Rozprawy doktorskie na temat „MODELED PILE”

Piles are used in civil construction work from the prehistoric times. They are used for supporting structures having large height, for example chimneys, transmission towers, high potential electrical poles and many more. All the above stated structures faces very high tensile uplift force and other forces which may cause extraction of the structure from the soil, hence pile or group of piles are designed to counter these force and to stabilize the structure, moreover pile/group of piles become indispensable support member when the soil is unstable and exceptionally large loads are involved. Resistance to high tensile uplift is given by the friction between the surrounding soil and the pile along with pile weight. Such piles (which counter uplift) are termed as uplift piles, anchor piles or tension piles, their computed uplift resistance is equivalent to that of friction piles. Uplift resistance is been developed by the uplift piles, from the skin friction generated along with the length of embedment. Uplift piles are driven in such a way that an inflated area is there at the base which expands to bulb like structure. Pile weight is included in this procedure of uplift capacity excluding the point bearing. In this study, theoretical as well as practical evaluation has been done in order to determine the pile’s ultimate uplift capacity when the same were embedded in sand. Different parameters were taken into consideration the soil properties and pile parameters like diameter, length, surface characteristics. In order to work out the uplifting capacity or pull out strength of piles embedded in sand, various charts has been generated. Description of analysis results of modeled pile laid into soil is presented in the study. In order to know the influence of various parameters like size of pile (diameter), embedment depth, comparison tests were done. Pile uplift capacity or pull out strength is not only the function of (depends on) denseness but ` vi it varies with method of laying of pile into the soil i.e. method of installation, depth up to which pile is embedded into the soil, material and size of pile, roughness etc. It is already known that uplift capacity/pull out strength of pile is only summation of frictional resistance and pile weight, on the other hand frictional resistance reaches a constant value after attaining critical depth.

Descrizione dei vantaggi della tecnologia delle fondazioni da pozzo per le pile da ponte. Analisi dei carichi di un viadotto esistente a struttura mista e studio agli stati limite delle più svantaggiose condizioni di carico. Analisi sismica della pila. Progetto e verifica della pila, del plinto e del pozzo nelle diverse fasi di realizzazione e per le combinazioni di carico considerate. Verifiche del terreno, con riferimento ai criteri di dimensionamento del Prof. Jamiolkowski. Analisi tenso-deformativa del terreno con software Plaxis2D e Midas-GTS (3D). Confronti fra il metodo analitico adottato nelle verifiche ed i risultati numerici. Norme di riferimento: NTC2008, Istruzione N°I/SC/PS-OM/2298, Ordinanza 3274 come modificato dall'OPCM 3431

Experimente mit neuartigen Messverfahren lieferten Daten über die Struktur von transienten Flüssig-keits-Gas-Strömungen für die Entwicklung und Validierung von mikroskopischen, d.h. geometrieunabhängigen Konstitutivbeziehungen zur Beschreibung des Impulsaustauschs zwischen Flüssig-phase und Gasblasen sowie zur Quantifizierung der Häufigkeit von Blasenkoaleszenz und -zerfall. Hierzu wurde eine vertikale Testsektion der Zweiphasentestschleife MTLoop in Rossendorf genutzt, wobei erstmals Gittersensoren mit einer Auflösung von 2-3 mm bei einer Messfrequenz von bis zu 10 kHz angewandt wurden. Dabei wurde die Evolution von Gasgehalts-, Geschwindigkeits- und Bla-sengrößenverteilungen entlang des Strömungsweges und bei schnellen Übergangsprozessen aufge-nommen und so die für die Modellbildung erforderlichen Daten bereitgestellt. Für den Test der Mo-dellbeziehungen wurde ein vereinfachtes Verfahren zur Lösung der Strömungsgleichungen entlang des Strömungswegs erstellt. Es basiert auf der Betrachtung einer größeren Anzahl von Blasengrö-ßenklassen. Die erhaltenen numerische Lösungen haben erstmals gezeigt, dass der bei Erhöhung der Gasvolumenstromdichte stattfindende Übergang von einer Blasenströmung mit Randmaximum zu einem Profil mit Zentrumsmaximum und anschließend zu einer Pfropfenströmung ausgehend von einem einheitlichen Satz physikalisch begründeter und geometrieunabhängiger Konstitutivgleichun-gen modelliert werden kann. Die Modellbeziehungen haben sich in einem abgegrenzten Gebiet der Volumenstromdichten als generalisierungsfähig erwiesen und sind für den Einbau in CFD-Modelle geeignet. Weiterhin wurden Arbeiten zur Kondensation durchgeführt, die direkten Bezug zu den Kon-densationsmodellen haben, die in Thermohydraulik-Codes enthalten sind. Die Untersuchung liefert darüber hinaus experimentelle Daten für die Modellvalidierung hinsichtlich des Verhaltens und des Einflusses nichtkondensierbarer Gase. Hierfür wurden spezielle Sonden für die Bestimmung der Konzentration und für die Lokalisierung von Pfropfen nichtkondensierbarer Gase entwickelt und bei transienten Kondensationsversuchen in einem leicht geneigten Wärmeübertragerrohr eingesetzt.

Experimente mit neuartigen Messverfahren lieferten Daten über die Struktur von transienten Flüssig-keits-Gas-Strömungen für die Entwicklung und Validierung von mikroskopischen, d.h. geometrieunabhängigen Konstitutivbeziehungen zur Beschreibung des Impulsaustauschs zwischen Flüssig-phase und Gasblasen sowie zur Quantifizierung der Häufigkeit von Blasenkoaleszenz und -zerfall. Hierzu wurde eine vertikale Testsektion der Zweiphasentestschleife MTLoop in Rossendorf genutzt, wobei erstmals Gittersensoren mit einer Auflösung von 2-3 mm bei einer Messfrequenz von bis zu 10 kHz angewandt wurden. Dabei wurde die Evolution von Gasgehalts-, Geschwindigkeits- und Bla-sengrößenverteilungen entlang des Strömungsweges und bei schnellen Übergangsprozessen aufge-nommen und so die für die Modellbildung erforderlichen Daten bereitgestellt. Für den Test der Mo-dellbeziehungen wurde ein vereinfachtes Verfahren zur Lösung der Strömungsgleichungen entlang des Strömungswegs erstellt. Es basiert auf der Betrachtung einer größeren Anzahl von Blasengrö-ßenklassen. Die erhaltenen numerische Lösungen haben erstmals gezeigt, dass der bei Erhöhung der Gasvolumenstromdichte stattfindende Übergang von einer Blasenströmung mit Randmaximum zu einem Profil mit Zentrumsmaximum und anschließend zu einer Pfropfenströmung ausgehend von einem einheitlichen Satz physikalisch begründeter und geometrieunabhängiger Konstitutivgleichun-gen modelliert werden kann. Die Modellbeziehungen haben sich in einem abgegrenzten Gebiet der Volumenstromdichten als generalisierungsfähig erwiesen und sind für den Einbau in CFD-Modelle geeignet. Weiterhin wurden Arbeiten zur Kondensation durchgeführt, die direkten Bezug zu den Kon-densationsmodellen haben, die in Thermohydraulik-Codes enthalten sind. Die Untersuchung liefert darüber hinaus experimentelle Daten für die Modellvalidierung hinsichtlich des Verhaltens und des Einflusses nichtkondensierbarer Gase. Hierfür wurden spezielle Sonden für die Bestimmung der Konzentration und für die Lokalisierung von Pfropfen nichtkondensierbarer Gase entwickelt und bei transienten Kondensationsversuchen in einem leicht geneigten Wärmeübertragerrohr eingesetzt.

