Artykuły w czasopismach: „Molecular markers”

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Sorscher, Steve. "Molecular Markers of Molecular Markers". Journal of Clinical Oncology 37, nr 25 (1.09.2019): 2291. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.19.00746.

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Salava, J., Y. Wang, B. Krška, J. Polák, P. Komínek, R. W. Miller, W. M. Dowler, G. L. Reighard i A. G. Abbott. "Molecular genetic mapping in apricot". Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding 38, No. 2 (30.07.2012): 65–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/6113-cjgpb.

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A genetic linkage map for apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) has been constructed using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers in 80 BC1 individuals derived from a cross LE-3246 × Vestar. From 26 different primer combinations, a total of 248 AFLP markers were scored, of which, 40 were assigned to 8 linkage groups covering 315.8 cM of the apricot nuclear genome. The average interval between these markers was 7.7 cM. One gene (PPVres1) involved in resistance to PPV (Plum pox virus) was mapped. Two AFLP markers (EAA/MCAG8 and EAG/MCAT14) were found to be closely associated with the PPVres1 locus (4.6 cM resp. 4.7 cM). These markers are being characterized and they will be studied for utilization in apricot breeding with marker-assisted selection (MAS).

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Chesnokov, Yu V. "GENETIC MARKERS: COMPARATIVE CLASSIFICATION OF MOLECULAR MARKERS". Vegetable crops of Russia, nr 3 (25.07.2018): 11–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.18619/2072-9146-2018-3-11-15.

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With the creation of the molecular markers allowing to carry out analysis of genotypes on the level initial genetic information – DNA, onset one of the most multifarious and one of the most large in number class of markers at the present day. It is concerned with that each separate nucleic acid sequence is unique on its structure. Set of molecular and genetic methods, named as DNA-fingerprinting, most wide used in modern investigations for solving different problems in different biological areas. In this connection, necessity in comparative classification of modern molecular and genetic markers is actual. Based on published literature material it shown data on different classifications of molecular markers. Determined definition of term “marker” in genetics and breeding. Gave the characters and distinctive features of genetic markers. It given the definition what is “good” genetic marker as well as kinds, categories, variations and types on heredity of molecular markers. Manifested by means of molecular markers polymorphisms can classified on polymorphism of sequence itself (including nucleotide substitution and insertion-deletion) and polymorphism the number of tandem repeat sequences in repeated regions. Moreover, molecular markers can classify on two variations: anonymous, for which nucleotide acid sequence unknown and for manifestation of the molecular marker its detection not necessary (for example, RAPD, AFLP, RFLP), and announce (or determined), for which nucleic acid sequence is known or can be detect during analysis (for example, SNP, CAPS, STS). However, in independence on using of molecular markers the choice of method of investigation will be depend on investigated plant species as well. The next influence of molecular and genetic methods on genetics and practical breeding of plants will be depend on results, which will be obtain, in particular, on revealing the possibility or not possibility of genotyping of individual on single genetic marker as wel as on economic price of obtain informative data.

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Khatoon, Arifa, Sumeet Verma, Gayatri Wadiye i Anuprita Zore. "Molecular markers and their potentials". International Journal of Bioassays 5, nr 01 (1.01.2016): 4706. http://dx.doi.org/10.21746/ijbio.2016.01.003.

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The use of molecular markers, revealing polymorphism at the DNA level, has been playing an increasing part in plant molecular biotechnology and their genetic studies. There are three different types of markers viz. morphological, biochemical and DNA based molecular markers. These DNA based markers are differentiating in two types 1. Non PCR based (RFLP) and 2. PCR based markers (RAPD, AFLP, SSR, SNP etc.). Amongst others, the microsatellite DNA marker is one of the most widely used marker due to its easy use by simple PCR, followed by a denaturing gel electrophoresis. SNP (Single Nucleotide Polymorphism) is nowadays is the one which is used mainly. In this review, we are going to discuss about the biochemical and molecular markers which are recently developed, the important characteristics of molecular markers their advantages, disadvantages and the applications of these markers in comparison with other markers types.

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Califano, J. "Molecular markers". Radiotherapy and Oncology 82 (luty 2007): S4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-8140(07)80015-6.

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Dolanská, L., i V. Čurn. "Identification of white clover (Trifolium repens L.) cultivars using molecular markers". Plant, Soil and Environment 50, No. 3 (6.12.2011): 95–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/4013-pse.

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The different molecular analysis for specification of white clover (Trifolium repens L.) populations was studied between 2002 and 2003. RAPD, SSR (microsatellites), rDNA and PCR-RFLP markers were used for this study. The high genetic variation was detected among the cultivars but also within the cultivars by RAPD markers. For this reason RAPD markers were not found as a suitable marker system for determination of white clover cultivars. The distribution of low genetic variation of rDNA and PCR-RFLP markers was not able to differentiate cultivars. SSR and rDNA markers did not show variability of patterns within one cultivar. The different sizes of PCR fragments were obtained after amplification with microsatellite primers. SSR markers are therefore suggested as the suitable markers for the identification of different T. repens cultivars.

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Benchimol-Reis, Luciana L. "Molecular Markers in Plant Breeding". Journal of Agricultural Science 15, nr 3 (15.02.2023): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v15n3p58.

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Molecular markers are an important tool for plant breeding. Since the 1980s, in response to the technology development, molecular marker approaches have been further diversified. The establishment of new-generation sequencing and high-throughput plant phenotyping has greatly decreased the time to genotype large numbers of individuals. For breeders who are not very familiar with molecular techniques and want to catch up with the advances in the field, this review offers basic knowledge. Each molecular marker technology has specific advantages as well as limitations. Molecular marker types, diversity studies, QTL mapping, associative mapping, marker-assisted backcrossing and genomic selection are explored. Marker application in plant breeding is also described. In the genome, molecular markers can detect the genetic architecture of a trait, but also identify candidate genes with an important role in plant breeding programs.

