institutional actions. Design/methodology/approach – Analysis of VfM quantitative key drivers, within a public-private partnership (PPP) framework with specific reference to a recession context, with infrastructural capital rationing implications. Empirical evidence is given by an Italian PF healthcare model, testing the impact of legal and macroeconomic changes. Findings – Deleverage, ignited by W-shaped recession, disinflates PPP investments, so forcing to innovative and penniless solutions. Unreliable and short-sighted legislation and consequent unfriendly business climate may frighten investors, so decreasing competition and VfM. Research limitations/implications – VfM sensitivity to macroeconomic and legal/institutional parameters is too wide and capriciously erratic to be comprehensively modeled. Tips for further research include pro-growth tax and budgetary policies, risk minimization issues and other synergistic targets. Practical implications – Guidance to regulators to fine tune legal and institutional tools, so as to create a stable, business friendly environment. Recessions may be softened by sensitive policymaking, or exacerbated by short-sighted ignorance and lack of strategic focus. Originality/value – Unprecedented analysis of legal and macroeconomic changes on VfM in Italian PF investments, with original tips for VfM optimization, in a comprehensive PPP framework.

This article looks at French television during and after the post-war period to explore the relationships that programmes systematically established between home-making in social housing, housekeeping money management and women. It sheds light on the gendered dimensions of thrift and dwelling. French 1960’s Television reflected a range of urban transformations characteristic of the period: the development of high-rise estates, social housing, shopping centers. How should people inhabit these new environnements, new structures of dwelling and new services in order to keep up with regular household expenses such as paying rent, utility bills, buying food or covering child rearing costs? Since the 19th century, women had generally managed household budgets as part of the everyday domestic cultures. These heavy financial responsibilities were relayed by televised documentaries prompting questions about the types of in/appropriate activities and attitudes, knowledges and expertises shown on mainstream TV at the time. Television was constantly problematizing working-class subjectivities through women’s voice. On the one hand, television reports showed women always counting the money and thrifting in order to control the household comsumption and to avoid debts. In the documentaries I analyse, the women describe in detail their economic problems and moral economies they are conditioned to operate within. On the other hand, TV programmes were replete with the specialist home economics tips that were meant to spread normative representations of dwelling in order to educate housewives. Women’s activities are tied to the welfare state which is revealed in all its complexity, controlling with one hand the rationalisation of domestic budgets and practices, and, with the other, improving living conditions and protecting individuals against vulnerabilities.

The success of any business starts with how well you are able to manage yourself. Some useful tips for self management. Before you have even started your business, start developing a leadership vision. The responsibility for the growth you wish to achieve in your businesses, squarely lies on your shoulder. The benefit that is likely to accrue by implementing the decision and come out a winner. When you start a business, failure can be an important part of learning and growing. Unnecessary meetings, interruptions and inefficiency may sap you of your energy, leaving a little for the important aspects of business. Create an environment where people have the opportunity to increase their skills and are rewarded for doing so that. To be succeeding in business today, you have need of to be flexible and have good planning and organizational skills. Many people start a business thinking that they turn on their are computers or open the doors and start making money, One and only to find that making money in a business is much more difficult than they are thinking. You can continue away from this in your business ventures by taking your time and planning out all the necessary stepladder you need to achieve success. Anything type of business you want to start, using the following nine strategy can help you be successful in your project.

Tipping is now a common thing for Indonesians, especially in the hospitality sector. In order to maintain the quality provided to remain good, adequate quality of human resources is needed. For employees who are seen to have provided satisfactory service, one form of consumer appreciation is to provide bonuses in the form of tips.This research is to see how employees perceive the tipping culture, which involves front office department employees and 4 consumers at 3-star hotels in East Surabaya. This study uses a descriptive approach with interviews as a data collection technique. Each hotel selected 3 employees and 2 consumers who represent the research subjects. The results showed that there were 2 tip distribution systems, namely no tip distribution (individual) and the same tip distribution (collective). However, the sharing of tips (individual) system often creates conflicts in its application, so it needs special attention from the hotel management. For employees who receive, Tips can increase motivation, rewards (personal achievements), volunteer money from guests, and additional salary for savings. Also that the tip is an appreciation of the attitude of employees who are polite, friendly, and responsive in dealing with consumer complaints staying at the hotelPemberian tip saat ini sudah merupakan hal yang umum dilakukan oleh masyarakat Indonesia terutama pada bidang perhotelan. Untuk menjaga kualitas layanan yang diberikan agar tetap baik, dibutuhkan kualitas sumber daya manusia yang memadai. Bagi karyawan yang dipandang telah memberikan layanan yang memuaskan, salah satu bentuk apresiasi konsumen adalah dengan memberikan bonus berupa tip.Penelitian ini untuk melihat bagaimana persepsi karyawan terhadap budaya tipping, yang melibatkan karyawan front office department serta konsumen di 4 hotel bintang III yang ada di Surabaya Timur. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif deskriptif dengan wawancara sebagai teknik pengambilan data. Dari masing-masing hotel dipilih 3 orang karyawan dan 2 orang konsumen yang mewakili subjek penelitian. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat 2 sistem pembagian tip yaitu no sharing of tips (individual) dan equal sharing of tips (kolektif). Namun system sharing of tips (individual) sering menimbulkan konflik dalam penerapannya, sehingga perlu perhatian khusus dari pihak manajemen hotel. Bagi karyawan yang menerima, Tip mampu meningkatkan motivasi, penghargaan (personal achievement), uang sukarela dari tamu (guess dicretion) dan tambahan gaji untuk tabungan. Juga ditemukan bahwa tip merupakan apresiasi dari sikap karyawan yang sopan, ramah, dan cepat tanggap dalam mengatasi komplain konsumen yang menginap di HotelKeywords: Perception, Culture of Tipping, Front Office Department, Hotel

The development of MoneyWise Personal Cash-Flow Simulation Module in teaching and learning focuses on helping students understand the personal financial management elements. The simulation enables the students to experience the essentials of budgeting, record-keeping, valuable tools, and tips on managing cash flows and other related activities in money management. During the simulation, the students have been able to analyse their financial position in various reports, such as the budget template and cash-flow statement. In the meantime, the module will enhance students’ potentials to obtain excellent grades in the personal financial planning course and elevate their skills and readiness to face real-life situations in the future. The findings have shown that the percentage of student’s scores in Part A has increased from 75.9 per cent in semester 20182 to 84.6 per cent in semester 20184. While 80.6 per cent score in 20192 which is above the targeted average, concludes that the objectives have been achieved. The system not only functions as an e-learning material but is also helpful for individuals to record and manage their daily transactions. MoneyWise is an excellent e-learning innovation and relevant financial tool to elevate financial literacy, aligning with the National Strategy for Financial Literacy 2019-2023.

The economic burden that is so heavy is felt by most housewives as financial managers. Therefore, mothers must be able to manage their finances properly and also empower themselves by increasing income through Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises.Applying the right way of financial management, the housewife is expected to get the maximum benefits from the money she has at this time so that it can ultimately be beneficial for improving the welfare of life while increasing family income through MSMEs.Majelis Taklim/ MT Namirah is a member of the Majelis Taklim who live in Makassar City, South Sulawesi as the partner of this activity. Alternative problem solving is done by conducting public lectures for MT Ibu-ibu Namirah by the post graduate lecturer at the Institut Ilmu Sosial dan Manajemen Stiami, according to their competence, namely Family Development in household, Women's Participation in politics, and Management of Household Finances and Women's Empowerment in MSMEs. Some factors that support the implementation of community service activities by conducting public lectures are the amount of interest and enthusiasm of the mothers as participants in the activities so that the activities take place smoothly and in an orderly manner. While the limiting factor is the limited time for public lectures.This activity can increase the knowledge and understanding of MT Namirah ladies about financial management and types of businesses, knowing tips for dealing with obstacles in managing household finances and MT women’s businesses. Namirah, and get the knowledge and understanding of MT Namirah about the need for halal financial sources in financial management.

The informal nature of creative work is routinely acknowledged in the studies of creative labour. However, informality of creative work has been so far treated dualistically: firstly, as the informal governance of creative labour markets and secondly, as the ever-increasing informalization of creative workplaces. In contrast, this article argues for the importance of focusing on informal labour practices as infused in relational contexts so as to understand how creative workers uphold career sustainability and cope daily with contingent, insecure and underpaid work. Drawing on the relational work perspective from economic sociology, I contend that creative workers’ informal labour practices and economic activities are constituted by the meanings and quality workers attach to interpersonal relations. The more socially and spatially intimate and closer the interpersonal relationship, the less the economic benefit. The more socially and spatially distant the relationship, the greater the pecuniary motivation. The article maps relational work dynamics in: (1) informal paid labour practices, comprising work under-the-radar of state authorities, such as cash-in-hand work including online crowd-work, tips-based work, and paid favours and (2) informal unpaid labour practices, practices happening in webs of reciprocity that are not directly compensated with money, such as barter, favour-swapping and voluntary work.

Introduction What is inflation-orthopedic perspective In orthopedic surgery, inflation is characterized as the gradual increase in the cost of surgical materials and medical services. This drop in buying power implies that the same amount of money may buy fewer medical products and services. For example, if inflation raises the cost of essential materials and services, a conventional knee replacement operation may become more expensive. Inflation-adjusted insurance reimbursements to doctors have also fallen, implying that orthopedic surgeons may be paid less in actual terms for the same surgeries over time. How inflation affects us Inflation has a considerable impact on orthopedic physicians’ personal fortunes. It can reduce buying power, raise the cost of medical equipment and services, and lower the true worth of savings and investments. This can lead to greater operational expenses and less profitability for surgeons in private practice. Inflation can also impact debt payments, since many doctors with large debts may face increasing interest rates on variable-rate loans. Furthermore, if salaries and other revenues do not keep up with inflation, orthopedic surgeons’ time-adjusted income declines, limiting their capacity to save and invest for future aspirations. **Understanding Inflation** Understanding factors of inflation for India Supply and demand forces combine to generate inflation in India. On the supply side, changes in agricultural output caused by irregular monsoons have a considerable impact on food costs, which account for a large portion of the Consumer Price Index (CPI). For example, unseasonal rains in late 2023 caused a jump in vegetable prices, resulting in a 7.5% CPI inflation rate in November 2023. Furthermore, global issues such as crude oil price swings influence transportation and production costs. In 2022, the Russia-Ukraine conflict prompted crude oil prices to skyrocket, resulting in increased petrol costs in India and inflation of more than 6%. On the demand side, increasing consumer spending and government stimulus measures, notably during the COVID-19 recovery period, have contributed to inflation. The Indian government’s numerous relief packages and direct cash transfers raised disposable income, driving up demand for goods and services. Furthermore, structural problems, such as inefficient supply chains and excessive logistics costs, contribute to inflationary pressures. The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) strives to control inflation between 2% and 6%, but chronic supply-side constraints and unpredictable global markets make this a difficult undertaking. How is inflation calculated India’s inflation rate is calculated by the RBI using the CPI. The formula is: Inflation Rate = (CPI Current – CPI Previous) × 100. The current base year is 2012. The main components and their estimated weights are as follows: • Food and beverages: 45.86% • Housing: 10.07%. • Clothing and footwear: 6.53% • Fuel and light: 6.84% • Miscellaneous (includes services, such as healthcare, education, and transportation): 28.32%. To contain inflation and stabilize the economy, the RBI sets interest rates and monetary policy based on the CPI inflation rate. Investment Strategies to Beat Inflation Inflation-silent eroder of money power Inflation has a substantial influence on the value of money since it raises prices over time, lowering the buying power of money. Assuming a 5% inflation rate, products and services that cost ₹100 this year will cost ₹105 next year. Furthermore, money held in a savings account normally generates just 4% interest, which can result in a loss of buying power if the interest rate is less than the inflation rate. In recent years, inflation rates in India have frequently exceeded 6%, resulting in a gradual loss in the capacity to purchase goods and services and a detrimental impact on long-term financial goals. Furthermore, over the years, this loss of purchasing power on your money is compounded exponentially. Example Let’s take an example of 1 lakh rupees invested for a 30 years horizon in banks and in equity stocks. ● Bank savings (4% interest rate): ○ Initial investment: ₹1,00,000 ○ After 30 years at 4% interest: ○ Future Value = 1,00,000 × (1 + 0.04)30 = ₹3,24,339 ● Equity investment (15% Return – these returns may vary on a yearly basis, but on a long-term average come to around 15%): ○ Initial investment: ₹1,00,000 ○ After 30 years at 15% return: ○ Future value = 1,00,000 × (1 + 0.15)30 = ₹66,21,596 ● Adjusting for 6% Inflation: ○ Real value after 30 years (using bank savings): ○ Adjusted value = 3,24,339 ÷ (1.06)30 = ₹50,438 ○ Real value after 30 years (using equity): ○ Adjusted value = 66,21,596 ÷ (1.06)30 = ₹10,30,801. Direct equity Individual doctors setup demat accounts and buy equities based on their own research. The ideal approach is to invest in high-quality firms with honest management and consistent price growth, such as Asian Paints, Pidilite, and Reliance (please bear in mind that this is not a stock suggestion). The disadvantage is that if an investor books losses during a market downturn, they may lose a large sum of money. World events such as wars, natural catastrophes, and stock market rumors can all generate price volatility. This might produce panic and uncertainty in the minds of investors, resulting in substantial losses. Mutual funds Mutual funds simplify investing through integrating the investments of many people to form a diverse portfolio. Direct mutual funds are less expensive than ordinary funds, with frequently lower expense ratios. Index funds, such as the Nifty 50, offer even lower expense ratios, often ranging from 0.1% to 0.3%, and efficiently follow indexes. Most actively managed mutual funds fail to outperform the Nifty 50 index. Thus, Nifty index funds, which closely mirror index performance, frequently prove to be a better investing option for many individuals. However, mutual funds face the danger of significant losses in market collapses. Nevertheless, a long-term investment horizon of around 7–10 years yields high returns. Real estate Real estate is frequently seen as a good inflation hedge due to rising property values and rentals. However, real estate investments need significant resources and carry hazards such as market volatility and property upkeep fees. Real estate investments are classified into three types: Residential, commercial, and real estate investment trusts (REITs). Residential investments include homes and apartments, whereas commercial investments include office buildings, retail spaces, and industrial sites. REITs provide liquidity and diversity without owning real property, but they are susceptible to market hazards. Commodities Investing in gold, silver, and other commodities such as gold and silver are classic inflation hedges that hold their value during inflationary periods. Gold is chosen for its safety and liquidity, but commodities are volatile and do not provide income in the same way that dividends or rents do. Commodities normally do well during inflation as prices rise, offering a hedge against currency depreciation, but they can be impacted by global supply and demand forces. Sovereign Gold Bonds (SGBs) are a secure and income-generating alternative to purchasing actual gold. They provide an annual interest rate of 2.5%, payable semi-annually, which increases the investment value. The interest earned is taxable, while capital gains on redemption are tax-free. SGBs have an 8-year lock-in term, with the opportunity to depart after the 5th year. Investing ₹1 lakh in SGBs over the past 8 years yields a return of around 128%, culminating in a final value of ₹2.28 lakhs, surpassing conventional gold at around 100%. Bonds Treasury Inflation-Protected Securities (TIPS) are government-backed investments that safeguard investors against inflation. They adjust their principal value with inflation and decrease with deflation, providing a safe, government-backed alternative with lesser yields than regular bonds. TIPS alter their principal value, offering a buffer against inflation but often with lower beginning interest rates. In a 10-year timeframe, a ₹1 lakh investment in TIPS would increase to around ₹1,81,940, whereas the same money in a bank FD at 6% interest would rise to roughly ₹1,79,085. TIPS generate a somewhat higher return, due to the inflation protection component, which enhances total yields. Practical Guidelines for Investors 1. An actionable approach for doctor investors would be to invest in mutual funds using platforms such as Kuvera and Coin, which provide direct investing in mutual funds. This helps to lower the expenditure ratio 2. Invest around 10–20% of your monthly income on a monthly basis (Systematic investment plans) rather than just accumulating in your bank 3. Prefer index mutual funds, such as the Nifty index funds 4. Make recurring investing in high-quality stocks with a strong reputation. This research must be conducted by the investor himself or through portfolio management services 5. Continue to purchase SGBs rather than physical gold wherever feasible 6. Commercial real estate should be preferred over residential real estate since it generates higher rents and appreciates more quickly 7. Do not keep a lot of cash, as it erodes its value. Instead, try to invest in real estate 8. Pay taxes regularly and try to use all the sections of tax deductions with the help of a good chartered accountant. (These guidelines are suggestions and recommendations and authors are not liable for any losses incurred by following these tips) Conclusion In India, orthopedic doctors may fight inflation by properly distributing assets across asset classes. These include equities, mutual funds, stocks, and debt instruments, such as SGBs, real estate, and REITs, as well as inflation-indexed bonds. By combining these assets with a balanced portfolio, doctors may establish a solid financial foundation while navigating inflationary challenges, assuring their financial future.