In questo lavoro di tesi viene presentato un modello per lo studio di fondazioni con pali inclinati. La formulazione analitica è sviluppata nel dominio delle frequenze, assumendo che i pali ed il terreno abbiano un comportamento lineare; in particolare si ipotizza che il terreno sia costituito da layer orizzontali viscoelastici, ed i pali da travi di Eulero-Bernoulli. Si ipotizza la compatibilità degli spostamenti dei pali e del terreno nell'ipotesi che non vi siano gaps durante il moto. L'interazione palo-terreno-palo e lo smorzamento per radiazione sono inclusi attraverso l'uso di funzioni elastodinamiche di Green. Le equazioni di equilibrio sono derivate in forma debole attraverso il principio di Lagrange D’Alembert, e la soluzione è stata ottenuta numericamente attraverso l'uso di una formulazione agli elementi finiti. La presenza della zattera rigida in testa ai pali è stata introdotta attraverso un vincolo cinematico. La formulazione è stata semplificata introducendo l'ipotesi di Baranov schematizzando il terreno come un mezzo costituito da layer orizzontali indipendenti tra loro e utilizzando espressioni disponibili in letteratura (funzioni di Green) per descrivere il comportamento dinamico di ogni layer. Il modello permette di valutare la risposta cinematica di una palificata costituita da un numero generico di pali, con geometria ed inclinazione anch'essi generici. In particolare il modello fornisce il moto di fondazione (foundation input motion) e le sollecitazioni nei pali, per il passaggio delle onde sismiche nel terreno; queste ultime possono essere calcolate attraverso una analisi di risposta locale monodimensionale o spaziale (2D e 3D) che tenga conto della reale stratigrafia del deposito. Inoltre la condensazione dei gradi di libertà nel vincolo rigido della zattera permette di ottenere direttamente le funzioni di impedenza dinamica del sitema terrenofondazione; queste possono essere utilizzate insieme al moto di fondazione per eseguire analisi di interazione terreno-struttura mediante un approccio per sottostrutture. Il comportamento non lineare del terreno può essere incluso attraverso un approccio lineare equivalente, calibrando rigidezza e smorzamento del terreno coerentemente con il livello di deformazione raggiunto durante il moto. La validazione del modello è stata eseguita attraverso analisi accurate, confrontando i risultati del modello, in termini di impedenze dinamiche, parametri di risposta cinematica e sollecitazioni nei pali, con quelli ottenuti da modellazione 3D agli elementi finiti o da modelli numerici più rigorosi disponibili in letteratura. Il modello si è rilevato capace di cogliere la risposta orizzontale, verticale, rotazionale e rototraslazionale di fondazioni con pali inclinati. Inoltre la risposta cinematica del sistema terreno-fondazione e le sollecitazioni cinematiche nei pali, dovute alle propagazione delle onde sismiche, sono colte con accurata precisione. In ultimo, al fine di dimostrare la versatilità del modello per affrontare analisi di interazione terreno struttura, è presentato un caso studio di una pila da ponte supportata da una fondazione su 4 pali inclinati.
In this thesis, a 3D analytical model for the dynamic analysis of inclined pile groups is presented. The analytical formulation is derived in the frequency domain assuming that both piles and soil behave linearly; in particular, soil is modelled as a viscoelastic horizontally layered half-space and piles as Euler-Bernoulli beams. Under the assumptions that no gap arises during the motion the compatibility condition between the pile and soil is assumed. The pile-soil-pile interaction and the radiation damping is taken into account by means of elastodynamic Green’s functions. The equilibrium equations are derived in weak from by means of the Lagrange D’Alembert principle and the solution is achieved numerically with a displacement based finite element approach modelling pile with beam finite elements. The presence of a rigid cap is accounted for by constraining the displacements of the pile heads. The formulation is simplified introducing the Baranov’s assumption, namely by schematizing the soil as infinite independent horizontal layers and using expressions available in the literature (Green’s functions) to describe the dynamics of each layer. The model allows evaluating the kinematic response of pile groups with generic number of piles, generic layout and piles inclination. In particular, the motion of the pile cap (foundation input motion) and the stress resultants in piles due to the passage of harmonic shear or seismic waves in the soil may be computed; in the latter case, the incoming free field may be derived from local one dimensional or spatial (2D or 3D) analysis depending on the complexity of the soil deposit. Furthermore, the condensation of the problem on the rigid cap dofs allows obtaining impedances of the pile group; these may be used, in conjunction with the foundation input motion, to perform consistent soilstructure interaction analyses according to the substructure approach. The nonlinear soil behaviour may be captured by considering linear equivalent approaches, calibrating stiffness and damping consistently with soil strain levels. The model validation is carried out performing accuracy analyses and comparing results, in terms of dynamic impedances, kinematic response parameters and pile stress resultants, with those furnished by 3D finite element models or available in the literature from more rigorous approaches. The model revealed able to capture the horizontal, vertical, rotational and coupled roto-translational response of pile foundations with inclined piles, obtained from refined and highly computational demanding 3D finite element models. Furthermore, the kinematic response of the soil-foundation system as well the kinematic stress resultants along the piles due to propagating (seismic) shear waves have been predicted with satisfactory accuracy. Finally, in order to demonstrate the model versatility in performing soil structure interaction analyses of structures, a case study constituted by a single bridge pier supported by a group of 4 inclined piles is presented.

The concept of Hydrogen Economy, coined in the second half of the twentieth century, has gained strength as a solution to the problems derived from the consumption of fossil fuels. The main idea of the Hydrogen Economy is the use of hydrogen as an energy vector. Fuel cells play a leading role in this economy, since today, fuel cells are the most attractive hydrogen final conversion technology. This technology, invented more than 150 years ago, is well established nowadays. However, there is still research to be done in the fuel cell field, in order to make them economically profitable in comparison to the competing technologies. One of the research lines that have attracted a great attention in recent years, is the development of diagnosis and control tools for fuel cells. This Thesis is framed in this research line. This work's main goal is to obtain a semiempirical model of an individual cell of a commercial 300W PEM fuel cell stack. The developed model is meant to be used in diagnosis and control systems. In order to fulfill this goal, a steady state model and a dynamic model were developed. On the one hand, the developed steady state model consists in a semiempirical steady state model coupled with an open circuit loss model, obtained from the open circuit loss experimental characterization. On the other hand, the proposed dynamic model consists in an electric equivalent circuit with a mechanistic meaning, coupled with an empirical model to represent the evolution of the equivalent circuit parameters with the operation current. Since the dynamic model was built using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) spectra, two experimental EIS spectra validation methods were developed in this work. Moreover, the EIS measurement was optimized in order to minimize the experimental error related to EIS measurements. Both, the measurement parameters and the perturbation amplitude, were optimized in this work. Finally, a statistical study was performed in order to determine the effect of the operation conditions (operation temperature and humidity of the inlet gases) on each one of the parameters of the stationary and dynamic models.
El concepto de Economía del Hidrógeno, acuñado en la segunda mitad del siglo XX, ha ido cobrando fuerza como solución a los problemas derivados del consumo de combustibles fósiles. La idea central de la Economía del Hidrógeno es el empleo del hidrógeno como vector energético. Las pilas de combustible tienen un papel protagonista en dicha Economía, siendo la tecnología de conversión final de hidrógeno más atractiva en la actualidad. Esta tecnología, inventada hace más de 150 años, está bien establecida actualmente. Sin embargo, aún quedan líneas de investigación abiertas en el campo de las pilas de combustible, para conseguir que sean rentables frente a las tecnologías competidoras. Una de dichas líneas de investigación es la problemática de su diagnóstico y control. Y es precisamente en esta línea de investigación donde se enmarca la presente Tesis. El objetivo central es la elaboración de un modelo semiempírico de una monocelda individual de un stack comercial de tipo PEM de 300 W. La finalidad del modelo desarrollado es su empleo en sistemas de diagnóstico y control. Para conseguir dicho objetivo se elaboró tanto un modelo estacionario del sistema, como uno dinámico. Por una parte, el modelo estacionario corresponde con un modelo semiempírico estacionario acoplado con un modelo de pérdidas de circuito abierto, este último desarrollado a partir de la caracterización experimental de dichas pérdidas. Por otra parte, el modelo dinámico propuesto corresponde con un circuito eléctrico equivalente con sentido mecanístico, dotado de un modelo empírico para representar la evolución de los parámetros del circuito equivalente con la corriente de operación. Puesto que dicho modelo se construyó empleando la técnica de espectroscopia de impedancias electroquímicas, se decidió desarrollar métodos de validación de espectros de impedancias electroquímicas obtenidos experimentalmente; y se optimizó el método de medida de los espectros, tanto los parámetros de medida como la amplitud de la perturbación. Finalmente, se realizó un estudio estadístico para determinar el efecto de las condiciones de operación (temperatura de operación y humedad de los gases de entrada) sobre cada uno de los parámetros de los modelos estacionario y dinámico acoplados.
El concepte d'Economia de l'Hidrogen, encunyat en la segona mitat del segle XX, ha anat cobrant força com a solució als problemes derivats del consum de combustibles fòssils. La idea central de l'Economia de l'Hidrogen és la utilització de l'hidrogen com a vector energètic. Les piles de combustible tenen un paper protagonista en dita Economia, sent la tecnologia de conversió final d'hidrogen més atractiva en l'actualitat. Esta tecnologia, inventada fa més de 150 anys, està ben establida actualment. No obstant això, encara queden línies d'investigació obertes en el camp de les piles de combustible, per a aconseguir que sigan rendibles enfront de les tecnologies competidores. Una de dites línies d'investigació és la problemàtica del seu diagnòstic i control. I és precisament en esta línia d'investigació on s'emmarca la present Tesi. L'objectiu central és l'elaboració d'un model semiempíric d'una monocel·la individual d'un stack comercial de tipus PEM de 300 W. La finalitat d'aquest model és la seua utilització en sistemes de diagnòstic i control. Per a aconseguir dit objectiu es va elaborar tant un model estacionari del sistema, com un dinàmic. D'una banda, el model estacionari desenrotllat correspon amb un model semiempíric estacionari acoplat amb un model de pèrdues de circuit obert, desenrotllat a partir de la caracterització experimental de dites pèrdues. D'altra banda, el model dinàmic proposat correspon amb un circuit elèctric equivalent amb sentit mecanístic, dotat d'un model empíric per a representar l'evolució dels paràmetres del circuit equivalent amb el corrent d'operació. Ja que dit model es va construir emprant la tècnica d'espectroscòpia d'impedàncies electroquímiques, es va decidir desenrotllar mètodes de validació que permeten validar els espectres d'impedàncies electroquímiques obtinguts experimentalment; i es va optimitzar el mètode de mesura dels espectres, tant els paràmetres de mesura com l'amplitud de la pertorbació. Finalment, es va realitzar un estudi estadístic per a determinar l'efecte de les condicions d'operació (temperatura d'operació i humitat dels gasos d'entrada) sobre cada un dels paràmetres dels models estacionari i dinàmic acoplats.
Giner Sanz, JJ. (2017). Modelado semiempírico de una monocelda de una pila de combustible comercial de tipo PEM de 300 W [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/90421
TESIS