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Szczechura, Wojciech, Mirosława Staniaszek i Hanna Habdas. "Tomato Molecular Markers". Vegetable Crops Research Bulletin 74, nr 1 (1.01.2011): 5–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10032-011-0001-y.

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Tomato Molecular MarkersTomato (Solanum lycopersicumL.) is one of the most popular vegetable grown in many regions of the world. Due to its high taste quality and nutritional value increase interest in the cultivation of this species and its consumption. Using the latest achievements in fields of genetics, molecular biology and biotechnology, breeders can create new varieties with improved useful traits. Introduction of DNA markers, especially those based on the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has led to breakthrough in the plants genetic research, including tomato. They are successfully used for plant genomes mapping, phylogenetics studies, selection of parental forms in plant breeding, and above all to identify the genes of important traits. For tomato have been identified and mapped 9309 molecular markers. High-density genetic maps development gives an opportunity to use them in genetic research and breeding programs. Identification of DNA markers closely linked to studied gene can significantly facilitate the identification of desirable traits in material breeding, or accelerate the plants selection for elimination of genotypes with undesirable genes. Material breeding selection using molecular markers, defined as MAS (marker-assisted-selection) is increasingly being used in tomato breeding programs, contributing to facilitated identification of genes or QTL and their transfer into the cultivated species from wild form.

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Chinnappareddy, L. R. D., K. Khandagale, A. Chennareddy i V. G. Ramappa. "Molecular markers in the improvement of Allium crops". Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding 49, No. 4 (26.11.2013): 131–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/111/2013-cjgpb.

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The genus Allium (Family: Alliaceae) is the most important among the bulbous vegetable crops. characterization of Alliums based on phenotypic traits is influenced by the environment and leads to biased diversity estimates. Recognizing the potential of DNA markers in plant breeding, researchers have adopted the molecular markers for marker-assisted selection (MAS), quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping and characterization of different quality traits in Alliums. This review presents details about the use of DNA markers in Alliums for cultivar identification, diversity studies, SSR development, colour improvement, total soluble solids (TSS), cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) and efforts of DNA sequencing. As there are no such reports to describe the above work under a single heading, we decided to mine literature for those who are working in onion, garlic, chives and leek improvement to generate new insights in the subject.

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Teneva, A., i M. P. Petrovic. "Application of molecular markers in livestock improvement". Biotehnologija u stocarstvu 26, nr 3-4 (2010): 135–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/bah1004135t.

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With recent developments in DNA technologies, a large number of genetic polymorphisms at DNA sequence level has been introduced over the last decades as named DNA-based markers. The discovery of new class of DNA profiling markers has facilitated the development of marker-based gene tags, mapbased cloning of livestock important genes, variability studies, phylogenetic analysis, synteny mapping, marker-assisted selection of favourable genotypes, etc. The most commonly used DNA-based markers have advantages over the traditional phenotypic and biochemical markers since they provide data that can be analyzed objectively. In this article the main applications of molecular markers in present-day breeding strategies for livestock improvement - parentage determination, genetic distance estimation, genetic diversity, gene mapping and marker-assisted selection have been reviewed.

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Stalker, H. T., i L. G. Mozingo. "Molecular Markers of Arachis and Marker-Assisted Selection". Peanut Science 28, nr 2 (1.01.2001): 117–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3146/i0095-3679-28-2-13.

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Abstract Many agronomic traits are difficult to select in Arachis hypogaea L. by conventional selection techniques, and marker-assisted selection offers an additional tool for obtaining improved germplasm lines. Molecular markers allow more efficient selection and offer a mechanism to eliminate undesirable traits associated with hybridizing diverse genotypes. The cultivated peanut has been analyzed by several marker systems, including RFLPs, RAPDs, AFLPs, and SSRs. Variation has been observed among diverse genotypes in approximately 5% of the markers analyzed, but the number is much lower between pairs of A. hypogaea lines. Conversely, a large amount of variation has been observed among Arachis species. Molecular maps have been constructed independently in two laboratories by utilizing Arachis species; however, a map of the cultivated peanut will be very difficult and costly to produce. Studies of advanced-generation inter-specific hybrids have shown that A. cardenasii genes can be incorporatead into most linkage groups of A. hypogaea, indicating that A. hypogaea is not an allotetraploid in the classical sense where chromosomes from donor species are nonhomologous. Other molecular studies have identified A. duranensis and A. ipaensis as likely progenitor species of A. hypogaea. Associations of molecular markers with genes conditioning disease and insect resistances have been detected, and these investigations are beginning to be productive for selecting improved breeding lines and cultivars of peanut.

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Chiu, Sung Kay, Ming Hua Hsieh i Chi Meng Tzeng. "Unique marker finder algorithm generates molecular diagnostic markers". International Journal of Bioinformatics Research and Applications 7, nr 1 (2011): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijbra.2011.039168.

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Nam, Vu Tuan, Pham Le Bich Hang, Nguyen Nhat Linh, Luu Han Ly, Huynh Thi Thu Hue, Nguyen Hai Ha, Ha Hong Hanh i Le Thi Thu Hien. "Molecular markers for analysis of plant genetic diversity". Vietnam Journal of Biotechnology 18, nr 4 (24.05.2021): 589–608. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/1811-4989/18/4/15326.

