Rozprawy doktorskie na temat „Modèles numériques de surface (MNS)”
Utwórz poprawne odniesienie w stylach APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard i wielu innych
Sprawdź 32 najlepszych rozpraw doktorskich naukowych na temat „Modèles numériques de surface (MNS)”.
Przycisk „Dodaj do bibliografii” jest dostępny obok każdej pracy w bibliografii. Użyj go – a my automatycznie utworzymy odniesienie bibliograficzne do wybranej pracy w stylu cytowania, którego potrzebujesz: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver itp.
Możesz również pobrać pełny tekst publikacji naukowej w formacie „.pdf” i przeczytać adnotację do pracy online, jeśli odpowiednie parametry są dostępne w metadanych.
Przeglądaj rozprawy doktorskie z różnych dziedzin i twórz odpowiednie bibliografie.
Guérin, Cyrielle. "Génération de modèles numériques de surface et détection de changements 3D à partir d'imagerie satellite stéréoscopique très haute résolution". Phd thesis, Université René Descartes - Paris V, 2014. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00953485.
Pełny tekst źródłaGuérin, Cyrielle. "Génération de modèles numériques de surface et détection de changements 3D à partir d'imagerie satellite stéréoscopique très haute résolution". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 5, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA05S003.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe growing amount of satellite data, increasingly resolved spatially and temporally, represents a high potential of information allowing the accurate characterization of the evolution of an area of interest. For this reason, automatic analysis techniques such as change detection methods are widely investigated. Most of them are based on radiometric changes between remote sensed optical images. These methods are however very sensitive to a significant number of irrelevant changes such as those due to the variation of the geometrical conditions between two different acquisitionsThe objective of this work is then to develop an alternative method based on the elevation change detection. The advantage of using the elevation is that this information is particularly relevant and well adapted in a context of urban monitoring where the elements of interest correspond to buildings that can be constructed, modified or destroyed between two dates.In order to satisfy new needs in image analysis which require quick and reliable results, our method is a complete and automatic processing flow based on the analysis of high resolution satellite stereoscopic couples and the generation of Digital Surface Models (DSM). Stereoscopic DSMs, however, generally suffer from a high number of correlation errors leading to false alarms in the final change detection map. One of the main contribution of this work consisted in increasing the DSM accuracy, especially through a better handling of the occlusion and miss-correlation areas. For this purpose, the image matching technique has been improved and all DSMs computed from the same stereoscopic couple are then fusioned through a new approach, based on an optimization method.The comparison between our DSM with a LiDAR-based DSM indicates that our method largely improves the DSM quality, the amount of correlation errors is decreased while the occlusion areas are accurately localized. The change detection method itself is based on the labelization of the pixels of the differential DSM computed from the DSMs generated at each date of interest. This step, performed through another optimization process, enables to bring forward the relevant changes among the residual noise of the DSMs. The results, obtained for several experimental areas, show that more than 80% of the changes larger than 15 pixels x 15 pixels (100 m² with high resolution images) are detected with our method, with less than 20% of false alarms. We also show that these results mainly depend on the regularization parameter which controls the balance between the amount of false alarms towards the amount of true detections in the final results
Ennafii, Oussama. "Qualification géométrique de modèles 3D de bâtiments". Thesis, Paris Est, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020PESC2001.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe automatic generation of 3D building models from geospatial data is now a standard procedure. An abundant literature covers the last two decades and several softwares are now available. However, urban areas are very complex environments. Inevitably, practitioners still have to visually assess, at city-scale, the correctness of these models and detect frequent reconstruction errors. Such a process relies on experts, and is highly time-consuming with approximately two hours/km² per expert. This work proposes an approach for automatically evaluating the quality of 3D building models. Potential errors are compiled in a novel hierarchical and modular taxonomy. This allows, for the first time, to disentangle fidelity and modeling errors, whatever the level of details of the modeled buildings. The quality of models is predicted using the geometric properties of buildings and, when available, Very High Resolution images and Digital Surface Models. A baseline of handcrafted, yet generic, features is fed into a Random Forest or Support Vector Machine classifiers. Richer features, relying on graph kernels as well as Scattering Networks, were proposed to better take into consideration structure. Both multi-class and multi-label cases are studied: due to the interdependence between classes of errors, it is possible to retrieve all errors at the same time while simply predicting correct and erroneous buildings. The proposed framework was tested on three distinct urban areas in France with more than 3,000 buildings. 80%-99% F-score values are attained for the most frequent errors. For scalability purposes, the impact of the urban area composition on the error prediction was also studied, in terms of transferability, generalization, and representativeness of the classifiers. It shows the necessity of multi-modal remote sensing data and mixing training samples from various cities to ensure a stability of the detection ratios, even with very limited training set sizes
Malinowski, Roman. "Uncertainty characterisation in stereophotogrammetry using satellite images". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Compiègne, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024COMP2842.
