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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Moist static energy"
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Sobel, Adam, Shuguang Wang i Daehyun Kim. "Moist Static Energy Budget of the MJO during DYNAMO". Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 71, nr 11 (29.10.2014): 4276–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-14-0052.1.
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Abstract The authors analyze the column-integrated moist static energy budget over the region of the tropical Indian Ocean covered by the sounding array during the Cooperative Indian Ocean Experiment on Intraseasonal Variability in the Year 2011 (CINDY2011)/Dynamics of the Madden–Julian Oscillation (DYNAMO) field experiment in late 2011. The analysis is performed using data from the sounding array complemented by additional observational datasets for surface turbulent fluxes and atmospheric radiative heating. The entire analysis is repeated using the ECMWF Interim Re-Analysis (ERA-Interim). The roles of surface turbulent fluxes, radiative heating, and advection are quantified for the two MJO events that occurred in October and November using the sounding data; a third event in December is also studied in the ERA-Interim data. These results are consistent with the view that the MJO’s moist static energy anomalies grow and are sustained to a significant extent by the radiative feedbacks associated with MJO water vapor and cloud anomalies and that propagation of the MJO is associated with advection of moist static energy. Both horizontal and vertical advection appear to play significant roles in the events studied here. Horizontal advection strongly moistens the atmosphere during the buildup to the active phase of the October event when the low-level winds switch from westerly to easterly. Horizontal advection strongly dries the atmosphere in the wake of the active phases of the November and December events as the westerlies associated with off-equatorial cyclonic gyres bring subtropical dry air into the convective region from the west and north. Vertical advection provides relative moistening ahead of the active phase and drying behind it, associated with an increase of the normalized gross moist stability.
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Adames, Ángel F., Rosa M. Vargas Martes, Haochang Luo i Richard B. Rood. "Moist Static Potential Vorticity Budget in Tropical Motion Systems". Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 79, nr 3 (marzec 2022): 763–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-21-0161.1.
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Abstract Analyses of simple models of moist tropical motion systems reveal that the column-mean moist static potential vorticity (MSPV) can explain their propagation and growth. The MSPV is akin to the equivalent PV except it uses moist static energy (MSE) instead of the equivalent potential temperature. Examination of an MSPV budget that is scaled for moist off-equatorial synoptic-scale systems reveals that α, the ratio between the vertical gradients of latent and dry static energies, describes the relative contribution of dry and moist advective processes to the evolution of MSPV. Horizontal advection of the moist component of MSPV, a process akin to horizontal MSE advection, governs the evolution of synoptic-scale systems in regions of high humidity. On the other hand, horizontal advection of dry PV predominates in a dry atmosphere. Derivation of a “moist static” wave activity density budget reveals that α also describes the relative importance of moist and dry processes to wave activity amplification and decay. Linear regression analysis of the MSPV budget in eastern Pacific easterly waves shows that the MSPV anomalies originate over the eastern Caribbean and propagate westward due to dry PV advection. They are amplified by the fluxes of the moist component of MSPV over the Caribbean Sea and over the eastern Pacific from 105° to 130°W, underscoring the importance of moist processes in these waves. On the other hand, dry PV convergence amplifies the waves from 90° to 100°W, likely as a result of the barotropic energy conversions that occur in this region.
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Yu, Lijun, Shuhui Wu i Zhanhong Ma. "Evaluation of Moist Static Energy in a Simulated Tropical Cyclone". Atmosphere 10, nr 6 (12.06.2019): 319. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos10060319.
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The characteristics of moist static energy (MSE) and its budget in a simulated tropical cyclone (TC) are examined in this study. Results demonstrate that MSE in a TC system is enhanced as the storm strengthens, primarily because of two mechanisms: upward transfer of surface heat fluxes and subsequent warming of the upper troposphere. An inspection of the interchangeable approximation between MSE and equivalent potential temperature (θe) suggests that although MSE is capable of capturing overall structures of θe, some important features will still be distorted, specifically the low-MSE pool outside the eyewall. In this low-MSE region, from the budget analysis, the discharge of MSE in the boundary layer may even surpass the recharge of MSE from the ocean. Unlike the volume-averaged MSE, the mass-weighted MSE in a fixed volume following the TC shows no apparent increase as the TC intensifies, because the atmosphere becomes continually thinner accompanying the warming of the storm. By calculating a mass-weighted volume MSE budget, the TC system is found to export MSE throughout its lifetime, since the radial outflow overwhelms the radial inflow. Moreover, the more intensified the TC is, the more export of MSE there tends to be. The input of MSE by surface heat fluxes is roughly balanced by the combined effects of radiation and lateral export, wherein a great majority of the imported MSE is reduced by radiation, while the export of MSE from the TC system to the environment accounts for only a small portion.
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Neelin, J. David, i Isaac M. Held. "Modeling Tropical Convergence Based on the Moist Static Energy Budget". Monthly Weather Review 115, nr 1 (styczeń 1987): 3–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1987)115<0003:mtcbot>2.0.co;2.
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Overland, James E., Philip Turet i Abraham H. Oort. "Regional Variations of Moist Static Energy Flux into the Arctic". Journal of Climate 9, nr 1 (styczeń 1996): 54–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1996)009<0054:rvomse>2.0.co;2.
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Skific, Natasa, i Jennifer A. Francis. "Drivers of projected change in arctic moist static energy transport". Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 118, nr 7 (4.04.2013): 2748–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jgrd.50292.
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Frierson, Dargan M. W., Isaac M. Held i Pablo Zurita-Gotor. "A Gray-Radiation Aquaplanet Moist GCM. Part II: Energy Transports in Altered Climates". Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 64, nr 5 (1.05.2007): 1680–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas3913.1.
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Abstract A simplified moist general circulation model is used to study changes in the meridional transport of moist static energy by the atmosphere as the water vapor content is increased. The key assumptions of the model are gray radiation, with water vapor and other constituents having no effect on radiative transfer, and mixed layer aquaplanet boundary conditions, implying that the atmospheric meridional energy transport balances the net radiation at the top of the atmosphere. These simplifications allow the authors to isolate the effect of moisture on energy transports by baroclinic eddies in a relatively simple setting. The authors investigate the partition of moist static energy transport in the model into dry static energy and latent energy transports as water vapor concentrations are increased, by varying a constant in the Clausius–Clapeyron relation. The increase in the poleward moisture flux is rather precisely compensated by a reduction in the dry static energy flux. These results are interpreted with diffusive energy balance models (EBMs). The simplest of these is an analytic model that has the property of exact invariance of total energy flux as the moisture content is changed, but the assumptions underlying this model are not accurately satisfied by the GCM. A more complex EBM that includes expressions for the diffusivity, length scale, velocity scale, and latitude of maximum baroclinic eddy activity provides a better fit to the GCM’s behavior.