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Genetic diversity plays an important role in diversity conservation at multiple levels and supports to monitor and assess genetic variation. In plants, genetic diversity provides the ability to adapt and respond to environmental conditions that helps plants to survive through changing environments. Genetic diversity analyses based on molecular genetic markers are effective tools for conservation and reintroduction of rare and endangered species. In recent years, the development of various chemical and molecular techniques for studying genetic diversity has received great attention. While biochemical markers are primarily used in the diagnosis of pathogens, DNA markers have been developed and widely applied for identification of species and population based on the genotype of an organism that is more stable and not easily affected by the environmental factors. PCR-based molecular marker tools, such as restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs), random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), simple sequence repeats (SSRs) are used for analysing the difference in the targeted DNA sequences. With the rapid and robust development of genomic sequencing technology it is now possible to obtain and analyse DNA sequences of the whole genome of studied organisms. However, each type of DNA markers has different principles, as well as the pros and cons of specificity. In this article, we review methods and point out DNA markers, which are considered as reliable and widely used tools for the detection of genetic variation. In addition, we present the application of DNA marker in analysing genetic diversity of wild, domestic and medicinal plants, as well as some perspectives on the future of DNA marker’s application in the analysis of genetic diversity.

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Dida, Gudeta. "Molecular Markers in Breeding of Crops: Recent Progress and Advancements". Open Access Journal of Microbiology & Biotechnology 7, nr 4 (4.10.2022): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/oajmb-16000244.

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A convectional plant breeder faces the challenge of how to more effectively and efficiently perform selection and accelerate breeding progress to satisfy the requirements of changing demands for crop cultivars. However, with the development and advancement of molecular marker technology, the fate of plant breeding has shifted from year to year. Recently, different types of molecular markers have been developed, and advancements in sequencing technologies have greatly increased plant improvement. To further our understanding of molecular markers, several reviews have been published in recent decades. However, with the advancement of newly emerging technologies and techniques, the reviewers did not discuss several recently emerged technologies and techniques in plant breeding. Therefore, this article is intended to be reviewed as an overview of recent breakthroughs in DNA markers and their applications in breeding of crops for early and senior researchers with little or no experience with molecular markers. The progress made in molecular plant breeding, genetics, genomic selection, gene pyramiding, MAS, and gene mapping has contributed to a deeper understanding of molecular markers, provided deeper insights into the variability available for crops, and considerably supplemented current breeding techniques. Next-generation sequencing technologies assist in the identification of novel molecular markers for complex and unstructured populations through genotyping-by-sequencing, gene mapping, QTL mapping, and association mapping. Altogether, the classification of molecular markers and their potential application in plants are discussed.

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Holla, K. M. Sumantha, Jameel Ahmad Khan, M. S. Sowjanya i H. E. Shashidhar. "Monomorphic molecular markers are as informative as polymorphic molecular markers". Indian Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding (The) 74, nr 4s (2014): 596. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0975-6906.2014.00896.7.

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Lee, Tong Geon, Reza Shekasteband, Naama Menda, Lukas A. Mueller i Samuel F. Hutton. "Molecular Markers to Select for the j-2–mediated Jointless Pedicel in Tomato". HortScience 53, nr 2 (luty 2018): 153–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci12628-17.

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The jointless pedicel trait of tomato conferred by the j-2 gene is widely used in processing markets for stem-free removal of fruit to accommodate mechanized harvest. Although current utilization of j-2 for fresh-market tomato breeding is limited, interest in this trait may increase as breeders seek to address high labor costs through the development of mechanically harvestable cultivars for the fresh market. Yet, the introduction of this trait into new market classes heavily relies on phenotypic selection because there are presently no high-throughput methods available to genotype j-2. Reliable, high-throughput molecular markers to genotype the presence/absence of j-2 for selective breeding were developed. The molecular markers described here use the high-resolution DNA melting analysis (HRM) genotyping with single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and derived cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence (dCAPS)–based genotyping. Two separate HRM-based markers target the j-2 on chromosome 12 or a linked sequence region 3.5 Mbp apart from the gene, and a dCAPS marker resides on the latter. We demonstrate the association between each marker and the jointless pedicel phenotype using segregating populations of diverse filial generations in multiple genetic backgrounds. These markers provide a useful resource for marker-assisted selection of j-2 in breeding populations.

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Surduse, Bhavana, P. A. Mohanapure, V. C. Khelurkar, M. P. Moharil, A. A. Sapkal, P. V. Jadhav, D. R. Rathod, S. B. Sakhare, A. W. Thorat i R. B. Ghorade. "Molecular Characterization of chickpea genotypes and Identification of true hybrids by molecular markers". International Journal of Agricultural and Applied Sciences 2, nr 1 (30.06.2021): 41–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.52804/ijaas2021.214.

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Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is the third most important grain legume cultivated in the arid and semi-arid regions of the world. In the present study Six crossing combinations were executed in chickpea comprising Chanoli and PKV Kabuli 4 as female parents and Virat, BDNGK-798 and WR- 315 as resistant male parents. Total 54 markers including 13 SCoT, 31 SSR, 5 STMS, 3 RAPD, 1 SCAR, and 1 ISSR, used for parental polymorphism and polymorphic markers UBC-855, 66 % for TA-59 and 100 % for TA-110, TA-135 and GA-16 were further used to hybridity assessments of F1 plants. The PIC value for polymorphic markers ranged from 0.15 to 0.89 with an average value of 0.46. The highest PIC value was observed in UBC-855 marker (0.89), followed by TA-135 (0.62), TA-59 (0.50), and GA-16 (0.16) and lowest PIC value observed in TA-110 (0.15). From total crosses 31 F1 plants of six crosses were screened for true F1 hybridity assessment. STMS marker TA-59 was used for F1 hybrid purity assessment. This marker screened 31 F1 plants. TA-59 shows specific size amplicon in female and male parents. The results of this investigation proved that SSR markers are well polymorphic and more useful markers within species of chickpea genotypes to perform the molecular characterization and to test the genetic hybridity of F1 plants. Among the tested SSR markers TA-59, TA-110, TA-135, GA-16, UBC-855 shows high percentage of polymorphism and PIC value which will were more helpful for parental diversity analysis and hybridity assessment.