Pełny tekst źródłaCurrently, Digital Surface Models (DSMs) are required in many applications, such as for managing water resources, monitoring biomass, evaluating damages caused by natural catastrophes, or for urban planning. DSMs can mainly be produced by Radar interferometry, photogrammetry or LiDAR scanning. In this context, CNES and Airbus are planning the launch of the CO3D constellation of satellites to massively provide highly accurate DSMs using photogrammetry. A performance map will also be provided alongside the DSM to characterize potential errors resulting from the uncertainty on input data or on its processing. The objective of this thesis is to characterize the uncertainty associated with the production of DSMs using photogrammetry. To do so, special uncertainty models, namelyimprecise probabilities, and more specifically possibility distributions, are employed to characterize the uncertainty arising from stereo images processing. Those models define credal sets, which are convex sets of probability distributions. Credal sets are well-suited to represent uncertainty resulting from incomplete or imperfect knowledge, which can be a limitation for a single probability distribution. In the presence of multiple sources of uncertainty, their dependency must also be considered. For this purpose, it is possible to consider copulas, which are models used to represent the dependency between multiple random variables. In this thesis, three different methods are introduced to join marginal credal sets into multivariate credal sets using copulas. The relationships between those methods are then investigated, for specific copulas and different models of imprecise probabilities. An application of those multivariate credal sets is then proposed, for propagating the uncertainty of stereo images in a dense stereo-matching problem. Different optimizations and ways to facilitate the uncertainty propagation are presented. The correct uncertainty propagation is validated using Monte Carlo sampling. A second contribution of this thesis concerns the uncertainty modeling of the dense matching algorithm itself using possibility distributions. A method is presented for generating confidence intervals associated with the results of the dense-matching step. Those intervals are then propagated to the end of the stereo pipeline, therefore producing elevation confidence intervals for the DSMs. The size and accuracy of intervals are then evaluated, using real satellites images and DSMs for which a ground truth is available. Elevation intervals correctly contain the ground truth at least 90% of the time
Tison, Céline. "Interférométrie RSO à haute résolution en milieu urbain : application au calcul de MNS urbain". Phd thesis, Télécom ParisTech, 2004. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00000999.
Pełny tekst źródłaFochesato, Christophe. "Modèles numériques pour les vagues et les ondes internes". Phd thesis, École normale supérieure de Cachan - ENS Cachan, 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00132969.
Pełny tekst źródłaSainte-Marie, Jacques. "Modèles et méthodes numériques pour l'hydraulique à surface libre. Au delà du système de Saint-Venant". Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00551488.
Pełny tekst źródłaTang, Hao, i Jean Devillers. "Modélisation des interactions pointe-surface en microscopie à force atomique : calcul et interprétation d'images". Toulouse 3, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995TOU30194.
Pełny tekst źródłaZelasco, José Francisco. "Gestion des données : contrôle de qualité des modèles numériques des bases de données géographiques". Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010MON20232.
Pełny tekst źródłaA Digital Surface Model (DSM) is a numerical surface model which is formed by a set of points, arranged as a grid, to study some physical surface, Digital Elevation Models (DEM), or other possible applications, such as a face, or some anatomical organ, etc. The study of the precision of these models, which is of particular interest for DEMs, has been the object of several studies in the last decades. The measurement of the precision of a DSM model, in relation to another model of the same physical surface, consists in estimating the expectancy of the squares of differences between pairs of points, called homologous points, one in each model which corresponds to the same feature of the physical surface. But these pairs are not easily discernable, the grids may not be coincident, and the differences between the homologous points, corresponding to benchmarks in the physical surface, might be subject to special conditions such as more careful measurements than on ordinary points, which imply a different precision. The generally used procedure to avoid these inconveniences has been to use the squares of vertical distances between the models, which only address the vertical component of the error, thus giving a biased estimate when the surface is not horizontal. The Perpendicular Distance Evaluation Method (PDEM) which avoids this bias, provides estimates for vertical and horizontal components of errors, and is thus a useful tool for detection of discrepancies in Digital Surface Models (DSM) like DEMs. The solution includes a special reference to the simplification which arises when the error does not vary in all horizontal directions. The PDEM is also assessed with DEM's obtained by means of the Interferometry SAR Technique
Pan, Yi. "Modélisation couplée des écoulements de surface et de sub-surface dans un bassin versant par approches numériques à dimensions euclidiennes réduites". Thesis, Strasbourg, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015STRAH012/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaInteractions between surface and subsurface flow processes are key components of the hydrological water cycle. Accounting for these interactions in hydrological modelsis mandatory to provide relevant and accurate predictions for water quality and water resources management. Fully-integrated hydrological models that describe with aphysical meaning the hydrological processes and their interactions are recent. Most of these models rely upon the resolution of a 3D Richards equation to describe subsurface flow processes. This approach may become intractable because of the heavy constrains on both meshing and numerical resolution. This PhD proposes a new integrated hydrological model on the idea of dealing with dimensionally reduced flow in both the surface and sub-surface compartments of a watershed. The different compartments of the model are first tested independently and then coupled. The results show that the proposed approach allows for a proper and precise depiction ofthe hydrological processes enclosed in the model while providing significant gain incomputational efficiency
Olivi, Emmanuel. "Couplage de méthodes numériques pour le problème direct en Magnéto- et Électro-Encéphalographie". Phd thesis, Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00838707.
