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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "MODIFIED VEGETABLE OIL"
1
Xu, Peng Fei. "The Prospect of Nano Vegetable Transformer Oil". Applied Mechanics and Materials 192 (lipiec 2012): 293–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.192.293.
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This paper started with the performance of ordinary transformer oil, and then compared the Nano-modified vegetable oil with transformer oil. From the comparison of results, the author drew a conclusion that Nano vegetable oil must have broad prospects in the use of the transformer.
2
Mokhtari, Chakib, Fouad Malek, Sami Halila, Mohamed Naceur Belgacem i Ramzi Khiari. "New Biobased Polyurethane Materials from Modified Vegetable Oil". Journal of Renewable Materials 9, nr 7 (2021): 1213–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.32604/jrm.2021.015475.
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3
Veronese, Vinícius B., Rodrigo K. Menger, Maria Madalena de C. Forte i Cesar L. Petzhold. "Rigid polyurethane foam based on modified vegetable oil". Journal of Applied Polymer Science 120, nr 1 (19.10.2010): 530–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.33185.
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4
Jeevan, T. P., i S. R. Jayaram. "Performance Evaluation of Jatropha and Pongamia Oil Based Environmentally Friendly Cutting Fluids for Turning AA 6061". Advances in Tribology 2018 (2018): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/2425619.
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Owing to the desirable properties of vegetable oils as cutting fluids, an attempt is made to explore the potentiality of plentifully available vegetable oils as a cutting fluid for turning AA 6061. Two nonedible vegetable oils, Jatropha and Pongamia, in their chemically modified (epoxidized) versions are used as straight cutting fluids. Cutting fluids are introduced to the machining zone with the aid of Minimal Quantity Lubrication (MQL) method. Taguchi’s technique of orthogonal arrays is used to develop an effective design of experiments. The results obtained under epoxidized versions of Jatropha and Pongamia oils are compared with the results of mineral oil in terms of cutting forces and surface roughness. Experimental observations and statistical analysis show that, compared to mineral oil, the modified versions of vegetable oil-based cutting fluids are more effective in reducing the cutting forces and increasing surface finish. It is also observed that the modified Pongamia oil showed lesser flank wear compared to the other two tested oils.
5
Hayichelaeh, Chesidi, Watcharawoot Wangwon, Charoen Nakason i Anoma Thitithammawong. "Effect of N-Phenyl-p-Phenylenediamine Modified Vegetable Oils on Properties of ENR/PP Thermoplastic Vulcanizates: A Comparative Study". Advanced Materials Research 844 (listopad 2013): 162–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.844.162.
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This research focuses on feasibility study of using n-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine modified vegetable oils as processing oil in the blend formulation of epoxidized natural rubber (ENR) /polypropylene (PP) thermoplastic vulcanizates (TPVs). Effect of n-phenyl-p-phenylene-diamine modified vegetable oils on tensile and dynamic mechanical properties of the ENR/PP TPVs was investigated. For a comparison purpose, vegetable oils, epoxidized vegetable oils, and white oil were selected and also used in our experiment. Results show that all types of oils used in this study did not give the TPVs with significantly different values of tensile strength. The TPVs with petrochemical based white oil obviously provided the best elongation at break and tension set. However, by using n-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine modified palm oil (pA-m-EPO) the ENR/PP TPVs showed superior elastomeric properties (higher storage modulus together with lower tension set, tan δ and complex viscosity) than those of other TPVs. This means that the pA-m-EPO performed good compatibility with the TPV and had good distribution in the ENR molecules.
6
Gahir, Gurmeet Singh, i Surendrapal Singh Matharu. "Characterization of Non-Edible Oil for Development of Stable Industrial Lubricant". E3S Web of Conferences 405 (2023): 04045. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202340504045.
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Lubricant derived from Mineral oil are not renewable, detrimental to health, and fluctuating in price. As a result, vegetable based oils are regarded as best substitute of mineral oil in the manufacturing of lubricants. It has become vital to do analysis on the application of unconsumable oils for stable industry lubricant development. In this work, the characteristic investigation of lubricant derived from vegetable which are not edible (ex-Jatropha) that can be used for industrial application is analysed. The oil was analysed and changed to make it suitable for development as lubricants for industrial uses. As a control, a mineral based oil that is commercially available as lubricant (SAE 20/W50) was employed. Jatropha oil was modified to improve viscosity while modification has also reduced the viscosity index in parallel. Jatropha oil, contrasting any other vegetable oils, has outstanding cold-flow capabilities, and mitigation of the oils has further improved oil’s cold-flow properties. The pH exhibited by modified Jatropha oil is in the alkaline scale, a high viscosity index. Thus, both modified and unmodified (Esterified) Jatropha oil have been proven to be appropriate for industry usage in low-temperature networks. The modified Jatropha oil was discovered to be an environmentally safe substitute of the oil that are mineral based lubricant (SAE 20/W50) to be used in 2- stroke engines, metal shaping, and gear lubrication in the food treating industry.
7
Guilarduci, Viviane Vasques da Silva, Honória Fátima Gorgulho, Patrícia Benedini Martelli, Vanessa Soares dos Santos i William Graciliano Corrêa. "Avaliação do bagaço de cana natural e modificado como potencial sorvente de óleo vegetal". Revista Verde de Agroecologia e Desenvolvimento Sustentável 11, nr 4 (15.11.2016): 129. http://dx.doi.org/10.18378/rvads.v11i4.4172.