Les piles a combustible a membrane echangeuse de protons (pemfc) sont depuis quelques annees a l'origine de nombreuses realisations de vehicules de demonstration. Pour eviter la multiplication des prototypes, la simulation est de plus en plus utilisee pour evaluer les performances de diverses solutions techniques envisageables. Un modele dynamique de pile a combustible a ete realise a l'aide du logiciel matlab/simulink. Il s'integre a un modele de groupe electrogene complet (pile + auxiliaires). La pile modelisee est concue et fabriquee par l'entreprise italienne nuvera fuel cells europe. Sa particularite est l'utilisation d'un poreux pour l'alimentation en gaz des electrodes au lieu des canaux utilises classiquement. Le refroidissement et l'humidification sont assures simultanement par injection d'eau liquide directement en entree de cellule electrochimique. Le modele traite les bilans de masse et d'energie mecanique, thermique et electrique dans les fluides et la structure en regime transitoire. Il permet une discretisation de la cellule elementaire le long de l'ecoulement des gaz. Dans chaque troncon le calcul permet de suivre au cours du temps l'evolution des concentrations, des temperatures, des fractions d'eau liquide, des densites de courant pour rendre ce modele le plus predictif possible, des lois physiques decrivant les phenomenes sont preferees a des relations purement mathematiques. Des essais ont ete effectues sur une pile de 5kw grace a un banc d'essais specifique. Ils ont permis de valider le modele de pile, par calage de chacun des modeles elementaires correspondant aux phenomenes modelises (hydraulique, thermique). Ces travaux ont montre les problemes causes par le concept de cette pile a humidification