Pełny tekst źródłaBachalany, Yara. "Estimation du mouvement 3D d’une sphère de surface réfléchissante". Thesis, Lille 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009LIL10142/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaRecovering 3D motion of reflective objects in image sequences is still a cumbersome problem for computer vision. One common approach is to track geometric features of the object such as contours and edges since they are rather insensitive to light reflections. However, such basic features fail to recover the actual 3D motion in some cases. For example, the external contour of a sphere rotating about one of its axes remains static in the image. In thisthesis, we propose a new approach to 3D motion recovery of a reflective sphere visible in an image sequence.Instead of tracking only geometric features, our technique makes use of texture information in a slightly modified image alignment method. Unlike in classical image alignment methods, texture information is processed differently whether it comes from a diffuse or a specular light component.Using this technique, we show that motion estimation is not only possible when dealing with reflective objects, but also that specular components can offer information about the 3D motion. Finally, we present some results obtained from the analysis of image sequences
Politis, Konstantinos. "Développement de modèles numériques de tension superficielle pour la simulation d'écoulements avec interface à l'aide d'une formulation multi-fluides". Thesis, Ecole centrale de Nantes, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016ECDN0021.
Pełny tekst źródłaAir Lubrication methods are regarded by the scientific community as the next major technological breakthrough in Naval Engineering to achieve the reduction of drag in commercial vessels. The accurate modeling of the physical phenomena governing the drag reduction mechanisms of Air Lubrication methods, namely, the dynamics of surface tension, the instabilities of the air-water interfaces and air entrainment, are imperative for the design of air-lubricated hulls. To that end, we have implemented to ISIS-CFD several programming tools, interface reconstruction schemes and surface tension modeling. Two new surface tension methods were developed. Both use a global interface reconstruction scheme and are coupled with the compressive discretization volume fraction schemes for the unstructured finite volume formulation that the flow solver ISIS-CFD is based on. The results demonstrate that complicated dynamic interactions of either a single or multiple interfaces can be accurately captured. In the context of a future research study, the proposed approaches could lead to the further enhancement of the modeling capabilities of ISISCFD by introducing a macroscopic air entrainment model and eventually the assessment of different physical effects encountered in lubricated naval vessels using ISIS-CFD
Al, Bitar Ahmad. "Modélisation des écoulements en milieu poreux hétérogènes 2D / 3D, avec couplages surface / souterrain et densitaires". Phd thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2007. http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/7712/1/al_bitar.pdf.
Pełny tekst źródłaIsel, Sandra. "Développement de méthodologies et d'outils numériques pour l'évaluation du débit en réseau hydraulique à surface libre". Thesis, Strasbourg, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014STRAD008/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe evaluation of the flow rate in free surface water systems is a current scientific problem, related to high technological, economical and ecological issues. In this study, new methods of instrumentation based on a synergy between non-intrusive water level measurements and numerical modeling have been developed. These methods are applied first to sewer pipes with complex hydraulic conditions then to non-standard hydraulic structures (Venturi flumes, Combined Sewer Overflows). This multidisciplinary work aims at a better understanding of the flow to identify more robust site-specific Q=f(hi) relationships related to their uncertainties. It also aims at the identification of possible modification of the measurement site in order to improve the flow rate evaluation. Finally, the applicability of the developed methodologies has been tested through several real site studies
Peter, Anne-Charlotte. "Variabilité de la température de la couche de mélange océanique en Atlantique équatorial aux échelles saisonnières à interannuelles, à l'aide de simulations numériques". Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00157983.