The article proposes a tool for managing money laundering risk based on the definition of the level of coherence of financial companies and credit unions, the application of which will contribute to introduction of a risk-based approach to anti-money laundering, terrorist financing and proliferation of weapons of mass destruction. It was revealed that among the investigated during 2010-2017 financial corporations and credit unions there are financial conglomerates. This confirms the existence of close ties between them. Associated financial companies and credit unions may form or join networks that can be used for possible money laundering. It was established that the share of connected credit unions and financial companies corresponds to the principle of Pareto – 20:80. The proposed methodological support allowed selecting a large number of independent credit unions and financial companies. This will help to prevent the impact of the risk of connected individuals on the high ability of the borrower to fulfill their loan obligations and not to be involved in processes for money laundering using networks. Meanwhile, dedicated joint financial institutions belong to a high-risk group for controlling their financial operations to prevent the legalization of proceeds from crime.

Purpose Already suffering reputational damage from the global financial crisis, banks face a further loss of trust due to their poor money laundering (ML) compliance practices. As confidence-driven institutions, the loss of reputation stemming from inadequate compliance with regulations and policies labels banks as facilitators of crime and destroys public trust both in the bank itself, peer banks and the wider banking system. Considering the links between financial stability and adverse publicity about banks, this paper aims to critically examine the implications of ML-specific bank information on financial stability. Design/methodology/approach This paper adopts a content analysis and a theoretical discussion by critically evaluating the role of bank compliance information on stability with references to recent case studies. Findings This paper establishes that availability of information regarding a bank involved in or facilitating ML might pose a threat to financial stability if bank counterparties cut their ties with the bank in question and when bank stakeholders show a strong and sudden negative reaction to adverse publicity. Though recent ML scandals have not caused immediate instability, general loss of confidence associated with reputational risk have had a destabilising effect on affected banks’ capital and liquidity. Originality/value There has been surprisingly little discussion to date on the impact of publicly available bank information on financial stability and public confidence within the ML compliance framework. This paper approaches the issue of publicly available banking compliance information solely through the prism of public confidence and reputational risk and its impact on macro-stability by examining recent ML scandals.

The origin of Cloud computing is from the principle of utility computing, which is characterized as a broadband service providing storage and computational resources. It provides a large variety of processing options and heterogeneous tools, allowing it to meet the needs of a wide range of applications at different levels. As a result, resource allocation and management are critical in cloud computing. In this work, the Spider Monkey Optimization (SMO) is used for attaining an optimized resource allocation. The key parameters considered to regulate the performance of SMO are its application time, migration time, and resource utilization. Energy consumption is another key factor in cloud computation which is also considered in this work. The Green Cloud Scheduling Model (GCSM) is followed in this work for the energy utilization of the resources. This is done by scheduling the heterogeneity tasks with the support of a scheduler unit which schedules and allocates the tasks which are deadline-constrained enclosed to nodes which are only energy-conscious. Assessing these methods is formulated using the cloud simulator programming process. The parameter used to determine the energy efficiency of this method is its energy consumption. The simulated outcome of the proposed approach proves to be effective in response time, makespan, energy consumption along with resource utility corresponding to the existing algorithms.

It seems that ethics has become an important issue because more and more firms accept ethical codex and make them public as well. On contrary all of us know some stories when unethical behaviour resulted tragedy. Nowadays in business life ethics and responsibility appear as necessary value from the aspect of success. More papers state that ethical behaviour offers various benefits in business relationships. Our paper seeks these positives in empirical way by interviewing members and experts of Hungarian metal and machinery supply chains but we take into consideration the network effects as well. Our survey investigates how fair behaviour can prevent or decrease conflicts in business. The results of our qualitative research show that fair behaviour brings certain benefits but the economic reality and the direction of money flow are dominant. We have met various forms of conflict management and found that respondents want to maintain even very problematic business ties as well.

This study considers and seeks to assess the socio-economic challenges of students with disabili-ties at the University of Gondar, particularly at the "Maraki" campus. The findings of the study, therefore, are believed to show the challenges of students with disabilities and attempt to reckon the barriers which they face while attending school in the study area. To acquire sufficient and detailed information, both qualitative and quantitative research approaches have been utilized. Besides, to achieve the ultimate objectives of the study, the researchers employed a descriptive narrative research design. Besides, the researchers, while investigating the study, used three basic instruments in the process of collecting necessary data for the study, namely: a survey questionnaire, an interview, and a focus group discussion. The findings of the study are shown in depending on their particular impairment and some pertinent socio-economic challenges, most of the disabled students on the "Maraki" campus have experienced barriers to accessing quality of education. The findings of the study revealed that lack of money is the main hardship for those who lived with disability for the attainment of their education. Some of them were the head of the household. They have children and are unable to do additional work to get more income to meet their basic needs.

Digital commons such as Wikipedia, open-source software, and hospitality exchanges are frequently seen as forms of resistance to capitalist modes of production and consumption, as elements of alternative economies. In this article, however, we argue that the digital commons cannot by themselves constitute genuine forms of resistance for they are vulnerable to what we call ‘the illusion of the digital commons’, which leads to a form of ‘false consciousness’ that Sloterdijk designates as deep-rooted cynicism. This cynicism, we argue, ties in with the contemporary discontent with practices in the ‘sharing economy’, in which we pay particular attention to the practice of hospitality exchange on platforms such as BeWelcome, Couchsurfing, and Airbnb. We utilize Georg Simmel’s theory of money to explicate how exchange relations are mediated by technologically enabled explicit and implicit price mechanisms. Accordingly, we argue that the technologically mediated practice of digital commoning can constitute the ‘illusion of the commons’, an apparent form of commoning through digital exchanges that is inherently vulnerable to foster non-emancipatory practices. We argue that this results in a form of cynicism: of commoners that are disillusioned by ‘the power of things’. Only a ‘politics of the digital commons’, a democratic governance that keeps a check on the vulnerability of digital exchanges, and a free relation to technologies can help in avoiding the illusion of the digital commons.

BackgroundChildhood overweight is unequally distributed by ethnicity and socioeconomic circumstances. Weight management interventions are moderately effective under research conditions. We evaluated the Mind, Exercise, Nutrition, Do it! (MEND) 7–13 programme, a multicomponent family-based intervention for children aged 7–13 years who are overweight or obese. The programme was tested in a randomised controlled trial (RCT) and then delivered at scale under service conditions.ObjectivesThe aims of this study were to describe the characteristics of children who take part in MEND, when implemented at scale and under service conditions; assess how the outcomes associated with participation in MEND vary with the characteristics of children (sex, socioeconomic circumstances and ethnicity), MEND centres (type of facility, funding source and programme group size) and areas where children live (in relation to area-level deprivation and the obesogenic environment); examine the cost of providing MEND, per participant, to the NHS and personal social services, including how this varies and how variation in cost is related to variation in outcome; evaluate the salience and acceptability of MEND to those who commission it, those who participate in full, those who participate but drop out and those who might benefit but do not take up the intervention; and investigate what types of costs, if any, are borne by families (and by which members) when participating in MEND, and in sustaining a healthy lifestyle afterwards.Data and methodsWe compared the sociodemographic characteristics of all children referred to MEND (‘referrals’,n = 18,289), those who started the programme (‘starters’,n = 13,998) and those who completed it (‘completers’,n = 8311) with comparable overweight children in England. Associations between participant, programme and neighbourhood characteristics and change in body mass index (BMI) and other outcomes associated with participation in MEND 7–13 were estimated using multilevel models. Economic costs were estimated using published evaluations in combination with service data. We used qualitative methods to explore salience and acceptability to commissioners (n = 27 interviews) and families (n = 23 family interviews and eight individual interviews), and costs to families.FindingsLess than 0.5% of children eligible for MEND were referred to, participated in or completed the programme. Compared with the MEND-eligible population, proportionally more MEND 7–13 starters and completers were girls, Asian or from families with a lone parent, and lived in social or private rented rather than owner-occupied accommodation, in families where the primary earner was unemployed, and in urban and deprived areas. Compared with the MEND-eligible population, proportionally less MEND 7–13 starters and completers were white or from ‘other’ ethnic groups. Having started the programme, boys and participants who were psychologically distressed, lived in socioeconomically deprived circumstances, or attended large groups or groups whose managers had delivered several programmes were less likely to complete the programme.Multilevel multivariable models showed that, on average, BMI reduced by 0.76 kg/m2over the period of the programme (10-week follow-up). BMI reduced on average in all groups, but the reduction was greater for boys, as well as children who were of higher baseline BMI, younger, white or living in less socioeconomically deprived circumstances, and for those who attended more sessions and participated in smaller programmes. BMI reductions under service and RCT conditions were of a similar order of magnitude. Reported participant self-esteem, psychological distress, physical activity and diet improved overall and were also moderated by participant-, family-, neighbourhood- and programme-level covariates.Based on previous studies the cost per programme was around £4000. The mean cost per starter is £463 and the mean cost per completer is £773. The estimated costs varied according to costs associated with local programmes and MEND Central (the organisation which sells MEND interventions to commissioners and delivery partners), and the number of participants per programme.Commissioners liked the fact that the programme was evidence-informed, involved families and was ‘implementation-ready’. However, recruitment and retention of families influenced their view on the extent to which the programme offered value for money. They wanted longer-term outcome data and had concerns in relation to skills for delivery to diverse populations with complex health and social needs.At least one individual in every family felt that participation in MEND had been beneficial, but few had managed long-term change. Most families had self-referred via the mother on the basis of weight concerns and/or bullying and anxiety about the transition to secondary school. Exercising with others of a similar build, tips for parents and cooking lessons for children were all valued. Less positively, timings could be difficult for parents and children, who reported competing after-school activities, and feeling tired and hungry. Getting to venues was sometimes difficult. Although families described liking the facilitators who delivered the programme, concerns were expressed about their skills levels. Engagement with the behaviours MEND recommends was challenging, as were the family dynamics relating to support for participants. The costs families mostly associated with the programme were for higher quality food or ‘treats’, time and transport costs, and the emotional cost of making and maintaining changes to lifestyle behaviours generally unsupported by the wider environment.ConsiderationsFurther research should focus on the sustainability, costs (including emotional costs to families) and cost-effectiveness of behaviour change. However, weight management schemes are only one way that overweight and obese children can be encouraged to adopt healthier lifestyles. We situate this work within a social model of health with reference to inequalities, obesogenic environments, a lifecourse approach and frameworks of translational research.FundingThe National Institute for Health Research Public Health Research programme.