Ziele Die Forsteinrichtung in Litauen war in den vergangenen Jahrzehnten vom Leitgedanken geprägt, die Optimierung der Bestandsdichte und die Maximierung der Produktivität in jeder Phase der Bestandsentwicklung als gleichrangige Ziele zu betrachten. Deshalb wurden große Anstrengungen in die Herleitung von Bestandswuchsmodellen für gleichaltrige Kiefern- oder Fichtenreinbestände gelegt. Bei der Anwendung dieser Modelle auf gemischte oder in der Umwandlung befindliche Wälder sind allerdings nur ungenaue Resultate zu erzielen. Um den Erfordernissen einer zeitgemäßen Forstwirtschaft gerecht zu werden, sind geeignete Instrumente zur Prognose von Wachstum und Ertrag strukturreicher Wälder vonnöten. Das Hauptziel dieser Arbeit bestand deshalb in der Neuparametrisierung des Einzelbaumwachstumssimulators BWINPro-S (entwickelt für sächsische Wuchsverhältnisse) für Kiefernwälder auf mineralischen Standorten in Litauen. Zur Zielerreichung dienten folgende Schritte: • Schaffung und Evaluierung einer Datengrundlage für die Modellierung. • Abschätzung der Effekte von Konkurrenz um Wuchsraum auf den Durchmesser-, Grundflächen- und Höhenzuwachs von Einzelbäumen. • Entwicklung eines Durchmesser-Zuwachsmodells sowie Neuparametrisierung der Grundflächen- und Höhenwachstumsmodelle. • Bestimmung der Einzelbaummortalität durch Konkurrenz um Wuchsraum. • Entwicklung eines ersten Ansatzes für einen Einzelbaumwachstumssimulator für Kiefer in Litauen. Hypothesen: 1. Die Standorteigenschaften sind der prägende Faktor für Wachstum und Ertrag von Waldbeständen. 2. Distanzabhängige Konkurrenzindizes zeigen höhere partielle Korrelationen zu Grundflächen- und Höhenzuwachs der Einzelbäume als distanzunabhängige Konkurrenzindizes. 3. Im Vergleich zum Ursprungsmodell BWINPro-S kann durch die Neuparametrisierung eine bessere Anpassung an die Wachstumswirklichkeit in Litauen erzielt werden (in Bezug auf Durchmesser-, Grundflächen- und Höhenzuwachs sowie Mortalitätsschätzung). 4. Ein Einzelbaumwachstumssimulator unterstützt die Entscheidungsträger und Forstplaner in Litauen bei der Optimierung der Waldbewirtschaftung ganz wesentlich. Material und Methoden Der Forschungsansatz gliederte sich wie folgt: 1) Vervollständigung der Datengrundlage. 2) Analyse der Konkurrenzverhältnisse. 3) Modellierung des Einzelbaumwachstums. 4) Validierung der neuentwickelten bzw. neuparametrisierten Modelle. Die Datengrundlage bestand aus Messwerten von 18 Dauerversuchsflächen (PEP) und zwei Validierungsflächen (VP), von denen letztere nur zur Modellüberprüfung herangezogen wurden. Auf allen Flächen stocken vorwiegend aus Naturverjüngung hervorgegangene, einschichtige Kiefernbestände auf kieferntypischen Standorteinheiten. Die Vervollständigung der Datengrundlage erforderte (a) die Erzeugung der Ausgangsdatenbasis, (b) Berechnung fehlender Werte, und (c) Evaluierung der vervollständigten Datengrundlage. Dabei lag das Hauptaugenmerk auf: • Stichprobenumfang und Schätzung der Populationsmittelwerte. • Schätzung des potentiellen Standort-Leistungsvermögens. • Analyse der Beziehung zwischen dem potentiellen Standort-Leistungsvermögen und dem tatsächlichen Waldertrag. Zur Abschätzung der Effekte von Konkurrenz um Wuchsraum auf den Durchmesser-, Grundflächen- und Höhenzuwachs von Einzelbäumen diente folgendes Vorgehen: Zur Konkurrentenidentifikation wurde ein inverser Lichtkegel mit einem Öffnungswinkel von 60 und 80 Grad konstruiert, dessen nach unten gerichtete Spitze (a) an der Kronenansatzhöhe, (b) an der Höhe der größten Kronenbreite, und (c) am Stammfuß des Zentralbaumes ansetzte. Zur Quantifizierung des Konkurrenzdrucks wurden mit Hilfe der partiellen Korrelationsanalyse 20 Konkurrenzindizes geprüft, von denen letztendlich sechs distanzabhängige und zwei distanzunabhängige Indizes in der weiteren Auswertung Berücksichtigung fanden. Die Modellierung des Einzelbaumwachstums erfolgte in drei Schritten: (a) Entwicklung eines originären Einzelbaum-Durchmesserzuwachsmodells, (b) Neuparametrisierung des Grundflächen- und Höhenzuwachsmodells, und (c) Entwicklung und Neuparametrisierung von Mortalitätsmodellen. Zur Bewertung einfacher linearer Regressionsmodelle wurden die statistische Signifikanz und das Bestimmtheitsmaß herangezogen. Bei multiplen linearen Regressionsmodellen wurde die Signifikanz jeder unabhängigen Variablen gesondert geprüft (hinsichtlich Normalverteilung, Varianzhomogenität der Residuen und Multikollinearität). Zur Bewertung einfacher nichtlinearer Regressionsmodelle diente in erster Linie das korrigierte Bestimmtheitsmaß, bei multiplen nichtlinearen Regressionsmodellen fanden darüber hinaus Q-Q-Plots (Quantil-Quantil-Diagramme) und die Prüfung auf Varianzhomogenität der Residuen Verwendung. Die Evaluierung multipler logistischer Regressionsmodelle erfolgte mit Pearsons Chi-Quadrat-Test, die Signifikanz jedes Modellparameters wurde mit der Wald-Statistik geprüft. Die Anpassungsgüte wurde mit Hilfe der Log-Likelihood-Funktion, Cox & Snell- bzw. Nagelkerke-Bestimmtheitsmaßen, Klassifikationstabellen und ROC-Kurven bewertet. Zur Prüfung der neuparametrisierten Grundflächen- und Höhenzuwachsmodelle wurden die modellierten Werte gegen die Messwerte und darüber hinaus die Residuen gegen die Modellwerte geplottet. Außerdem wurden zur Beurteilung die Verzerrung, die Präzision und die Treffgenauigkeit (sowohl als Absolut- als auch als Relativwerte) herangezogen. Ergebnisse und Schlussfolgerungen Die Wachstumsmodelle des Simulators BWINPro-S konnten erfolgreich an die Bedingungen in Litauen angepasst werden. Daraus lassen sich folgende Schlussfolgerungen ableiten: 1. Der stehende Vorrat und die Gesamtwuchsleistung von Kiefernbeständen werden nur z. T. vom standörtlichen Leistungsvermögen determiniert. Die Standorteigenschaften bestimmen das theoretische Leistungsvermögen von Beständen. Ob dieses Potential auch tatsächlich ausgeschöpft werden kann, hängt weitgehend von der Bewirtschaftungsart ab, die geprägt ist durch Beginn, Häufigkeit und Stärke der Durchforstungseingriffe. 2. In Kiefernreinbeständen eignen sich distanzabhängige Konkurrenzindizes besser zur Prognose des mittleren Grundflächenzuwachses als distanzunabhängige Indizes. Zur Beschreibung des Einzelbaum-Durchmesserzuwachses hat sich der Index nach BIGING & DOBBERTIN (1992, in dieser Arbeit als Index CI4 bezeichnet) in Kombination mit der Konkurrentenidentifikationsmethode „Suchkegelansatz in Kronenansatzhöhe, Öffnungswinkel 80 Grad“ als der bestgeeignetste Ansatz erweisen. 3. Der distanzunabhängige Konkurrenzindex nach HEGYI (1974) erreichte die höchsten partiellen Korrelationskoeffizienten mit den mittleren Einzelbaum-Höhenzuwächsen und ergab etwas bessere Resultate bei der Wachstumsprognose als distanzabhängige Indizes. Allerdings waren die Beziehungen zwischen den Konkurrenzindizes und den Einzelbaum-Höhenzuwächsen nur schwach ausgeprägt. 4. Konkurrenz wirkt sich dämpfend auf den Einzelbaum-Durchmesserzuwachs aus, bei zunehmender Konkurrenz sinkt der Zuwachs kontinuierlich ab. Im Gegensatz dazu beschleunigt leichte Konkurrenz das Einzelbaum-Höhenwachstum, bei starker Konkurrenz jedoch wird auch der Höhenzuwachs negativ beeinflusst. 5. Das im Rahmen dieser Arbeit hergeleitete nichtlineare Durchmesserzuwachsmodell ist zur Prognose des Kiefernwachstums bestens geeignet, das Bestimmtheitsmaß beträgt 0,483, die Residuen waren normalverteilt. 6. Die Neuparametrisierung des Grundflächen- und Höhenzuwachsmodells verbesserte die Anpassung an die Wuchsbedingungen in Litauen bedeutend. Eine erste Validierung, durchgeführt für eine Wachstumsprognose über einen 30-jährigen Zeitraum, ergab zufriedenstellende Ergebnisse. 7. Die zwei im Rahmen dieser Arbeit hergeleiteten Mortalitätsschätzer sind zur Vorhersage der natürlichen Absterbeprozesse in den Kiefernbeständen gut geeignet. Beide Ansätze klassifizierten lebende und tote Bäume mit einer Treffgenauigkeit von über 83%, während der in BWINPro-S enthaltene Schätzer nur 77% der Bäume korrekt zuordnete. 8. Der für litauische Verhältnisse neuparametrisierte Wachstumssimulator BWINPro-S ist ein wichtiges Instrument zur Entscheidungsunterstützung für Forstplaner in Litauen
Objectives In Lithuania, during the most recent decades, the leading theory in forest management and planning combined optimization of forest stand density and maximal productivity at every time point of stand development. Thus, great effort was spent in creating stand level models that are highly effective in managing even-aged monocultures of pine or spruce forests. But these models produce significant errors in mixed or converted forests. In order to meet the requirements of contemporary forestry, appropriate forest management tools are required that would be capable to predict the growth and yield of more structured forests. Thus, the overall objective for this study was to re-parameterise the single tree level simulator BWINPro-S (developed for forests in Saxony/Germany) for Lithuanian pine forests that grow on mineral sites. To reach this goal, the following tasks were set: • To create, and to evaluate, a database for modelling. • To estimate the impact of competition for growing space on diameter, basal area and height growth of trees. • To develop a tree diameter model, and re-parameterise basal area and height growth models. • To assess natural tree mortality induced by competition between trees for growing space. • To develop the first approach of STLS for pine in Lithuania. Hypotheses 1. Site quality is the most important factor that affects forest growth and yield. 2. Distance dependent Competition Indices had higher partial correlation with tree basal area and height increment than distance independent Competition Indices. 3. The re-parameterised model based on Lithuanian data fits better under Lithuanian conditions (regarding diameter, basal area, height increment and mortality) than the original model BWINPro-S. 4. A single tree level simulator provides valuable support for decision makers and forest managers to improve forest management in Lithuania. Materials and methods To reach the main goals of this study, the research was structured to four sections: 1) Database completion, 2) Analysis of competition, 3) Modelling tree growth, 4) Validation of developed models. The database consisted of analytical data from 18 permanent experimental plots (PEPs) and 2 Validation Plots (VP) that were used only for the validation of the models. All plots (PEPs and VP) represent mainly naturally regenerated, single layer pine stands that grow on very typical pine sites. Database completion involved (a) establishment of the initial database, (b) modelling of missing data values and (c) evaluation of the complete database, which focused on: • Sample size and estimation of the population’s mean • Estimation of potential site productivity • Estimation of relationship between potential site productivity and forest yield In order to estimate the impact of competition for growing space on diameter, basal area and height growth of trees the following methods were used. To select the competitors, this study focuses on three separate positions for setting the inverse cone: a) at the height of the crown base, b) at the height of widest crown width, and c) at the stem base. The opening angle of the search cone was either 60 or 80 degrees. To estimate the competition, the study by partial correlation analysis evaluated a total of 20 competition indices, of which six distance dependent and two distance independent CIs were applied in the research programme. Modelling of tree growth was divided into three parts: a) development of an original tree diameter increment model, b) re-parameterisation of basal area and height increment models, and c) development of new natural mortality models and re-parameterisation of natural mortality models. Simple linear regression models were evaluated by estimating each model’s statistical significance and coefficient of determination. Statistical analysis of multiple linear regression models was enlarged by conducting further tests: statistical significance was checked for each independent variable: regression assumptions (concerning normal distribution and homogeneity of variance of the models’s residuals, and multicollinearity of the independent variables) were checked. Simple nonlinear regression models were evaluated mainly by adjusted coefficient of determination. For multiple nonlinear regression models, regression assumptions were also checked by producing normal Q-Q plots and by checking homogeneity of variance of model’s residuals. Multiple logistic regression models were evaluated by estimating each model’s statistical significance with Pearson’s chi square statistics and the statistical significance of each model’s parameters with Wald statistics. Goodness of fit was estimated by using log likelihood function values, Cox-Snell and Nagelkerkle’s coefficients of determination, classification tables and ROC curves. The re-parameterised basal area and height increment models were validated by plotting each model’s predicted values against observed values. Also each model’s residuals were plotted against predicted values. Bias, relative bias, precision, relative precision, accuracy and relative accuracy when comparing predicted and observed values were estimated as well. Results and Conclusions The growth models used in the BWINPro-S simulator were successfully re-parameterised for Lithuanian growth conditions. Thus the study may state these conclusions: 1. The accumulated standing volumes and overall productivity of pine stands only partially depends on the productivity potential of sites. Site quality defines the growth potential that could be reached in a stand. The realization of growth potential largely depends on the growing regime in the stand that is defined by the beginning, frequency and intensity of thinning. 2. In pure pine stands, distance dependent competition indices show greater capabilities to predict mean annual basal area increment than distance independent indices. Competition index (coded as CI4 in this study) proposed by BIGING & DOBBERTIN (1992) combined with the selection method height to crown base with opening angle of 80 degrees is recommended as the most efficient for describing the individual diameter growth of trees. 3. HEGYI\\\'S (1974) distance independent competition index scored the highest partial correlation coefficients and produced slightly better results than distance dependent competition indices in predicting mean annual height increment for individual trees. Yet, the generally poor performance of competition indices to predict height increment of individual pine trees was also recorded. 4. Competition has a purely negative impact on tree diameter growth. Increasing competition leads to steady decreases in diameter increment. Nevertheless, although a small amount of competition does stimulate tree height growth, stronger competition has a lasting negative impact on tree height growth. 5. The nonlinear diameter increment model, developed by this study, has high capabilities to predict growth of pine trees. The model’s coefficient of determination value was equal to 0.483. The distribution of the model’s residuals fulfilled the requirements of regression assumptions. 6. The re-parameterisation of the BWINPro-S basal area and height increment models for use in Lithuanian permanent experimental plots, increased their performance. During the first validation procedure, based on 30 years growth simulation, the re-parameterised models produced reliable results. 7. Two individual mortality models, developed by this study, showed very high capabilities to predict the natural mortality of pine trees. The distance dependent natural mortality model scored slightly better results. Both models managed to correctly classify dead and living trees, slightly more than 83% of the time. The re-parameterisation of the BWINPro-S natural mortality model increased its ability to predict the natural mortality of pine trees in Lithuania. Correctly classifying growing and dead trees increased by 6%, from 77 to 83%. 8. BWINPro-S simulator with re-parameterised growth models for Lithuanian conditions is a valuable support tool for decision makers and forest managers in Lithuania
Darbo tikslai Lietuvoje ilgą laiką ūkininkavimas miškuose buvo grindžiamas medynų tankumo optimizavimu ir maksimalaus medynų produktyvumo siekimu visose medynų vystymosi stadijose. Mokslininkai dėjo daug pastangų kurdami medyno lygmens našumo modelius. Šie modeliai buvo patikimi ūkininkaujant vienaamžiuose medynuose. Tačiau jie yra sunkiai pritaikomi mišriuose medynuose. Siekiant patenkinti šiuolaikinio miškininkavimo poreikius, kai vis didesnis dėmesys skiriamas mišrių medynų su keliais ardais auginimui, reikalingi nauji modeliai, kurie sėkmingai prognozuotų mišrių medynų augimą, jų našumą bei reakcijas į įvairias ūkines priemones. Todėl pagrindinis šio darbo tikslas yra parametrizuoti iš naujo BWINPro-S medžio lygio stimuliatorių sukurtą Vokietijos rytinėje žemėje Saksonijoje taip pritaikant jį Lietuvos sąlygoms. Šiam tikslui pasiekti, buvo suformuluoti sekantys uždaviniai: • Paruošti ir įvertinti duomenų bazę reikalingą modeliavimui. • Įvertinti medžių tarpusavio konkurencijos įtaką medžių skersmens, skerspločių sumos ir aukščio prieaugiui. • Sukurti naują medžio skersmens prieaugio modelį ir parametrizuoti iš naujo skerspločių sumos bei aukščio modelius. • Įvertinti pušynų savaiminio retinimosi dėsningumus atsižvelgiant į medžių tarpusavio konkurenciją dėl augimo erdvės. Tikrintinos hipotezės: 1. Medyno augavietė yra svarbiausias veiksnys, lemiantis medynų našumą ir produktyvumą. 2. Konkurencijos indeksai, įvertinantys atstumą tarp medžių, turi didesnes dalinės koreliacijos reikšmes su medžių skerspločių sumos, skersmens ir aukščio prieaugiais lyginant su konkurencijos indeksais, neįvertinančiais atstumo tarp medžių. 3. Parametrizuoti naujai, panaudojant Lietuvoje augančių pušynų duomenis, modeliai geriau tinka Lietuvos sąlygoms (pagal skersmens, skerspločių sumos ir aukščio prieaugį bei savaiminį retinimąsi) lyginant su modeliais, sukurtais Vokietijos sąlygoms. 4. Medžio lygmens augimo simuliatorius yra naudinga priemonė miškų valdytojams siekiant pagerinti ūkininkavimo kokybę Lietuvoje. Darbo metodai Šis darbas buvo suskirstytas į keturias pagrindines dalis: 1) duomenų bazės suformavimas, 2) konkurencijos indeksų analizė, 3) medžių augimo modeliavimas, 4) augimo modelių patikrinimas. Duomenų bazę sudarė 20 pastovių tyrimo barelių, iš kurių 18 buvo skirti modelių kūrimui ir 2 modelių patikrinimui. Tyrimo bareliai buvo įsteigti natūraliai atsikūrusiuose vienaardžiuose pušynuose, augančiuose tipingose pušiai augavietėse. Duomenų bazės įvertinimas buvo atliekamas tokiais etapais: (a) pirminės duomenų bazės suformavimas, (b) trūkstamų matavimų modeliavimas ir (c) duomenų bazės įvertinimas yra grindžiamas: • Imties dydžiu ir populiacijos vidurkio nustatymo tikslumu. • Potencialaus medynų našumo įvertinimu. • Ryšių tarp potencialaus medynų našumo ir medynų našumo bei produktyvumo įvertinimu. Vertinant konkurencijos įtaką medžių skersmens, skerspločių sumos ir aukščio prieaugiui, buvo naudoti konkurentų parinkimo ir konkurencijos įvertinimo metodai. Konkuruojantys medžiai buvo atrenkami pagal apversto kūgio viršūnę, sutapatintą su tiriamojo medžio a) lajos pradžia, b) plačiausia lajos vieta, ir c) medžio šaknies kakleliu. Kūgio kampas buvo keičiamas nuo 60 iki 80 laipsnių. Iš viso buvo tiriama dvidešimt konkurencijos indeksų (du konkurencijos indeksai, nepriklausantys nuo atstumo tarp medžių ir aštuoniolika konkurencijos indeksų, priklausančių nuo atstumo tarp medžių). Konkurencijos indeksai vertinti taikant dalinės koreliacijos metodus. Medžių augimo modeliavimas buvo atliekamas trim etapais: a) originalaus medžių skersmens prieaugio modelio sukūrimas, b) medžių skerspločių sumos ir medžių aukščio prieaugio modelių parametrizavimas naujai, c) sukūrimas originalių ir parametrizavimas naujai jau esamų natūralaus retinimosi modelių. Paprastieji tiesinės regresijos modeliai buvo vertinami naudojant jų statistinį reikšmingumą ir skaičiuojant determinacijos koeficientą. Daugialypių tiesinės regresijos modelių statistinė analizė buvo išplėsta papildomais testais: statistinis reikšmingumas tiriamas kiekvienam nepriklausomam kintamajam, taip pat vertinama ar modelis tenkina pagrindines regresijos sąlygas (nepriklausomi kintamieji nėra tarpusavyje susieti, modelio liekanos turi normalųjį skirstinį, yra tolygiai išsidėstę). Paprastieji netiesinės regresijos modeliai buvo vertinami skaičiuojant koreguotąjį determinacijos koeficientą. Atliekant daugialypių netiesinės regresijos modelių analizę taip pat buvo tikrinama ar tenkinamos regresijos sąlygos. Logistiniai savaiminio retinimosi modeliai buvo vertinami naudojant šiuos statistinius parametrus: modelio X2 suderinamumo kriterijų, Voldo kriterijų, didžiausio tikėtinumo funkcijos vertę, Kokso-Snelo ir Nagelkerkės pseudodeterminacijos koeficientus, klasifikavimo lenteles ir klasifikatoriaus jautrumo ir specifiškumo (ROC) kreives. Parametrizuoti naujai medžių skerspločių sumos ir medžių aukščio prieaugių modeliai buvo tikrinami lyginant modeliuotas medžių skersmens ir aukščio reikšmes su realiai išmatuotomis reikšmėmis analizuojamo periodo pabaigoje. Taip pat buvo tiriamas modelių liekanų išsidėstymas modeliuojamų verčių atžvilgiu. Galiausiai, poslinkio, santykinio poslinkio, tikslumo, santykinio tikslumo, tikslumo be poslinkio ir santykinio tikslumo be poslinkio buvo naudojami vertinant modelių prognozes. Rezultatai ir išvados Augimo modeliai, naudojami BWINPro-S medžio lygio simuliatoriuje, buvo sėkmingai parametrizuoti naujai ir pritaikyti Lietuvos sąlygoms. Remiantis šio darbo rezultatais, buvo gautos sekančios išvados: 1. Sukauptas tūris ir bendras medynų našumas pušynuose tik dalinai priklauso nuo potencialaus augaviečių derlingumo. Augavietės sąlygos lemia tik potencialų medynų našumą kuris gali būti pasiektas medyne. Ar potencialus augavietės našumas bus realizuotas priklauso nuo medžių auginimo rėžimo, kuris apibūdinamas ugdomųjų kirtimų pradžia, kartojimų dažnumu ir jų intensyvumu. 2. Grynuose pušynuose, konkurencijos indeksai, įvertinantys atstumą tarp medžių turi didesnes galimybes prognozuoti skerspločių sumos prieaugį negu konkurencijos indeksai, neįvertinantys atstumo tarp medžių. Konkurencijos indeksas CI4, pasiūlytas BIGING & DOBBERTIN (1992), grindžiamas konkurentų parinkimu pagal apverstą 80 laipsnių kūgį, kurio viršūnė yra sutapatinama su medžių lajos pradžia yra rekomenduojamas kaip pats efektyviausias modeliuojant medžių skersmens prieaugį. 3. HEGYI (1974) konkurencijos indeksas, neįvertinantis atstumo tarp medžių tiriant konkurencijos indeksų įtaką medžių aukščio prieaugiui, parodė kiek geresnius dalinės koreliacijos rezultatus negu kad konkurencijos indeksai, įvertinantys atstumą tarp medžių. Tyrimų rezultatai parodė gana silpną konkurencijos indeksų galimybę prognozuoti medžių aukščio prieaugį. 4. Konkurencija turi išskirtinai neigiamą įtaką medžių skersmens prieaugiui. Didėjanti konkurencija lemia mažėjantį skersmens prieaugį. Nedidelė konkurencija padidina medžių aukščio prieaugį. Tačiau stipresnė konkurencija taip pat turi neigiamą įtaką medžių aukščio prieaugiui. 5. Originalus skersmens prieaugio modelis turi geras galimybes prognozuoti pušies medžių augimą. Šio modelio determinacijos koeficientas buvo lygus 0.483. Modelio liekanos turėjo normalųjį skirstinį ir buvo tolygiai pasiskirsčiusios modeliuojamų verčių atžvilgiu. 6. Parametrizuoti naujai BWINPro-S medžių skerspločių sumos ir medžių aukščio prieaugio modeliai, panaudojant Lietuvos pušynų pastovių tyrimo barelių duomenis, padidino jų prognozavimo galimybes. Pirmieji modelių tikrinimo rezultatai pagrįsti trisdešimties metų augimo prognozėmis, parodė, kad šie modeliai yra patikimi. 7. Du originaliai sukurti pušynų savaiminio retinimosi modeliai pasižymi geromis galimybėmis prognozuoti pušynų savaiminį išsiretinimą. Savaiminio retinimosi modelis, atsižvelgiantis į atstumą tarp medžių pasižymi geresnėmis galimybėmis prognozuoti pušynų savaiminį retinimąsi negu savaiminio retinimosi modelis, neatsižvelgiantis į atstumą tarp medžių. Abu modeliai teisingai klasifikavo daugiau negu 83% augančių ir savaime išsiretinančių medžių. BWINPro-S savaiminio retinimosi modelio parametrizavimas naujai padidino jo teisingai prognozuojamų augančių ir savaime išsiretinančių medžių dalį šešiais procentais, nuo 77 iki 83%. 8. Medžio lygio augimo simuliatorius BWINPro-S su parametrizuotais naujai augimo modeliais yra naudingas įrankis Lietuvos miškų augintojams