Pełny tekst źródłaLes résultats obtenus montrent la prédominance des processus verticaux et des ondes tropicales d'instabilité (<35jours, ~500km) pour expliquer la variabilité de la température de la couche de surface à l'échelle annuelle.
L'étude d'évènements interannuels a permis de distinguer deux processus distincts responsables de la variabilité interannuelle de la température de surface : l'un dynamique et distant crée par les anomalies de vent dans l'ouest du bassin et agissant par l'intermédiaire de la propagation d'ondes de Kelvin équatoriales et le second, thermodynamique et local à l'échelle du Golfe de Guinée, créé par les anomalies interannuelles de flux de chaleur.
Sarti, Francesco. "Potentiel de la télédétection optique-radar pour le suivi des changements et déformations de la surface terrestre : application à la gestion des risques naturels". Toulouse 3, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004TOU30289.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe study, the application and (to a certain extent) the improvement of techniques based on spaceborne radar and optical data for surface change detection and displacement measurement have been investigated in this PhD thesis. Under specific conditions, these data can allow mapping and measuring surface changes and ground deformations associated to events such as earthquakes, subsidence, volcanic eruptions and floods. Therefore, these techniques deserve a particular interest both in a scientific context (support for the improvement of seismic and geo-hydrological models) as well as for natural risk management in an operational context (delivery of products issued from Earth Observation for the support to emergency operations and rescue organizations)
Romdhane, Hela. "Etude expérimentale et modélisation d'écoulement à surface libre en présence de végétation, et transport sédimentaire associé". Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019INPT0032/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaRivers form a complex dynamic system subject to wide variations, in fact precipitation is considered as the fundamental cause of these fluctuations. Over time, the morphology of rivers evolves under the influence of several parameters, especially floods, hydraulic structures, sediment transport. The development of vegetation in the river bed and on the banks can affect the hydrodynamic conditions and the behavior of a watercourse, so the impact of vegetation on sediment transport is a crucial issue for the management of irrigation networks and natural flows. By reducing velocity, the presence of vegetation can increase sediment deposition and modify the risk of flooding due to the combined effects of increasing roughness and decreasing of flowing area of the river main channel. These aspects are highlighted by the application of numerical simulations to real cases: the case of the Medjerda River and the Channel of Medjerda Cap Bon in Tunisia. Vegetation is a common feature of natural coastal and riverine waters, interacting with both water flow and sediment transport. However, the physical processes governing these interactions are still poorly understood, making it difficult to predict sediment transport and morpho dynamics. The aim of this thesis is to improve the knowledge of the physical processes governing the interactions between vegetation, flow and sediment transport on the one hand, and to select the appropriate model that will be applied in the real case of rivers. The ultimate purpose is to improve the management of artificial or natural hydro-systems. This work will involve two complementary approaches to experiments and analytical and numerical modeling. At first, we will focus on better characterizing the physical processes of interaction between vegetation and flow. For this, experiments on different channels will provide hydrodynamics over model vegetation’s. Emphasis will be placed on the development of experimental methods specific to boundary layer studies over macro-roughness. These results will be analyzed in a second time from analytical models that allow the stage-discharge relationships required for management. The characteristics and performances of several models will be evaluated with regard to different types of vegetation. Thirdly, experiments with sediments will specify the influence of vegetation on the modification of solid transport. The reduction of the constraints on the beds generates a necessary adaptation of the classical transport laws. An adjustment model for these laws will be proposed
Kessentini, Sameh. "Modélisation et optimisation de nanostructures plasmoniques : applications biomédicales". Troyes, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012TROY0024.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe present work deals with the modelling and optimization of the plasmonic structures: nanostructured biosensor for early disease diagnosis, and gold nanoparticles for photothermal therapy. Both structures are based on interaction with light. For modelling, the electromagnetic scattering problem is therefore solved using Mie theory and discrete dipole approximation (DDA). The numerical model is extended to take into account many parameters of biosensors. Then, the validity of the model is checked through comparison to experimental results. To optimize such problems of continuous variables, the particle swarm optimisation (PSO) is chosen. A plasmonic benchmark is introduced to test a set of algorithms and reveals some limitations. For this, we introduce a new memetic adaptive PSO (AMPSO) algorithm. The AMPSO is tested on a set of reference benchmark as well as the plasmonic benchmark and demonstrates its ability to find the global optimum solution rapidly. The optimization of biosensor shows that its sensitivity (given by the surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy gain) can be improved six times compared with the best experimental results. The optimization of nanoparticules (maximization of light absorption) reveals, as well, improved results compared to previous studies. Moreover, the optimized nanoparticles are compared to each other. Finally, the design tolerance of these nanostructures is also discussed
Yu, Mulin. "Reconstruction et correction de modèles urbains à l'aide de structures de données cinétiques". Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022COAZ4077.