Understanding the socio-cultural foundations of the institution of money, relying in interaction with donors on the deep, "silent", essential foundations of the functioning of the monetary system is an important prerequisite for success in ensuring the financial stability of a national economy. The purpose of the paper is to trace the evolution of the qualitative and quantitative components of the institution of monetary relations in the process of changing economic systems as an important prerequisite for financial support of Ukraine during the defense of its independence and post-war recovery. Attention is focused on the interdisciplinary nature of the study of the phenomenon of money as an institution that complementarily combines virtual and real economic components of the metauniverse. The conflicting relationship between the phenomenal and the essential, the sacred and the profane, the quantitative and the qualitative, is revealed in the institution of money. The evolution of forms of money from the archaic to the digital economy and the influence of sacred factors on it are traced. The author reveals the complementarity of monetary, religious, ideological, political, and legal institutions as a tool for ensuring the existence of society as a whole in the combination of its virtual and real components. Attention is given to the actualization of reciprocity relationships in the process of forming the digital economy. It is shown that the prerequisites for their formation are kinship, and closeness by social attitudes. Accordingly, relations of exchange (market) and redistribution (state) are complemented by system-forming institutions of gift. M. Godelier attributes to the conditions for the formation of "gift management" the following: the leading role of personal relationships in the creation of social ties, the interest of individuals and social groups in selflessness for social reproduction and their own existence, and the prevalence of traditions of mutual relations-obligations. "What creates the obligation to give is that the giving creates obligations" - this is how the scientist formulates this principle. Solidarity is based on the voluntary transfer of part of what you have. At the same time, accepting a gift puts the recipient in the position of debtor in relation to the donor. It is shown that preferential lending, provision of grant support, involvement in joint projects, in particular in the field of supporting Ukraine's defense capability and the development of the national economy, can be considered an example of a complementary combination of quantitative, real (purely economic exchange relations) and qualitative, virtual (reciprocal relations) components of the monetary system.

Abstrak Badan Pelaksana Jaminan Sosial Kesehatan (BPJS) memberikan pelayanan kesehatan kepada masyarakat dengan menggunakan sistem pembayaran secara prospektif. Rumah Sakit Umum Haji Surabaya merupakan salah satu rumah sakit tipe B pendidikan yang bekerja sama dengan pihak BPJS sejak tahun 2014. Berdasarkan data primer di RSU Haji Surabaya ditemukan permasalahan bahwa berkas klaim mengalami pending klaim. Hal ini dikarenakan tidak lengkapnya berkas klaim, ketidaktepatan kode diagnosa karena adanya perbedaan persepsi antara koder dengan verifikator. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis faktor klaim pending Badan Penyelenggaraan Jaminan Sosial Kesehatan (BPJS) di RSU Haji Surabaya. Identifikasi permasalahan menggunakan unsur manajemen 5M (man, material, methods, machine, money). Jenis penelitian ini adalah kualitatif deskriptif yaitu menarasikan hasil penelitian. Pada unsur man yang menjadi penyebab klaim pending adalah petugas masih merasa kesulitan dalam membaca diagnosa dan tindakan pasien dikarenakan penulisan dokter yang sulit terbaca, dan tidak tepatnya kode diagnosa dan tindakan yang dikarenakan adanya perbedaan persepsi antara koder dan verifikator BPJS. Pada unsur material yang menjadi penyebab klaim pending yaitu tidak lengkapnya berkas klaim seperti hasil pemeriksaan penunjang pasien. Pada unsur Method yang menyebabkan klaim pending adalah tidak terdapat SOP yang mengatur tentang pengisisan diagnosis khusus berkas klaim. Pada unsur machine yang menyebabkan klaim pending adalah komputer yang digunakan dalam proses pengajuan klaim sering mengalami loading lama dan sering mengalami gangguan jaringan. Pada unsur money dalam penelitian ini tidak menyebabkan klaim pending, karena petugas casemix tidak dapat mengetahui jumlah kerugian yang diakibatkan oleh klaim pending. Kata Kunci: faktor klaim pending, man, material, methods, machine, moneyAbstractBadan Pelaksana Jaminan Sosial (BPJS) Kesehehatan provide health services to the public by using a prospective payment system. Surabaya Hajj General Hospital is one of the type B educational hospitals that has been collaborating with the BPJS since 2014. Based on primary data at Surabaya Haji Hospital it was found that the claim file had pending claims. This is due to incomplete claim file, inaccurate diagnostic code due to differences in perception between the coders and verifiers. This study aims to analyze the pending claims factor of the Health Social Security Administration Agency (BPJS) at Haji Hospital Surabaya. Problem identification uses 5M management elements (man, material, methods, machine, money). This type of research is descriptive qualitative, narrating the results of the study. In the man element that causes the pending claim is the officer still feels difficulty in reading the diagnoses and actions of patients due to the writing of doctors who are difficult to read, and incorrect diagnosis codes and actions due to differences in perception between the coder and verifier of the BPJS. The material element that causes the pending claim is the incomplete claim file, such as the results of patient support examinations. In the Method element that causes pending claims, there is no SOP governing the filling of a specific diagnosis file claim. On the machine element that causes pending claims is the computer used in the claim submission process often experiences long loading times and often experiences network disruptions. In the element of money in this study does not cause pending claims, because casemix officers can not know the amount of loss caused by pending claims. Keywords: pending claim factor, man, material, methods, machine, money

Building on a critical engagement with the diffusion literature, this article introduces a refined model of diffusion that sheds light on crucial but so far neglected aspects of the diffusion process. First, by introducing four analytically distinct constellations of diffusion, we highlight important differences between the participating units of a diffusion process. Therefore, the model also allows for analysing very early developments of social policy under the conditions of colonialism and relations between states of equal or different economic strength, and under conditions of continuing post-colonial ties. Second, we conceptualize diffusion as consisting of three stages which involve different actors from both units: the stage of perception and translation, the stage of cooperation and conflict and the stage of collective decision-making. Third, we argue that the dominant focus of diffusion research on the macro-level obscures that people, money and procedures are key promoters of diffusion. From this refined model of diffusion, it becomes possible to analyse diffusion processes in a more detailed way. We demonstrate the added value of our model by analysing the development of education policy in Chile and Argentina in the 19th century, and the establishment of project funding for social policy purposes under conditions of colonialism in the British Empire in the mid-20th century.

Cacao cultivation is rapidly increasing in Latin America under the influence of public policies and external markets. In Ecuador, the cultivated surface of high quality cacao trees has doubled in the last 50 years, creating great expectations in neighboring countries. Here, we investigated the social-ecological sustainability of cacao-based agroforestry systems in four rural Amazonian highlands communities in eastern Ecuador, close to the region where cacao was once domesticated. Kichwa- and Shuar-speaking groups were interviewed by adapting Ostrom’s institutional diagnostic framework for social-ecological systems. Through a set of specifically created indicator variables, we identified key interactions and outcomes to understand the fragility and the sustainability of those communities. The studied communities were fairly young, with land rights secured less than 30 years ago in most cases. Per-family surfaces were very restricted (typically one hectare) and plots were divided between cash producing crops and their own home food. The small production per household goes through a precarious commercialization by both intermediaries and cooperatives, making the cacao bean production merely sufficient for pocket money. Ties with specialist producers in one community close to the capital has promoted the use of native cacao lines. Elsewhere, improved varieties of high productivity are planted along native trees being commercialized indistinctly. The continuity of these communities currently depend on a reorganization of their demography with parts of the population working elsewhere, as cacao bean production alone will continue to be insufficient, and will compete with their food self-sufficiency.

The Constitution recognizes university autonomy to practically guarantee academic freedom. University autonomy means that universities autonomously decide and execute university issues without external influence and take responsibility for the results. National and public universities and private universities, within the scope of not violating the Constitution, the Higher Education Act, the Education Public Officials Act, the Disciplinary Order for Education Officials, and the Private School Act, the University Faculty Personnel Regulations, University Faculty Disciplinary Regulations, University Faculty Promotion Regulations, University Faculty Reappointment Regulations, The Articles of Incorporation, etc. are regulated autonomously, and new recruitment, reappointment, promotion, dismissal, and disciplinary actions are reviewed by the University Personnel Committee, the Faculty Personnel Committee, and the Faculty Disciplinary Committee in accordance with the faculty personnel related regulations. Personnel authority and disciplinary authority have been conducting personnel administration at their discretion. In particular, university personnel administration is understood as a lawful disposition, not judged as a deviation or abuse of discretion, unless it significantly loses its validity from a socially accepted point of view. Despite the fact that fairness, objectivity, and integrity are more required in the faculty personnel department, the sacred university that seeks truth demands money and valuables while hiring new teachers, solicits or arranges professor appointments, or delays, academic ties, or Personnel corruption is constantly occurring due to collusion in hiring relationships due to blood ties, abuse of power, bribery, embezzlement, intentional deception, fraud, and non-compliance with personnel regulations. In the case where the Ministry of Education has conducted a comprehensive audit when personnel corruption at a specific university has become a social problem, most of them are given a 'Warning' or 'Caution' despite the fact that the personnel corruption was revealed. In addition, even though the sentencing for personnel corruption by teachers is a matter of severe punishment, they are disposing of light punishment without objective reasons for mitigating. Therefore, after examining the concept, legal nature, content and limitations of university autonomy, the direction for preventing corruption in university personnel administration is presented. In particular, from the viewpoint of ensuring university autonomy under the Constitution, the direction of enactment of the Anti-Corruption Act on personnel administration of university faculty, rationalization of the Conflict of Interest Prevention Act, strengthening of university self-audit functions, establishment of good governance in personnel administration, rationalization of anti-corruption policies, and mandatory education on integrity and ethics, and discusses the mandatory use of the personnel management system.

This article portrays the way life insurance as a consumer device lives through kinship ties of care in London in order to harness the uncertainties and limits of mortality and loss. A life insurance policy is a private contract people subscribe to, along with paying monthly premiums, to get money if the policyholder dies unexpectedly. Based on ethnographic material of the life insurance market in London, this work aims to illustrate life insurance as a social and cultural practice that informs family relations in contemporary western society. For Londoners, taking a life insurance policy is an anticipatory action that helps families cope with the irreducible possibility of early death, controlling and sustaining caring relations across time among intimate kin. Through the transformation of the policyholder into an immortal (monetary) figure that extends relations beyond death, life insurance becomes a ‘technology of care’ that mediates and bonds intimate kin in absence, as well as a ‘technology of governance’ that creates new subjectivities in the form of privatized risk inside the family. As such, this article seeks to address the ethnographic understanding of an everyday consumer practice within a wider scope of neoliberal modes of governance in western society, taking into account the consequences that buying a life insurance has for both the people and their families. In doing so, this study also contributes to the comprehension of the life insurance market and its specific situatedness in a contemporary neoliberal reality.

Purpose Many businesses in the world are family-owned. A family-owned business differs from other types of businesses in several ways, because it is composed of both a family and a business. A recurring question in management research has been: which type of business performs better, the family-owned or the non-family owned? An alternative question which in this respect can also be asked, in the light of the high-performance organization (HPO) theory which has become popular these past years, is: which type of business is more likely to become and stay high performing, the family-owned or the non-family owned? To try to answer these questions, many studies have been done in which the performance of family firms was compared with firms that have no family ties, but these studies gave mixed results and conflicting opinions. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach It seems evident that a new research approach is needed. A way forward is to use the HPO concept which looks at the factors important for an organization to become an HPO. Thus, the research question which this study attempts to answer is: are there differences in performance between family and non-family businesses, and if so, can these be traced back to differences in the way these businesses deal with the factors of high performance? The research used the HPO questionnaire and interviews to collect data at Palestine family and non-family owned businesses. Findings The research shows that Palestine non-family businesses significantly outperform family-owned businesses. Family businesses thus seem “a living paradox.” Balancing family interest and business interest often requires a compromise between family and business goals. It seems that Palestinian family businesses focus more on family interest by putting the goal of survival and “keeping the business in the family” above (short-term) financial goals. Family businesses might also feel more that the company’s money is the family money, and as a result their investment and expenses strategies are more conservative thus missing possible economic investment opportunities. Research limitations/implications The study results add to the current debate in the literature about which type of business performs better, and at the same time they add knowledge because if there are differences these might be explained by the factors of high performance. In this vein, the study results also contribute to the literature on high performance, as the HPO framework has not been used before for this type of comparative research. Originality/value The study results have practical value because they yield knowledge about the ways to organize a business so it can achieve high organizational results which is of great value to managers attempting to make their organizations perform better.

We present a game-theoretic treatment of the so-called TEM model which leads to new results in the area of time-discrete dynamical games. The presented TEM-model describes the economical interaction between several actors (players) who intend to minimize their emissions (Ei) caused by technologies (Ti) by means of expenditures of money (Mi) or financial means, respectively. The index stands for the ith player, i=1,…,n. The players are linked by technical cooperations and the market, which expresses itself in the nonlinear time-discrete dynamics of the Technology-Emissions-Means-model, in short: TEM-model. In the sense of environmental protection, the aim is to reach a state which is mentioned in the Kyoto Protocol by choosing the control parameters such that the emissions of each player become minimized. The focal point is the realization of the necessary optimal control parameters via a played cost game, which is determined by the way of cooperation of the actors. In application to the work of G. Leitmann [1974], but not regarding solution sets as feasible sets, the τ-value of S. H. Tijs and T. S. H. Driessen [1986] is taken as a control parameter. This leads to a new class of problems in the area of 1-convex games. We want to solve the problem by a non-cooperative and cooperative treatment. We prove that the core which is gained by cooperation of the players is nonempty and can be used as feasible set for our control problem. With this solution a reasonable model for a Joint-Implementation process is developed, where its necessary fund is represented by the non-empty core of the analyzed game. Steering with parameters of this feasible set, the TEM-model can be regarded as a useful tool to implement and verify a technical Joint-Implementation Program. For the necessary data given to the Clearing House () we are able to compare the numerical results with real world phenomena.