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O óleo e a gordura vegetal residual, utilizados para a preparação de alimentos representam um perigoso poluente para as águas de córregos e rios. Um dos métodos mais utilizados nas últimas décadas para limpeza da água oleosa é a aplicação de biossorventes, pois apresentam facilidade para remoção e recuperação do óleo. Neste sentido, o objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a influência das modificações do bagaço de cana com anidrido acético (acetilação) e com 3-aminopropiltrietoxisilano (silanização) sob a sorção de óleo vegetal. A modificação das fibras foi avaliada pelas técnicas de espectroscopia no infravermelho com transformada de Fourier (FTIR), análise termogravimétrica (TG), difração de raios X, microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) e análise de área superficial e porosidade. Os resultados obtidos indicaram maior sorção de óleo vegetal para o bagaço de cana modificado com anidrido acético (BCA), 667 mg.g-1, seguido pelo bagaço de cana sem modificação (BCN) com sorção de 576 mg.g-1. O bagaço de cana modificado com 3-aminopropiltrietoxisilano (BCS) apresentou menor sorção, 425 mg.g-1, o que foi atribuído à sua maior hidrofilicidade.Evaluation of natural and modified sugarcane bagasse as sorbent of vegetable oil Abstract: The oil and the residual vegetable fat, used for the preparation of foods represent a dangerous pollutant for the waters of streams and rivers. One of the most used methods in the last decades for cleaning the oily water is the application of biosorbents, since they are easy to remove and recover the oil. In this sense, the purpose of this work was to determine the influence of the modifications of sugarcane bagasse with acetic anhydride (acetylation) and with 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (silanization) under sorption of vegetable oil. The BCN and the grafted products were further characterized by FTIR spectroscopy, thermal gravimetric analysis, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and analysis of surface area and porosity. The results showed higher sorption of vegetable oil for the acetic anhydride-modified sugarcane bagasse (BCA), 667 mg.g-1, followed by sugarcane bagasse without modification (BCN) with sorption of 576 mg.g-1. The cane bagasse modified with 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (BCS) presented lower sorption, 425 mg.g-1, which was attributed to its greater hydrophilicity.
8
Schmidt, Štefan, Silvia Hurtová, Jaroslav Zemanovič, Stanislav Sekretár, Peter Šimon i Paul Ainsworth. "Preparation of modified fats from vegetable oil and fully hydrogenated vegetable oil by randomization with alkali catalysts". Food Chemistry 55, nr 4 (kwiecień 1996): 343–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0308-8146(95)00113-1.
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PENCZEK, PIOTR, DOROTA ABRAMOWICZ, GABRIEL ROKICKI i RYSZARD OSTRYSZ. "Unsaturated polyester resins modified with vegetable oil and dicyclopentadiene". Polimery 49, nr 11/12 (listopad 2004): 767–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.14314/polimery.2004.767.
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Sonibare, Kolawole, George Rucker i Liqun Zhang. "Molecular dynamics simulation on vegetable oil modified model asphalt". Construction and Building Materials 270 (luty 2021): 121687. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.121687.
Pełny tekst źródłaRozprawy doktorskie na temat "MODIFIED VEGETABLE OIL"
1
Normand, Laura. "The effect of minor components on the frying stability of regular and modified vegetable oils". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ32202.pdf.
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2
Alves, Francieli Cassia Gomes Barroso Simão. "Autenticação de óleos comestíveis empregando espectroscopia UV-Vis e quimiometria". Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, 2015. http://repositorio.utfpr.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/2143.
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Com a busca pela praticidade e rapidez na obtenção dos resultados, torna-se cada vez mais importante a implementação de métodos que possam ponderar se os resultados quantitativos são realmente necessários. Os métodos qualitativos são utilizados como uma triagem que antecedem a quantificação e que permite uma redução tanto de tempo como de custos. Estes métodos têm cada vez mais ganhado importância e o uso instrumental proporcionou novas perspectivas e garantia de uma maior confiabilidade e aplicabilidade. O desenvolvimento de metodologias qualitativas aliando métodos instrumentais e quimiometria podem ser apropriados para autenticação de amostras. Desta forma, associado à espectroscopia na região do ultravioleta e visível (UV-Vis) o método quimiométrico de reconhecimento de padrões supervisionado de mínimos quadrados parciais com análise discriminante (PLS-DA), mostrou ser uma ferramenta capaz de autenticar amostras de óleo de soja transgênica e não transgênica, bem como, a autenticação de azeite de oliva extra virgem de acordo com os percentuais de acidez. Além disso, o método proposto permite uma análise rápida e não destrutiva da amostra. Nos estudos, a autenticação de óleos de sojas transgênicos e não transgênicos pode ser atribuída ao deslocamento batocrômico, provavelmente devido às diferenças no grupo cromóforo presente nas amostras transgênicas e não transgênicas, enquanto que nos azeites extra virgem de diferentes percentuais de acidez a autenticação pode ser atribuída a ocorrência de efeitos hipercrômico e hipocrômico. A espectroscopia na região do UV-Vis permitiu a autenticação geográfica de azeites de oliva da região do Mediterrâneo através do método quimiométrico de análise de componentes independentes (ICA). Por ser um método baseado na independência estatística, diferenças entre as amostras provenientes de diferentes países banhados pelo mar Mediterrâneo puderam ser discriminadas, bem como amostras provenientes de um mesmo país.The search for practical and quickly results increase the importance of methodologies that can ponder if the quantitative results are really needed. The qualitative methods are used as a prior screening to quantification and allows a reduction of time and costs. These methods have increasingly its importance and the instrumental employ provided new perspectives and ensuring greater reliability and applicability. The development of qualitative methods combining instrumental and chemometric can be appropriate for authentication samples. Thus, coupled with spectroscopy in the ultraviolet and visible region (UV-Vis) the supervised pattern recognition method of partial least squares with discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), showed be a tool to authenticate transgenic and non-transgenic soybean oil samples, as well, extra virgin olive oil according to the acidity percentage. Furthermore, the proposed method promote a rapid and non-destructive analysis of the samples. Authentication studies of transgenic and non transgenic soybeans oils can be attributed to the bathochromic shift, due to differences in the chromophore group present in the transgenic and non transgenic samples, while in the extra virgin olive oils with different acidity percentages the authentication can be attributed to the occurrence of hyperchromic and hypochromic effects. UV-Vis spectroscopy allowed the geographic authentication of extra virgin olive oils from the Mediterranean region through the chemometric method of independent component analysis (ICA). Due the ICA be a method based on statistical independence, differences between samples from different countries around the Mediterranean Sea were authenticated, as well the samples from the same country.
