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Bouhout, Sara. "Reconstruction d'un modèle vésical par génie tissulaire et caractérisation". Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/28390.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe purpose of the urinary tract is to ensure the evacuation of catabolic products in urine form. This function permits to preserve the equilibrium and consistency of the blood components (homeostasis). More precisely, the bladder is a watertight and compliant reservoir in charge of urine storage at low pressure, before its evacuation out of the organism. The bladder is subject to various pathologies, which could compromise its specific properties and damage the upper urinary tract. Therefore, the elaboration of a new reservoir is essential to collect the urine at low pressure. Surgical reconstruction is associated to significant complications, principally due to the lack of protection against urine, physiologically ensured by the highly specialized uro-eptithelium. Contrarily to the beginning of tissue engineering, cellular and molecular organizations are strongly considered nowadays. It is the reason why this discipline needs different matrices and host cells to reproduce a substitute conform to the original organ. But to date, no bioengineered models were able to completely overcome the limitations previously reported. The complexity of the vesical replacement remained a major challenge that led our team to research a more efficient bladder substitute. This project describes the approaches elaborated to achieve a vesical substitute comparable to the bladder mucosa. In addition, the structural and functional properties of our in vitro reconstructed models will be characterized with the use of different techniques. Based on our previous studies, several cellular types were isolated from the bladder wall, and then characterized in vitro. Using specific techniques of tissue-engineering, bladder mesenchymal and urothelial cells evolve in a three-dimensional culture to produce a tissue easy to handle. The maturation degree of our reconstructed models reached satisfactory characteristics to meet the need in the bladder regenerative field, and could led to better post-surgical results.
Jean, Jessica. "Applications dermopharmaceutiques : développement d'un modèle de substituts cutanés psoriasiques par génie tissulaire". Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/22724.
Pełny tekst źródłaLa méthode d'auto-assemblage permet la production de substituts cutanés sans matériel exogène. L'objectif principal de notre travail a été de modifier cette méthode originale afin de produire un nouveau modèle de substituts cutanés pathologiques fabriqués à partir de cellules psoriasiques. Dans un premier temps, des substituts sains ont été cultivés en présence et en absence de sérum de veau foetal dans le but d'optimiser les conditions de culture. Puis, des analyses histologiques, immunohistochimiques, de perméabilité et des propriétés physico-chimiques ont été réalisées. Les résultats obtenus ont permis de conclure que le retrait du sérum à partir de la culture à l'interface air-liquide ne cause aucun problème majeur au niveau de la différenciation épidermique, de la jonction dermo-épidermique, du derme et de la perméabilité des substituts. De plus, des analyses par spectroscopic infrarouge à transformée de Fourier ont permis d'observer que le retrait du sérum améliore même l'organisation lipidique pour trois des cinq populations cellulaires testées. Parallèlement à cette étude, des substituts psoriasiques ont été produits à partir de cellules psoriasiques dans le but de vérifier si ces derniers allaient permettre la conservation de ce phénotype en culture. Des analyses histologiques et immunohistochimiques ont été effectuées et ont permis d'observer que le phénotype psoriasique (hyperprolifération et différenciation anormale des kératinocytes) est en partie conservé dans les substituts pathologiques. De plus, lors d'un traitement à l'acide rétinoïque, ceux-ci réagissent de façon similaire à ce qui est observé dans les peaux psoriasiques in vivo. Finalement, des substituts produits à partir de cellules non lésionnelles ont été reconstruits pour vérifier s'il existait une différence entre les cellules lésionnelles et non lésionnelles d'un même patient. Les résultats ont permis d'observer que les cellules non lésionnelles ne sont pas totalement «normales» et qu'elles conservent en partie les caractéristiques du psoriasis. En conclusion, ce nouveau modèle de substituts cutanés pathologiques pourrait devenir un puissant outil dermopharmaceutique permettant de tester de nouveaux traitements pour vaincre le psoriasis.
Duque, Fernandez Alexandra. "Validation d'un modèle de substituts cutanés pathologiques pour des études dermopharmacologiques". Thesis, Université Laval, 2008. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2008/25576/25576.pdf.
Pełny tekst źródłaHagry, Catherine. "Approche d'un modèle expérimental d'étude pharmacologique : les cultures de cellules endothéliales humaines". Bordeaux 2, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993BOR2PE86.
Pełny tekst źródłaKhaledian, MohammedReza. "Evaluation de la technique du semis direct en culture irriguée en comparaison avec le système de culture conventionnel". Montpellier 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009MON20008.