This interview was conducted at the famous Lotus Clinic at Mumbai. Interview of Dr DD Tanna (DDT) was personally conducted by our Editor Dr Ashok Shyam (AK). It was an interesting two hours talk in late evening and we are presenting here the salient features of the interview. AK: First let me thank you for this interview. Let’s begin by asking about your family and where you grew up? DDT: I grew up in Kalbadevi area in Bombay in a typical Gujrati locality. I had four brothers so we were five of us together with my father and mother. At that time education was not something very popular in our family and when I graduated I was among the handful in 2 mile radius and when I completed post-graduation there were none in the entire area. The trend was that people used to go to college just for the stamp of collage and then join the father business. But I was a good student and so I did complete my studies AK: Tell us something more about your childhood? DDT: I had a very eventful childhood, we used to play many sports. I was very good at cricket and even at medical college I was captain of the cricket team. But along with cricket I played many local sports kho-kho, langadi, hoo-to-too, football, volleyball, swimming etc. Didn’t get chance to play hockey but I did play everything I came across. AK: I understand you have seen Mahatma Gandhi and heard him speak. Please share your remembrance of that? DDT: Once Gandhiji was holding a meeting in Bombay and my father said to me ”let’s go see Gandhiji”. I went with him and there was a huge crowd and I felt quite uncomfortable. I wanted to leave when my father said to me ‘why are you afraid of the crowd, these are all your fellow human beings, not cattle herd”. That statement touched me very much and till today, I am not afraid of any crowd. Understanding that all are my fellow human beings, took away my stage fright forever. I can speak my thoughts clearly and without fear and I can dance with the crowd with equal ease. I have seen Mahatma Gandhi at close distance and he appeared to be a very frail man. At first I wasn’t impressed, but then I realised that this frail man can have the huge crowd following him just because of his thought process. That understanding has helped me a lot in my life. AK: So why did you become a doctor, what was your inspiration? DDT: I was good in studies and in those days there were only two choices either to be an engineer or to be a doctor. I had decided that I would be an engineer with no doubt in my mind. One day one of my uncles, who happened to be an engineer, visited us. When asked I told him my intention to become an engineer, to which he replied ”In that case you have to take up a government job all your life”. In those days the only scope for an engineer was to be in government job, but the idea of being a enslaved for life by an organisation was something I couldn’t accept. My freedom was very dear to me and overnight I changed my decision and pledged to become a doctor. AK: How was your MBBS term? Why did you choose orthopaedic surgery? DDT: I was quite casual in MBBS and was more involved in sports. I got serious in last year to get good grades. Frankly speaking there were none who influenced me in the undergraduate college. After joining medicine developed a natural liking to surgery and always wanted to become a surgeon. Doing general surgery and then super specialisation for another two years seemed to be a long time. Orthopaedic surgery was a new branch at that time and offered direct super specialisation. And so I joined orthopaedic surgery. AK: What were your early influences in medical college? DDT: I wasn’t a very serious student in medical college. Possibly I became a bit serious in my last year of MBBS to score marks to get the branch of my choice. After MBBS and before joining post-graduation I had some spare time at hand which I utilise in reading. That period was a period of change I my life. I read authors like Bertrand Russel who had a major influence in my life. I read ‘Altas shrugged’, ‘We the Living’, and ‘Fountainhead’ and these three books had deep impact on me. I also read The Manusmrti’s specifically for their philosophical treatise and not the religious aspect. I still like to ponder on these philosophical aspects from time to time. By the time I joined as an orthopaedic registrar, I was a pretty serious person. In first 6 months of my orthopaedic residence I was fascinated with basics specially the histopathological aspect of orthopaedics. I read all about the histiocytes, the fibroblasts etc and even today I still think in these terms when I think about orthopaedics. AK: You joined the B Y L Nair Hospital, Mumbai in 1965. Tell us something about your life at Nair Hospital? DDT: Well in fact I passed my MS in 1965. I joined possibly in 1954 as a medical student. I was a student, house surgeon, lecturer, honorary surgeon all at Nair hospital. I was one of the youngest consultant as I became consultant at Nair hospital at age of 28, merely 8 months after passing MS exams. Possibly God was kind to me. Nair hospital was a decent place, but it became a force once Dr KV Chaubal joined Nair. Earlier KEM hospital had big name because of Dr Talwalkar and Dr Dholakia. I was lecturer when Dr Chaubal joined. He changed Nair hospital with his modern and dynamic approach. He gave me an individual unit within 3 years. Our rounds would be more than 4 hours in Nair hospital and had great academic discussions. AK: We have heard about a very famous incident when you operated Dr Chaubal? Do tell us something about that DDT: Well Dr Chaubal was suffering from a prolapsed disc and he had taken conservative management for some time with recurrent episodes. At one point we went ahead and got a myelogram done (no MRI in those days), and a huge disc was diagnosed. He called me the next day and asked to operate on him. I was 10 years his junior and moreover he was my boss and there were many more senior surgeons who were available. It came as a shock to me that he would chose me to operate on him [and of course it was an honor to be chosen]. Dr Laud and Dr Pradhan assisted me in operating him and it was big news at that time AK: You were pioneer in bringing C-arm to India? Tell us something about the C-arm Story? DDT: We used to do all surgeries under X ray guidance in those days, at the most we had 2 x-rays set together by Dr Talwalkar to get orthogonal views. I used to go to USA and they would do all surgeries under C-arm. I came back and contacted Mr Kantilal Gada who used to manufacture X ray machines. He agreed to try to make a C arm if I pay him one lakh rupees [in those days]. The condition was if he succeeded, he would give the c arm to me at no profit rate and if he failed my money would be lost. He did succeed and we had India’s first C-arm at my place. It helped me at many times in clinical practice. One specific incidence about an Arab patient who had a failed implant removal surgery previously and Icould remove the implant within 30 mins because I could clearly see the distal end of the nail entrapped. This patient was a friend of The Consulate General of UAE and since then I started getting lot of patients from there. So that was a wise investment I think. AK: You were specifically instrumental in developing trauma surgery in India. Why focus of Trauma Surgery? DDT: Dr Chaubal the first person to start trends in everything. At first we were spine surgeons as Dr Chaubal was very interested in spine surgery. Dr Bhojraj and Dr VT Ingalhalikar were our students. I was one of the first people to do total hip and total knee surgeries very soon after Dr Dholakia did it for the first time in India. But somehow I felt these surgeries did not hold much challenge. Trauma surgeries were challenging and each case was unique and different. So I decided to stick to trauma surgery for the sake of sheer joy of intellectual and technical challenges it offers. AK: A lot has happened in the field of Orthopaedic Trauma in and you are witness to these growth and development. What according to you are the important landmarks in History of trauma Surgery? DDT: Interlocking is the major change. I used to go to AAOS meeting every year where people were talking about interlocking when we were doing only plates. I decided to make an interlock nail by drilling holes in standard K nail. There was no C-arm in those days and surgeries were done on X rays. We got a compound fracture tibia and I made a set of drilled K nails for this patient as per his measurements. We successfully did the static locking using K nail in this patient. We slowly developed the instrumentation and jigs for it and developed commercially available instrument nail. Interlocking spread like wild fire and I was called as the Father of Interlocking Nail in India. AK: Your specific focus was on Intramedullary nailing and you have also designed the ‘Tanna Nail’ How did you think of designing the nail? Tell us about the process of designing the nail, the story behind it? DDT: Like said above, I developed the nail and instrument set with one Mr Daftari in Bombay. This was sold as ‘Tanna nail’ in Bombay. Slowly implant companies from other states also copied the design and started selling it as ‘Tanna NAIL’. I had no objections to it and I didn’t have a copyright anyway. Slowly I phased away the name as the design progressed and asked them to call it simply interlocking nails. AK: You are known for Innovation. Tell us something more about it? DDT: I specifically remember C-arm guided biopsy which I used successfully for tumor lesions. The same principle I used for drilling osteoid osteoma under CT guidance, which avoided an open surgery. There are many more technical tips and surgical techniques that I have been doing and some of them are listed in my book named ‘Orthopaedic Tit Bits’ AK: The last two decades have seen a tremendous increase in the choices of implants available in the market. Many of these implants were sold as the next “new thing”. Do you feel these new implants offer justifiable and definite advantage over the older ones? How should a trauma surgeon go about this maze of implants and choose the best for his patients? DDT: There is no easy way to do that, because most implants comes with a huge propaganda and body of relevant research. Many senior faculties will start talking about it and using it. For example, distal femur plates have now reported to have 30% non-union rate. Earlier I had myself been a strong supporter of distal femur plate but through my own experience I saw the complications. Now I feel the intramedullary nail is better than the distal femur plat in indicated fractures. Same with trochanteric plates or helical screws in proximal femur fracture. So we learn the hard facts over a period of time and by burning our own hands. But then you have to be progressive and balance your scepticism and enthusiasm. In my case the enthusiasm wins most of the time. AK: Share your views on role of Industry in dictating terms to trauma surgeons? DDT: I feel it’s very difficult to bypass the industry. Also because the industry is supported by orthopods. But again like I said we learn from our own errors and something that does not have substance will not last for long. For example clavicle plating, I supported clavicle plating for some time [and it felt correct at that time], but now I do not find wisdom in plating clavicle and so I have stopped. So I believe it’s a process of constant learning and also realising and accepting mistakes. Once I was a great proponent of posterolateral interbody fusion (PLIF) in spine but after few years of using it I realised the fallacy and I presented a paper in WIROC (Western India regional orthopaedic conference) titled ‘I am retracting PLIF’ and it was highly appreciated by the audience. AK: Tell us about your move toward joint replacement surgeries? DDT: I was one of the first one after Dr Dholakia to start joint replacement surgeries in India and I continue to do many joint surgeries. And of course ‘cream’ comes from joint replacement surgeries (laughs heartily) AK: You have been active in teaching and training for over 4 decades, how has the scene changes in terms of teaching methods and quality of surgeons undergoing training? DDT: Teaching is now become more and more spoon feeding and I think it is not real teaching. Even in meetings I enjoy the format where there is small number of faculty and case based discussion on practical tips and surgical technique. The 8 minute talk pattern is something I think is not very effective. Real teaching of orthopaedics cannot be done in classroom or in clinics. In clinics we can teach students to pass exams but not orthopaedics. Dr Chaubal always used to say that real orthopaedics is taught in practical patient management and in operation theatres. I tell my fellows that I wont teach much, but they have to observe and learn. In medical colleges there is no teaching at all, its almost died off. AK: What you feel is the ‘Way of Working’ of Dr Tanna that makes him a successful Orthopaedic Surgeon? Your Mantra? DDT: Always do academically correct things. Like I have been practicing 3 doses of antibiotics since last 20 years. I read a lot and then distil the academic points and follow them in practice. I get up at 4 am and read everyday. AK: What technical tips would you give for someone who has just embarked on his career as an Orthopaedic surgeon? DDT : I have given one oration which is also on you tube, you should listen to that. Anybody who becomes an orthopaedic surgeon is actually cream of humanity and are capable of doing anything. The only thing required is a strong will to excel and passion to succeed AK: I understand that you are a very positive person, but do you have any regrets, specifically related to orthopaedics. Something that you wished to do but couldn’t? DDT: Honestly nothing. Today when people ask me ‘How are you’ I say ‘can’t be better’. I couldn’t have asked for a better life AK: Any message you will like to share? DDT: I think passion to be best is essential. Even if one patient does not do well or if we do a mistake in a surgery, it causes huge distress and misery to us. We as doctor should be truthful to your patients. Between you and your patient there can’t be any malpractice. You should treat every patient as if you are doing it on your son or daughter. Always keep patient first AK: What degree or accolades would you like me to mention in your introduction? DDT: Nothing just plain MS Orth, I have no other degrees. In fact after my MS I attempted to give D orth exam. My boss at that time Dr Sant, said ‘are you crazy, after passing MS you want to give KG exam?’ He actually did not allow me to appear (laughs). Never felt like having any more degrees, degrees won’t take me ahead, its only my orthopaedic skill that will be take me ahead in life.