3
Lomege, Juliette. "Synthèse d'additifs améliorant d'indice de viscosité issus de poly(méthacrylate de n-alkyle)s d'acides gras et leur application dans des huiles lubrifiantes". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Montpellier, Ecole nationale supérieure de chimie, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018ENCM0008.
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Les huiles lubrifiantes actuelles sont formulées avec des additifs de type « Viscosity Index Improver » (VII) afin de limiter la variation de leur viscosité avec la montée en température et de conserver ainsi leurs propriétés lubrifiantes à chaud. Les VIIs sont des polymères de hautes masses molaires, disposant d’une faible solubilité dans les huiles à froid, qui ont la capacité d’augmenter davantage la viscosité d’une huile à haute qu’à basse températures via le mécanisme de « coil expansion ». Actuellement, les poly(méthacrylate de n-alkyle)s (PMA)s dominent le marché des additifs VII mais sont principalement issus de ressources pétrolières. Dans un tel contexte et au vu de la production croissante des biolubrifiants, le développement d’additifs biosourcés, ayant des structures et des propriétés rhéologiques proches à celles des PMAs usuels, suscitent un intérêt considérable auprès des industriels. Afin de répondre à cet objectif, les acides gras et leurs dérivés sont rapidement apparus comme matière première idéale puisqu’ils sont abondamment présents dans les plantes oléagineuses, bon marché, compatibles avec les huiles de base, fonctionalisables et ils possèdent de bonnes propriétés lubrifiantes naturelles. Néanmoins, ils disposent d’une faible réactivité par voie radicalaire. Ainsi, plusieurs acides gras disponibles ont été fonctionnalisés avec des groupements méthacrylate afin d’obtenir des monomères polymérisables par voie radicalaire. Les polymères résultants ont démontré des propriétés prometteuses en tant que VIIs dans une huile minérale et, en particulier, le poly(2-(méthacryloyloxy)éthyloléate (PMAEO) obtenu par voie radicalaire conventionnelle de plus haute masse molaire, dont les propriétés ont été optimisées en incorporant des alkyles thiols sur son insaturation interne. En revanche, le PMAEO a démontré une forte affinité, à froid et à chaud, avec une huile issue de triglycérides de référence du fait de leurs structures proches ce qui n’a pas permis d’étendre ses propriétés rhéologiques en tant que VII dans ce type d’huile. De nouvelles structures polymères ont donc été développées afin de préparer des VIIs plus adaptés pour les huiles issues de triglycérides. Dans une première stratégie, des groupements époxydes ont été incorporés dans la structure du poly(2-(méthacryloyloxy)éthyloléate tandis que, dans une seconde stratégie, le monomère, dont il est issu, a été copolymérisé avec des comonomères d’amides gras ayant une très faible affinité avec l’huile de référence issue de triglycérides. Les (co)polymères résultants ont démontré un comportement rhéologique avec la température similaire aux additifs VII actuels lorsqu’ils ont été incorporés dans une huile issue de triglycérides de référence. Ainsi, les (co)polymères d’acides gras ou, de leurs dérivés, développées dans ces travaux de thèse représentent des alternatives prometteuses à l’usage des additifs VII pétrosourcés actuels pour des applications aussi bien dans des huiles minérales que dans des huiles biosourcéeAbstract : Lubricating oils are formulated with "Viscosity Index Improver" (VII) additives in order to limit viscosity variation with temperature and thus maintain lubricity at high temperatures. VIIs are polymers of high molar masses which display a reduced solubility in oil at low temperatures resulting in an improvement of the polymer contribution on oil’s viscosity in temperature via the "coil expansion" mechanism. Among them, poly(n-alkyl methacrylate)s (PMA)s largely dominate the VII additives market but are mainly derived from petroleum resources. In such context combined with the increasing production of biolubricants, it seems interesting to develop biobased additives with similar chemical structures and properties than current PMAs. In order to achieve that purpose, fatty acids and their derivatives recently appeared as the perfect renewable resources since they are abundant in oil plants, cheap, compatible with base oils, functionalizable and they exhibit good natural lubricating properties. Nevertheless, they display a low reactivity through radical polymerization. Therefore, several available fatty acids have been functionalized with methacrylate groups to afford suitable monomers and the resulting polymers have demonstrated promising properties as VII in a mineral oil. The more performant VII was the high molecular weight poly(2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyloleate obtained by free radical polymerization whose properties have been optimized by grafting alkyl thiols on the internal unsaturation of the monomer from which it is derived. On the other hand, the same polymer demonstrated a strong affinity with a triglyceride lube oil due to their close structure avoiding the expansion of its rheological properties as VII in this type of oil. New polymeric structures with reduced solubility in triglyceride oils have therefore been developed to prepare suitable VIIs. In a first strategy, epoxy groups were incorporated into the structure of the poly(2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyloleate while in a second strategy, the monomer from which it is derived was copolymerized with comonomers of insoluble fatty amides in the reference triglyceride oil. The resulting (co)polymers have shown a similar rheological behavior in temperature than the current VII additives. Thus, the polymeric structures developed in this work represent promising alternatives to the use of current petroleum-based VII additives for applications in both mineral oils and triglyceride-type biobased oils
4
SONTHALIA, ANKIT. "PERFORMANCE, EMISSION AND COMBUSTION STUDIES OF A MODIFIED VEGETABLE OIL IN A COMPRESSION IGNITION ENGINE". Thesis, 2020. http://dspace.dtu.ac.in:8080/jspui/handle/repository/18089.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
The Indian transportation sector relies heavily on the diesel operated compression
ignition engines. However, the combustion of diesel produces greenhouses gases which
are a major threat to the environment as well as the humans. Alternatives to diesel are
gaining importance for operating the engine as they can curb the greenhouse gases and
are a key for addressing the energy security. One such alternative is used cooking oil,
which the world, India in particular is generating in large quantities. The government
of India is now emphasizing on the conversion of the used cooking oil into biodiesel.