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Shaw, Tiffany A., Pragallva Barpanda i Aaron Donohoe. "A Moist Static Energy Framework for Zonal-Mean Storm-Track Intensity". Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 75, nr 6 (30.05.2018): 1979–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-17-0183.1.
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Abstract A moist static energy (MSE) framework for zonal-mean storm-track intensity, defined as the extremum of zonal-mean transient eddy MSE flux, is derived and applied across a range of time scales. According to the framework, storm-track intensity can be decomposed into contributions from net energy input [sum of shortwave absorption and surface heat fluxes into the atmosphere minus outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) and atmospheric storage] integrated poleward of the storm-track position and MSE flux by the mean meridional circulation or stationary eddies at the storm-track position. The framework predicts storm-track decay in spring and amplification in fall in response to seasonal insolation. When applied diagnostically the framework shows shortwave absorption and land turbulent surface heat fluxes account for the seasonal evolution of Northern Hemisphere (NH) intensity; however, they are partially compensated by OLR (Planck feedback) and stationary eddy MSE flux. The negligible amplitude of Southern Hemisphere (SH) seasonal intensity is consistent with the compensation of shortwave absorption by OLR and oceanic turbulent surface heat fluxes (ocean energy storage). On interannual time scales, El Niño minus La Niña conditions amplify the NH storm track, consistent with decreased subtropical stationary eddy MSE flux. Finally, on centennial time scales, the CO2 indirect effect (sea surface temperature warming) amplifies the NH summertime storm track whereas the direct effect (increased CO2 over land) weakens it, consistent with opposing turbulent surface heat flux responses over land and ocean.
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Yasunaga, Kazuaki, Satoru Yokoi, Kuniaki Inoue i Brian E. Mapes. "Space–Time Spectral Analysis of the Moist Static Energy Budget Equation". Journal of Climate 32, nr 2 (28.12.2018): 501–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-18-0334.1.
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Abstract The budget of column-integrated moist static energy (MSE) is examined in wavenumber–frequency transforms of longitude–time sections over the tropical belt. Cross-spectra with satellite-derived precipitation (TRMM-3B42) are used to emphasize precipitation-coherent signals in reanalysis [ERA-Interim (ERAI)] estimates of each term in the budget equation. Results reveal different budget balances in convectively coupled equatorial waves (CCEWs) as well as in the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) and tropical depression (TD)-type disturbances. The real component (expressing amplification or damping of amplitude) for horizontal advection is modest for most wave types but substantially damps the MJO. Its imaginary component is hugely positive (it acts to advance phase) in TD-type disturbances and is positive for MJO and equatorial Rossby (ERn1) wave disturbances (almost negligible for the other CCEWs). The real component of vertical advection is negatively correlated (damping effect) with precipitation with a magnitude of approximately 10% of total latent heat release for all disturbances except for TD-type disturbance. This effect is overestimated by a factor of 2 or more if advection is computed using the time–zonal mean MSE, suggesting that nonlinear correlations between ascent and humidity would be positive (amplification effect). ERAI-estimated radiative heating has a positive real part, reinforcing precipitation-correlated MSE excursions. The magnitude is up to 14% of latent heating for the MJO and much less for other waves. ERAI-estimated surface flux has a small effect but acts to amplify MJO and ERn1 waves. The imaginary component of budget residuals is large and systematically positive, suggesting that the reanalysis model’s physical MSE sources would not act to propagate the precipitation-associated MSE anomalies properly.
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Hannah, Walter M., i Eric D. Maloney. "The moist static energy budget in NCAR CAM5 hindcasts during DYNAMO". Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems 6, nr 2 (27.05.2014): 420–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2013ms000272.
Pełny tekst źródłaRozprawy doktorskie na temat "Moist static energy"
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Huang, Ling-Hui, i 黃齡慧. "A Moist Static Energy Budget Analysis of Super Madden-Julian Oscillation Events". Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/uqwjdq.
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碩士國立中央大學
大氣科學學系
106
Previous studies indicated that the MJO intensity increases as the earth’s climate becomes warmer. In this study, the column-integrated moist static energy (MSE) budget is employed to investigate the composited horizontal and vertical characteristics of super MJO events and to explore the differences between mean state (climatologically-mean) and super MJOs. Using the Wheeler-Hendon’s MJO index as a metric, along with precipitation intensity, from the ERA-interim reanalysis data and TRMM satellite-retrieved data during the period from 1998 to 2014, a total of 6 super Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO) cases is identified. We define a super MJO case when i) the MJO index is over two standard deviations above the mean value for at least two consecutive phases over the Indo-Western-Pacific sector; and ii) the peak precipitation intensity is greater than 9mm/day over the targeted equatorial Indian Ocean domain (5°S-5°N, 55°E-85°E). The column moist static energy (MSE) budget analysis provides a quantitative phase-to-phase comparison between mean state and super MJOs. It is found that, aside from magnitude differences, the averaged period of super MJOs is notably shorter than that of mean state MJOs (42.8 vs. 46 days), implying a faster eastward propagating speed for super MJOs. Moreover, the super MJOs exhibit a wavenumber 1 composited structure in Q1 (apparent heat source) and Q2 (apparent moisture sink); while the mean state MJOs show a wavenumber 1.5 composited structure. Furthermore, the greatest contrast between super and mean state MJOs appears at nagetive phase 7 when the accumulation of column MSE is particular strong in super MJOs due to the very weak lateral export of MSE (i.e., very weak negative contribution from the horizontal advection of MSE), which is consistent with the results from GMS (gross moist stability) plane. This study suggests that monitoring the column MSE budget at nagetive phase 7 could be served as a precursor to predict the occurrence of a strong (or super) MJO case.
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Skific, Natasa. "Changes in Arctic moist static energy transport and moisture convergence in the 21st century". 2009. http://hdl.rutgers.edu/1782.2/rucore10001600001.ETD.000051403.
Pełny tekst źródłaKsiążki na temat "Moist static energy"
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Suslyanok, Georgiy, Tat'yana Auerman i Tat'yana Generalova. Fundamentals of biochemistry. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1003787.
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The textbook contains basic information about the structure, properties and biological functions of proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, lipids, vitamins. The most important ways of transformation of substances and energy in a living organism are considered. The information about the use of biochemical processes in the food industry is given.
Meets the requirements of the federal state educational standards of higher education of the latest generation.
For university students studying in the areas of training 19.03.01 "Biotechnology", 19.03.02 "Food products from plant raw materials", 19.03.04 "Product technology and catering organization", as well as for students studying in other areas of training, and graduate students.
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Nazarov, Vyacheslav, Roman Sandu i Dmitriy Makarenkov. Technique and technology of combined processing of solid waste. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/996365.