This article discusses the social and environmental responsibility of Muhammadiyah Owned Enterprises (BUMM). The establishment of the economic field as the third pillar in the muhammadiyah preaching as well as marking the characteristics of Advanced Islam that became the spirit of the Muhammadiyah da'wah movement. Speaking of Muhammadiyah, not only talk about schools and universities in the field of education or talk hospitals in the field of health, but also talk about factories and plantations owned by Muhammadiyah. The type of research used is normative juridical research, which is research focused on reviewing the application of rules or norms in positive law. As a result of the research, the Economic and Entrepreneurial Assembly has compiled guidelines for Muhammadiyah Owned Enterprises (BUMM) and has been socialized in 2017, namely the Muhammadiyah Central Leadership Guidelines No. 04/PED/I.0/B/ 2017 on Muhammadiyah Owned Enterprises. This guideline is drawn up, so that bumm management in the form of Limited Liability Company (PT) can be managed in accordance with Muhammadiyah's vision by accommodating good corporate governance. The application of social and environmental responsibility of Muhammadiyah Owned Enterprises (BUMM) to the community and the environment only provides money assistance and programs that are derma or philanthropic, have not touched on the environmental aspects. In The Guidelines No. 04/PED/I.0/B/ 2017 concerning Muhammadiyah Owned Enterprises also has not regulated the obligations of Muhammadiyah-owned enterprises in carrying out CSR.Keyword: BUMM; CSR. ABSTRAKArtikel ini membahas tentang tanggung jawab sosial dan lingkungan Badan Usaha Milik Muhammadiyah (BUMM). Pencanangan bidang ekonomi sebagai pilar ketiga dalam dakwah persyarikatan Muhammadiyah sekaligus menandai ciri Islam berkemajuan yang menjadi spirit gerakan dakwah Muhammadiyah. Berbicara tentang Muhammadiyah, tidak hanya berbicara tentang sekolah dan perguruan tinggi di bidang pendidikan atau berbicara rumah sakit di bidang kesehatan, tetapi juga berbicara pabrik-pabrik dan perkebunan yang dimiliki Muhammadiyah. Tipe penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian yuridis normatif yakni penelitian yang difokuskan untuk mengkaji penerapan kaidah-kaidah atau norma-norma dalam hukum positif. Hasil penelitian bahwa, Majelis Ekonomi dan Kewirausahaan sudah menyusun pedoman Badan Usaha Milik Muhammadiyah (BUMM) dan telah disosialisasikan pada tahun 2017, yaitu Pedoman Pimpinan Pusat Muhammadiyah Nomor 04/PED/I.0/B/ 2017 tentang Badan Usaha Milik Muhammadiyah. Pedoman ini disusun, supaya pengelolaan BUMM berbentuk Perseroan Terbatas (PT) bisa dikelola sesuai visi Muhammadiyah dengan mengakomodasi tata kelola perusahaan yang baik.Bentuk penerapan tanggung jawab sosial dan lingkungan Badan Usaha Milik Muhammadiyah (BUMM) terhadap masyarakat dan lingkungan hanya memberikan bantuan uang dan program yang sifatnya derma atau filantropi, belum menyentuh ke aspek lingkungan. Dalam Pedoman No 04/PED/I.0/B/ 2017 tentang Badan Usaha Milik Muhammadiyah juga belum mengatur tentang kewajiban dari badan usaha milik Muhammadiyah dalam melaksanakan CSR.

Andrew Bruce’s path to building a digital business offers a map of hazards for those selling digital services to oil companies. When he started Data Gumbo, he was thinking about building a business aimed at solving the data quality issues that were a constant headache when he was working on developing digital control systems at NOV. One option was a fee-for-service business that cleaned up drilling data. While he knew that would make the engineers happy, he wondered if accountants would notice. Clean data ultimately can have a large financial impact by facilitating the digital transformation. But, for those doing financial statements, it is easy to miss because it does not have a direct impact on the bottom line, even though it can facilitate digital changes that do. As he searched for a better idea, he began thinking about building around a blockchain network. At the time, blockchain was only associated with keeping a record of virtual currency ownership. But he could see uses for an immutable record of contracts and transactions in the drilling business, where contract disputes, audits, and wrangling over bills are costly, time-consuming rituals. The plans required only specific bits of operational data, such as the volume of product loaded or the time of delivery, to measure performance based on the contract terms. Building a service that minimizes the customer data needed removed a potential sticking point in negotiations. Years passed as he worked to find users willing to work together to create a blockchain network to see if multiple companies could make this idea work in an oil field. Another thing that kills many startups is time. Investments by the venture arms of Equinor and Saudi Aramco gave Data Gumbo the cash to slowly recruit buyers and sellers to create and test whether the network he envisioned, known as GumboNet, actually could deliver on its promise of faster, argument-free billing that saved money. The most public example was the result of a test by a multicompany consortium in 2019 that showed a paperless system for tracking water or any other oilfield commodity can work accurately and deliver results efficiently. That was the prelude to more testing, until the oil price crash forced the industry to accelerate its search for ways to lower the cost of producing a barrel of oil. The crash sped the transition from testing to field uses and helped expand the company’s customer base. Data Gumbo has added locations in the Middle East and South America. One downside of success: It offers a model for potential competitors. “It is always a concern. It would be naive to say it is not. Anyone can use blockchain tomorrow,” Bruce said. What is harder to do is build a network of users, such as GumboNet. Assembling a group of users who understand the rules and trust the system—like a large group of merchants willing to accept a particular credit card—is a hard thing to replicate. To strengthen those ties, Bruce continues to look for new ways to generate value for users. One idea that he said is on the way this year is a service that uses data associated with logistics contracts, such as water truck traffic data, to generate emissions or water use data to help answer tough questions raised by investors requiring environment, safety, and governance reports.

Purpose This study aims to explore the dual identity role of joint gift-giving among adolescents. Studying this phenomenon through the lens of impression management theory enabled us to analyze private and group motives, drivers of these motives (givers’ public self-consciousness and self-monitoring and group cohesiveness) and the influence of group motives on the joint process. The characteristics of the joint process reflect a mutual social activity that enables adolescents to strengthen social group ties and define and nurture group identity. This research showed how a mutual consumer process, specifically, joint gift-giving, enhances the outcomes of social resources by defining groups’ mutual extended selves. Design/methodology/approach In this study, quantitative tools were used. Selection of constructs for the study was based on a literature review and existing qualitative research. To test the validity and the reliability of the scales, a convenience sample of 103 adolescents (13 to 16 years old) was used in a pre-test survey. In the main study, a convenience sample of 129 adolescences was used. Self-report questionnaires were distributed to adolescents (aged 13-16 years). The survey included scales covering private and group motives for joint gift-giving, givers’ personality, group cohesiveness and the characteristics of the joint process. Findings Givers’ public self-consciousness and self-monitoring were positively related to the motivation to engage in joint gift-giving to facilitate the development of desired private identities. High public self-consciousness and self-monitoring givers were motivated to enhance their private role in the group task and managed their impression among multiple audiences. We found that high-cohesiveness groups were motivated to nurture and strengthen social resources through joint gift-giving. Engaging in joint gift-giving is motivated not only by functional motives (e.g. saving money) but also by social motives that strengthen a group’s extended-self and social resources that all members enjoy. Research limitations/implications Although gift-giving is a three-stage process per gestation presentation and reformulation stage, the current study explored joint gift-giving behavior only in the gestation stage. Future research should include the other two stages. Also the current research concentrated on adolescents. Exploring joint gift-giving among adults is recommended as well. Comparing the two age groups should allow a better understanding of the special characteristics of adolescents and adults. Additionally, other personality characteristics could affect givers private identity in the group task and other group characteristics such as group size gender of members and group context in the workplace could affect identity. Practical implications This research can provide marketers with a deeper understanding of the joint gift-giving process. For example, marketers should recognize that joint gift-giving involves adolescent groups’ time-consuming activities in the joint process, i.e. gift selection effort, making handmade gifts and putting special efforts in gift appearance that enable them to define and nurture their group identity. Social implications Parents and educators should recognize the importance of social identity dual role in participating in joint gift-giving. Hence, we recommend them to encourage adolescents to participate in this joint consuming process to enable them to protect and define their identity. Originality/value Adolescents are an important market segment with unique cognitive, social and personality processes. While these processes have been explored in several consumer behavior studies, adolescents’ gift-giving has been largely ignored in the literature. This study contributes to an understanding of the drivers of private and group joint gift-giving motives, how sense of belonging and group identity are reflected in the social dynamics of joint gift-giving and how adolescents manage group and private impressions in the eyes of a single receiver and in the eyes of multiple peers participating in the group task.

ABSTRAK Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengeksplorasi bagaimana pengalaman donasi para donatur milenial muslim, dengan fokus utama untuk mengetahui rasionalitas donatur konsumen yang mendasari pengalaman donasi. Metode Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) dilakukan untuk menggambarkan dinamika milenial muslim dalam memulai berdonasi, mengembangkan niat, dan mengidentifikasi alternatif penyaluran donasi. Sepuluh peserta dipilih dari Semarang, Jawa Tengah, Indonesia, menggunakan purposive-sampling dengan kriteria dan persyaratan yang telah ditentukan untuk memilih partisipan. Data wawancara dianalisis dengan menggunakan teknik deskriptif kualitatif tipe naratif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa altruisme dan spiritualitas mendorong pemberian sumbangan. Donatur tidak mengharapkan adanya timbal balik dari penerima, pemahaman ini kemudian dimaknai sebagai altruisme. Dari perspektif agama, donasi merupakan bentuk ketaatan kepada Tuhan dengan menjalankan apa yang diperintahkan dan hanya mengharapkan balasan-Nya. Semua partisipan adalah pemeluk agama Islam, sehingga motivasi berdasarkan nilai-nilai spiritual hanya terbatas pada keyakinan satu agama dan secara umum tidak dapat mewakili banyak keyakinan. Temuan selanjutnya, ada transformasi donasi dari donasi langsung, ke lembaga donor dan yang terbaru melalui teknologi digital yang bisa menjadi fokus penelitian di masa depan. Kata Kunci: Altruisme, Perilaku Donasi, Donatur Milenial, Interpretative Phenomenology Analysis. ABSTRACT This study explores the donation experience of Muslim millennial donors, with the main focus on discovering the consumer donor rationality underlying donation experience. The Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) method was conducted to depict the dynamics of Muslim millennials in starting a money donation, developing intention, and identifying the alternative distribution for donations. Ten participants were chosen from Semarang, Central Java, Indonesia, using purposive sampling with predetermined criteria and requirements for selecting participants. The interview data were then analyzed using a narrative type of descriptive qualitative technique. The research results show that altruism and spirituality encourage donation-making. Donors do not expect any reciprocity from the recipient; this understanding is interpreted as altruism. From a religious perspective, this is a form of the donor's obedience to God by carrying out what was ordered and only expecting the reward. All participants are adherents of Islam, so motivation based on spiritual values only focuses on the beliefs of one religion and cannot generally represent many beliefs. Further findings show a transformation of donations from direct donations to donor agencies and, most recently, through digital technology, focusing on future research. Keywords: Altruism, Donation Behavior, Millennial Donor, Interpretative Phenomenology Analysis. REFERENCES Anik, L., Aknin, L. B., Norton, M. I., & Dunn, E. W. (2009). Feeling good about giving: The benefits (and costs) of self-interested charitable behavior. Harvard Business School Marketing Unit Working Paper, 10-012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1444831 Aufa S, F. N. (2018). Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi keputusan donatur dalam menyalurkan infaq via social networking site (SNS) (Studi pada masyarakat kota Malang). Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa FEB Universitas Brawijaya, 7(1), 1-11. Bjalkebring, P., Västfjäll, D., Dickert, S., & Slovic, P. (2016). Greater emotional gain from giving in older adults: Age-related positivity bias in charitable giving. 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Ask any parent and he or she will tell you — it costs money to raise children. Taking into account inflation, a middle-income family may spend more than $295,000 to raise a child born in 2011 to the age of 17. This is not a small amount of money, so you will need to know the types of expenses required to raise your family. This 5-page fact sheet reviews the costs associated with raising children and gives you tips on how to teach your children about finances. By knowing the costs of raising your family and setting up a budget, you can teach your children money management skills that will help them throughout their lives. Written by Lynda Spence, Martie Gillen, and Diann Douglas, and published by the UF Department of Family Youth and Community Sciences, March 2013. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/fy1354

This reflective essay describes steps taken by Business faculty in a U.S. Midwestern mid-sized regional university to assist faculty in making the rapid transition to 100% online teaching. These steps include the development of an online course template within the university’s course management system made available to all faculty with tips and video tutorials specifically tailored to business courses. The coronavirus pandemic forced faculty members at institutions across the world into teaching online in about two weeks. Many tenure-track professors and full-time instructors, who were required to complete extensive training prior to teaching online courses, were relatively well-prepared. In spite of this training, some instructors felt overwhelmed when the pandemic forced an immediate transition online. Adjunct instructors and some junior faculty were particularly affected. Consistent with the conservation of resources theory which suggests that individuals conserve their limited resources (e.g., time, money, etc.) to ensure availability when they are most needed, many instructors, particularly adjunct and junior faculty, were constrained by competing demands. Adjunct instructors often teach limited courses while maintaining full-time employment in their respective fields. Junior faculty also have limited resources due to service and publishing demands. The availability of a special online course helped these vulnerable faculty members make the rapid transition to emergency online teaching. This reflective essay also describes the results of a survey about this transition among both faculty and center for teaching and learning (CTL) staff. Lastly, we recommend strategies for CTLs and academic departments to prepare for future crises. “Deputizing” power-users in each academic unit to redistribute workloads during emergencies and sharing tips and tricks customized for their departments is one such strategy. Creating annual online training modules is another strategy to allow seamless transition to unexpected online teaching.