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Soriano, Jose Miguel. "Molecular Marker Technology for Crop Improvement". Agronomy 10, nr 10 (24.09.2020): 1462. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10101462.

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Since the 1980s, agriculture and plant breeding have changed with the development of molecular marker technology. In recent decades, different types of molecular markers have been used for different purposes: mapping, marker-assisted selection, characterization of genetic resources, etc. These have produced effective genotyping, but the results have been costly and time-consuming, due to the small number of markers that could be tested simultaneously. Recent advances in molecular marker technologies such as the development of high-throughput genotyping platforms, genotyping by sequencing, and the release of the genome sequences of major crop plants open new possibilities for advancing crop improvement. This Special Issue collects sixteen research studies, including the application of molecular markers in eleven crop species, from the generation of linkage maps and diversity studies to the application of marker-assisted selection and genomic prediction.

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Akter, Md Babul, Azad Mosab-Bin, Mohammad Kamruzzaman, Reflinur Reflinur, Nazmun Nahar, Md Sohel Rana, Md Imdadul Hoque i Md Shahidul Islam. "Morpho-molecular diversity study of rice cultivars in Bangladesh". Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding 58, No. 2 (15.03.2022): 64–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/69/2021-cjgpb.

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Rice is one of the frontline cereals in the world and the major cultivated crop in Bangladesh. A total of eleven simple sequence repeats (SSRs) and thirteen sequence-tagged site (STS) markers were used to characterize twenty-four rice cultivars in Bangladesh. Twenty-four markers generated 60 alleles with 2.5 alleles per locus. The average polymorphism information content (PIC) value was 0.40, while the mean value of heterozygosity, gene diversity, and major allele frequency were recorded as 0.10, 0.48 and 0.62, respectively. However, the SSR markers showed more specificity and a higher discrimination power than the STS markers. The cluster analysis displayed four major clusters with a genetic similarity coefficient value of 0.73. The morphological analyses of the grain identified that Binadhan-20 and BRRI dhan34 had the longest and the shortest seed size, respectively, with a variable correlation between the seed length, width and length/width ratio. The phenol reaction test distinguished seven cultivars as japonica and seventeen cultivars as indica or an intermediate type. All these results regarding the phenotypic data and marker information will be useful for parental selection in modern rice breeding programmes.

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Mahajan, R., i P. Gupta. " Molecular markers: their use in tree improvement". Journal of Forest Science 58, No. 3 (27.03.2012): 137–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/5579-jfs.

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Earlier breeders used phenotypic selection based on morphological characteristics to improve tree varieties. These selections often take many cycles of breeding and backcrossing in order to place desired characteristics. But today the knowledge has paved the way for a much deeper understanding of the mechanics of cell biology and the hereditary process itself. Breeders are presented with numerous possibilities of altering the behaviour of existing varieties. Linkage between molecular markers can be translated to genetic linkage maps, which have become an important tool in plant genetics. They may choose to use marker-assisted approaches in order to facilitate the selection of favourable combinations of genes that occur naturally within a tree species.  

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Varshney, R. K., M. Prasad, R. Kota, R. Sigmund, Valkoun Börner A, J, U. Scholz, N. Stein i A. Graner. "Functional molecular markers in barley: Development and applications". Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding 41, Special Issue (31.07.2012): 128–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/6152-cjgpb.

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Janoušek, B., i J. Žlůvová. "Mapping of non-recombining regions via molecular markers". Plant, Soil and Environment 53, No. 7 (7.01.2008): 321–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/2207-pse.

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The lack of recombination in some genomic regions represents a serious obstacle in mapping studies. In this review, we describe methods that are currently used to overcome this problem. Main attention is given to the comparison of methods that are based on the principle of radiation hybrid mapping. We also discuss a strategy called HAPPY mapping (mapping based on the analysis of approximately HAPloid DNA samples using the PolYmerase chain reaction). In addition to reviewing the methods used by other authors, we also summarize our experience with deletion mapping of Y-chromosome in dioecious model plant species (<i>Silene latifolia</i>).

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Goswami, Manika, Kaushal Attri i Isha Goswami. "Applications of Molecular Markers in Fruit Crops: A Review". International Journal of Economic Plants 9, nr 2 (28.05.2022): 121–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.23910/2/2022.0459.

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Markers are any trait of an organism that can be identified with confidence and relative ease, and can be followed in a mapping population or they can be defined as heritable entities associated with the economically important trait under the control of polygenes. Molecular markers have diverse applications in fruit crop improvement, particularly in the areas of genetic diversity and varietal identification studies, disease diagnostics, hybrid detection, sex differentiation and marker assisted selection. Molecular markers provide new directions to the efforts of plant breeders particularly in gene localization, taxonomy, phylogenetic analysis and also play an important role to decrease the time required for development of new and excellent cultivars. The most interesting application of molecular markers is marker-assisted selection (MAS). Suitable DNA markers should be polymorphic in the nature and should be expressed in all tissues, organs, at various developmental stages. Compared with traditional breeding programs, molecular markers can increase the efficiency and effectiveness of fruit breeding programs.

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OKOŃ, Sylwia Magdalena, Tomasz OCIEPA i Aleksandra NUCIA. "Molecular Identification of Pm4 Powdery Mildew Resistant Gene in Oat". Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca 46, nr 2 (24.01.2018): 350–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nbha46210904.