However, many studies show that the biodiesel cannot completely replace diesel due to
its inherent issues. The biodiesel is produced from the used cooking oil by the
transesterification method. Another method, namely hydroprocessing can also convert
the used cooking oil into a fuel with properties closer to diesel.
In the present research, the used cooking oil was converted to diesel like fuel by
using the hydrotreating method and experiments were carried out on an engine to study
the effect of the fuel on its performance and emission. The research was carried out in
four phases.
In the first phase, the hydrotreated oil was produced from the used cooking oil in
the presence of a ruthenium based catalyst in a batch reactor. The reaction parameters
namely reaction temperature, hydrogen pressure and reaction time were varied. Design
of experiments were used for optimizing the process parameters. The Taguchi method
was selected as it reduces the number of experiments which saves time and money. The
aim was to increase the conversion percentage and diesel like fuel selectivity and reduce
the naphtha selectivity. Since multi-objective optimization was required, Fuzzy logic
was incorporated. The optimized parameters were 360°C reaction temperature, 40bar
initial reaction pressure and 200min reaction time. Confirmation experiment was
Performance, Emission and Combustion Studies of a Modified Vegetable Oil
in a Compression Ignition Engine
vii
carried out using these parameters and the conversion efficiency and diesel like fuel
selectivity was 89.7% and 88.2%, respectively.
The physico-chemical properties, evaporation temperature, ignition probability
and Sauter mean diameter of the blends of the hydrotreated oil and diesel were studied
in the second phase. The GC-MS profile of the pure hydrotreated oil shows that the fuel
has straight carbon atoms in the range of C11 to C20 and heptadecane is the predominant
hydrocarbon. Properties like viscosity, density, calorific value, flash point, etc. were
measured and found to be within the limits of ASTM standards. The fuels were also
stored for a period of one year to study their stability in terms of density, viscosity and
calorific value. The properties of the stored fuel changed slightly with time and their
rate of change was also low.
The hydrotreated fuel was mixed with diesel in various proportions and engine
tests were carried out in the third phase. The results show that the brake thermal
efficiency decreases with increase in the hydrotreated fuel share in the blend. The heat
release for the blends starts earlier than diesel due to higher cetane number and the peak
heat release is also lower than diesel. The HC, CO and smoke emissions for the test
blends decreases up to 30% blend, further increase in the blending of hydrotreated oil
resulted in increase in the emissions. The NO emissions were lower than diesel for all
the test samples. The maximum reduction in NO (neat), HC (30% blend), CO (30%
blend) and smoke emissions (30% blend) is 23.2%, 14.4%, 13.83%, and 13.3%,
respectively.
It the third phase of testing, it was observed that 30% blend of hydrotreated oil
resulted in lowest emissions but the thermal efficiency was low. The thermal efficiency
with 20% blend of hydrotreated oil was higher than 30% blend but the emissions with
20% blend were higher. To improve the shortcomings of the two samples addition of
Performance, Emission and Combustion Studies of a Modified Vegetable Oil
in a Compression Ignition Engine
viii
waste cooking oil biodiesel to the two samples was explored. Therefore, in the last
phase, experiments were carried out by blending waste cooking oil biodiesel (5%, 10%
and 15% on volume basis) in 20% and 30% blend of the hydrotreated oil. The results
show that the heat released increases with the biodiesel addition on account of higher
ignition delay but its starts earlier than diesel and its maximum value is still lower than
diesel. The brake thermal efficiency of the biodiesel blended fuels increases and as the
percentage of biodiesel increases the thermal efficiency increases. Among the blended
fuels, the maximum thermal efficiency was observed to be 30.96% with 15% biodiesel
mixed in 20% hydrotreated oil and 65% diesel. The lowest HC, CO and smoke
emissions at full load were observed to be 1.73g/kWh, 24.02g/kWh and 49.2%
respectively with 15% of biodiesel mixed in 30% hydrotreated oil. Among the biodiesel
blends, the lowest NO emission is observed to be 3.61g/kWh with 5% of biodiesel
mixed in 30% hydrotreated oil, whereas highest NO emission (3.98g/kWh) is observed
with 15% of biodiesel mixed in 20% hydrotreated oil.
5
Chen, Yi-Ling, i 陳奕伶. "Consumer Willingness to Pay for Non-Genetically Modified Vegetable Oil in Taiwan". Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/95486644123094041457.
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碩士臺灣大學
農業經濟學研究所
98
Low production costs accompanying by high production yields make the technology of genetic modified (GM) organism widely applied in agriculture business sectors. These massive commercial usages of GM products concern consumers regarding the food safety. This research analyzes the consumer’s acceptance and willingness to pay (WTP) values based on the data gathered from survey conducted in year 2008. Variables from demographics, GM knowledge and consumer’s attitude and perception are extracted and conjointly determining the acceptance of GM foods with multinomial logit model. Moreover the consumer’s WTP value can be estimated by the survival analysis techniques. The empirical finding elicits an average WTP amount of $325 for non-GM vegetable oil. Taiwanese consumers on average are willing to pay 2.03 times the price of GM vegetable oil for a 3-Liter non-GM vegetable oil. This fact infers that consumers in Taiwan still have limited knowledge in interacting with GM foods. Thus, policy makers should enforce the education and regulation imposed on the GM technologies in order to satisfy the consumer’s demand of pursuing health and food safety.