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The educational manual provides information about industrial and domestic waste. The properties of the lithosphere and the soil components. The estimation of soil pollution by industrial and household waste. The peculiarities of classification of wastes and provides criteria for determining risk. Describe the General pattern of the combined methods of processing that use mechanical, physical, thermal and biothermal recycling processes. In detail the construction described granulating equipment, methods of intensification of processes, process flow sheets and engineering calculation methods. Special attention is given to the thermal methods of waste treatment, process lines, constructions of furnaces and reactors. On the basis of the system approach with use of data of environmental monitoring are considered the methodology for selecting the most available technology.
Meets the requirements of Federal state educational standards of higher education of the last generation.
Intended for independent work of undergraduates majoring in 20.04.01 "Technospheric safety" (master level), 20.03.01 "Technosphere safety" (bachelor level), 18.03.01 "Chemical technology" 18.03.02 "Energy and resource saving processes in chemical technology, petrochemistry and biotechnology". Can be useful for engineers and technicians of chemical industry and related industries.
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Delivering the Goods: Making the Most of North America's Evolving Oil Infrastructure. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Incorporated, 2015.
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Eduardo Silva, Romero. Part II Investor-State Arbitration in the Energy Sector, 13 Energy Investor-State Disputes in Latin America. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198805786.003.0013.
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This chapter discusses the recent resurgence of ‘resource nationalism’ in the Latin American region. These include the shift in the political and economic control of the energy sector from foreign, private interests to domestic, state-controlled companies and the disputes this has triggered. After looking at the historical background of investor-state arbitration in Latin America, the chapter analyzes relevant strategies used by investors and states to defend their standpoint on resource nationalism. It also identifies which ones have proved most successful in relation to fiscal measures and nationalizations by certain Latin American states. The chapter also provides an assessment of corporate restructuring strategies used by foreign companies to challenge these types of resource nationalism measures.
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Anton, Asoskov. Part II Investor-State Arbitration in the Energy Sector, 12 Energy Investor-State Disputes in Russia and the Commonwealth of Independent States. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198805786.003.0012.
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This chapter looks at the most prominent cases under the Energy Charter Treat (ECT) involving the Russian Federation, and their fate in annulment actions before the Dutch courts. Recently, the ECT became the most discussed international instrument in Russia due to the large-scale arbitrations initiated by the former Yukos shareholders against the Russian Federation. The chapter also discusses the use of some lesser known multilateral investment treaties and analyzes their possible bases for arbitrating energy investment disputes involving the Russian Federation or other states from the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). It further describes recurrent issues and cases rendered on the basis of BITs signed by the Russian Federation, or specific legislation on the protection of investments existing in the Russian Federation and other CIS states. Finally, the chapter deals with the question as to what extent Russian state-entities may enter into individual investment agreements containing an arbitration clause.
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Danae, Azaria. Treaties on Transit of Energy via Pipelines and Countermeasures. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198717423.001.0001.
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This monograph examines the relationship between treaties providing for uninterrupted energy transit and countermeasures under the law of international responsibility. It analyses the obligations governing energy transit through pipelines in multilateral and bilateral treaties, looking at the WTO Agreement, the Energy Charter Treaty, and sixteen bespoke pipeline treaties. It argues that a number of transit obligations under these treaties are indivisible, reflecting the collective interests of states parties. The analysis is placed in the historical and normative landscape of freedom of transit in international law. After setting out the content and scope of obligations concerning transit of energy, it distinguishes countermeasures from treaty law responses, and examines the dispute settlement and compliance supervision provisions in these treaties. Building on these findings, the work discusses the availability and lawfulness of countermeasures as, on the one hand, a means of implementing the transit state’s responsibility for interruptions of energy transit via pipelines; and, on the other hand, circumstances that preclude the wrongfulness of the transit state’s interruptions of transit. The competing interests of the transit state and those of the states dependent on the pipeline make this question one of the most controversial aspects of modern international law.
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Omorogbe, Yinka, i Ada Okoye Ordor. Achieving Effective Law and Policy Frameworks for Access to Sustainable Energy in Africa— A Multidimensional Effort. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198819837.003.0018.
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This chapter highlights some common themes which the editors see as significant research findings. The ubiquitous nature of energy is at once the most obvious and yet the most surprising realization. Not only are there clear linkages with water and renewable energy, but also with areas such as intellectual property and arbitration and, no doubt, the law in these areas can enhance or impede access. Access to energy so far falls short of the status of a realizable human right and this amounts to a denial of energy justice for affected persons. The lack of modern energy erodes and in some instances amounts to a denial of the rights of women, children, and the vulnerable. Electricity access has suffered, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa because of a combination of factors, chiefly the absence of legal provisions or failure to either reform or comply with legal provisions.
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Kaj, Hobér. Part II Investor-State Arbitration in the Energy Sector, 8 Overview of Energy Charter Treaty Cases. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198805786.003.0008.
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This chapter analyzes rendered awards and pending Energy Charter Treaty (ECT) cases using detailed statistical data on the disputes overall (including the number of cases brought and their outcomes), the parties involved (including the types of investors making use of the ECT, and most frequent respondent states), the underlying investment (including the different energy sectors concerned), and the arbitration rules used. It also discusses a number of issues that often arise in ECT cases. First, the chapter looks at jurisdictional objections regularly raised by respondents, including the provisional application of the ECT under Article 45; the ‘denial of benefits’ clause of Article 17(1); and the definition of an ‘investment’ under Article 1(6). The chapter then analyzes selected merits issues that have been addressed in the ECT awards rendered to date. Finally, this chapter considers the future of the ECT.
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Baer, Tomas, i William L. Hase. Unimolecular Reaction Dynamics. Oxford University Press, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195074949.001.0001.
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This book provides a penetrating and comprehensive description of energy selected reactions from a theoretical as well as experimental view. Three major aspects of unimolecular reactions involving the preparation of the reactants in selected energy states, the rate of dissociation of the activated molecule, and the partitioning of the excess energy among the final products, are fully discussed with the aid of 175 illustrations and over 1,000 references, most from the recent literature. Examples of both neutral and ionic reactions are presented. Many of the difficult topics are discussed at several levels of sophistication to allow access by novices as well as experts. Among the topics covered for the first time in monograph form is a discussion of highly excited vibrational/rotational states and intramolecular vibrational energy redistribution. Problems associated with the application of RRKM theory are discussed with the aid of experimental examples. Detailed comparisons are also made between different statistical models of unimolecular decomposition. Both quantum and classical models not based on statistical assumptions are described. Finally, a chapter devoted to the theory of product energy distribution includes the application of phase space theory to the dissociation of small and large clusters. The work will be welcomed as a valuable resource by practicing researchers and graduate students in physical chemistry, and those involved in the study of chemical reaction dynamics.