Pełny tekst źródłaCompact and accurate digital 3D models of buildings are commonly used by practitioners for the visualization of existing or imaginary environments, the physical simulations or the fabrication of urban objects. Generating such ready-to-use models is however a difficult problem. When created by designers, 3D models usually contain geometric errors whose automatic correction is a scientific challenge. When created from data measurements, typically laser scans or multiview images, the accuracy and complexity of the models produced by existing reconstruction algorithms often do not reach the requirements of the practitioners. In this thesis, I address this problem by proposing two algorithms: one for repairing the geometric errors contained in urban-specific formats of 3D models, and one for reconstructing compact and accurate models from input point clouds generated from laser scanning or multiview stereo imagery. The key component of these algorithms relies upon a space-partitioning data structure able to decompose the space into polyhedral cells in a natural and efficient manner. This data structure is used to both correct geometric errors by reassembling the facets of defect-laden 3D models, and reconstruct concise 3D models from point clouds with a quality that approaches those generated by Computer-Aided-Design interactive tools.My first contribution is an algorithm to repair different types of urban models. Prior work, which traditionally relies on local analysis and heuristic-based geometric operations on mesh data structures, is typically tailored-made for specific 3D formats and urban objects. We propose a more general method to process different types of urban models without tedious parameter tuning. The key idea lies on the construction of a kinetic data structure that decomposes the 3D space into polyhedra by extending the facets of the imperfect input model. Such a data structure allows us to re-build all the relations between the facets in an efficient and robust manner. Once built, the cells of the polyhedral partition are regrouped by semantic classes to reconstruct the corrected output model. I demonstrate the robustness and efficiency of the algorithm on a variety of real-world defect-laden models and show its competitiveness with respect to traditional mesh repairing techniques from both Building Information Modeling (BIM) and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) data.My second contribution is a reconstruction algorithm inspired by the Kinetic Shape Reconstruction method, that improves the later in different ways. In particular, I propose a data fitting technique for detecting planar primitives from unorganized 3D point clouds. Departing from an initial configuration, the technique refines both the continuous plane parameters and the discrete assignment of input points to them by seeking high fidelity, high simplicity and high completeness. The solution is found by an exploration mechanism guided by a multi-objective energy function. The transitions within the large solution space are handled by five geometric operators that create, remove and modify primitives. I demonstrate its potential, not on buildings only, but on a variety of scenes, from organic shapes to man-made objects
Tannoury, Elias. "Contribution à la prévision du bruit tonal des machines tournantes subsoniques : couplage des simulations numériques et des modèles analytiques avec les analogies acoustiques". Phd thesis, Paris, ENSAM, 2013. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00935537.
Pełny tekst źródłaIbargüen, becerra César. "Effet des forces de van der Waals sur la dynamique de l'azote et de l'hydrogène en interaction avec la surface de W(100)". Thesis, Bordeaux, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019BORD0261.
Pełny tekst źródłaAn important part of scientific literature is devoted to the heterogeneous elementary processes occurring at gas-solid interface due to their great importance and key role in many different domains and applications. Thus, interaction of gas atoms/molecules with surface reactions are of primary importance in the study of: heterogeneous catalysis, combustion of solid fuel and coal gasification, processes of corrosion, hydrogen storage in solid material, automotive and oil industry, plasma-wall interactions in the context of thermonuclear experimental reactor (ITER), atmospheric re-entries technologies and astrochemistry, to name some examples. When an atom or molecule impinges on a surface many different elementary processes can take place, which depends on factors such as: the collision energy of the projectile, the angle of incidence to the surface, the surface temperature, the initial state of the molecules, the transference of energy projectiles-surface, etc. All these factors determines the mechanisms of reaction and the dynamics of the processes. Experimental molecular beams (MB) and other experimental techniques are able to accurately control the initial state of the reactive and characterizing products of gas-surface reactions. However, in most of the case experimental techniques do not provide enough details about the mechanisms through which elementary processes occur. Consequently, theoretical models becomes essential to rationalize the description that in certain cases the experiments do not reach.The main goal of this thesis work is to propose an analyze of the dynamics of several elementary processes occurring on a W(100) surface, such as: the inelastic scattering of N2 and H2, the dissociative and non-dissociative adsorption of of H2 and the adsorption and absorption of H and N. Compared to previous studies, the novelty of this work resides in the taking into account of van der Waals long-distance interactions, which are essential to reach a good agreement between theoretical and experiment results, especially at low collision energy regime. To rationalize the non-adiabatic effects, the energy dissipation to lattice vibrations and electronic excitation are taken in to account by means of GLO and LDFA models respectively
Petremand, Matthieu. "Détection des galaxies à faible brillance de surface et segmentation hyperspectrale dans le cadre de l'observatoire virtuel". Phd thesis, Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2006. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2006/PETREMAND_Matthieu_2006.pdf.