6
SONTHALIA, ANKIT. "PERFORMANCE, EMISSION AND COMBUSTION STUDIES OF A MODIFIED VEGETABLE OIL IN A COMPRESSION IGNITION ENGINE". Thesis, 2020. http://dspace.dtu.ac.in:8080/jspui/handle/repository/18080.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
The Indian transportation sector relies heavily on the diesel operated compression
ignition engines. However, the combustion of diesel produces greenhouses gases which
are a major threat to the environment as well as the humans. Alternatives to diesel are
gaining importance for operating the engine as they can curb the greenhouse gases and
are a key for addressing the energy security. One such alternative is used cooking oil,
which the world, India in particular is generating in large quantities. The government
of India is now emphasizing on the conversion of the used cooking oil into biodiesel.
However, many studies show that the biodiesel cannot completely replace diesel due to
its inherent issues. The biodiesel is produced from the used cooking oil by the
transesterification method. Another method, namely hydroprocessing can also convert
the used cooking oil into a fuel with properties closer to diesel.
In the present research, the used cooking oil was converted to diesel like fuel by
using the hydrotreating method and experiments were carried out on an engine to study
the effect of the fuel on its performance and emission. The research was carried out in
four phases.
In the first phase, the hydrotreated oil was produced from the used cooking oil in
the presence of a ruthenium based catalyst in a batch reactor. The reaction parameters
namely reaction temperature, hydrogen pressure and reaction time were varied. Design
of experiments were used for optimizing the process parameters. The Taguchi method
was selected as it reduces the number of experiments which saves time and money. The
aim was to increase the conversion percentage and diesel like fuel selectivity and reduce
the naphtha selectivity. Since multi-objective optimization was required, Fuzzy logic
was incorporated. The optimized parameters were 360°C reaction temperature, 40bar
initial reaction pressure and 200min reaction time. Confirmation experiment was
Performance, Emission and Combustion Studies of a Modified Vegetable Oil
in a Compression Ignition Engine
vii
carried out using these parameters and the conversion efficiency and diesel like fuel
selectivity was 89.7% and 88.2%, respectively.
The physico-chemical properties, evaporation temperature, ignition probability
and Sauter mean diameter of the blends of the hydrotreated oil and diesel were studied
in the second phase. The GC-MS profile of the pure hydrotreated oil shows that the fuel
has straight carbon atoms in the range of C11 to C20 and heptadecane is the predominant
hydrocarbon. Properties like viscosity, density, calorific value, flash point, etc. were
measured and found to be within the limits of ASTM standards. The fuels were also
stored for a period of one year to study their stability in terms of density, viscosity and
calorific value. The properties of the stored fuel changed slightly with time and their
rate of change was also low.
The hydrotreated fuel was mixed with diesel in various proportions and engine
tests were carried out in the third phase. The results show that the brake thermal
efficiency decreases with increase in the hydrotreated fuel share in the blend. The heat
release for the blends starts earlier than diesel due to higher cetane number and the peak
heat release is also lower than diesel. The HC, CO and smoke emissions for the test
blends decreases up to 30% blend, further increase in the blending of hydrotreated oil
resulted in increase in the emissions. The NO emissions were lower than diesel for all
the test samples. The maximum reduction in NO (neat), HC (30% blend), CO (30%
blend) and smoke emissions (30% blend) is 23.2%, 14.4%, 13.83%, and 13.3%,
respectively.
It the third phase of testing, it was observed that 30% blend of hydrotreated oil
resulted in lowest emissions but the thermal efficiency was low. The thermal efficiency
with 20% blend of hydrotreated oil was higher than 30% blend but the emissions with
20% blend were higher. To improve the shortcomings of the two samples addition of
Performance, Emission and Combustion Studies of a Modified Vegetable Oil
in a Compression Ignition Engine
viii
waste cooking oil biodiesel to the two samples was explored. Therefore, in the last
phase, experiments were carried out by blending waste cooking oil biodiesel (5%, 10%
and 15% on volume basis) in 20% and 30% blend of the hydrotreated oil. The results
show that the heat released increases with the biodiesel addition on account of higher
ignition delay but its starts earlier than diesel and its maximum value is still lower than
diesel. The brake thermal efficiency of the biodiesel blended fuels increases and as the
percentage of biodiesel increases the thermal efficiency increases. Among the blended
fuels, the maximum thermal efficiency was observed to be 30.96% with 15% biodiesel
mixed in 20% hydrotreated oil and 65% diesel. The lowest HC, CO and smoke
emissions at full load were observed to be 1.73g/kWh, 24.02g/kWh and 49.2%
respectively with 15% of biodiesel mixed in 30% hydrotreated oil. Among the biodiesel
blends, the lowest NO emission is observed to be 3.61g/kWh with 5% of biodiesel
mixed in 30% hydrotreated oil, whereas highest NO emission (3.98g/kWh) is observed
with 15% of biodiesel mixed in 20% hydrotreated oil.
7
Bhimani, Shreyas Mahesh. "Experimental Characterization of Canola Oil Emulsion Combustion in a Modified Furnace". Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-2011-05-9400.