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Thompson, William R., i Leila Zakhirova. Comparing the Four Main Cases. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190699680.003.0009.
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No two system leaders were identical in their claims to being the most innovative states in their respective zones, eras, and periods of leadership. Nonetheless, three general categories emerge: maritime commercial leadership, a pushing of agrarian boundaries, and sustained industrial economic growth. Those that made breakthroughs in the latter category, of course, redefined the modern world. Frontiers were critically important in all four cases of system leadership (China, the Netherlands, Britain, and the United States), but not exactly in the same way. Major improvements in transportation/communication facilitated economic growth by making interactions more feasible and less expensive, although the importance of trade varied considerably. Expanding populations were a hallmark of all four cases, even if the scale of increase varied. Population growth and urbanization forced agriculture to become more efficient and provided labor for nonagricultural pursuits. Urban demands stimulated regional specialization, technological innovation, and energy intensification, expanding the size of domestic markets and contributing to scalar increases in production. Just how large those scalar increases were depended on the interactions among technological innovation, power-driven machinery, and energy transition. Yet no single change led automatically to technological leadership. While lead status was never gained by default, it helped to have few rivals. As more serious rivals emerged, technological leaderships became harder to maintain.
Części książek na temat "Moist static energy"
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Mareschi, J. P. "Identification of Those Micronutrients Most Likely To Be Insufficient as the Result of Habitual Low Energy Intake". W Modern Lifestyles, Lower Energy Intake and Micronutrient Status, 45–53. London: Springer London, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-3270-7_5.
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Hänni, Julia, i Tienmu Ma. "Swiss Climate Change Law". W Swiss Energy Governance, 17–47. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-80787-0_2.
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AbstractThis chapter explores the relationship between Swiss climate change law and the international and European climate change regimes. At the international level, the chapter reviews the three major international agreements regulating the field: the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), the Kyoto Protocol to the UNFCCC, and the Paris Agreement. And at the national and regional levels, the chapter briefly describes the CO2 Act—often considered the heart of Swiss climate change policy—and questions whether it will prove effective in achieving its explicitly stated emissions reduction targets. The chapter then reviews the most significant recent innovation in the evolution of Swiss climate change policy: joining the Emissions Trading System (ETS) established by the European Union. Due to long-standing problems afflicting the ETS, the authors raise doubts about whether Switzerland’s joining the scheme will lead to meaningful reductions in the country’s greenhouse gas emissions. As an alternative to an ETS-centric approach, the authors refer to an approach centered on human rights. Drawing on the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR), the major international climate change agreements, other sources of international law, and the recent Urgenda decision of the Supreme Court of the Netherlands, the authors argue that under the human rights approach, Switzerland would be obligated to take stronger measures to reduce emissions than it could hope to achieve through the ETS and the CO2 Act alone.
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Rahimi, Abbas, i Rajesh K. Gupta. "Hardware/Software Codesign for Energy Efficiency and Robustness: From Error-Tolerant Computing to Approximate Computing". W Dependable Embedded Systems, 527–43. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-52017-5_22.
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AbstractVoltage scaling, as the most important knob for energy efficiency, is limited by leakage and variability. Variability is arisen from various sources including static manufacturing process, dynamic voltage and temperature fluctuations, and temporal changes over time. To address these variations, designers resort to excessive margins. These margins are increasing rapidly and eventually obliterating any gains due to device scaling. As a consequence, reduction of margins in design has become an important research challenge. We demonstrate how to recover part of these margins through hardware/software codesign with examples in many-core GPUs and FPGAs. This naturally leads to a departure from traditional error-tolerant computing to approximate computing.
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Suzuki, Tatsujiro. "Lessons Learnt from the Fukushima Nuclear Accident". W Springer Proceedings in Physics, 43–52. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-29708-3_5.
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AbstractEven after 11 years, the Fukushima accident is not completely over yet. Technological challenges for decommissioning of Fukushima are unprecedented. Economic, social, and humanitarian impacts are huge and will remain for a long time. The Fukushima nuclear accident completely changed the energy picture in Japan. Nuclear energy is no longer most reliable, least expensive, “main” power source in Japan. Japan’s long-term energy policy is self-inconsistent, stating “Japan will reduce its dependence on nuclear power as much as possible,” but maintains it as an important option for carbon neutral policy. But mainly due to poor economics, role of nuclear power in carbon neutral policy could be limited. Given the Ukrainian crisis, international community must strengthen international law and norms to protect all nuclear facilities, in particular, sensitive facilities, against military attack. Finally, lessons learned from the Fukushima accidents are: (1) Think unthinkable (2) Engineering risk assessment is not enough (3) Need for independent scientific advice/policy review organization (4) Public trust is essential.
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Hayes, Deborah C., Becky K. Kerns, Toral Patel-Weynand i Deborah M. Finch. "Introduction". W Invasive Species in Forests and Rangelands of the United States, 1–3. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45367-1_1.
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AbstractInvasive species are a historical, long-term, and continually growing threat to the ecology, economy, and infrastructure of the United States. Widely recognized as one of the most serious threats to the health, sustainability, and productivity of native ecosystems, invasive species issues have commonly been viewed as problems specific to Federal, State, and private landowners. However, it is increasingly apparent that the impacts from these species are all encompassing, affecting ecosystem processes in addition to the economics of land management, public and private infrastructure, the energy sector, international trade, cultural practices, and many other sectors in the United States.
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Mühlbauer, Matthias, Hubert Würschinger, Dominik Polzer i Nico Hanenkamp. "Energy Profile Prediction of Milling Processes Using Machine Learning Techniques". W Machine Learning for Cyber Physical Systems, 1–11. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-62746-4_1.
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AbstractThe prediction of the power consumption increases the transparency and the understanding of a cutting process, this delivers various potentials. Beside the planning and optimization of manufacturing processes, there are application areas in different kinds of deviation detection and condition monitoring. Due to the complicated stochastic processes during the cutting processes, analytical approaches quickly reach their limits. Since the 1980s, approaches for predicting the time or energy consumption use empirical models. Nevertheless, most of the existing models regard only static snapshots and are not able to picture the dynamic load fluctuations during the entire milling process. This paper describes a data-driven way for a more detailed prediction of the power consumption for a milling process using Machine Learning techniques. To increase the accuracy we used separate models and machine learning algorithms for different operations of the milling machine to predict the required time and energy. The merger of the individual models allows finally the accurate forecast of the load profile of the milling process for a specific machine tool. The following method introduces the whole pipeline from the data acquisition, over the preprocessing and the model building to the validation.
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Reames, Donald V. "Distinguishing the Sources". W Solar Energetic Particles, 49–69. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-66402-2_3.