In this publication we provide tips to help strengthen personal finances in a crisis situations. It should be noted that as part of state programs aimed at increasing financial literacy, it is especially important to monitor the literacy and quality control of financial activity of the population in terms of combating various forms of financial fraud targeting people’s savings. Improving financial literacy of the population is one of the main ways to improve the management of personal finances, which does not require significant costs. We analyzed the research of both foreign and domestic scientists on these matters. Household financial planning should begin with the planning and compilation of a personal budget or a family budget. Optimization of personal expenses after their detailed analysis is rationalization. Rationalization of personal expenses should be carried out on the basis of research of current and perspective needs of the individual to define the unnecessary expenses and search for the ways to save purchasing certain groups of goods or services. Helping to control and eliminate emotional purchases, thereby minimizing the impact of inflation on own costs. Low financial literacy of consumers of retail financial services, the presence of asymmetric information in the relationship between providers and consumers of the services in the financial market create favorable conditions for various abuses and financial crimes. The concept of financial inclusion is considered, which in our opinion is a driver of economic growth and an important factor of social equality in the modern world. Central banks and other financial market regulators, international organizations, and other market players have emphasized the importance of financial inclusion in recent decades. We have selected a list of basic tips from financial advisors on managing and planning personal finances. In Ukraine, more than a third of the population remains outside the financial system. This indicates their separation from the economy of the state and society as a whole, lower level of efficiency of money management and financial security. The vocation of financial scientists is to bring to the public the basics of financial awareness and help solve many issues that arise, both in personal finance and at the state level.

This article deals with how residents of a favela region known as the Complexo da Maré (Maré Complex), in the city of Rio de Janeiro, experienced price increase, particularly in food and energy, during 2021 and 2022, still in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. We use the concept of alignment (and its derivatives, such as misalignment and realignment) to analyse the different ways of navigating an increase in the cost of living through accommodating material changes and future perspectives at different scales: from the ideals of a good life desired by people and families to decisions that need to be taken immediately or in a proximate future. We call alignment work the daily activities through which people and families deal with the instability of income, variation in money flows, the management of frustrations with the restrictions imposed by inflation, and the maintenance of significant ties which are altered or placed at risk by the crisis.

Purpose Transaction laundering has become an increasingly intricate and rampant form of financial misconduct in the age of digital commerce. This research paper conducts an exhaustive examination of this issue, categorizing the various techniques criminals use to highlight areas where existing risk management practices could be further refined. Amid escalating regulatory scrutiny of both financial and nonfinancial entities, the paper stresses the implications of not meeting regulatory standards. As a novel contribution, this study advocates for a shift in risk management strategies. It argues that entities under obligation should harness advanced technological methods to counter transaction laundering challenges effectively. The study serves as a relevant guide for online businesses aiming to strengthen their measures against transaction laundering. For future work, the potential effectiveness of technology-driven countermeasures deserves further scrutiny. Design/methodology/approach This study used a conceptual legal research method, using a library-based doctrinal legal research approach with a conceptual legal perspective, drawing from existing literature. This study reviewed primary and secondary legal sources, including case law and provisions of the Money Laundering (Prohibition) (Amended) Act, 2012, and the Terrorism (Prevention) Act 2013 (as amended). This study also assessed the provisions of the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (Establishment) Act, Laws of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, 2004. This research further incorporated a blend of archival and secondary legal sources. This study conducted comparative analyses, examining the legal frameworks of Canada, the UK, Hong Kong and China alongside Nigeria to identify potential lessons for enhancing Nigeria’s legislation concerning money laundering and terrorism financing. This study also assessed problems and derived insights from the study’s findings. This research method was chosen to establish the credibility of the findings regarding the issues of money laundering and terrorist financing. Findings The analysis uses a comprehensive network dataset, encompassing ties among individuals and businesses in the Netherlands from 2005 to 2019. It integrates administrative data, including family ties, shared bank accounts and employment history, with corporate information and ownership relations from the Chamber of Commerce. Criminal data related to police interventions, legal convictions and suspicious money laundering transactions are linked to these networks. This unique approach overcomes the scarcity of large empirical datasets in criminological research, offering valuable insights into criminal network behavior and dynamics. Understanding how criminal networks adapt to anti-money laundering policies aids regulatory authorities in designing more effective and efficient measures while also enhancing the tools available to enforcement authorities for detection and investigation. Originality/value AML policies are often criticized for their high costs relative to the perceived benefits. This paper's method avoids dark number estimations and relies on high-quality administrative data. The theoretical contribution includes an examination of specialization, competition and collaboration within criminal networks. The empirical aspect uses a unique dataset and emerges as a methodology for evaluating the effects of AML policy measures using temporal cluster analysis.

Zakat as a source of state income, representing zakat for Muslims to approve the spiritual ties of mankind. In this era, discussing zakat which is included in the duties of the authorities means he needs to improve continuity by helping muzzaki either by establishing institutions to facilitate the process of raising zakat funds, because this requires government assistance in improving the economy of the people. The establishment of institutions that represent government programs to overcome domestic economic and religious problems. Urgency about managing zakat, zakat fitrah with an administration system that is also good so that approval and management of zakat can be accounted for, taking into account the most important aspects of zakat management, goods and can also be in the form of money, zakat distribution media can be through mosques, social foundations, etc or directly distributed individually, the time of zakat payment and zakat payment channels. The essence of zakat fitrah over the significance of Eid al-Fitr is so important to human life. That it has meaning for humans who teach humans to share and give alms, gives happiness to those who are weak and unable, makes food for visitors of rice and other foods, ask for value one after one and another for one after another.

Activating social ties is a critical mechanism for satisfying individuals’ social, emotional, and material needs. Researchers have offered a number of hypotheses around tie activation about when and why particular supporters step in to help, ranging from strategic activation via functional specificity to opportunistic mobilization. To date, few studies have examined multiple tie activation strategies in tandem. This project focuses on people facing complex, compounding health and social problems, who may have to rely on multiple forms of activation to get their support needs met. We draw on a sample of 92 participants who are affiliated with one of two Care Management programs in the Western United States. Using name generators in a survey, we elicit participants’ social networks and find they utilize a number of methods to secure critical support needs, including calling on kin ties to borrow money and help with daily tasks, relying on strong and proximal ties for almost all types of support, and using functional specificity for health support. We then draw on qualitative interviews to gain a deeper understanding of the ways alters provide support and why egos elicit support from some alters and not others. Future research should continue assessing this population’s social networks with the aim of leveraging social support to help manage chronic conditions, provide access to resources, and increase their sense of belonging.

AbstractBeginning in the 1990s and intensifying after the events of September 11, deportations in the United States increased to record levels under President Obama and continued at high levels under President Trump. Although a growing literature addresses how migrants respond to the shifting context of reception, empirical evidence on how migrants’ remitting and saving behavior changed as a result of immigration enforcement remains limited. Using detailed individual-level data from the Mexican Migration Project (MMP, N = 6787) for the years 1970–2019, this study examines how deportations relate to Mexican migrants’ joint decisions to remit and/or save, and how this relationship differs by documentation status. Results from multinomial logistic regressions reveal that rising deportations are associated with an increase in the transnational economic engagement of undocumented migrants. This is largely due to an increase in remittances; savings brought back decrease with rising deportations, likely because keeping savings in the United States is riskier than sending money back directly. Among documented migrants, the remitting and saving behavior does not appear to change as deportations rise. Analyzing these behaviors together is important to gain a more complete understanding of migrants’ transnational economic ties and links to the country of destination.

This type of qualitative research through a phenomenological approach, while the results showed that the poverty alleviation program in South Sulawesi showed several advantages and disadvantages. The advantages include empowerment efforts through skills training and education to be economically independent. The program also seeks to integrate different sectors, creating a holistic approach However, there are drawbacks to note. Interagency coordination is sometimes less effective, leading to overlap and lack of synergy between programs. Lack of transparency and community participation in program planning and implementation can also reduce its effectiveness. Suboptimal monitoring and evaluation is also an obstacle. The KUBE (Joint Business Group) program is appreciated for increasing understanding and family ties, despite facing challenges related to human resources and lack of coordination. The Productive Economic Enterprise Program (UEP) has a positive impact on the community's economy, but some disadvantages such as improper use of capital money. The Family Hope Program (PKH) received support due to cross-sectoral commitment and coordination, but there was a negative response regarding targets and administration. The Rastra program, although not explicitly mentioned, points out shortcomings related to target accuracy and effectiveness. The Non-Cash Food Assistance Program (BPNT) is considered effective, but there are still shortcomings in target accuracy and distribution timing. A multi-sectoral approach is key to poverty management strategies. The South Sulawesi government needs to combine various sectors such as economy, education, health, and infrastructure in a comprehensive approach. Empowering the agriculture, fisheries, and livestock sectors with modern technology, such as tissue culture and artificial insemination, is a strategic step to increase the economic resilience of the community. Access to education and health is also an important focus. Quality education programs and affordable health services are needed for all levels of society. Community empowerment efforts through support to small business groups, skills training, and capacity building are strategic steps to increase community participation in development.

Purpose Thailand has served as a major outbound tourist destination for Chinese tourists for decades. Behaviours demonstrated by Chinese tourists in Thailand are believed to have created an image of Chinese outbound tourists among the residents and have impacted on the sustainability of Thai tourism. This study aims to contribute a more comprehensive and nuanced understanding of the image of Chinese outbound tourists from the perspective of Thai residents’. Design/methodology/approach In-depth interviews were conducted with 15 Thai residents who have frequent contact with Chinese tourists. Findings The results reveal that Thai residents’ perceptions of Chinese tourists include both positive and negative images. Positive images consist of being filial and friendly (e.g. taking good care of the elderly and having close emotional ties within their touring group) and being wealthy and auspicious (e.g. having a lot of money to spend and tipping generously). Negative images include moral norms (e.g. making loud noises and jumping into a queue), hygiene habits (e.g. littering and spitting) and religious culture (e.g. touching and climbing Buddha statues). Originality/value This qualitative research promotes the study of destination residents’ perceptions of tourists’ in the context of outbound tourism and enriches the application of social representation theory from the perspective of residents in the field of tourism marketing. It generates a more nuanced comprehension of Thai residents’ perceptions of Chinese tourists, contributes to the government’s formulation of guidelines for civilised tourism and has benefits to the sustainable development of tourism destinations.

This study aims to determine the variation of Javanese consonants in the lower-class community in RT 34-35 Giwangan Village, Umbulharjo District, Special Region of Yogyakarta. This type of research is a case study, data obtained utilizing interviews and literature study. The study results indicate that there are variations in consonants that occur in the lower society. The consonant variations are a form of neutral in the word pairs /b/ and /p/, which occurs in the word "landep", which means sharp; in the word pairs /d/ and /t/ occurs in the word "reged" which in Indonesian means dirty, and the word pairs /g/ and /k/ occurs in the word "ambleg" which means to fall. The next variation is the insertion and addition of consonants /n/, /ŋ/, and /m/in the word "montor", which means motorbikes. The next variation is the insertion of semi-vowels /w/ and /y/, which occurs in the word "kebuwang", which means wasted, and in the word "lagèYane", which has the meaning of style. The next variation is the variation of the consonants /z/, /dz/ and /v/, /f/ that occurs in the word "jikir", which means remembrance and the word TV, which is pronounced by with the word "tipi". Next is a shortening variation that occurs in the sentence "no money", which is pronounced by "ra de det" or "ora nduwe duwit". The last consonant variation is the omission of sounds that occur in the word "government", which means government.

Promotion of fair, efficient and not corrupted management of public finances from local government is crucial for functional democracy and it includes number of issues, institutions and methods.Fiscal transparency enables citizens to act as consumers by asking for high level of values toward the money they pay for taxes. Transparent operations also makes easier job to local government on offering these values. The New Constitution of the Republic of Kosovo, which was en-forced on June 15 2008, has a special chapter regarding the local gover-nance where is precisely determined basic principles and objectives of local governance in Kosovo. Constitution declares that” basic unit of lo-cal governance in the Republic of Kosovo is municipality. Municipalities has a large scale of local governance and they encourage and ensure acti-ve participation of all citizens on the decision making process of munici-pal authorities (article 124.1). The Constitution in 11 paragraphs gua-rantee the right of citizens on local governance, the request that establi-shment, competences and municipal borders to be regulated by the law, the right of the municipality to get financing from central government, the rights of municipality on cooperation between municipalities and cross-border cooperation, administrative borders of review of local activi-ties by the central government and also the obligations that municipa-lities has toward respecting the Constitution and the Law.Actual financial legislation for local government has extended the base for self municipal income which enables municipalities to increase their budgets.The aim of this study is to analyze the self income of Kosovo munici-palities and to show the impact of self income on service offering from municipal level to citizens