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The selection of specific plants with desirable traits supported by molecular markers is one of the most important tools in modern breeding programs, which lead to reduce time and cost of selection. The aim of presented study was identification of dominant markers associated with Pm4 powdery mildew resistant gene in oat. To identify dominant silicoDArT markers for Pm4 gene, F2 mapping population ‘Av1860’ × ‘Fuchs’ were analyzed using DArTseq methodology. Among obtained 46 230 silicoDArT markers, 126 markers were high correlated with resistance to powdery mildew in oat conditioned by Pm4 gene. Among selected markers, 48 sequences have been chosen for potential conversion into specific STS markers. Finally, only 20 were suitable for primer design. As a result, 5 converted markers amplified expected products in resistant bulks, 3 of them segregated according to resistance in the whole population and shoved high correlation coefficient between marker and phenotype observation. Converted markers based on PCR could be used for identification of Pm4 gene in oat. Obtained results confirm the possibility of converting silicoDArT markers into PCR-based technique, which can be used in marker assisted selection (MAS).

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Guo, Baozhu, Manish K. Pandey, Guohao He, Xinyou Zhang, Boshou Liao, Albert Culbreath, Rajeev K. Varshney, Victor Nwosu, Richard F. Wilson i H. Thomas Stalker. "Recent Advances in Molecular Genetic Linkage Maps of Cultivated Peanut". Peanut Science 40, nr 2 (1.07.2013): 95–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.3146/ps13-03.1.

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ABSTRACT The competitiveness of peanuts in domestic and global markets has been threatened by losses in productivity and quality that are attributed to diseases, pests, environmental stresses and allergy or food safety issues. Narrow genetic diversity and a deficiency of polymorphic DNA markers severely hindered construction of dense genetic maps and quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping in order to deploy linked markers in marker-assisted peanut improvement. The U.S. Peanut Genome Initiative (PGI) was launched in 2004, and expanded to a global effort in 2006 to address these issues through coordination of international efforts in genome research beginning with molecular marker development and improvement of map resolution and coverage. Ultimately, a peanut genome sequencing project was launched in 2012 by the Peanut Genome Consortium (PGC). We reviewed the progress for accelerated development of peanut genomic resources in peanut, such as generation of expressed sequenced tags (ESTs) (252,832 ESTs as December 2012 in the public NCBI EST database), development of molecular markers (over 15,518 SSRs), and construction of peanut genetic linkage maps, in particular for cultivated peanut. Several consensus genetic maps have been constructed, and there are examples of recent international efforts to develop high density maps. An international reference consensus genetic map was developed recently with 897 marker loci based on 11 published mapping populations. Furthermore, a high-density integrated consensus map of cultivated peanut and wild diploid relatives also has been developed, which was enriched further with 3693 marker loci on a single map by adding information from five new genetic mapping populations to the published reference consensus map.

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Bunjkar, Aniket, Puneet Walia i Sanjeet Singh Sandal. "Unlocking Genetic Diversity and Germplasm Characterization with Molecular Markers: Strategies for Crop Improvement". Journal of Advances in Biology & Biotechnology 27, nr 6 (8.05.2024): 160–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/jabb/2024/v27i6873.

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Molecular markers have emerged as the most useful tools in assessment of genetic diversity and characterizing germplasm, for crop improvement. This review paper comprehensively analyzes the applications of molecular markers in diversity analysis and germplasm characterization. It underscores the significance of genetic diversity as the bedrock for plant breeding programs, enabling the development of improved varieties with desirable attributes such as higher yields, stress tolerance, and enhanced nutritional profiles. The paper provides an overview of various types of molecular markers, including hybridization-based markers (e.g., RFLPs) and PCR-based markers (e.g., RAPDs, AFLPs, SSRs, and SNPs). It discusses marker selection strategies, emphasizing the consideration of factors like polymorphism, informativeness, and the potential for multiplexing and high-throughput genotyping. Diversity analysis techniques, including principal component analysis (PCA), cluster analysis methods (UPGMA and Neighbor-Joining), and population structure analysis (model-based approaches like STRUCTURE), are detailed. These methods enable the assessment of genetic relationships, identification of subpopulations, and selection of diverse parents based on molecular marker data. The review further explores the applications of molecular markers in germplasm management, conservation, and utilization. It discusses the role of markers in targeted introgression of desirable traits from diverse sources, as well as the integration of genotypic and phenotypic data for association mapping, genomic prediction, and selection. Additionally, the paper addresses emerging technologies, such as next-generation sequencing (NGS) and the integration of molecular markers with other omics data. It also highlights the practical applications and impact of molecular markers in crop improvement programs, including marker-assisted selection (MAS), genomic selection, and the development of genetically modified crops. Finally, the review outlines challenges and future perspectives, including limitations0 of current technologies, the potential of emerging techniques like NGS, and the integration of molecular markers with other omics approaches for a comprehensive understanding of complex traits.

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Chee, Hee Youn, i Yoon Kyoung Kim. "Molecular Analysis ofExophialaSpecies Using Molecular Markers". Mycobiology 30, nr 1 (2002): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.4489/myco.2002.30.1.001.

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Mcharo, M., D. LaBonte, R. O. M. Mwanga i A. Kriegner. "Associating Molecular Markers with Virus Resistance to Classify Sweetpotato Genotypes". Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 130, nr 3 (maj 2005): 355–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.130.3.355.