Tesis para optar al grado de Magíster en Ciencias de la Ingeniería, Mención Matemáticas Aplicadas
Memoria para optar al título de Ingeniero Civil Matemático
En este trabajo se presenta y estudia un modelo para el campo de temperaturas en la cara superior de una pila de lixiviación en presencia de evaporación e irrigada de forma puntual.El modelo consiste en un sistema de ecuaciones en derivadas parciales deducido del balance de los flujos de calor y masa en la cara superior de la pila. En estas ecuaciones las incógnitas son el flujo de masa en la superficie de la cara superior de la pila y la temperatura de la pila.Se muestran distintos resultados acerca de la existencia de soluciones para estas ecuaciones evaluando tres casos: Modelo radial: La cara superior es un circulo. Modelo geometría general sin evaporación: La cara superior es una superficie plana con borde suave y evaporación nula. Modelo geometría general con evaporación: La cara superior es una superficie plana con borde suave, tomando en cuenta evaporación no nula. En cada uno de los modelos se estudian las condiciones bajo las cuales los sistemas de ecuaciones en derivadas parciales tienen solución y además que propiedades cumplen estas soluciones. En el modelo radial se demuestra la existencia y unicidad del campo bajo ciertas condi-ciones. También obtiene la existencia y unicidad de soluciones en el modelo con geometría general sin evaporación asumiendo que el riego no es puntual, en caso contrario solo se puede asegurar la existencia. En el modelo con geometría general y evaporación no nula, solo se logra demostrar la existencia de soluciones en un sentido débil. En todos los modelos se obtienen cotas que permiten entender el comportamiento del campo de temperaturas en función de las variables del problema.
CMM - Conicyt PIA AFB170001