Pełny tekst źródłaChateau, Yannick. "Co-culture compartimentée de cellules épidermiques et cellules nerveuses : modèle d'étude des interactions neuro-cutanées". Brest, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005BRES3108.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe skin through its innervation is the support of the fifth sense : the touch. Exogenous stimuli are recognized at the nerve endings which represent avaried population of cutaneous receptors. Cellular bodies of those nerve endings are located in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) and connected at spinal cord by neurites The principal challenge to carry out a model for in vitro studies of the neuro-cutaneous interactions lies in the reproduction orme physiological continuation previously described (skin, neurons 0f the DRG, sensitive neurons of the spinal cord) and in the reconstruction of connections between epidermal cells and neurites of the pseudo-unipolar sensory neurons. This model must integrate in the same space all these components and allow the instatlation of connections between nervous cells and epidermal cells. This feature was not realised before with other “skin equivalent”. We have performed a model, integrating nervous cells (pseudo-unipolar sensory neurons, cells of the spinal cord and glial cells) and epidermal cells (keratinocytes, melanocytes and Merkel cells). We obtained a specifically directed growth of neurites, connections, synapse-like formation with both keratinocytes and Merkel cells. This co-culture allowed the survival of Merkel cells and the recording of an activity of the pseudo-unipolar sensory neurons. The originality of this model is thus to propose an in vitro co-culture of nervous oeIls md epidermal cells allowing their connections. These results open large perspectives from fundamental research to applied research in dermatology, as an alternative to the animal experimentation
Tremblay, Marie. "Estimation des paramètres des modèles de culture : application au modèle STICS Tournesol". Toulouse 3, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004TOU30020.
Pełny tekst źródłaFritayre, Pascale. "Culture de cellules atriales de coquille Saint-Jacques, Pecten maximus : valeur et limites du modèle. Applications en toxicologie". Brest, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004BRES2015.
Pełny tekst źródłaIn this study, atrial cells primary cuture of the scallop, Pecten maximus was established. A monolayer culture can already be observed one week following the initial plating of either fresh or cryopreserved cells. Cell attachment was improved and was obtained faster when the cells were plated on marine substrate. Combined analytical techniques, tested in asynchronous cells and synchronised cells in transition G1/S, showed that about 15 % of plated cells are able to proliferate. The growth can be stimulated by supplementation of the medium with various factors but no permanent cell line have been obtained. Among adherent cells, the cardiomyocytes, characterized by both immunocytochemical and electrophysiological features (beta-adrenergic and muscarinic receptors), were able to spontaneously contract in vitro by using especially patch-clamp technique. One another kind of adherent cells, having structural similitaries with pericardial gland cells described to be important in the dexintoxication function, seems to be involved in biotransformation activities of phase I and II. Indeed, we have actually been able to stimulate these enzymatic activities by reference inductors and by some marine contaminants. Taken together, our cellular model demonstrate its potential for fundamental and applied bioessay research studies
Dubus, Isabelle. "Caractérisation d'un modèle de culture de myocytes cardiaques de rat adulte : effet trophique des catécholamines". Paris 5, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992PA05P061.
Pełny tekst źródłaBelhouchette, Hatem. "Evaluation de la durabilité de successions culturales à l'échelle d'un périmètre irrigué en Tunisie : utilisation conjointe d'un modèle de culture (CROPSYST), d'un SIG et d'un modèle bio-économique". Montpellier, ENSA, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004ENSA0002.
Pełny tekst źródłaThis thesis aims to study the sustainability of the farming systems in the Cebalat watershed. The methodology adopted in this thesis consists on building, by the use of CropSyst, a GIS, and a recursive stochastic model, a database that allows us to analyse the effects of cropping patterns on farm income, salt accumulation and nitrate lixiviation. At the field scale CropSyst seems to simulate weIl soil water content and the average salt concentration on the first meter depth. Nevertheless, simulated soil nitrate was less satisfactory. The CropSyst model simulates correctly the final yield at the sector scale for aIl crops except for alfalfa. Assuming a realistic discount rate, the bio-economic model established with two-decision period based on quantity of rainfall in each period, reproduces closely the real system and it allows predicting soil quality degradation due to long-term salinisation. This problem is related with the lack of water that should be applied with leaching purposes. The comparison of the amount of nitrogen supplied and leached for wheat and corn between model and farmers proves that the sustainability of the production system is not assured
Sichel, François. "Galactosyltransferase et cancer de l'ovaire : analyse clinique et étude d'un modèle expérimental humain". Caen, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992CAEN4018.