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Molecular markers linked to resistance to sweetpotato chlorotic stunt closterovirus [SPCSV (genus Crinivirus, family Closteroviridae)] and sweetpotato feathery mottle virus [SPFMV (genus Potyvirus, family Potyviridae)] were selected using quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis, discriminant analysis and logistic regression. Eighty-seven F1 sweetpotato [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.] genotypes from a cross of `Tanzania' and `Wagabolige' landraces were used to generate DNA marker profiles for this study. Forty-five of the clones were resistant to SPCSV while 37 were resistant to SPFMV. A combination of 232 amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers and 37 random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers obtained were analyzed to determine the most informative markers. All three statistical procedures revealed that AFLP marker e41m33.a contributed the greatest variation in SPCSV resistance and RAPD marker S13.1130 accounted for most of the variation in SPFMV resistance. The power of discriminant and logistic analyses is that you do not need a parent-progeny population. An evaluation of these two models indicated a classification and prediction accuracy rates of 96% with as few as four markers in a model. Both multivariate techniques identified one important discriminatory marker (e44m41.j) for SPCSV and two markers (e41m37.a and e44m36.d) for SPFMV that were not identified by QTL analysis.

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Younis, Adnan, Fahad Ramzan, Yasir Ramzan, Faisal Zulfiqar, Muhammad Ahsan i Ki Byung Lim. "Molecular Markers Improve Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Crops: A Review". Plants 9, nr 10 (15.10.2020): 1374. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9101374.

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Plants endure many abiotic stresses, such as temperature (heat or frost), drought, and salt. Such factors are primary and frequent stressors that reduce agriculture crop yields. Often alterations in nutrient management and constituents, along with variations in biosynthetic capacity, ultimately reduce or halt plant growth. Genetically, stress is an environmental condition that interferes with complete genetic expression. A vast range of molecular genomic markers is available for the analysis of agricultural crops. These markers are classified into various groups based on how the markers are used: RAPD (Random amplified polymorphic DNA) markers serve to identify and screen hybrids based on salinity and drought stress tolerance, while simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers are excellent for the assessment of stress tolerance. Such markers also play an important role in the QTL (Quantitative trait loci) mapping of stress-related genes. Dehydrins for drought and saltol for salinity stresses are primitive genes which regulate responses to these conditions. Further, a focus on traits using single-gene single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) markers supports genetic mapping and the sequencing of stress-related traits in inbred lines. DNA markers facilitate marker-assisted breeding to enhance abiotic stress tolerance using advanced techniques and marker modification.

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Stafne, Eric T., John R. Clark i Kim S. Lewers. "MOLECULAR MARKER-DERIVED GENETIC SIMILARITY ANALYSIS OF A SEGREGATING BLACKBERRY POPULATION". HortScience 40, nr 3 (czerwiec 2005): 874b—874. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.40.3.874b.

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A tetraploid blackberry population that segregates for two important morphological traits, thornlessness and primocane fruiting, was tested with molecular marker analysis. Both randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers were used to screen a population of 98 genotypes within the population plus the two parents, `Arapaho' and `Prime-Jim' (APF-12). RAPD analysis averaged 3.4 markers per primer, whereas SSR analysis yielded 3.0 markers per primer pair. Similarity coefficient derived from the Dice index averaged over all individuals was 63% for RAPD markers, 73% for SSR markers, and 66% for RAPD and SSR markers together. The average similarity coefficients ranged from a high of 72% to a low of 38% for RAPD markers, 80% to 57% for SSR markers, and 73% to 55% for both. Comparison of the parents indicated a similarity of 67% for RAPD markers, 62% for SSR markers, and 67% for both. This is similar to a previous study that reported the similarity coefficient at 66%. Although inbreeding exists within the population, the level of heterozygosity is high. Also, evidence of tetrasomic inheritance was uncovered within the molecular marker analysis. This population will be used to identify potential markers linked to both morphological traits of interest. Further genetic linkage analysis and mapping is needed to identify any putative markers.

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Nanda, Satyabrata, Gagan Kumar i Sajid Hussain. "Role of molecular markers in improving abiotic stress tolerance in agricultural crops". Research Journal of Biotechnology 17, nr 1 (25.12.2021): 172–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.25303/1701rjbt172178.

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Molecular markers are one of the expandable inventions in agricultural science. After decades of their introduction, these still are an integral part of crop genotyping and crop improvement. The present scenario offers to choose from different molecular marker types based on their principle, methodologies and extent of applications. Several markers have been used to identify and map abiotic stress related genes and quantitative trait loci (QTL) onto the chromosomes of different crops. The genetic mapping of these identified genetic elements by using different markers provides the scope of selective breeding in the agricultural crops to tackle abiotic stresses. Moreover, recent progress achieved in genetics, molecular breeding and genomic selection has facilitated a comprehensive understanding of the molecular markers and unlocked new insights into marker-assisted breeding. The advent of new technologies like association mapping (AM) and genome-wide association studies has unveiled the highthroughput application of molecular markers. In this review, a focused representation of the use of different molecular markers in the identification of tolerant crop genotypes and associated genes/QTLs against major abiotic stresses, including salinity, drought and temperature has been provided. Additionally, the application of molecular markers in AM and AM-based breeding of some important agricultural crops has been discussed.

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Kit, O. I., D. I. Vodolazhsky, E. E. Rostorguev, E. M. Frantsiyants i S. B. Panina. "Molecular Markers of Gliomas". Molecular Genetics, Microbiology and Virology 32, nr 4 (październik 2017): 180–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s0891416817040036.

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Ahmad, Ejaj, Asgar Ali, Nimisha, Abhay Kumar Sharma, Apurva, Arun Kumar, Ghulam Mehdi Dar i in. "Molecular markers in cancer". Clinica Chimica Acta 532 (lipiec 2022): 95–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cca.2022.05.029.