The use of RFID (radio frequency identification), also called “smart tags”, is on the rise in the retail industry. In short, RFID are tiny microchips using short range radio signals to emit information and can be used to tag goods, buildings, cars, pets, people etc. Unlike bar-code scanners, which must be held directly in front of the item being scanned, one of the benefits of RFID tags is that they can be scanned from a distance. It is expected that RFID will eventually replace the bar code and its use is likely to save companies like Wal-Mart, Procter & Gamble and Gillette millions of dollars as they can track every bottle of shampoo or packet of razor blades from the factory floor to the store shelf (Baard, “Lawmakers”). Most agree that using RFID to track goods from the point of manufacture to the location of sale in order to prevent goods being lost, stolen or handled inappropriately, is acceptable and not cause for privacy concerns. But as marketers often take every opportunity to learn more about consumers and their purchasing behaviours, some fear that tags embedded in clothing, membership cards, mobile phones etc. may be scanned inappropriately and used to target individuals with cleverly tailored marketing messages. In the effort to provide a more customised experience, business is at risk of becoming increasingly intrusive – something that will not be universally acceptable. But is it all bad? Privacy concerns aside, smart tags can add new functions as well as enable a whole range of innovative products and services when joined with other technologies. RFID beyond Traditional Value Chain Management Prada is often mentioned as an example of how RFID can be taken beyond the traditional value chain management. Prada has implemented some ground-breaking technology in their Manhattan (New York) store, all based around RFID. RF-receivers automatically detect and scan garments brought into the dressing room. Via a touch screen the customers view tips on how to mix and match, access information about available sizes, colours, fabrics and styles, and watch video clips of models wearing the very outfit they are trying on (Grassley, ”Prada’s”). Eventually customers will be able to create virtual closets and store information about what they have tried on or bought on their Prada Web account (”Prada’s”). Customers’ details, including notes made by sales assistants, e.g. preferences, can be stored automatically in customer cards, readable by sales assistants’ handhelds or at the cash register (”Prada’s”) – information that could be used by the assistant to spur further sales by suggesting for example: “Last time you were here, you bought a black skirt. We have a sweater that matches that skirt” (Batista). Another example is Precision Dynamics Corp (PDC), which developed an automatic identification wristband incorporating RFID technology. One application is the AgeBand which is used to verify the bearer’s age when purchasing alcohol. ID is checked when entering the venue and the customer receives a plastic wristband printed with personal details that cannot be removed without being damaged or destroyed (Swedberg). The embedded chip can be linked to a customer’s credit card number or a cash deposit to pay for purchases while on the premises. “It is also an easy way to collect statistics for marketing”, says PDC’s senior marketing communications specialist, Paula Maggio (qtd. in Swedberg). Although the RFID clearly provides benefits and new opportunities to business operations, there is an argument over whether consumers will ultimately gain or suffer when smart tags become more commonplace. Certainly it may be convenient to have smart hangers that project virtual clothes onto a customer’s reflection in the mirror so they can try on a range of outfits without having to remove their clothes, but the collection of personal information necessary to provide this convenience also raises complex privacy issues. Fear of Intrusive Marketing Hesseldahl believes that our homes, workplaces, shops, malls, cars, trains, planes and bicycles will all be environments that constantly notice who we are and what we are doing, and which – according to a detailed profile of our habits – will try to service us in ways we can hardly even imagine today (25). This may be helpful to us in many ways, but there are concerns that organisations will use RF-technology to connect product information to individuals in order to create personal profiles which can then be used for pin-pointed marketing purposes, or even for tracking individuals, without their knowledge or consent. A possible scenario is one where consumers are bombarded with intrusive advertising based on what they are wearing, what they are purchasing, their history of past purchases, demographics and more. “Kill Machines” Fearing that the technology will be abused, many privacy advocates suggest that RFID must only be used to keep track of goods in the supply chain and thus be deactivated as soon as they leave the store. For example, consumer organisations such as CASPIAN (Consumers Against Supermarket Privacy Invasion and Numbering), the American Civil Liberties Union, and Electronic Frontiers Australia, lobby for the obligatory deactivation of the tags at the point of purchase. But companies such as Procter & Gamble and Wal-Mart would prefer to keep the tags active after checkout, rather than disabling them with so called “kill machines”, so they can match the unique codes emitted by RF-tags to shopper’s personal information (Baard “Watchdog”). They will want to use RF technology to support the sales process and to provide the consumer with new and better services than what is otherwise possible. And without doubt, if the tags are deactivated some genuinely helpful applications would be lost to the consumer, e.g. being able to call your refrigerator from the supermarket to check if you need milk or your washing machine alerting you if you have accidentally put a delicate garment in your white wash. Looking at the Bright Side Privacy concerns aside, RFID technology, in fact, has the potential to empower consumers as it will put more information about products at consumers’ fingertips. Consumers will for example be able to go into competing supermarkets and scan items with an RF-receiver embedded in their mobile phone, record prices, store and process the information to evaluate which store offers better value. The information can then be shared with other shoppers via the Internet, and suddenly we have a powerful “shopping bot” which transcends the online world. Consequently, RFID has the potential to make competition between retailers tougher than ever before and to benefit consumers through lower and more transparent pricing. In addition, RFID tags may also make possible faster and more accurate services, particularly in supermarkets. Shopping carts are mounted with computers which automatically register all items put into the cart and enable the customer to keep track of items, their prices and their total amount (Blau). RFID can also be used to find the location of items in the store and show more detailed information on a product (origin, use by date, content etc.) and as the customer passes through the checkout, all purchases are registered automatically in a matter of seconds. Privacy Protection In Australia, the Privacy Amendment (Private Sector) Act 2000, with its ten National Privacy Principles (NPP), has been highly criticised over the last few years as being much to open for interpretation and thus difficult to reinforce. In short, the NPP allows for marketers to use non-sensitive personal information for direct marketing purposes without seeking the individual’s consent if it is impracticable to do so (“Guidelines”). That is, as long as they make available a privacy policy explaining why the data is collected and who will have access, they ensure that the data is correct and up to date, protected from unauthorised access, and that individuals are given access to their data upon request (“Guidelines”). In 2003 the Spam Act was introduced in order to take a tougher stand on the escalating problem with massive amounts of unsolicited emails filling up inboxes, threatening the whole concept of the Internet and its many benefits. In essence, the Spam Act will not allow commercial electronic messages to be sent without the recipient’s prior consent or without a possibility to unsubscribe (“Spam”). In the same manner that the Spam Act was passed to regulate the collection of Internet users’ contact information, it may become necessary to regulate the collection and use of data obtained via RFID if the NPP are deemed inadequate. The difficulty will be to do so and at the same time safeguard many of the positive side-effects the technology may have for businesses and consumers. As argued by Roger Clarke, privacy has to be balanced against many other, often competing interests: “The privacy interest of one person may conflict with that of another person, or of a groups of people, or of an organisation, or of society as a whole. Hence: Privacy Protection is a process of finding appropriate balances between privacy and multiple competing interests.” It is therefore recommended that legislators and policy makers keep up with the development and undertake significant research into both sides before any legislation is passed so that the best interests of consumers and business are catered for. Can There Be a Win-Win Situation? Although business can expect some significant gains from the use of RFID, particularly through a more effective value chain management but also from more substantial and better quality business intelligence, consumers may in fact be the real winners as new and better business concepts, products and services are made available. Further, with the increased transparency in business, consumers can use the vast amounts of information available to find the best products and services, at the best price, and from the best provider. With the aid of smart software, such as search agents, it will be a rather effortless task and will provide consumers with a real advantage. But this assumes consumers are aware of the benefits and how they can be exploited, and have the means to do so – something that will require some skill, interest, money and time. Consumers will also have to give up some privacy in order to take full advantage of the new technology. For the industry, the main challenge will be communicating what these advantages are, as acceptance, adoption and thus also return on investment will depend upon it. For legislators and policy makers, the major dilemma will be to provide a regulatory framework that is flexible but distinct, and that will prevent abuse and at the same time enable positive outcomes for both business and consumers. A fine line that should be treaded wisely in order to create a future where everyone can gain from the benefits of using this technology. References Baard, Mark. “Lawmakers Alarmed by RFID Spying.” Wired News 26 Feb. 2004. 9 Mar. 2004 http://www.wired.com/news/privacy/0,1848,62433,00.html>. Baard, Mark. ”Watchdog Push for RFID Laws.” Wired News 5 Apr. 2004. 6 Apr. 2004 http://www.wired.com/news/privacy/0,1848,62922,00.html>. Batista, Elisa. ”What Your Clothes Say about You.” Wired News 12 Mar. 2003. 8 Mar. 2004 http://www.wired.com/news/wireless/0,1382,58006,00.html>. Blau, John. ”Så fungerar det digitala snabbköpet.” PC för Alla 1 (2004). 8 Mar. 2004 http://www.idg.se/ArticlePages/200402/27/20040227165630_IDG. se760/20040227165630_IDG.se760.dbp.asp>. Clarke, Roger. Beyond the OECD Guidelines: Privacy Protection for the 21st Century. 4 Jan. 2000. 15 Mar. 2004 http://www.anu.edu.au/people/Roger.Clarke/DV/PP21C.html>. Grassley, Tanya. ”Retailers Outfit Stores with Tech.” Wired News 18 Dec. 2002. 8 Mar. 2004 http://www.wired.com/news/holidays/0,1882,56885,00.html>. “Guidelines to the National Privacy Principles.” The Office of the Federal Privacy Commissioner 2001. 4 Apr. 2004 http://www.privacy.gov.au/publications/nppgl_01.html#sum>. Hessledahl, Peter. Den globale organisme. Copenhagen: Aschehoug, 2002. 24 Apr. 2004 http://www.global-organisme.dk/e-bog/den_globale_organisme.pdf>. ”Prada’s Smart Tags Too Clever?” Wired News 27 Oct. 2002. 9 Mar. 2004 http://www.wired.com/news/technology/0,1282,56042,00.html>. “Spam” DCITA 2004. 4 Apr. 2004 http://www2.dcita.gov.au/ie/trust/improving/spam>. Swedberg, Claire. ”Putting Drinks on the Cuff.” RFID Journal 15 Jun. 2004. 15 Jun. 2004 http://www.rfidjournal.com/article/articleview/987/1/1/>. Citation reference for this article MLA Style Melchior, Angelika. "Tag & Trace Marketing." M/C Journal 8.4 (2005). echo date('d M. Y'); ?> <http://journal.media-culture.org.au/0508/03-melchior.php>. APA Style Melchior, A. (Aug. 2005) "Tag & Trace Marketing," M/C Journal, 8(4). Retrieved echo date('d M. Y'); ?> from <http://journal.media-culture.org.au/0508/03-melchior.php>.

In connection with the transition to a market economy, the industrial industry inherited from the Soviet economy was almost completely dismantled. In 1990-1994, compared to the Soviet era, the production of industrial products decreased fivefold and the number of jobs fourfold (National Statistical Service of Georgia, 1995). Industrial products became uncompetitive in both domestic and foreign markets. The production of machines, devices, tools, electric machines, vehicles, products of light and partly food industry was stopped. Accordingly, the level of industrial production fell, the specific share of industry in the total domestic product decreased, and industrial ties were dissolved. All this led to the deindustrialization of the country. In 1999, the Ministry of Industry of Georgia developed: the Industrial Concept of Georgia and “Strategic Programs for the Development of Industrial Enterprises of Georgia in 2000-2005” in order to solve the extremely important tasks facing the industry of Georgia in the period of transition to a market economy and for their further development. However, they did not have a major impact on the revitalization of the industrial sector. In the years 2003-2012, the share of industry in the total domestic product decreased. By 2020, sales of industrial products and production increased significantly, but the pandemic had a serious impact on both indicators. In 2022, compared to 2020, sales decreased by 2.6 times and output by 2.9 times. The number of employees has increased slightly in recent years; there were no major changes during the pandemic. Wages increased 1.9x in 2022 compared to 2014, with a slight increase in the post-pandemic era. The largest sub-sector of the industry is manufacturing, the share of which has increased compared to previous years (2018 - 18.4%, 2019 - 18.4%, 2020 - 20%). The share of the mining industry has also increased slightly (2018 - 1.2%, 2019 - 1.4%, 2020 - 1.9%). This is followed by the supply of electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning, the share of which is characterized by a downward trend (2018 - 2.3%, 2019 - 2.1%, 2020 - 2.1%). The water supply is also characterized by a decreasing trend; Sewage, waste management and decontamination works (2018 - 0.7%, 2019 - 0.7%, 2020 - 0.6%) (Georgian National Statistics Service, 2021). The economic policy of the state plays an essential role in the development of industry. Institutes have been established in Georgia since 2012, the aim of which was, among other things, to promote the development of various branches of industry. To date, the Government of Georgia has implemented a number of programs in this direction. Specifically, Produce in Georgia, Partnership Fund, Industrial Development Group, Innovation and Technology Development Agency of Georgia, Startup Georgia. After the implementation of programs to support the industrial sector, there are some positive results both in terms of employment and business development. At the current stage of industrial development, the country should choose a model aimed at technological development and maximum growth of export potential. An industrial policy should be developed in the country, which will allow us to apply innovative approaches in the priority branches of industry. It is necessary to use such instruments of industrial policy as: innovations and technologies, education and skills, orientation to foreign trade, development of a mechanism to support priority industries, competitiveness and protection of competition. Based on the identified challenges in the area of ​​industry, recommendations for the implementation of an active industrial policy in short and long term periods were developed. Namely: the government's priority orientation of industrial development; paying special attention to the processing industry sectors that Georgia has the potential to produce; supporting the development of scientific fields; Determination of certain benefits for those investors who invest money in industrial production; State partnership with the private sector, manifested in the fight against bureaucracy, corruption and crime, creating favorable business conditions for entrepreneurs; Coordination between education - science - production should be implemented in the country. Much attention should be paid to basic scientific research, which does not require purely commercial returns in the short term, science should become a real productive force; Particular importance should be attached to the formation of such an entrepreneurial ecosystem that will contribute to the expansion of export-oriented production; Overcoming entry barriers in export markets. Keywords: Industry, sectoral structure of industry, export-import of industrial products, institutions implementing industrial policy. JEL Codes: L16, L52, L53, O25