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AbstractOur discussion of history has covered many of the observations that have led to the ideas of acceleration by shock waves or by magnetic reconnection in gradual and impulsive solar energetic particle (SEP) events, respectively. We now present other compelling observations, including onset timing, SEP-shock correlations, injection time profiles, high-energy spectral knees, e/p ratios, and intensity dropouts caused by a compact source, that have helped clarify these acceleration mechanisms and sources. However, some of the newest evidence now comes from source-plasma temperatures. In this and the next two chapters, we will find that impulsive events come from solar active regions at ≈ 3 MK, controlling ionization states Q, hence A/Q, and, in most gradual events, shocks accelerate ambient coronal material from ≤1.6 MK. When SEPs are trapped on closed loops they supply the energy for flares. In addition to helping to define their own origin, SEPs also probe the structure of the interplanetary magnetic field.
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Anttila, Perttu, i Hans Verkerk. "Forest Biomass Availability". W Forest Bioeconomy and Climate Change, 91–111. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-99206-4_5.
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AbstractThe forest-based bioeconomy relies on using forests as a source of raw material for producing materials and energy, as well as for a variety of other ecosystem services. The uses of forests and wood are many and, to some extent, competing. Can a limited resource simultaneously and sustainably provide raw materials for products, feedstock for energy production, and other ecosystem services? Over one-third of the land area in the EU is covered by forests, but there are large differences between the member states regarding both forest area and growing stock of wood. The harvesting of roundwood has been steadily increasing. In addition to roundwood, other tree parts, as well as residues from forest industries and post-consumer wood, are being used for both materials and energy production. There are non-negligible uncertainties regarding the future availability of forest biomass in the context of climate change, as well as difficulties to concern all the relevant constraints on biomass supply in relation to availability assessments and the difficult-to-predict effects of policies. Despite the above, it can be concluded that there is still potential to increase the utilisation of forest biomass in most of the EU regions, but this might affect the provisioning of other important ecosystem services.
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Boes, Tobias. "Hitler’s Most Intimate Enemy". W Thomas Mann's War, 122–54. Cornell University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501744990.003.0007.
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This chapter illustrates how Thomas Mann created a novel role for the artist: fully engaged with the political events of the day through a variety of twentieth-century media and yet fiercely protective of an independent stance. The 1930s was a decade in which governments of various stripes throughout the world discovered the value of employing artists to drum up support within a populist base. And Mann was a patriotic resident of the United States who throughout the war years carefully refrained from criticizing his adoptive country. But his voice and his aims were always unmistakably his own, and he agitated for the United States because he equated the American cause with that of liberal democracy, not because of any government commission. The chapter further explains that Mann's relocation to California can serve as a symbolic marker of this transition. Indeed, it was during his residency in Pacific Palisades as well that he reached the apogee of his trajectory as an anti-Nazi celebrity in the eyes of the American public.
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Rudel, Thomas K. "Introduction". W Shocks, States, and Sustainability, 1–7. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190921019.003.0001.
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“Business-as-usual” conditions during the last three decades of global warming have enabled special interests associated with fossil fuels to dominate the political economy of energy in most states. Gradual adoption of cleaner fuels from wind and the sun, a form of ecological modernization, has occurred, but in a context of growing demands for energy, the adoption of cleaner fuels has not reduced the use of fossil fuels, so the warming of the earth through greenhouse gas emissions has continued unabated. Alarmed observers have responded by urging radical changes in energy use. This book describes how these changes have occurred in the few twentieth-century cases of radical environmental reform.
Streszczenia konferencji na temat "Moist static energy"
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Nagorski, Matthias, Christian Koch i Stephan Staudacher. "Boundary Conditions for Compressor Cascade Ice Crystal Icing Testing". W ASME Turbo Expo 2020: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2020-16143.
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Abstract At the Altitude Test Facility (ATF) of the University of Stuttgart a linear compressor cascade test rig serves the investigation of ice crystal icing (ICI) under engine realistic conditions. A numerical model of the first stage of NASA Stage 67 is validated with experimental data taken from literature and used to investigate the respective ice crystal icing conditions for prospective cascade experiments. Eleven operating points simulating climb conditions with constant non-dimensional power setting through ascending parcels of moist air are selected for analysis. Only the melting-dominated regime is considered. The 3D flow field is obtained using a RANS approach in combination with a Spalart-Allmaras one-equation turbulence model. The droplet and ice crystal trajectories are calculated based on an Eulerian framework. The computation of the surface energy balance is adapted from the Messinger model taking into account unsteady phenomena. Four of eleven selected operating points indicate the onset of substantial ice accretion. A static wet bulb temperature of freezing constitutes in general the lower icing limit for rig experiments. The upper icing limit depends on the ice water content impinging and sticking to the target surface.
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Young, John B. "Condensation in Jet Engine Intake Ducts During Stationary Operation". W ASME 1993 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/93-gt-005.
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The paper describes an analysis of the condensation of moist air in very long intake ducts of jet engines during stationary operation. Problems arising from such condensation include fan overspeed and increased stagnation pressure loss in the intake duct. The analysis demonstrates that, for moderate values of relative humidity, homogeneous condensation will occur in an outer annulus adjacent to the intake cowling if the local flow Mach number attains values of about 1.0. In the central region of the intake duct, where design Mach numbers of 0.8 may be attained, homogeneous condensation is unlikely to occur except, possibly, when the relative humidity is close to 100% and the ambient temperature very high. However, if the intake duct is very long, significant heterogeneous condensation on foreign particles present in the atmosphere is possible. The concentration of foreign nuclei required for this type of condensation is comparable to the likely levels of contamination at many industrial test sites. The effects of condensation on engine test results are twofold. Firstly, condensation is a thermodynamically irreversible process and results in an increase of entropy and hence loss of total pressure in the intake duct. Uncorrected measurements using Pitot probes may not record this loss correctly. Secondly, the mass and energy transfer between the phases during the condensation process has a tendency to accelerate the flow approaching the engine, an effect which may be counteracted by a reduction in mass flowrate in order to maintain the static pressure constant. These conclusions are in agreement with experimental results obtained on-site during the testing of a jet engine fitted with a very long intake duct.
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Kuo, Yong-Lin, i Chang-Lun Huang. "Nonlinear Control of a Static Synchronous Compensator". W ASME 2016 Conference on Information Storage and Processing Systems. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/isps2016-9598.
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With the rise of environmental awareness, many countries pay more attention on energy resources, especially for electricity, because it is already indispensable in the high-tech society. Therefore, it is the most basic policy to effectively provide stable power to the load side. This paper adopts the most popular device, called a static synchronous compensator (STACOM), to obtain the reactive compensation due to the power loss in the electrical system. Since a STATCOM is a nonlinear system, one applies the sliding mode control to a STACOM. The simulation results show that the reactive power compensations in the stable operation can be confirmed.