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Snow, Allison A., i Patricia G. Parker. "Molecular Markers For PopulationBiology1". Ecology 79, nr 2 (marzec 1998): 359–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(1998)079[0359:mmfpb]2.0.co;2.

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Ballantyne, Christie M., i Yasunori Abe. "Molecular markers for atherosclerosis". Journal of Cardiovascular Risk 4, nr 5 (październik 1997): 353–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00043798-199710000-00006.

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Kambhampati, Srinivas, i Benjamin T. Aldrich. "Inexpensive Molecular Weight Markers". Journal of Entomological Science 41, nr 4 (1.10.2006): 412–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-41.4.412.

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Kashani-Sabet, M. "Molecular markers in melanoma". British Journal of Dermatology 170, nr 1 (styczeń 2014): 31–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bjd.12493.

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Ballantyne, C. M., i Y. Abe. "Molecular Markers for Atherosclerosis". European Journal of Cardiovascular Prevention & Rehabilitation 4, nr 5-6 (1.10.1997): 353–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/174182679700400506.

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Brandt-Rauf, Paul W., i Matthew R. Pincus. "Molecular Markers of Carcinogenesis". Pharmacology & Therapeutics 77, nr 2 (luty 1998): 135–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0163-7258(97)00111-3.

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Loxdale, H. D., i G. Lushai. "Molecular markers in entomology". Bulletin of Entomological Research 88, nr 6 (grudzień 1998): 577–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485300054250.

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AbstractA diverse range of novel molecular (DNA) markers are now available for entomological investigations. Both DNA and protein markers have revolutionized the biological sciences and have enhanced many fields of study, especially ecology. Relative to DNA markers, allozymes are cheap, often much quicker to isolate and develop, even from minute insects (aphids, thrips, parasitic wasps, etc.), and subsequently easy to use. They display single or multi-locus banding patterns of a generally easily interpretable Mendelian nature, and the statistics for their analysis are well established. DNA markers are also suitable for use with small amounts of insect material and can be used with stored, dry or old samples. They have an expanding range of applications, many involving intra- and interspecific discriminations. Like allozymes, they can be single or multilocus, whilst methods for their statistical analysis have recently been published. However, they can be considerably more expensive than allozymes, require more complex preparatory protocols, expensive equipment, may involve lengthy development procedures (e.g. isolating cloned oligonucleotides to develop primers to detect microsatellite regions) and some have complex multi-locus banding patterns which may be of a non-Mendelian nature (e.g. RAPDs, randomly amplified polymorphic DNA), and are in some cases, not easily repeatable. In this review, we hope to inform the general reader about the methodology and scope of the main molecular markers commonly in use, along with brief details of some other techniques which show great promise for entomological studies. Thereafter, we discuss their applications including suitability for particular studies, the methods used to load and run samples, subsequent band detection, band scoring and interpretation, the reliability of particular techniques, the issues of safety involved, cost effectiveness and the statistical analyses utilized.

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Kushlinsky, N. E., E. S. Gershtein, L. K. Ovchinnikova i M. A. Digaeva. "Molecular Markers of Tumors". Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine 148, nr 2 (sierpień 2009): 230–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10517-009-0661-5.

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Ludwig, Kirsten, i Harley I. Kornblum. "Molecular markers in glioma". Journal of Neuro-Oncology 134, nr 3 (23.02.2017): 505–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11060-017-2379-y.

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Richards, Lisa. "Molecular markers and prognosis". Nature Reviews Urology 6, nr 7 (lipiec 2009): 347. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrurol.2009.120.

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MADOIWA, Seiji. "Molecular markers for fibrinolysis". Japanese Journal of Thrombosis and Hemostasis 34, nr 3 (2023): 317–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2491/jjsth.34.317.

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Cherkasova, Olga, Yan Peng, Maria Konnikova, Yuri Kistenev, Chenjun Shi, Denis Vrazhnov, Oleg Shevelev, Evgeny Zavjalov, Sergei Kuznetsov i Alexander Shkurinov. "Diagnosis of Glioma Molecular Markers by Terahertz Technologies". Photonics 8, nr 1 (16.01.2021): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics8010022.

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This review considers glioma molecular markers in brain tissues and body fluids, shows the pathways of their formation, and describes traditional methods of analysis. The most important optical properties of glioma markers in the terahertz (THz) frequency range are also presented. New metamaterial-based technologies for molecular marker detection at THz frequencies are discussed. A variety of machine learning methods, which allow the marker detection sensitivity and differentiation of healthy and tumor tissues to be improved with the aid of THz tools, are considered. The actual results on the application of THz techniques in the intraoperative diagnosis of brain gliomas are shown. THz technologies’ potential in molecular marker detection and defining the boundaries of the glioma’s tissue is discussed.

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Foolad, Majid R. "Genome Mapping and Molecular Breeding of Tomato". International Journal of Plant Genomics 2007 (22.08.2007): 1–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2007/64358.

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The cultivated tomato, Lycopersicon esculentum, is the second most consumed vegetable worldwide and a well-studied crop species in terms of genetics, genomics, and breeding. It is one of the earliest crop plants for which a genetic linkage map was constructed, and currently there are several molecular maps based on crosses between the cultivated and various wild species of tomato. The high-density molecular map, developed based on an L. esculentum×L. pennellii cross, includes more than 2200 markers with an average marker distance of less than 1 cM and an average of 750 kbp per cM. Different types of molecular markers such as RFLPs, AFLPs, SSRs, CAPS, RGAs, ESTs, and COSs have been developed and mapped onto the 12 tomato chromosomes. Markers have been used extensively for identification and mapping of genes and QTLs for many biologically and agriculturally important traits and occasionally for germplasm screening, fingerprinting, and marker-assisted breeding. The utility of MAS in tomato breeding has been restricted largely due to limited marker polymorphism within the cultivated species and economical reasons. Also, when used, MAS has been employed mainly for improving simply-inherited traits and not much for improving complex traits. The latter has been due to unavailability of reliable PCR-based markers and problems with linkage drag. Efforts are being made to develop high-throughput markers with greater resolution, including SNPs. The expanding tomato EST database, which currently includes ∼214 000 sequences, the new microarray DNA chips, and the ongoing sequencing project are expected to aid development of more practical markers. Several BAC libraries have been developed that facilitate map-based cloning of genes and QTLs. Sequencing of the euchromatic portions of the tomato genome is paving the way for comparative and functional analysis of important genes and QTLs.