The habitual passenger cannot grasp the folly of traffic based overwhelmingly on transport. His inherited perceptions of space and time and of personal pace have been industrially deformed. He has lost the power to conceive of himself outside the passenger role (Illich 25).The most basic definition of Stillness refers to a state of being in the absence of both motion and disturbance. Some might say it is anti-American. Stillness denies the democratic freedom of mobility in a social system where, as Ivan Illich writes in Energy and Equity, people “believe that political power grows out of the capacity of a transportation system, and in its absence is the result of access to the television screen” (26). In America, it isn’t too far of a stretch to say that most are quite used to being interpolated as some sort of subject of the screen, be it the windshield or the flat screen. Whether in transport or tele-vision, life is full of traffic and flickering images. In the best of times there is a choice between being citizen-audience member or citizen-passenger. A full day might include both.But during the summer of 2008 things seemed to change. The citizen-passenger was left beached, not in some sandy paradise but in their backyard. In this state of SIMBY (stuck in my backyard), the citizen-passenger experienced the energy crisis first hand. Middle class suburbanites were forced to come to terms with a new disturbance due to rising fuel prices: unattainable motion. Domestic travel had been exchanged for domestication. The citizen-passenger was rendered what Paul Virilio might call, “a voyager without a voyage, this passenger without a passage, the ultimate stranger, and renegade to himself” (Crepuscular 131). The threat to capitalism posed by this unattainable motion was quickly thwarted by America’s 'big box' stores, hotel chains, and news networks. What might have become a culturally transformative politics of attainable stillness was hijacked instead by The Great American Staycation. The Staycation is a neologism that refers to the activity of making a vacation out of staying at home. But the Staycation is more than a passing phrase; it is a complex cultural phenomenon that targeted middle class homes during the summer of 2008. A major constraint to a happy Staycation was the uncomfortable fact that the middle class home was not really a desirable destination as it stood. The family home would have to undergo a series of changes, one being the initiation of a set of time management strategies; and the second, the adoption of new objects for consumption. Good Morning America first featured the Staycation as a helpful parenting strategy for what was expected to be a long and arduous summer. GMA defined the parameters of the Staycation with four golden rules in May of 2008:Schedule start and end dates. Otherwise, it runs the risk of feeling just like another string of nights in front of the tube. Take Staycation photos or videos, just as you would if you went away from home on your vacation. Declare a 'choratorium.' That means no chores! Don't make the bed, vacuum, clean out the closets, pull weeds, or nothing, Pack that time with activities. (Leamy)Not only did GMA continue with the theme throughout the summer but the other networks also weighed in. Expert knowledge was doled out and therapeutic interventions were made to make people feel better about staying at home. Online travel companies such as expedia.com and tripadvisor.com, estimated that 60% of regular vacation takers would be staying home. With the rise and fall of gas prices, came the rise of fall of the Staycation.The emergence of the Staycation occurred precisely at a time when American citizens were confronted with the reality that their mobility and localities, including their relationship to domestic space, were structurally bound to larger geopolitical forces. The Staycation was an invention deployed by various interlocutors most threatened by the political possibilities inherent in stillness. The family home was catapulted into the circuits of production, consumption, and exchange. Big TV and Big Box stores furthered individual’s unease towards having to stay at home by discursively constructing the gas prices as an impediment to a happy domestic life and an affront to the American born right to be mobile. What was reinforced was that Americans ideally should be moving, but could not. Yet, at the same time it was rather un-American not to travel. The Staycation was couched in a powerful rhetoric of one’s moral duty to the nation while playing off of middle class anxieties and senses of privilege regarding the right to be mobile and the freedom to consume. The Staycation satiates all of these tensions by insisting that the home can become a somewhere else. Between spring and autumn of 2008, lifestyle experts, representatives from major retailers, and avid Staycationers filled morning slots on ABC, NBC, FOX, CBS, and CNN with Staycation tips. CNN highlighted the Staycation as a “1st Issue” in their Weekend Report on 12 June 2008 (Alban). This lead story centred on a father in South Windsor, Connecticut “who took the money he would normally spend on vacations and created a permanent Staycation residence.” The palatial home was fitted with a basketball court, swimming pool, hot tub, gardening area, and volleyball court. In the same week (and for those without several acres) CBS’s Early Show featured the editor of behindthebuy.com, a company that specialises in informing the “time starved consumer” about new commodities. The lifestyle consultant previewed the newest and most necessary items “so you could get away without leaving home.” Key essentials included a “family-sized” tent replete with an air conditioning unit, a projector TV screen amenable to the outdoors, a high-end snow-cone maker, a small beer keg, a mini-golf kit, and a fast-setting swimming pool that attaches to any garden hose. The segment also extolled the virtues of the Staycation even when gas prices might not be so high, “you have this stuff forever, if you go on vacation all you have are the pictures.” Here, the value of the consumer products outweighs the value of erstwhile experiences that would have to be left to mere recollection.Throughout the summer ABC News’ homepage included links to specific products and profiled hotels, such as Hiltons and Holiday Inns, where families could at least get a few miles away from home (Leamy). USA Today, in an article about retailers and the Staycation, reported that Wal-Mart would be “rolling back prices on everything from mosquito repellent to portable DVD players to baked beans and barbecue sauce”. Target and Kohl’s were celebrated for offering discounts on patio furniture, grills, scented candles, air fresheners and other products to make middle class homes ‘staycationable’. A Lexis Nexis count revealed over 200 news stories in various North American sources, including the New York Times, Financial Times, Investors Guide, the Christian Science Monitor, and various local Consumer Credit Counselling Guides. Staying home was not necessarily an inexpensive option. USA Today reported brand new grills, grilling meats, patio furniture and other accoutrements were still going to cost six percent more than the previous year (24 May 2008). While it was suggested that the Staycation was a cost-saving option, it is clear Staycations were for the well-enough off and would likely cost more or as much as an actual vacation. To put this in context with US vacation policies and practices, a recent report by the Center for Economic and Policy Research called No-Vacation Nation found that the US is the only advanced economy in the world that does not guarantee its workers paid vacation (Ray and Schmidt 3). Subsequently, without government standards 25% of Americans have neither paid vacation nor paid holidays. The Staycation was not for the working poor who were having difficulty even getting to work in the first place, nor were they for the unemployed, recently job-less, or the foreclosed. No, the Staycationers were middle class suburbanites who had backyards and enough acreage for swimming pools and tents. These were people who were going to be ‘stuck’ at home for the first time and a new grill could make that palatable. The Staycation would be exciting enough to include in their vacation history repertoire.All of the families profiled on the major networks were white Americans and in most cases nuclear families. For them, unattainable motion is an affront to the privilege of their white middle class mobility which is usually easy and unencumbered, in comparison to raced mobilities. Doreen Massey’s theory of “power geometry” which argues that different people have differential and inequitable relationships to mobility is relevant here. The lack of racial representation in Staycation stories reinforces the reality that has already been well documented in the works of bell hooks in Black Looks: Race and Representation, Lynn Spigel in Welcome to the Dreamhouse: Popular Media and Postwar Suburbs, and Jeremy Packer in Mobility without Mayhem: Safety, Cars and Citizenship. All of these critical works suggest that taking easily to the great open road is not the experience of all Americans. Freedom of mobility is in fact a great American fiction.The proprietors for the Great American Staycation were finding all sorts of dark corners in the American psyche to extol the virtues of staying at home. The Staycation capitalised on latent xenophobic tendencies of the insular family. Encountering cultural difference along the way could become taxing and an impediment to the fully deserved relaxation that is the stuff of dream vacations. CNN.com ran an article soon after their Weekend Report mentioned above quoting a life coach who argued Staycations were more fitting for many Americans because the “strangeness of different cultures or languages, figuring out foreign currencies or worrying about lost luggage can take a toll” (12 June 2008). The Staycation sustains a culture of insularity, consumption, distraction, and fear, but in doing so serves the national economic interests quite well. Stay at home, shop, grill, watch TV and movies, these were the economic directives programmed by mass media and retail giants. As such it was a cultural phenomenon commensurable to the mundane everyday life of the suburbs.The popular version of the Staycation is a highly managed and purified event that reflects the resort style/compound tourism of ‘Club Meds’ and cruise ships. The Staycation as a new form of domestication bears a significant resemblance to the contemporary spatial formations that Marc Augé refers to as non-places – contemporary forms of homogeneous architecture that are scattered across disparate locales. The nuclear family home becomes another point of transfer in the global circulation of capital, information, and goods. The chain hotels and big box stores that are invested in the Staycation are touted as part of the local economy but instead devalue the local by making it harder for independent restaurants, grocers, farmers’ markets and bed and breakfasts to thrive. In this regard the Staycation excludes the local economy and the community. It includes backyards not balconies, hot-dogs not ‘other’ types of food, and Wal-Mart rather than then a local café or deli. Playing on the American democratic ideals of freedom of mobility and activating one’s identity as a consumer left little room to re-think how life in constant motion (moving capital, moving people, moving information, and moving goods) was partially responsible for the energy crisis in the first place. Instead, staying at home became a way for the American citizen to support the floundering economy while waiting for gas prices to go back down. And, one wouldn’t have to look that much further to see that the Staycation slips discursively into a renewed mission for a just cause – the environment. For example, ABC launched at the end of the summer a ruse of a national holiday, “National Stay at Home Week” with the tag line: “With gas prices so high, the economy taking a nosedive and global warming, it's just better to stay in and enjoy great ABC TV.” It comes as no shock that none of the major networks covered this as an environmental issue or an important moment for transformation. In fact, the air conditioning units in backyard tents attest to quite the opposite. Instead, the overwhelming sense was of a nation waiting at home for it all to be over. Soon real life would resume and everyone could get moving again. The economic slowdown and the energy crisis are examples of the breakdown and failure of capitalism. In a sense, a potential opened up in this breakdown for Stillness to become an alternative to life in constant and unrequited motion. That is, for the practice of non-movement and non-circulation to take on new political and cultural forms especially in the sprawling suburbs where the car moves individuals between the trifecta of home, box store, and work. The economic crisis is also a temporary stoppage of the flows. If the individual couldn’t move, global corporate capital would find a way to set the house in motion, to reinsert it back into the machinery that is now almost fully equated with freedom.The reinvention of the home into a campground or drive-in theatre makes the house a moving entity, an inverted mobile home that is both sedentary and in motion. Paul Virilio’s concept of “polar inertia” is important here. He argues, since the advent of transportation individuals live in a state of “resident polar inertia” wherein “people don’t move, even when they’re in a high speed train. They don’t move when they travel in their jet. They are residents in absolute motion” (Crepuscular 71). Lynn Spigel has written extensively about these dynamics, including the home as mobile home, in Make Room for TV and Welcome to the Dreamhouse. She examines how the introduction of the television into domestic space is worked through the tension between the private space of the home and the public world outside. Spigel refers to the dual emergence of portable television and mobile homes. Her work shows how domestic space is constantly imagined and longed for “as a vehicle of transport through which they (families) could imaginatively travel to an illicit place of passion while remaining in the safe space of the family home” (Welcome 60-61). But similarly to what Virilio has inferred Spigel points out that these mobile homes stayed parked and the portable TVs were often stationary as well. The Staycation exists as an addendum to what Spigel captures about the relationship between domestic space and the television set. It provides another example of advertisers’ attempts to play off the suburban tension between domestic space and the world “out there.” The Staycation exacerbates the role of the domestic space as a site of production, distribution, and consumption. The gendered dynamics of the Staycation include redecorating possibilities targeted at women and the backyard beer and grill culture aimed at men. In fact, ‘Mom’ might suffer the most during a Staycation, but that is another topic. The point is the whole family can get involved in a way that sustains the configurations of power but with an element of novelty.The Staycation is both a cultural phenomenon that feeds off the cultural anxieties of the middle class and an economic directive. It has been constructed to maintain movement at a time when the crisis of capital contains seeds for an alternative, for Stillness to become politically and culturally transformative. But life feels dull when the passenger is stuck and the virtues of Stillness are quite difficult to locate in this cultural context. As Illich argues, “the passenger who agrees to live in a world monopolised by transport becomes a harassed, overburdened consumer of distances whose shape and length he can no longer control” (45). When the passenger is the mode of identification, immobility becomes unbearable. In this context a form of “still mobility” such as the Staycation might be satisfying enough. ConclusionThe still citizen is a threatening figure for capital. In Politics of the Very Worst Virilio argues at the heart of capitalism is a state of permanent mobility, a condition to which polar inertia attests. The Staycation fits completely within this context of this form of mobile immobility. The flow needs to keep flowing. When people are stationary, still, and calm the market suffers. It has often been argued that the advertising industries construct dissatisfaction while also marginally eliminating it through the promises of various products, yet ultimately leaving the individual in a constant state of almost satisfied but never really. The fact that the Staycation is a mode of waiting attests to this complacent dissatisfaction.The subjective and experiential dimensions of living in a capitalist society are experienced through one’s relationship to time and staying on the right path. The economic slowdown and the energy crisis are also crises in pace, energy, and time. The mobility and tempo, the pace and path that capital relies on, has become unhinged and vulnerable to a resistant re-shaping. The Staycation re-sets the tempo of suburbia to meet the new needs of an economic slowdown and financial crisis. Following the directive to staycate is not necessarily a new form of false consciousness, but an intensified technological and economic mode of subjection that depends on already established cultural anxieties. But what makes the Staycation unique and worthy of consideration is that capitalists and other disciplinary institutions of power, in this case big media, construct new and innovative ways to control people’s time and regulate their movement in space. The Staycation is a particular re-territorialisation of the temporal and spatial dimensions of home, work, and leisure. In sum, Staycation and the staging of National Stay at Home Week reveals a systemic mobilising and control of a population’s pace and path. As Bernard Stiegler writes in Technics and Time: “Deceleration remains a figure of speed, just as immobility is a figure of movement” (133). These processes are inexorably tied to one another. Thinking back to the opening quote from Illich, we could ask how we might stop imagining ourselves as passengers – ushered along, falling in line, or complacently floating past. To be still in the flows could be a form of ultimate resistance. In fact, Stillness has the possibility of becoming an autonomous practice of refusal. It is after all this threatening potentiality that created the frenzied invention of the Staycation in the first place. To end where I began, Illich states that “the habitual passenger must adopt a new set of beliefs and expectations if he is to feel secure in the strange world” (25-26). The horizon of political possibility is uniformly limited for the passenger. Whether people actually did follow these directives during the summer of 2008 is hard to determine. The point is that the energy crisis and economic slowdown offered a potential to vacate capital’s premises, both its pace and path. 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