Pełny tekst źródłaTechnological progress in astronomical instrumentation raise various issues. The development of multispectral sensors yields extremely valuable data. Nevertheless interpretation and processing of such images remain tricky for the astronomical community. Within the framework of this thesis we propose a new method for the detection of low surface brightness galaxy based on a quadtree Markovian segmentation. We then introduce a new segmentation method of hyperspectral data cubes based on a spectral discrimination and on a spatial regularization of the segmentation map. We then propose two multispectral images visualization methods and a new fuzzy segmentation method based on Markov fields. These methods are validated on astronomical images and led to a fruitful cooperation between STIC and astronomical community
Ardilouze, Constantin. "Impact de l'humidité du sol sur la prévisibilité du climat estival aux moyennes latitudes". Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019INPT0048/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaSevere heat waves and droughts that episodically hit temperate regions have detrimental consequences on health, economy and society. The design and deployment of efficient preparedness strategies foster high expectations for the prediction of such events a few weeks or months ahead. Their likely increased frequency throughout the 21st century, as envisaged by climate projections, further emphasizes these expectations. Nevertheless, the summer season is the most difficult to predict over mid-latitudes. Well-known sources of predictability are weaker than in winter and current climate prediction systems struggle to adequately represent associated teleconnection mechanisms. An increasing number of studies have shown a statistical link over some regions between spring soil moisture and subsequent summer temperature and precipitation. This link has been partly confirmed in climate numerical models, but many questions remain. The purpose of this PhD thesis is to better understand the role played by soil moisture onthe characteristics and predictability of the summer climate in temperate regions. By means of the CNRM-CM coupled general circulation model, we have designed a range of numerical simulations which help us evaluate the persistence level of spring soil moisture anomalies. Indeed, a long persistence is a necessary condition for these anomalies to influence the climate at the seasonal scale, through the process of evapotranspiration. By imposing in our model idealized initial and boundary soil moisture conditions, we have highlighted areas of the globe for which the average state and the variability of temperatures and precipitation in summer is particularly sensitive to these conditions. This is the case in particular for Europe and North America, including over high latitudes. Soil moisture is therefore a promising source of potential seasonal climate predictability for these regions, although the persistence of soil moisture anomalies remains locally very uncertain. An effective predictability coordinated experiment, bringing together several prediction systems, shows that a realistic soil moisture initialization improves the forecast skill of summer temperatures mainly over southeast Europe. In other regions, such as Northern Europe, the disagreement between models comes from uncertainty about the persistence of soil moisture anomalies. On the other hand, over the American Great Plains, even the forecasts with improved soil moisture initialization remain unsuccessful. Yet, the literature as well as our assessment of climate sensitivity to soil moisture have identified this region as a "hotspot" of soil moisture - atmosphere coupling. We assume that the failure of these predictions relates to the strong hot and dry bias present in all models over this region in summer, which leads to excessive soil drying. To verify this assumption, we developed a method that corrects these biases during the forecast integration based on the CNRM-CM6 model. The resulting forecasts are significantly improved over the Great Plains. Understanding the origin of continental biases in the summer and reducing them in future generations of climate models are essential steps to making the most of soil moisture as a source of seasonal predictability in temperate regions
Loua, René Tato. "Variabilité et tendances des paramètres météorologiques en Guinée : analyse des forçages par méthodes numériques Climatology of Guinea: Study of Climate Variability in N’zerekore Climatological analysis of temperature and pluviometry in Guinea 1960-2016 Study on Temporal Variations of Surface Temperature and Rainfall at Conakry Airport, Guinea: 1960–2016 Surface Temperature Trend Estimation over 12 Sites in Guinea Using 57 Years of Ground-Based Data". Thesis, La Réunion, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LARE0003.