Sewage sludge could be used in forestry as enrichment of soil properties. It is also expected that sewage sludge which is rich in phosphorus, nitrogen and organic material can enhance the growth of tree seedlings in poor soils. Our study was performed in Taruskos experimental forest site in Panevezys region. The experimental site amended with industrial sewage sludge ten years ago was afforestated with birch and pine seedlings. The aim of our thesis is to evaluate the influence of sewage sludge to trees development after long time period. To reach our goal we have assessed three aspects: i) amended with sewage sludge and control (untreated) soil properties, ii) biomass and morphological parameters (functional traits) of trees in control and amended with sewage sludge sites, iii) Cu, Cd and Pb concentrations in both soil and tree compartments. In modelling part was used Phyto DSS model for evaluation heavy metals accumulation rate in tree seedlings and biomass growth. In the end of our study we suggest tree functional traits which could be used to evaluate sewage sludge application positive and negative aspects. In addition, we excepted one tree specie which planting in contaminated site would be the most economically and environmentally relevant. Thesis structure: Introduction; Heavy metals and tree growth; Methodology of soil and trees measurements; Results and analysis; Soil – tree system modeling; Conclusions and suggestions; references. Thesis consist of: 76 p. text... [to full text]
Tiriamojo darbo pagrindinis tikslas įvertinti pušų ir beržų augimo ypatumus augant nuotekų dumblu patręštoje vietoje. Atlikti beržų ir pušų medelių palyginamieji tyrimai nuotekų dumblu patręštoje vietoje su medeliais augusiais natūraliomis sąlygomis. Taip pat įvertintas dirvožemio bei medelių užterštumas sunkiaisiais metalais. Atliktas modeliavimas su Phyto DSS programa ir įvertintas sunkiųjų metalų kaupimąsis medžiuose bei biomasės prieaugis. Darbo gale pateiktos rekomendacijos kokius medelių funkcinius parametrus pasirinkti vertinant nuotekų dumblo panaudojimo teigiamasias bei neigiamasias savybes. Taip pat išskirta medžių rūšis, kurios auginimas užterštoje teritorijoje būtų efektyvesnis tiek aplinkosauginiu tiek ekonominiu požiūriu. Darbą sudaro 8 dalys: Įvadas; Sunkieji metalai ir medžių augimas; Dirvožemio ir medžių tyrimų metodika; Rezultatai ir jų analizė; Dirvožemio – medžio sistemos modeliavimas, Išvados ir siūlymai; Literatūros sąrašas. Darbo apimtis – 76 p. teksto be priedų, 44 iliustr., 16 lent., 90 bibliografiniai šaltinių. Atskirai pridedami darbo priedai.