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Liu, Tianhui, Xiaoming Wang, Morten A. Karsdal, Diana J. Leeming i Federica Genovese. "Molecular Serum Markers of Liver Fibrosis". Biomarker Insights 7 (styczeń 2012): BMI.S10009. http://dx.doi.org/10.4137/bmi.s10009.

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Fibrosis is a hallmark histologic event of chronic liver diseases and is characterized by the excessive accumulation and reorganization of the extracellular matrix (ECM). The gold standard for assessment of fibrosis is liver biopsy. As this procedure has various limitations, including risk of patient injury and sampling error, a non-invasive serum marker for liver fibrosis is desirable. The increasing understanding of the pathogenesis of hepatic fibrosis has suggested several markers which could be useful indicators of hepatic fibrogenesis and fibrosis. These markers include serum markers of liver function, ECM synthesis, fibrolytic processes, ECM degradation and fibrogenesis related cytokines. Recently, neo-epitopes, which are post-translational modifications of proteins, have been successfully used in bone and cartilage diseases which are characterized by extensive ECM remodeling. Increasing numbers of studies are being undertaken to identify neo-epitopes generated during liver fibrosis, and which ultimately might be useful for diagnosing and monitoring fibrogenesis. To date, the metalloproteinases generated fragment of collagen I, III, IV and VI have been proven to be elevated in two rat models of fibrosis. This review summarizes the recent efforts that have been made to identify potentially reliable non-invasive serum markers. We used the recently proposed BIPED (Burden of disease, Investigative, Prognostic, Efficacy and Diagnostic) system to characterize potential serum markers and neo-epitope markers that have been identified to date.

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Tharun, Pantla Sai, Nilesh Talekar i Vineeth Reddy Akkati. "Applications of Molecular Marker Implementation for Enhanced Oilseed Breeding through Marker-Assisted Selection (Mas)". Journal of Experimental Agriculture International 46, nr 5 (16.04.2024): 865–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/jeai/2024/v46i52441.

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Oilseed crops are fundamental for various industrial and food purposes, necessitating advancements in breeding strategies to meet growing demands. Molecular markers and Marker-Assisted Selection (MAS) have emerged as powerful tools in oilseed crop improvement. This review explores the diverse applications of molecular markers and MAS in oilseed crops, highlighting their significance in enhancing breeding efficiency and genetic gains. The primary aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview of the application of molecular markers and MAS in oilseed crop breeding programs. Specifically, it aims to synthesize existing literature and case studies to elucidate the methodologies, advancements, and outcomes associated with the integration of molecular markers and MAS in oilseed crop improvement. The review highlights significant advancements in the application of molecular markers and MAS in oilseed crop breeding. Molecular markers have been extensively utilized for trait mapping, genetic diversity analysis, and selection of desirable genotypes with traits such as high oil content, disease resistance, and abiotic stress tolerance. Integration with conventional breeding methods has facilitated the development of elite oilseed crop varieties with improved agronomic performance and stress resilience. In conclusion, molecular markers and MAS represent valuable tools for accelerating oilseed crop breeding programs. Their integration has led to increased breeding efficiency, precision, and genetic gains. However, challenges such as marker validation, cost-effectiveness, and trait complexity remain to be addressed. Future research efforts should focus on refining marker technologies, enhancing trait mapping studies, and promoting the adoption of MAS in oilseed crop breeding to ensure sustainable production and global food security.

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BHAT, Zahoor Ahmad, Wasakha Singh DHILLON, Rizwan RASHID, Javid Ahmad BHAT, Waseem Ali DAR i Mohammad Yousf GANAIE. "The role of Molecular Markers in Improvement of Fruit Crops". Notulae Scientia Biologicae 2, nr 2 (13.06.2010): 22–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nsb224222.

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Markers have been used over the years for the classification of plants. Markers are any trait of an organism that can be identified with confidence and relative easy, and can be followed in a mapping population on another hand markers be defined as heritable entities associated with the economically important trait under the control of polygenes. Morphological markers can be detected with naked eye (naked eye polymorphism) or as difference in physical or chemical properties of the macromolecules. In other words, there are two types of genetic markers viz. morphological markers or naked eye polymorphism and non-morphological markers or molecular markers. Morphological markers include traits such as plant height, disease response, photoperiod, sensitivity, shape or colour of flowers, fruits or seeds etc. Molecular markers include biochemical constituents. Morphological markers have many limitations for being used as markers particularly in fruit crops because of long generation time and large size of fruit trees besides being influenced by environment. Consequently, molecular markers could be appropriate choice to study and preserve the diversity in any germplasm. Molecular markers have diverse applications in fruit crop improvement, particularly in the areas of genetic diversity and varietal identification studies, gene tagging, disease diagnostics, pedigree analysis, hybrid detection, sex differentiation and marker assisted selection.

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Hanci, F., i A. F. Gökçe. "Molecular characterization of Turkish onion germplasm using SSR markers". Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding 52, No. 2 (15.06.2016): 71–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/162/2015-cjgpb.

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