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Rahmani, Ramin K., Theo G. Keith i Anahita Ayasoufi. "Large-Eddy Turbulent Flow Simulation of a KOMAX Static Mixer". W ASME 2008 Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting collocated with the Heat Transfer, Energy Sustainability, and 3rd Energy Nanotechnology Conferences. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2008-55028.
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Viscous liquids have to be homogenized in continuous operations in many branches of processing industries; and therefore, fluid mixing plays a critical role in the success or failure of many industrial processes. Consequences of improper mixing include non-reproducible processing conditions and lowered product quality, resulting in the need for more elaborate downstream processes and increased costs. The range of practical flow Reynolds numbers for KOMAX static mixers in industry is usually from moderate values (Re ≈ 0) to very large values (e.g. Re ≈ 5,000,000). However, most of industrial applicants have a very small flow to moderate Reynolds numbers (e.g. Re ≈ 5,000). This paper presents an improved understanding of the turbulent flow pattern for single-phase liquids through the mixer. Large-Eddy Simulation (LES) model is applied to the flow in a KOMAX static mixer to calculate the flow velocities, pressure drops, etc. Using a variety of predictive tools, the mixing results are obtained.
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Borchani, Wassim, Nizar Lajnef i Rigoberto Burgueño. "Model Development for Dynamic Energy Conversion in Post-Buckled Multi-Stable Slender Columns". W ASME 2014 Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/smasis2014-7595.
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Broadband piezoelectric energy harvesting solutions from ambient loading have been extensively studied with the purpose of increasing the efficiency of vibration-based harvesters. Most of the previously developed methods focus on the transducer’s properties and configurations, and require vibration input excitations. In contrast, we have previously experimentally shown a mechanical energy concentrator system that exploits the quasi-static input deformations (strains) generated within the structure and induces an amplified amplitude and frequency up-converted response. The tested energy converting devices transform low-amplitude and low-rate service strains into an amplified vibration input to the piezoelectric transducer. The snap-through behavior of bilaterally constrained columns was used as the mechanism for energy concentration. This paper presents a theoretical model, based on energy method, for the post-buckling behavior of a bilaterally constrained slender column under quasi-static axial loadings. The total potential energy of the buckled elastic element is the sum of the potential energies due to bending, compression and external applied force. The transverse deflection is limited by the lateral constraints. Therefore a constrained minimization problem of the total potential energy is solved to determine the equilibrium configurations. Equilibrium transitions are correlated to the changes in the magnitude of the weight coefficients that define the contribution of buckling modes to the deflected shape. Transition states are defined in terms of the axial displacements, axial forces, column shape, and energies stored in the system.
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Srivastava, R., i W. Williamson. "Double Electron Excitation of Lithium by Electron Impact". W Multiple Excitations of Atoms. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/mea.1986.tuc16.
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Excitation of the autoionizing states caused by single inner shell electron excitations in alkalai atoms by electron impact have been well studied using various approximations. These include the Born, Glauber1 and distorted wave theories.2 In lithium, in addition to single excitation, there have been some doubly excited states observed. The doubly excited states with the two electrons are the most fundamental atomic species which autoionize. Such doubly excited states in helium and alkaline earths have also been studied.3-5 A first step towards the study of such excitations in lithium would be to find the cross sections for their production by electrons. The first calculations of this nature were done by Kulander and Dahler4 using the simple Born Oppenheimer approximation. They reported results for Li(1s)2(2s)2S→Li(1s) (2p)2 4P. We reconsidered this problem in a more precise manner using the distorted wave theory. Our distorted wave calculation includes distortion of the initial and final states of the incoming and outgoing electrons separately by using different distorting potentials. We have used the static potential, the polarization of the target lithium atom as well as the exchange of the incoming electron with the bound electrons in the target. The bound states of the target are represented in initial and final states by the Hartree Fock wave functions as used by Kulander and Dahler.4 The details of the analysis, results and discussion will be presented at the conference. In Table I we briefly display our results using various versions of the distorted wave theory (Ei is the incident energy in Ry, I and F represent the inclusion of the initial and final state static potentials respectively, E and P signify the additional inclusions of the exchange and polarization potentials).
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Xu, Huazhao, Jianhua Wang i Ting Wang. "A Numerical Investigation of Stator-Rotor Interaction Effects on Flow Field and Film Cooling Effectiveness in a 3D Transonic Turbine Stage With Highly Twisted Rotors". W ASME 2013 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2013-66784.
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To reduce aerodynamic losses and optimize turbine blade cooling designs, a comprehensive understanding of rotor-stator interaction effects on the blade aerodynamics and film cooling performance is essential. This paper focuses on the numerical analysis of the interactions between shock waves and unsteady wakes and their effects on cooling effectiveness of a highly twisted rotor within a transonic turbine stage. The parameters of the turbine stage are from the Pratt & Whitney Energy Efficient Engine (E3) program. The Realizable k-ε turbulence model was selected as the suitable turbulence model by our previous study. The investigation is conducted first by analyzing mean static pressure and the Root Mean Square (RMS) of the static pressure, followed by a detailed study of the flow field in the rotor passage at blowing ratios (Br) of 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5. Effects of the complicated interactions among shock waves, trailing edge wake shedding, and blockage of moving rotors are separated and identified individually through shock strength, vortices, and entropy production. The results show that: 1) For the stator, the shock waves emanating from the trailing edge of the neighboring stator impinging on the later part of the stator’s suction side, creating static pressure fluctuations as large as 20%. 2) For the rotor, the variation of static pressure is synchronized with the rotor passing frequency, but out of phase between the suction and pressure sides. 3) A high entropy region generated by the wake flow from the upstream trailing edge in the rotor passage intensifies and moves towards the rotor hub during the rotor passing periods. 4) Most of the cooling air injected from the rotor leading edge bends towards the suction side, and the cooling air injected from the pressure side turns towards the rotor hub. 5) An increase in the blowing ratio from Br = 0.5 to Br = 1.5 does not affect the pressure fluctuations, but does significantly increase film cooling effectiveness on the rotor pressure side. 6) The mean static pressure on the suction side of the twist blade is lower than a straight blade, indicating the benefit of producing larger torque by using twist rotors.
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Koosha, Rasool, i Fatemeh Shahsavari. "An Uncertainty and Sensitivity Analysis Tool for Building Thermal Energy Consumption: A Performance Comprehension of Static and Dynamic Response Analyses". W ASME 2019 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2019-98510.