Neste trabalho aplicamos três modelos: receptor, de equilíbrio químico e de dispersão, para a identificação de fontes da Matéria Particulada Inalável do aerossol atmosférico de São Paulo. Utilizamos dados de dois experimentos realizados no campus da USP em São Paulo. ° experimento realizado em 1986 teve como local de amostragem o Instituto de Física, enquanto o experimento de 1989 foi realizado no Instituto de Química como parte do SPACEX (São Paulo Atmosphere Characterization Experiment). As amostras de Matéria Particulada Fina (MPF) e Matéria Particulada Grossa (MPG) foram submetidas à análise gravimétrica e à análise PIXE (Particle Induced X-Ray Emission). Esta última foi realizada no Laboratório de Pesquisas Nucleares de Gent, Bélgica. ° modelo receptor utilizado foi a Análise de Componentes Principais (ACP) que identificou 5 perfis de fontes (5 componentes principais) para a MPF e quatro para a MPG. Para a MPF, entretanto, somente 3 fontes poluidoras puderam ser claramente identificadas: poeira do solo (ressuspensão), processos industriais e queima de óleo combustível (caldeiras). Para a MPG foram identificadas quatro fontes: poeira do solo, processos industriais, queima de óleo combustível e emissões de spray marinho. As fontes identificadas como queima de óleo combustível juntamente com as emissões industriais foram responsáveis por aproximadamente 53% da massa de MPF. Enquanto que a poeira do solo ficou responsável por 60% da massa de MPG. Verificamos com o MARS (Modelo para um Sistema Aerossol Reativo), que para concentrações molares de NH3 maiores que de S04\' o aerossol de sulfato, nitrato e amônio consiste, principalmente, de uma mistura de (NH4)2S04 e NH4N03, que podem estar dissociados ou não, dependendo da umidade relativa. Calculamos, também, as taxas de oxidação do S02 e encontramos que as taxas mais elevadas são obtidas na reação com o 02 catalisada por Mn e Fe. Com o objetivo de determinarmos a origem do S02 encontrado durante o SPACEX, estudamos a dispersão do S02 através da aplicação do modelo tipo pluma gaussiana ISC (Industrial Source Complex) da EPA (Environmental Protection Agency). Consideramos como fonte o trecho da marginal do Rio Pinheiros entre as pontes do Jaguaré e Eusébio Matoso. As estimativas obtidas com o modelo para a concentração de S02 durante o SPACEX, foram muito mais baixas que os valores medidos, indicando que existem outras fontes de grande porte contribuindo para a concentração desse poluente. A combinação desses modelos apresentou-se como uma metodologia que pode fornecer mais subsídios para a identificação das fontes e dos processos de geração da Matéria Particulada.
Receptor, Chemical Equilibrium and Dispersion Models were applied to identify the inhalable particles sources of the São Paulo Atmospheric Aerosols. The data were collected during two experiments in the São Paulo University Campus, in 1986 and 1989. The 1986 experiment was performed in the Physics Institute, and the 1989 experiment was part of the SPACEX (São Paulo Atmosphere Characterization Experiment). The fine and coarse particles (FP and CP, respectively) of the SFU samples were analyzed by PIXE and by gravimetry. The PIXE analysis were performed at the University of Gent, Selgium. Absolute Principal Component Analysis (APCA) identified five sources profiles to the FP and four to the CP. Sut, only three sources could be surely identified to the FP: resuspended soi! dust, industrial emissions and oi! burning. The sources profiles related to the CP were: resuspended soi! dust, industrial emissions, oil burning and sea-salt aerosol. The oil burning and industrial emissions were responsible for, approximately, 53% of FP, meanwhile, the soi! dust was responsible for 60% of CP. In order to predict the equilibrium concentrations of sulfate, nitrate and ammonium aerosols we applied the MARS (Model for an Aerosol Reacting System) to our data. In our case, having NH3 higher than 504 concentrations, the predicted was the following composition: (NH4)2504 and NH4N03 , that can be present dissociate or not, related to the relative humidity. The higher oxidation rates were found to the reaction of S02 with 02 catalyzed by Mn and Fe. The EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) Industrial Source Complex Model (lSC) was applied to describe the S02 dispersion from the \"Rio Pinheiros Marginal\" to the University of São Paulo Campus. The estimated values were lower than the measured ones. The combination of these models seemed to be very useful in the source profile identification of complex regions as São Paulo Metropolitan Area.

Analisi dell'interazione terreno-struttura nel caso di palo singolo caricato assialmente e perpendicolarmente all'asse. Studio analitico e modellazione agli elementi finiti, bidimensionale e tridimensionale. Analisi dell'interazione platea-pali-terreno nel caso di platea su pali. Studio analitico e modellazione agli elementi finiti, bidimensionale e tridimensionale.

A pilot study was initially undertaken using a 38 mm pile to check the proposed static and dynamic instrumentation. A sophisticated control programme was then developed for the main tests using an Orion Data Logger interfaced with a Commodore PET micro computer. The static load data was stored on discs whilst the transient data was recorded on magnetic tape for later analysis. A pneumatically controlled rig was designed for driving the piles. The piles were driven from the surface adding sections at selected intervals. Inclinometers were installed in the soil to monitor vertical movements. The density of the soil was also measured at selected points at the end of the tests. The pile was driven to an embedded depth of 2 metres and then test loaded using the conventional CRP, MTL and Pull Out tests. The load distribution along the pile, together with the vertical movement of the soil was monitored at all stages. Changes in the shear and vertical stresses at the sand clay interface were also monitored and the final deformation of the clay beneath the pile tip. The data showed:- 1. The pile top impact force was dependant on ram impact velocity only. 2. The transient forces at the pile tip could be less than equal to or greater than the impact force depending on the nature of the bearing surface. 3. The stress transfer curves exhibited a large value at shallow depth diminishing in value towards the toe. 4. Vertical sand displacement decreased with increasing depth and radius. 5. Insitu density increased towards the pile shaft by an appreciable amount. 6. Soil movements were recorded across the sand clay interface during driving and test loading. 7. Dragdown of sand into the clay along with a wedge of sand which preceded the pile tip was also observed. A theoretical approach for predicting static bearing capacity using the dynamic equations of motion and dynamic measurements is also outlined and compared with the authors experimental results. The agreement between experimental and theoretical thus achieved are encouraging.

I. On considere la diffusion de macromolecules injectees annulairement dans un ecoulement turbulent en conduit cylindrique. On propose deux modeles physiques de transfert de macromolecules. On etablit un modele parietal valable pour les 4 zones de diffusion. Etude de la structure turbulente de la couche limite de diffusion. Ii. On considere le deplacement isotherme de deux fluides miscibles dans un milieu poreux indeformable, homogene et isotrope. Etude par la methode de perturbation de la stabilite des ecoulements ascendant ou descendant. Etude experimentale sur une colonne verticale remplie de billes de verre

Nell'ottica di un futuro riprogetto, totale o parziale, del ventilatore della galleria del vento del progetto CICLoPE dell'Università di Bologna, è stato messo a punto, grazie a modelli matematici di letteratura, un algoritmo per la determinazione della geometria delle pale di un fan. La procedura si basa su ipotesi di incompressibilità e assenza di vortici di estremità ed è in grado di fornire la geometria del ventilatore una volta che sono state fissate: le condizioni richieste nella sezione di test, l'efficienza del tunnel e alcune proprietà del ventilatore stesso (ad esempio tipologia di profilo aerodinamico e numero di pale). L'algoritmo è in grado di lavorare solamente con la configurazione ventilatore seguito da profili raddrizzatori, ma è in previsione un'estensione che consentirà di studiare anche la configurazione a fan controrotanti (come quella del CICLoPE). Con questo software sono state progettate numerose soluzioni diverse per studiare il legame tra rendimento e geometria del ventilatore. Inoltre sono stati individuati i parametri che permettono di ottenere una pala con rastremazione e svergolatura trascurabili, con lo scopo di abbassare i costi del manufatto. In particolare è stato dimostrato come le configurazioni con diametro della nacelle grande (superiore al 65\% del diametro della sezione di potenza) siano particolarmente adatte a fornire rendimenti alti con la minima complicatezza della pala. Per quanto riguarda l'efficienza aerodinamica del profilo, i test comparativi indicano che questo parametro influisce relativamente poco sul rendimento del macchinario ma modifica profondamente la geometria della pala. Efficienze elevate tendono, secondo lo studio, a richiedere pale estremamente rastremate e poco svergolate; questo porta a preferire l'adozione di profili mediamente efficienti ma dall'ampio intervallo operativo in termini di angolo di attacco.

Nos projetos hidráulicos de irrigação são contabilizadas as perdas de carga totais, que seriam as perdas contínuas ou principais e as localizadas, objetivando maximizar a uniformidade de distribuição de água, caracterizando um conjunto motobomba adequado ao sistema de irrigação e com isso, minimizando os custos anuais e de implantação do projeto. Com o uso da informática, problemas de cálculos complexos são resolvidos com muita facilidade; desta forma pode-se aplicar modelos mais complexo para calculo da perda de carga nos sistemas de irrigação, resultando em valores mais próximos da realidade, com maiores riquezas de detalhes. A perda de carga representa a dissipação de energia da água em forma de calor, ao longo da tubulação, decorrente da resistência ao escoamento oferecida pela viscosidade do fluido e pela inércia das partículas. É variável de acordo com o tamanho das rugosidades da parede do tubo, diâmetro da tubulação e com a velocidade da água. A indústria de plásticos e seus derivados, com o auxilio da engenharia, tem aprimorado a qualidade dos materiais destinados à fabricação dos tubos, principalmente de polietileno. A utilização de tubos fabricados de matérias plásticos, de menor custo, destinados à irrigação tem aumentado nos últimos anos. A flexibilidade desses tubos traz como consequência o aumento do diâmetro interno com o aumento da pressão, fato este já observado em pesquisa e que não são levados em consideração pelos equacionamentos matemáticos utilizados para determinação da perda de carga. O presente trabalho propõe um modelo onde leva em consideração o módulo de elasticidade (E) do tubo para determinar a alteração do diâmetro em tubos elásticos provocada pela pressão, afetando assim a determinação da perda de carga contínua. Conhecer detalhadamente a causa da perda de energia, com intuito de cada vez mais otimizar a energia gasta por área irrigada no cenário brasileiro, passa a ser de fundamental importância. O Modelo Elástico proposto associado à Equação Universal, apresentou índice de desempenho médio de 0,9 sendo considerado com uma estimativa muito boa da realidade.
Total head losses are accounted in the irrigation hydraulic projects, that would be the continuous losses and the local head losses, aiming to maximize the uniformity of water distribution, characterizing an adequate pump set to the irrigation system e thus, minimizing the project implantation and annual costs. With informatics support, complex calculation problems are solved with ease, therefore it is possible to apply more complex models for head loss calculation in the irrigation system, resulting in values closer to the reality, with greater details. The head loss represents the water energy dissipation as heat, along the piping, due to the resistance to the flow offered by the fluid viscosity and by the particles inertia. It is variable according to the size of the rugosities of the pipe wall, piping diameter and the water velocity. plastic industry and its derivates, with engineering support, have improved the quality of the materials for the pipe manufacturing, mainly polyethylene. The usage of plastic material pipes for irrigation, of lowest cost, has risen in the latest years. The flexibility of these pipes leads to the internal diameter increase with pressure increase, fact already observed in research and that are not taken into account by mathematics equating used to determine the head loss. This paper proposes a model where it takes into account the elastic module (E) of the pipe to determine the diameter alteration in elastic pipes due to the pressure, affecting the determination of continuous head loss. Elastic Module proposed associated to Universal Equation, showed average performance rate of 0,9% being considered a extremely good estimative of reality.