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Vegetable oils have been researched as alternative source of energy for many years because they have proven themselves as efficient fuel sources for diesel engines when used in the form of biodiesel, vegetable oil–diesel blends, vegetable oil-water-diesel blends and mixtures thereof. However, very few studies involving the use of emulsified low grade alcohols in straight vegetable oils, as fuels for combustion have been published. Even, the published literature involves the use of emulsified fuels only for compression ignition diesel engines. Through this project, an attempt has been made to suggest the use of alcohol-in-vegetable oil emulsions (AVOE) as an alternate fuel in stationary burners like electric utility boiler producing steam for electricity generation and more dynamic systems like diesel engines. The main goal of this study is to understand the effect of the combustion of different methanol-in-canola oil emulsions, swirl angle and equivalence ratio on the emission levels of NOx, unburned hydrocarbons (UHC), CO and CO2.
The 30 kW furnace facility available at Coal and Biomass Energy Laboratory at Texas A & M University was modified using a twin fluid atomizer, a swirler and a new liquid fuel injection system. The swirler blades were positioned at 60° and 51° angles (with respect to vertical axis) in order to achieve swirl numbers of 1.40 and 1.0, respectively. The three different fuels studied were, pure canola oil, 89-9 emulsion [9 percent methanol – in – 89 percent canola oil emulsion with 2 percent surfactant (w/w)] and 85-12.5 emulsion [12.5 percent methanol – in – 85 percent canola oil (w/w) emulsion with 2.5 percent surfactant].
All the combustion experiments were conducted for a constant heat output of 72,750 kJ/hr. One of the major findings of this research work was the influence of fuel type and swirl number on emission levels. Both the emulsions produced lower NOx, unburned (UHC) hydrocarbon and CO emissions than pure canola oil at both swirl numbers and all equivalence ratios. The emulsions also showed higher burned fraction values than pure oil and produced more CO2. Comparing the performance of only the two emulsions, it was seen that the percentage amount of methanol added to the blend had a definite positive impact on the combustion products of the fuel. The higher the percentage of methanol in the emulsions, the lesser the NOx, UHC and CO emissions. Of all the three fuels, 85-12.5 emulsion produced the least emissions. The vorticity imparted to the secondary air by the swirler also affected the emission levels. Increased vorticity at higher swirl number led to proper mixing of air and fuel which minimized emission levels at SN = 1.4. The effect of equivalence ratio on NO_x formation requires a more detailed analysis especially with regards to the mechanism which produces nitrogen oxides during the combustion of the studied fuels.
Książki na temat "MODIFIED VEGETABLE OIL"
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Maj, Dorota. Modyfikujący wpływ roślinnych dodatków paszowych na użytkowość mięsną i ekspresję wybranych genów u królików w zależności od wieku i płci. Publishing House of the University of Agriculture in Krakow, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.15576/978-83-66602-29-8.
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The aim of the study was to determine the effect of feed additives (algae, soybean, and sunflower oil) used in the rabbit feed on: growth indices and slaughter traits, pH, colour, texture, chemical composition, fatty acid profile and oxidative stability (TBARS) of the meat as well as FTO and FABP4 genes expression in the meat’s intramuscular fat (m. longissimus lumborum), depending on the age and sex. The experimental material consisted of Termond White rabbits (n = 160, 80 females and 80 males). Animals were weaned on the 35th day of life, and housed in metal cages arranged in batteries (4 rabbits of the same sex in a cage). From weaning to 12 or 18 weeks of age, the rabbits were fed pellets ad libitum. Animals in the control group (C) received non-supplemented pellets throughout the experiment. In the other groups, the pellet contained 1% algae (A), 3% sunflower oil (OS), and 3% soybean oil(SO).The experimental diets were formulated to have similar protein and energy content. Diets were balanced by lowering the proportion of other feed components. The total share of all components remained at 100%. The results indicate that 3% vegetable oils (soybean or sunflower) supplementation of diets for growing rabbits leads to an increase of body weight and improvement of some of the slaughter traits, while 1% addition of algae to the feed causes deterioration of body weight and slaughter traits. The effect of oil additive depends on the animals’ age. Supplementation of the rabbits’ diet with algae (1%) or sunflower and soybean oils (3%) led to an increase in the dressing percentage of rabbits slaughtered at 18 weeks of age (approx. 3%), but had no effect on the dressing percentage of rabbits slaughtered at 12 weeks of age. Feeding pellets with either 3% vegetable oils or 1% algae additive to the rabbits did not significantly change the chemical composition of the meat. Protein content increased and intramuscular fat content decreased with age, while ash and water content were similar. The feed additives significantly differentiated meat acidity without deteriorating meat quality. Diet modification has not affected negatively meat colour. 24 h after the slaughter, the colour of rabbit meat was similar across the studied feeding groups. Correlation between diet and rabbits’ age was found. Meat texture (hardness, springiness and chewiness) of all rabbit groups slaughtered at 12 weeks of age was similar, and the shear for cewas greater in rabbits fed pellets with algae and soybean oil. At 18 weeks of age, rabbit meat from experimental groups had lower hardness and chewiness, compared to meat of the animals from the control group. Meat shear force was higher in the control group, and from algae-supplemented group. The correlation between diet and age was also found. The use of 3% vegetable oils or 1% algae as feed additives significantly reduced meat oxidative stability. Soybean or sunflower oil (3%) usedas feed additives favourably modified the fatty acid composition of intramuscular fat. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) content was increased, including linoleic acid, and PUFA/MUFA ratio was improved. The content of these acids decreased with age. The use of algae (1%) as a feed additive resulted in positive effect on the increase of n-3 fatty acid content (EPA and DHA) in meat intramuscular fat. Algae supplementation improved pro-health properties of meat, with low n-6/n-3 acid ratio (2.5), indicating that diet modification may affect the fatty acid composition of rabbit meat. The influence of diet and age on FTO and FABP4 gene expression in meat intramuscular fat (m. longissimus lumborum) was found. FTO and FABP4 gene expression increased with age and was the highest in the group of rabbits with 1% algae supplementation in the diet. The effect of rabbits’ gender on growth, slaughter traits, meat quality and gene expression in rabbits was not observed. In conclusion, the use of natural feed additives, such as sunflower, soybean oil or algae, can improve the nutritional value of rabbit meat, without changing its chemical or physical properties, and therefore the meat can serve as functional food, with properties beneficial to human health. The results obtained in this study also indicate that the expression of FTO and FABP4 genes in rabbit muscles is regulated by dietary factors and age, which, in addition to cognitive significance, has practical implications for improving technological and dietary quality of rabbit meat.