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Abstract Recent literature on building energy performance simulation leans toward implementing uncertainty analysis (UA), instead of deterministic solutions, to handle ever-existing and pivotal uncertainties in building design decision-making process. Variations in weather temperature, degradation of building envelope material properties over time, and random behavior of occupants, among all, are the key sources of uncertainty in building energy consumption predictions. The UA couples to the sensitivity analysis (SA) to identify the most influential inputs on the uncertainties of the building energy consumption. This paper describes a newly-developed UA and SA predictive tool for building energy performance simulations. Energy performance simulations are based on a resistance-capacitance thermal model for the building. For a hypothetical residential building in College Station, Texas, USA, the present work describes and compares predicted probability distribution and sensitivity indexes produced by the UA-SA tool using a transient (dynamic) response analysis (TRA) and static response analysis (SRA). For brevity, the analysis considers uncertainty only for the exterior walls’ parameters including thickness, thermal conductivity, heat transfer coefficient, density, and heat capacity; i.e., a five-dimensional problem is solved. Compared to the TRA, predictions from the SRA underestimate the annual energy consumption up to 30%; however, SRA is significantly faster. Nonetheless, sensitivity indexes from the SRA and TRA closely match.
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Mayville, Ronald A., Randolph P. Hammond i Kent N. Johnson. "Static and Dynamic Crush Testing and Analysis of a Rail Vehicle Corner Structural Element". W ASME 1999 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece1999-0945.
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Abstract This paper presents the results of an experimental study to establish the strength and energy absorption capability of cab car rail vehicle corner structures built to current strength requirements and for structures modified to carry higher loads and absorb more energy. We reviewed current structures and designed an end beam test element — the most common way of meeting current requirements — whose strength in the baseline state was at least 150,000 lbf. This design was then modified to provide a strength of over 400,000 lbf. The designs, which included consideration of the deformation and fracture response under impact loading, were carried out using conventional structural engineering methods and explicit finite element analysis.
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Zucca, Stefano, Christian M. Firrone i Muzio Gola. "Coupled Static/Dynamic Modeling of Wedge Dampers for Turbine Blades". W ASME Turbo Expo 2010: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2010-23466.
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Friction damping is one of the most exploited systems of passive control of vibration of mechanical systems. A common type of blade-to-blade friction dampers are the so-called underplatform dampers (UPDs); they are metal devices placed under the blade platforms and held in contact with them by the centrifugal force acting during rotation. The effectiveness of underplatform dampers to dissipate energy by friction and reduce vibration amplitude depend mostly on the damper geometry and material and on the static pre-loads pressing the damper against the blade platforms. The common procedure used to estimate the static pre-loads acting on underplatform dampers consists in decoupling the static and the dynamic balance of the damper. A preliminary static analysis of the contact is performed in order to compute the static pressure distribution over the damper/blade interfaces, assuming that it does not change when vibration occurs. In this paper a coupled approach is proposed. The static and the dynamic displacements of blade and underplatform damper are coupled together during the forced response calculation. Both the primary structure (the bladed disk) and the secondary structure (the damper) are modelled by finite elements and linked together by contact elements, allowing for stick, slip and lift off states, placed between each pair of contact nodes, by using a refined version of the state-of-the-art friction contact model. In order to model accurately the blade/damper contact with a large number of contact nodes without increasing proportionally the size of the set of non-linear equations to be solved, damper and blade dynamics are modelled by linear superposition of a truncated series of normal modes. The proposed method is applied to a bladed disk under cyclic symmetric boundary conditions in order to show the capabilities of the method compared to the classical decoupled approaches.
Raporty organizacyjne na temat "Moist static energy"
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Glushko, E. Ya, i A. N. Stepanyuk. The multimode island kind photonic crystal resonator: states classification. SME Burlaka, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.31812/0564/1561.
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In this work, we consider a new calculation method to solve the eigenvalue problem for electromagnetic field in finite 2D structures including the modes distribution through the system. The field amplitude distribution is valuable if the signal energy inside the system should be transformed in most effective way. The method proposed for finite resonators operates with open boundary conditions that are important to account the electromagnetic field non-periodicity in a finite system.
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AlGhamdi, Abeer. Saudi Arabia Energy Report. King Abdullah Petroleum Studies and Research Center, grudzień 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.30573/ks--2020-dp25.
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Saudi Arabia is one of the world’s leading oil producers and exporters. It has the second-largest proven crude oil reserves after Venezuela. Saudi Arabia’s oil reserves have made it one of the most significant players in the global oil market. The country also possesses vast reserves of natural gas and, in 2018, had the sixth-largest reserves of natural gas, just below the United States.
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Ameri, Samuel, i Patrick Szary. PB2006105744 Needs for Oil and Gas Pipeline Safety and Security. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), styczeń 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0012127.
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Pipelines are by far the most important mode of petroleum transportation in the United States because of their remarkable efficiency and low transportation cost. Pipelines carry two-thirds of the energy consumed by our nation and are recognized as the safest and most economical way to distribute vast quantities of oil and gas from production fields to refineries to consumers for a foreseeable future. This sophisticated network of gathering and distribution systems comprises 2.3 million miles of pipelines-varying in size from 2 inches to 60 inches in diameter. Pipelines are vital to a nation's economy and are a significant part of national critical infrastructure. The pipeline infrastructure and the volume of products transported have continued to grow as demand for energy has increased. Over the next two decades, the demand for energy is projected to reach record levels. This increased demand for energy combined with the expansion of the cities and suburban areas will require the pipeline infrastructure not only to expand but to reliably and safely deliver energy services in support of the nation's economy. The United States has a well-developed system for the protection of the public and the environment from the dangers of oil and gas pipeline failures. However, there is always a chance that a pipeline can leak. Pipeline leaks can be dangerous to people, to the natural environment, to public land, and to private property. Furthermore, the tragic events of the September 11 t terrorist attacks have focused the attention on the security of the nation's energy sources and the critical energy and transportation infrastructure systems. Therefore, pipeline security and safety has become a high-profile, national concern.
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George, Hawley i Owston. PR-015-09603-R01 LNG Measurement Uncertainty Analysis. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), wrzesień 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010699.
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The U.S. natural gas industry is expected to import increasing amounts of liquefied natural gas (LNG) in the near future. When an LNG tanker ship arrives at an LNG terminal, the quantity of LNG transferred to the terminal is found by measuring the changes in static volume within the ships tanks. The LNG volume is inferred from measurements of the liquid height, along with tables of tank characteristics predetermined by a method known as �tank strapping.� Once transferred, the LNG is then regasified at the terminal before being sent to limited distribution companies (LDCs) or power plants. There is concern that the basis for uncertainty estimates in the energy content of the transferred LNG (typically taken as �0.5% to �0.6%) may underestimate the true magnitude of measurement uncertainties. Dynamic methods of liquid flow measurement, gas flow measurement, product sampling, and composition determination used elsewhere in the energy industry may reduce the measurement uncertainties at the LNG terminal, as they relate to terminal balances. Measurement uncertainties for conventional meters and equipment placed into LNG service may lead to more accurate LNG measurement and reduced lost-andunaccounted for (LAUF) quantities at receipt terminals. This report describes research to evaluate the measurement uncertainties associated with both static and dynamic methods of determining LNG volumes and energy content delivered to, processed by, and shipped from, LNG terminals. This was performed to determine whether dynamic methods are potentially more effective than existing static methods for accurate measurements and LAUF determination at LNG terminals. Another objective of the research was to establish which methods offer the most potential for reducing custody transfer measurement uncertainty and LAUF within LNG receipt terminals.