Pełny tekst źródłaIn a context of climate change, the variability of meteorological parameters remains very sensitive to our environment. This work is part of a global perspective of the analysis of annual, inter-annual and spatial variability of meteorological parameters in Guinea. It is based on the exploitation of long series of observations (57 years) measured by 12 meteorological stations spread over all regions of Guinea. The objective of this thesis is to investigate these original series in order to improve our understanding of climate variability and associated geophysical processes. The approach developed in this PhD is based on a climatological analysis, followed by decanal trend assessment by the use of very recent and adapted numerical methods. The study shows that temperature variability is dominated by annual and semi-annual seasonal cycles, while rainfall variability is characterized by a predominantly annual cycle. The results have shown a significant increase in temperature trends and a decrease in precipitations since late 1960s. It was also found that the spatial distributions of temperature and rainfall have negative and positive latitudinal gradients equatorward, respectively. However, rainfall records remain very high in the coastal region and in the south-eastern part of the country. In addition to the semi-annual and annual oscillations, the investigated forcings do contribute to temperature and rainfall variability on different spatial and temporal scales. Among these forcings, we examined and quantified, for all regions, the contributions of Atlantic Niño, the Niño 3.4 Index, the AMM Index, the TNA Index and the Solar Flux. As for the long-term trend analysis, our results show that temperatures have globally increased from +0.04 to +0.21°C/decade. The northern half and the southern region of Guinea recorded the highest warming, followed by the coastal region which is under coastal, topographical and urbanization effects
Aydinlilar, Melike. "Implicit modeling for additive manufacturing". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023LORR0336.
Pełny tekst źródłaImplicit surfaces provide many useful solutions for computer graphics tasks such as simple in/out queries, resolution independent representation and compact definition. However, rendering them robustly and efficiently provides a challenge especially for surfaces defined with complex field functions. In Part I, we introduce a real-time rendering method for skeleton-based integral surfaces. It relies on dynamically built A-buffers on GPU to discard empty spaces and reduce the number of skeleton primitives evaluation. The root finding is performed using rational quadratic interpolation to limit the number of field evaluations. Part II introduces a per-primitive interval arithmetic for skeleton-based integral surfaces for real-time rendering and slicing, and finally in Part III we introduce a family of robust forward inclusion methods for rendering a wide family of implicits. Using linear and quadratic inclusion functions calculated either by bounding the first and second order derivatives, or building the bounds up from the basic algebraic operations that constitute the field function definitions, ray-surface intersections are calculated reliably and efficiently. The problem of creating infinite or invalid bounds are eliminated by reducing the interval sizes and bounding piece-wise defined functions. Example surfaces are given with skeleton-based implicits, convolution surfaces, Hermite radial basis implicits for real-time rendering and slicing for additive manufacturing
El, Habachi Aimad Abdeslam. "Propagation de la variabilité de la morphologie humaine sur le débit d'absorption spécifique en dosimétrie numérique". Phd thesis, Supélec, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00583723.
Pełny tekst źródłaYeo, Zié. "Modèle numérique de conduction surfacique dans les dispositifs bidimensionnels - Prise en compte de non-linéarités". Phd thesis, Ecole Centrale de Lyon, 1997. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00140119.
Pełny tekst źródłaLeguebe, Michael. "Modélisation de l'électroperméabilisation à l'échelle cellulaire". Thesis, Bordeaux, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BORD0169/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaCell permeabilization by intense electric pulses, called electropermeabilization, is a biological phenomenon involved in recent anticancer therapies. It allows, for example, to increase the efficacy of chemotherapies still reducing their side effects, to improve gene transfer, or to proceed tumor ablation. However, mechanisms of electropermeabilization are not clearly explained yet, and the mostly adopted hypothesis of the formation of pores at the membrane surface is in contradiction with several experimental results.This thesis modeling work is based on a different approach than existing electroporation models. Instead of deriving equations on membranes properties from hypothesis at the molecular scale, we prefer to write ad hoc laws to describe them, based on available experimental data only. Moreover, to be as close as possible to these data, and to ease the forthcoming work of parameter calibration, we added to our model equations of transport and diffusion of molecules in the cell. Another important feature of our model is that we differentiate the conductive state of membranes from their permeable state.Numerical methods, as well as a 3D parallel C++ code were written and validated in order to solve the partial differential equations of our models. The modeling work was validated by showing qualitative match between our simulations and the behaviours that are observed in vitro
Simon, Nataline. "Développement des méthodes actives de mesures distribuées de température par fibre optique pour la quantification des écoulements souterrains : apports et limites pour la caractérisation des échanges nappe/rivière". Thesis, Rennes 1, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020REN1B028.