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Redman, Nina E. Food Safety. ABC-CLIO, Inc., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798216188100.
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This work is a detailed survey of food safety issues today, from E-coli contamination in fruits and vegetables to food production practices that increase antibiotic resistance. Is our food safe? Much of the corn, soybeans, and canola oil we eat has been genetically modified, but we don't know the long-term effects of GM foods on our health and the environment. We also consume antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria through the meat we eat, and we face new threats like mad cow disease, avian flu, and bioterrorism. Food Safety: A Reference Handbook, Second Edition provides a broad, readable, and level-headed overview of these and other food safety controversies. Through a combination of statistics and substantive information, it delineates the nature and scope of the issues. It also introduces readers to the researchers, activists, industries, and government agencies that play a role in the battle for food safety—an issue that impacts us all.
Części książek na temat "MODIFIED VEGETABLE OIL"
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Chellamuthu, Muthulakshmi, Kokiladevi Eswaran i Selvi Subramanian. "Genetic Engineering for Oil Modification". W Genetically Modified Plants and Beyond. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.101823.
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Genetic manipulation is a strong tool for modifying crops to produce a considerably wider range of valuable products which gratifies human health benefits and industrial needs. Oilseed crops can be modified both for improving the existing lipid products and engineering novel lipid products. Global demand for vegetable oils is rising as a result of rising per capita consumption of oil in our dietary habits and its use in biofuels. There are numerous potential markets for renewable, carbon-neutral, ‘eco-friendly’ oil-based compounds produced by crops as substitutes for non-renewable petroleum products. Existing oil crops, on the other hand, have limited fatty acid compositions, making them unsuitable for use as industrial feedstocks. As a result, increasing oil output is necessary to fulfill rising demand. Increasing the oil content of oilseed crops is one way to increase oil yield without expanding the area under cultivation. Besides, the pharmaceutical and nutraceutical values of oilseed crops are being improved by genetic engineering techniques. This chapter addresses the current state of the art gene manipulation strategies followed in oilseed crops for oil modification to fulfill the growing human needs.
2
Pizzi, Antonio. "Natural Adhesives, Binders, and Matrices for Wood and Fiber Composites". W Research Developments in Wood Engineering and Technology, 131–81. IGI Global, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-4554-7.ch004.
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Recent developments and trends in the field of bio-based adhesives are reviewed. The more recent developments in tannin adhesives without the use of aldehyde-yielding compounds under the conditions of processing, or even without the use of hardeners, are described. Lignin adhesives are discussed next. The combination of these two types to yield natural environmentally friendly matrices for non-woven fiber mats is also reviewed. Several new trends in the developments of protein adhesives and in carbohydrate adhesives are then addressed. Unsaturated oil adhesives based on epoxidized unsaturated vegetable oils are also described as well as an example of cashew nut shell oil modified by a new and inexpensive method to yield an adhesive by self-condensation of the material. The chapter addresses last the new process of solid wood friction welding without the use of adhesive, in which the wood interface itself is used as the binder.
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"Specialty Vegetable Oils Containing y-Linolenic Acid and Stearidonic Acid". W Structured and Modified Lipids, 87–130. CRC Press, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781482270136-10.
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Sharma, Brajendra K., Gobinda Karmakar i Sevim Z. Erhan. "Modified Vegetable Oils for Environmentally Friendly Lubricant Applications". W Synthetics, Mineral Oils, and Bio-Based Lubricants, 399–430. CRC Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315158150-24.
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Sharma, Brajendra, i Sevim Erhan. "Modified Vegetable Oils for Environmentally Friendly Lubricant Applications". W Synthetics, Mineral Oils, and Bio-Based Lubricants, 385–412. CRC Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b13887-26.
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"Vegetable Oils with Fatty Acid Composition Changed by Plant Breeding or by Genetic Modification". W Structured and Modified Lipids, 167–96. CRC Press, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781482270136-12.
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Scarth, Rachael. "Production of Oilseeds with Modified Fatty Acid Composition". W Development and Processing of Vegetable Oils for Human Nutrition. AOCS Publishing, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781439831854.ch8.
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Welsh, Frank. "Classification of Oils with Modified Fatty Acid Compositions as Novel Foods". W Development and Processing of Vegetable Oils for Human Nutrition. AOCS Publishing, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781439831854.ch9.
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Gupta, Charu, i Dhan Prakash. "Novel Bioremediation Methods in Waste Management". W Advances in Environmental Engineering and Green Technologies, 141–57. IGI Global, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-9734-8.ch007.
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Bioremediation technologies are one of the novel methods in the field of waste and environment management and are presently gaining immense credibility for being eco-compatible. Bioremediation using microbes has been well accepted as an environment friendly and economical treatment method for disposal of hazardous petroleum hydrocarbon contaminated waste (oily waste). Besides this, earthworms can be used to extract toxic heavy metals, including cadmium and lead, from solid waste from domestic refuse collection and waste from vegetable and flower markets. Other novel methods used recently for treatment of wastes are plasma incineration or plasma assisted gasification and pyrolysis technology. The technologies applied for conditioning include ultrasonic degradation, chemical degradation, enzyme addition, electro-coagulation and biological cell destruction. Genetic engineering is another method for improving bioremediation of heavy metals and organic pollutants. Transgenic plants and associated bacteria constitute a new generation of genetically modified organisms for bioremediation.