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Yusgiantoro, Filda C., I. Dewa Made Raditya Margenta, Haryanto Haryanto i Felicia Grace Utomo. Carbon Tax Implementation in the Energy Sector: A Comparative Study in G20 and ASEAN Member States (AMS). Purnomo Yusgiantoro Center, czerwiec 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.33116/br.003.
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1. This report shows that six G20 countries (Japan, South Africa, Argentina, France, Ireland, and Mexico) and one ASEAN Member States (Singapore) have implemented a carbon tax. 2. The energy sector is the primary GHG emissions contributor in most member states, except Indonesia. However, the energy sector in Indonesia will highly contribute to the national GHG emissions considering the rise of energy demand due to economic and population growth. 3. The effectiveness of carbon tax is specific to which sectors are taxed and which sectors are exempt to a country member. Specifically, a higher emissions price may not cover a large share of emissions in the country. The high carbon tax in France only covers 35% of total emissions in its jurisdiction. Meanwhile, Japan and Singapore’s low carbon tax covers 75% and 80% of total emissions in their jurisdiction, respectively. 4. The numbers of sectoral coverage by emissions price will impact the level of revenues generated from the carbon tax. France obtained the most significant carbon tax revenue for more than USD 9.6 billion. Meanwhile, Argentina generated less than USD 1 million, likely due to tax exemptions in natural gas commodities. 5. The contribution level of carbon tax revenue to the government’s total revenue varies for each country. France and Ireland’s carbon tax revenue contributes 0.71% and 0.53% of their total government revenue, respectively. Meanwhile, the rest of the countries’ carbon tax revenue contributed less than 0.3% each to their government revenue.
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Cavalcanti, Tiago, Zeina Hasna i Cezar Santos. Research Insights: How Can a Carbon Tax Reduce Emissions with Small Economic Impacts? Inter-American Development Bank, marzec 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004810.
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Countries can use carbon taxes to achieve their climate mitigation goals from the Paris Agreement with little economic disruption. Using carbon taxes, the United States could achieve its Paris Agreement pledge of a 26% reduction in carbon emissions with a negative effect on yearly GDP of at most 0.8%. Carbon taxes can have important effects on inequality. While skilled workers in polluting sectors experience substantial income losses from carbon taxes, they represent only a small share of the labor force: less than 2% in the United States. Workers in the green energy sector, however, stand to gain from carbon taxes.
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Metcalf, William G., Marvel C. Stalcup i Marguerite E. Zemanovic. Hydrographic station data : Caribbean Sea, Atlantis II cruise 78 and Knorr cruise 37. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, maj 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1575/1912/28637.
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During Cruise 37 of the Research Vessel KNORR,91 hydrographic stations were occupied,most of them in the general area of the Windward Passage, eastern Cayman Basin, Mona Passage and across the Caribbean Sea from Puerto Rico to Venezuela. Vertical profiles of potential temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen and dissolved silicate are presented. The data lists include, in addition to the observed parameters, such computed values as pressure, potential temperature, potential density, specific volume anomaly, sound velocity, dynamic height, potential energy, Vaisala frequency and Vaisala period. Also included in the data lists are 28 hydrographic stations occupied during November 1973 on Cruise 78 of the Research Vessel ATIANTIS II in the Windward Passage, Central Caribbean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean just east of the Lesser Antilles.
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Cavalcanti, Tiago, Zenia Hasna i Cezar Santos. Climate Change Mitigation Policies: Aggregate and Distributional Effects. Inter-American Development Bank, listopad 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004535.
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We evaluate the aggregate and distributional effects of climate change mitigation policies using a multi-sector equilibrium model with intersectoral input-output linkages and worker heterogeneity calibrated to different countries. The introduction of carbon taxes leads to changes in relative prices and inputs reallocation, including labor. For the United States, reaching its original Paris Agreement pledge would imply at most a 0.8% drop in output. This impact is distributed asymmetrically across sectors and individuals. Workers with a comparative advantage in dirty energy sectors who do not reallocate suffer a welfare loss at least six times larger than workers in other sectors, but constitute less than 2% of the US labor force.
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Price, Roz. Private Sector Investment in the Clean Energy Sector in the Pacific Islands. Institute of Development Studies, sierpień 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2022.132.
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Most Pacific small island developing states (SIDS) have ambitious renewable energy targets which call for huge investment, a significant part of which is expected to come from the private sector (IFC, 2021). Although there are around 40 renewable energy projects across the Pacific SIDS either already operating, under construction, or planned for commissioning in the next decade, they are still heavily reliant on imported fuel. Given the huge funding gap in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and climate objectives in developing countries, private financing has been advocated for as the solution for the shortfall, as it has a large pool of capital available and catalytic properties that could effectively scale-up the “reach” and the scope of influence of public financing (Samuwai, 2021). Private sector partners are particularly critical to supporting SIDS as they often struggle to access international capital markets due to their high debt levels, lack of creditworthiness or small market size (UN-OHRLLS, 2022). However, there is still a general lack of private sector financing in the renewable energy sector in the Pacific SIDS (PIFS, 2018; Samuwai, 2021). Whether private finance mobilisation for clean energy is realistic at the scales needed in the Pacific SIDS is not answered clearly in the literature, although much of it is based on the assumption that there is no real alternative to private sector investment. This rapid review hence explores some of the key drivers, constraints and opportunities to the mobilisation and scale-up of this private sector investment.
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Unzeta, Bruno Bueno, Jan de Boer, Ruben Delvaeye, Bertrand Deroisy, Marc Fontoynont, David Geisler-Moroder, Niko Gentile i in. Survey on opportunities and barriers in lighting controls. Redaktor Marc Fontoynont. IEA SHC Task 61, luty 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18777/ieashc-task61-2021-0002.
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This report summarizes a survey performed in eight countries on the status quo of daylight and electric lighting control systems. Feedback from more than 100 international experts (building / facility managers and planers) was evaluated. The aim of the survey was to identify the perception of the different possibilities of the current lighting control solutions and the expectations about the control systems. The survey aims to provide a mapping of the current lighting control systems available at the market and an overview of which functions are perceived as most important and which areas are found to be improved. Participants of the survey had to rank each question in relation to the perceived importance and the need for improvement. The survey enclosed five general topics; energy, operational aspects, occupant control, occupant comfort and control functionality.