Pełny tekst źródłaGroundwater/surface water interactions play a fundamental role in the functioning of aquatic ecosystems. However, their quantification is challenging because exchange processes vary both in time and space. Here, we propose an active distributed heat transport experiment in order to quantify the spatial and temporal variability of groundwater/surface water interactions. As a first step, we proposed a new approach to evaluate the spatial resolution of temperature measurements. Then, two interpretation methods of active-DTS experiments were developed and fully validated to estimate the distribution of porous media thermal conductivity and the groundwater fluxes in sediments. Based on numerical simulations and sandbox experiments, results demonstrated the potentiality of these methods for quantifying distributed groundwater fluxes with high accuracy. The large range of groundwater fluxes that can be investigated with the method makes specially promising the application of active experiments for many subsurface applications. Secondly, we conducted heat transport experiments within the streambed sediments of two different streams: in a first-order stream, then in a large flow-system located along an alluvial plain. These applications demonstrated the relevance of using active experiments to characterize the spatial complexity of stream exchanges. Finally, the comparison of results obtained for each experimental site allowed discussing the capabilities and limitations of using active-DTS field experiments to characterize groundwater/surface water interactions in different hydrological contexts
Badia, Ismaïl. "Couplage par décomposition de domaine optimisée de formulations intégrales et éléments finis d’ordre élevé pour l’électromagnétisme". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022LORR0058.
Pełny tekst źródłaIn terms of computational methods, solving three-dimensional time-harmonic electromagnetic scattering problems is known to be a challenging task, most particularly in the high frequency regime and for dielectric and inhomogeneous scatterers. Indeed, it requires to discretize a system of partial differential equations set in an unbounded domain. In addition, considering a small wavelength λ in this case, naturally requires very fine meshes, and therefore leads to very large number of degrees of freedom. A standard approach consists in combining integral equations for the exterior domain and a weak formulation for the interior domain (the scatterer) resulting in a formulation coupling the Boundary Element Method (BEM) and the Finite Element Method (FEM). Although natural, this approach has some major drawbacks. First, this standard coupling method yields a very large system having a matrix with sparse and dense blocks, which is therefore generally hard to solve and not directly adapted to compression methods. Moreover, it is not possible to easily combine two pre-existing solvers, one FEM solver for the interior domain and one BEM solver for the exterior domain, to construct a global solver for the original problem. In this thesis, we present a well-conditioned weak coupling formulation between the boundary element method and the high-order finite element method, allowing the construction of such a solver. The approach is based on the use of a non-overlapping domain decomposition method involving optimal transmission operators. The associated transmission conditions are constructed through a localization process based on complex rational Padé approximants of the nonlocal Magnetic-to-Electric operators. The number of iterations required to solve this weak coupling is only slightly dependent on the geometry configuration, the frequency, the contrast between the subdomains and the mesh refinement
Monnier, Jerome. "Modèles numériques directs et inverses d'écoulements de fluides". Habilitation à diriger des recherches, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00259450.
Pełny tekst źródłaLe premier chapitre présente des analyses mathématiques et analyse de schémas éléments finis basées sur des troncatures. Un second chapitre décrit un cadre mathématique et algorithmique pour l'optimisation de forme, avec applications à un modèle Navier-Stokes - thermique radiative et à une gouttelette électrifiée (électro-capillarité). Un troisième chapitre traite de la modélisation numérique de la dynamique d'une gouttelette sur un substrat solide. La dynamique de la ligne triple y est décrite à l'aide du modèle de Shikhmurzaev. Dans un quatrième chapitre sont présentés plusieurs travaux autour d'écoulements fluviaux et zones d'inondations (St-Venant 1.5D-2D, schémas volumes finis). Les processus de calibrage de modèles, de couplage et d'assimilation variationnelle de données constituent une grand part des travaux. Des applications à des écoulements réels avec données non standards (trajectoires lagrangiennes, image satellite) démontrent la potentialité des méthodes développées. Le dernier chapitre traite des travaux récemment initiés et tout particulièrement ceux relatifs aux calottes polaires (Stokes non-Newtonien et équations asymptotiques). Parmi les difficultés mathématiques soulevées figurent la réduction de modèles (asymptotique, réduction d'ordre), le couplage, la sensibilité des modèles aux erreurs et aux paramètres, et enfin l'assimilation de données et le calibrage.