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Gupta, Charu, i Dhan Prakash. "Novel Bioremediation Methods in Waste Management". W Waste Management, 1627–43. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-1210-4.ch075.
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Bioremediation technologies are one of the novel methods in the field of waste and environment management and are presently gaining immense credibility for being eco-compatible. Bioremediation using microbes has been well accepted as an environment friendly and economical treatment method for disposal of hazardous petroleum hydrocarbon contaminated waste (oily waste). Besides this, earthworms can be used to extract toxic heavy metals, including cadmium and lead, from solid waste from domestic refuse collection and waste from vegetable and flower markets. Other novel methods used recently for treatment of wastes are plasma incineration or plasma assisted gasification and pyrolysis technology. The technologies applied for conditioning include ultrasonic degradation, chemical degradation, enzyme addition, electro-coagulation and biological cell destruction. Genetic engineering is another method for improving bioremediation of heavy metals and organic pollutants. Transgenic plants and associated bacteria constitute a new generation of genetically modified organisms for bioremediation.
Streszczenia konferencji na temat "MODIFIED VEGETABLE OIL"
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Alves, Salete Martins, Marinalva Ferreira Trajano i Erinéia da Silva Santos. "HIGH PERFORMANCE LUBRICANT FROM MODIFIED VEGETABLE OIL". W 2nd International Brazilian Conference on Tribology. São Paulo: Editora Blucher, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.5151/1472-5836-25372.
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Zhaotao Zhang, Jian Li, Pin Zou i S. Grzybowski. "Electrical properties of nano-modified insulating vegetable oil". W 2010 IEEE Conference on Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Phenomena (CEIDP 2010). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ceidp.2010.5724057.
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Wu, Liya, Jian Li, Wei Yao, Chenmeng Xiang i Nuodong Li. "Thermal stability of fullerene nano-modified vegetable insulating oil". W 2016 IEEE International Conference on High Voltage Engineering and Application (ICHVE). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ichve.2016.7800816.
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Ali, A. M., N. Al-Mukaram i A. M. Lafta. "The properties of asphalt modified with waste vegetable oil". W SECOND INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON INNOVATIONS IN SOFTWARE ARCHITECTURE AND COMPUTATIONAL SYSTEMS (ISACS 2022). AIP Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0162986.
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Somé, Ciryle, Alexandre Pavoine, Emmanuel Chailleux, Laura Andrieux, Laurent DeMarco, Da Silva Philippe i Benard Stephan. "Rheological behavior of vegetable oil-modified asphaltite binders and mixes". W 6th Eurasphalt & Eurobitume Congress. Czech Technical University in Prague, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.14311/ee.2016.222.
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Bin Du, Jian Li, Lijun Yang, Wei Yao i Shuhan Yao. "Dielectric properties of vegetable oil modified by monodisperse Fe3O4 nanoparticles". W 2014 International Conference on High Voltage Engineering and Application (ICHVE). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ichve.2014.7035458.
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Wei, Xiyan, Xinyu Xu, Jingsong Li, Guofeng Li, Nianfeng Zheng i Zhongqing Wang. "Investigation on the Characteristics of Nano-modified Vegetable Insulating Oil". W 2023 IEEE 6th International Electrical and Energy Conference (CIEEC). IEEE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cieec58067.2023.10167349.
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Sharma, Brajendra, i Derek Vardon. "Biobased emulsions for lubrication applications". W 2022 AOCS Annual Meeting & Expo. American Oil Chemists' Society (AOCS), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21748/vyab9723.
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Vegetable oil-based oil-in-water emulsions have been evaluated for their potential application as metalworking fluids. A variety of vegetable oils, including chemically modified vegetable oils, are used in this study. Additionally, several surfactants including both commercial and lab synthesized were tested. They had HLB values ranging from 9-13.1 and were evaluated for their ability to obtain emulsions suitable enough for lubrication applications. The epoxidized oils were found to form stable oil-in-water emulsions using several different surfactant systems. It was found that surfactants with an HLB value slightly over 9 work well with vegetable oils to form stable emulsions. The lubricant performance of these emulsions, studied using the 4-ball test method, showed that even 1% emulsions of the vegetable oils are effective lubricants.
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Simencio Otero, Rosa L., Lauralice C. F. Canale i George E. Totten. "Metallurgical Behavior of SAE 1045 Steel Quenched into Chemically Modified Bioquenchants". W HT 2015. ASM International, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.ht2015p0510.
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Abstract It is well known that petroleum oil basestocks possess a number of limitations such as being a non-renewable basestock but even more importantly they are considered relatively toxic with limited biodegradability. One class of basestock that is renewable with excellent biodegradability characteristics and generally, but not always, non-toxic are animal and seed oils. The quenching performance of many different animal and vegetable oil compositions has been reported in the literature. However, as a class, they suffer from generally poor thermal oxidative stability, even when containing oxidation inhibitors, when compared to quenchants derived from petroleum oil thus limiting their potential commercial utility. One method of addressing this problem is to chemically modify the vegetable oil to produce increased resistance to thermal oxidative degradation. This work discuss the physical properties and quenching performance of epoxidized soybean oil-based formulations and the resulting metallurgical properties, hardness and microstructures obtained which have not been reported previously.
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Murthy, M. S., S. A. Agiwal, M. A. Bharambe, A. Mishra i A. Raina. "Modified kerosene stove for burning high percentage non edible straight vegetable oil blends". W 2011 IEEE Conference on Clean Energy and Technology (CET). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cet.2011.6041476.
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