Publicación a texto completo no autorizada por el autor
Evalúa el daño tisular ocasionado por la infección de la cepa Arequipa de T. cruzi en modelo murino y compararla con la infección ocasionada por dos cepas ya conocidas de T. cruzi. Se utilizaron 20 ratones de la cepa C57BL/6, los cuales fueron divididos en 4 grupos, 3 de los cuales fueron infectados con 10000 tripomastigotes sanguíneos de las cepas Arequipa, Colombia y CL Brener, mientras el cuarto se empleó como control. Se evaluó la parasitemia en sangre de cada ratón, se realizaron análisis morfométricos de cada cepa durante su pico máximo de parasitemia y se evaluó histopatológicamente los corazones, cerebros, músculos, colon y esófagos de cada ratón a los 5, 15, 30, 60 y 120 días post infección. El periodo prepatente de las cepas Arequipa y Colombia fue de 11 días, mientras la cepa CL Brener fue de 9 días post infección. Las cepas Arequipa y CL Brener presentaron dos formas morfométricas: tripomastigotes de formas delgadas y gruesas, encontrando la mayor concentración de formas delgadas en la cepa CL Brener. Todas las cepas parasitaron al corazón comprobándose así su tropismo y siendo este el órgano más afectado durante la infección, presentando infiltración celular, fibrosis y nidos de amastigotes. La cepa Arequipa fue la primera en presentar nidos a los 5 días post infección, pero no generó muertes en los ratones, en comparación de la cepa CL Brener que ocasionó la muerte del 20% de ratones a los 27 días. Se presentan estos datos como valores importantes para comprender el comportamiento de la cepa Arequipa de T. cruzi y como esta varía en comparación con otras cepas del mismo parásito.
Tesis

Simulation du vibrofoncage d'un pieu dans un massif sableux, assimile a un demi-espace viscoelastique, par une methode semi-analytique, en decomposant le pieu en sources reparties; resolution, a partir des equations de propagation d'ondes, par la transformee de hankel, permettant d'etablir en un point les deplacements dus aux ondes de volume et de rayleigh. Etude experimentale sur un modele plan (modele de schneebeli) et sur un modele reduit fonce en cuve

La presente tesi ha carattere prevalentemente progettuale, ponendosi l’onere di trattare nel dettaglio le problematiche realizzative di un’opera d’arte qual è un ponte autostradale di 1° categoria, attraversante lo Scolmatore Reno, costituito da tre campate per una lunghezza complessiva di 240 mt, composto da una sezione a cassone monocellulare mista acciaio – calcestruzzo, dotato di un sistema di isolamento sismico posto all’interfaccia tra la sovra / sotto struttura e ivi assoggettata a carichi statici e sismici. Visto il contesto territoriale / operativo, i vincoli progettuali, le richieste da parte della committenza e le normative tecniche di riferimento, la strada maestra seguita porterà ad analizzare compiutamente ogni elemento strutturale, applicando teorie, metodi e modelli comportamentali propri degli elementi monodimensionali, definendo una valutazione sismica tramite un’analisi statica lineare equivalente con spettro di risposta. Il percorso terminerà analizzando, interpretando e commentando i risultati ottenuti al fine di comprendere se le scelte costruttive siano consone al contesto progettuale, se i modelli siano attendibili nel rappresentare la realtà comportamentale e se le ipotesi (campo di validità dei risultati) siano ottemperate in relazione ad opportuni accorgimenti costruttivi.

Le sol présente une variabilité spatiale des propriétés physiques et mécaniques dont les effets sur des structures légères avec semelles filantes et sur les conduites enterrées ne sont pas bien pris en compte dans leur dimensionnement. Cette variabilité naturelle peut être très importante dans le cas de ces ouvrages car elle induit des tassements différentiels, dont les conséquences peuvent être dommageables : fissures dans les murs, les poutres ou encore des fuites dans les réseaux d'assainissement. La variabilité naturelle du sol et l'incertitude liée à la connaissance imparfaite des propriétés du sol et/ou du béton ou de l'acier de la structure sont les principales sources d'incertitude dans le choix des paramètres de calcul pour le dimensionnement de ces structures. Dans cette thèse, une approche analytique avec les méthodes probabilistes (FOSM et SOSM) et le modèle de Winkler, puis numérique avec le couplage de la méthode des éléments finis avec des approches géostatistiques ont été successivement menées pour modéliser le comportement des semelles filantes et des conduites enterrés lorsque les incertitudes sur les propriétés mécaniques du sol et de la structure sont prises en compte dans leur dimensionnement. Il apparait ainsi, l'importance du comportement longitudinal de ces ouvrages et du poids des incertitudes dans leur dimensionnement.

Piles supporting high structures, such as tall chimneys, transmission towers, water towers, tents, electric poles, silos are required to resist uplift force due to wind. So piles are designed to resist this tensile uplift force. Resistance to uplift is given by the friction between the pile and the surrounding soil plus weight of pile itself. The uplift resistance of vertical pile can be computed similar to friction piles. Uplift piles are invariably provided with an enlarged area at the base in the form of a bell or a bulb. Piles develop resistance to pull-out only from the skin friction developed along the embedment length. Point bearing is not included, but weight of the pile is included in uplift capacity. An experimental and theoretical analysis is carried out to predict the ultimate uplift capacity of piles embedded in sand. The method takes into consideration the length, diameter, surface characteristics of piles and soil properties. Charts for evaluating uplift capacity of piles are presented through figures. Experimental and theoretical results of model tests of modeled piles buried in sand are described. Comparison tests were done to determine the influence of factors on uplift capacity such as size of pile (diameter), embedment depth, roughness and enlarged base of modeled piles. Pile uplift capacity not only depends on denseness of sand it also depends on method of installation, depth of embedment, size of pile, material of pile. As pile uplift capacity is sum of frictional resistance and weight of pile, frictional resistance attains a constant value beyond critical depth.

Tese de doutoramento, Biologia (Ecologia), 2010, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciências
The main goal of this thesis was to determine the environmental factors influencingthe distribution of two closely related voles in Portugal. More specifically the aimwas to analyse and compare the environmental preferences of the Lusitanian pinevole (Microtus lusitanicus (Gerbe, 1879)) and the Mediterranean pine vole (Microtusduodecimcostatus Sélys-Longchamps, 1839), at different scales of analysis, andalso to quantify the importance of spatial autocorrelation component in speciesdistribution models.At a national level the distribution pattern of pine voles was associated with climatevariables, landscape units, and soil types. The environmental associations at alandscape scale reflected the importance of habitat connectivity and heterogeneityfor the Lusitanian pine vole, and of open areas, free of shrubs, for theMediterranean pine vole. At a local scale, the high importance of verges, especiallyfor the Lusitanian pine vole, highlights the several advantages of these particularvegetation structures for small mammals.The sympatric area of both pine voles was consistently narrow in national andregional distribution maps. Results indicated that the local coexistence of the twovoles should be a rare event.Vole distribution data were characterized by strong spatial autocorrelation evenafter accounting for several significant environmental effects. At the largest scalethe spatial effects were the most important. At a finer scale, these effects, althoughstill important, played a secondary role when explaining the species distributionsand segregation.Furthermore, novel information was provided on space use, social behaviour,activity patterns, and habitat selection of Lusitanian pine vole.The discrimination of the two species in the field, and in a potential sympatric area,was possible using presence signs, namely the proportion of burrow openings.Multiple factors may influence the distribution of pine voles in Portugal. Some ofthese factors gain importance at specific spatial scales and others can only bediscussed using more than one scale approach.
This research was funded by Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (SAPIENS project POCI/BIA-BDE/57053/2004 and a PhD grant PRAXIS/SFRH/BD/21403/2005).