Pełny tekst źródłaDavid, Valentin. "Effets des contraintes mécaniques dans un nouveau modèle de culture tissulaire d’os trabéculaire bovin et leur influence sur la relation ostéoblastes/adipocytes dans un modèle de culture de cellules mésenchymateuses multipotentes". Saint-Etienne, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005STET008T.
Pełny tekst źródłaDumas, Estelle. "Les mini-réplicons comme modèle d'étude de la réplication du virus de l'hépatite C". Bordeaux 2, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004BOR21139.
Pełny tekst źródłaEven through the hepatitis C virus was discovered since 1989, its replication is still poorly known. Therefore, we established a cell based system to study its replication. Genes coding for HCV non structural proteins were integrated into the HuH7 cell genome in order to constitutively express the replication complex. To analyse its activity, RNA reporter (mini-replicons) were constructed. They contain at both ends HCV untranslated regions (5'UTR and 3'UTR). To quantify cells supporting RNA replication, we introduced EGFP coding genes between 5'UTR and 3'UTR. Only cells able to support mini-replicons replication will be fluorescent. During the development of this model, we demonstrated that DNA sequence corresponding to the HCV 5'UTR contains a promoter activity. Moreover, we could observe mini-replicons replication until 40 days of culture. This model will be useful to study HCV replication and effect of new drugs on HCV RNA synthesis
Bernard, Yohann. "Stress oxydatif, inflammation vasculaire et métalloprotéinases : étude in vitro sur un modèle de coculture". Thesis, Nancy 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008NAN10067/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaDuring atherosclerosis leucocytes invade the vascular wall, inducing inflammation and production of oxidative stress by reactive oxygen species (ROS). We tested the effects of an oxidative stress and/or potential interactions between a neutrophil model (?HL60) and human coronary endothelial (HCAEC) or smooth muscle (HCSMC) cells, on ?HL60 mobility and production and activity of cellular metalloproteinases. Cell passaging of the promyelocytic HL60 cell line, differentiated by DMSO in a neutrophil model (?HL60), induces variations in cell mobility and production of MMP9. ROS from biochemical or cellular sources did not modify MMP2 or MMP9 activity in HCAEC or HCSMC. There is no modification of MMPs activities in ?HL60/HCAEC cocultures, but stimulation of ?HL60 MMP9 activity in ?HL60/HCSMC cocultures. Basal migration capacities and N-formyl-L-Methionyl-L-Leucyl-L-Phenylalanine -stimulated invasion abilities of ?HL60 increase in presence of HCSMC. Antioxidant enzymes barely change ?HL60 mobility, increase expression and production of ?HL60 MMP9 and seem to reduce the stimulating effect of HCSMC on ?HL60 MMP9 production. HCSMC also express and/or secrete some cytokines (IL8, IL6, IL1?, CCL2, CXCL12) implicated in atherosclerosis. In conclusion, interactions between ?HL60 and HCSMC induce an increase in MMP9 secretion, which is modulated by ROS, and a stimulation of ?HL60 mobility. Expression by HCSMC of inflammatory cytokines implicated in atherosclerosis allows to identify potential candidates responsible for the secretory and/or migratory response of ?HL60
Tchamitchian, Marc. "Photosynthèse d'une culture de tomates sous serre : mise au point et validation d'un modèle analytique". Toulouse, INPT, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990INPT019A.
Pełny tekst źródłaGuyot, Christelle. "Caractérisation et activation des différentes cellules fibrogéniques hépatiques : utilisation du modèle "tranche de foie" en culture". Bordeaux 2, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006BOR21344.
Pełny tekst źródłaHepatic fibrosis results from excessive extracellular matrix deposition by activated fibrogenic cells deriving from precursor cells, hepatic stellate cells (HSC) and portal fibroblasts (PF) which acquire a myofibroblastic phenotype. We have developed an organotypic model of precision cut liver slice (PCLS) culture in which cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions are maintained. We studied the effect of bile acids on PCLS and we shown that individual bile acids induce specific effects on activation, proliferation and apoptosis of hepatic cells. We studied fibrotic tissue remodeling in PCLS, and our data showed that fibrogenic cells behave differently in cultured PCLS depending on the fibrogenic cell type involved : HSC or PF. Finally, studying the expression of smoothelin, we showed that smooth muscle cells may also acquire a myofibroblastic phenotype and participate in fibrotic lesions. These data strengthen the concept of liver fibrogenic cell heterogeneity participating in fibrotic lesions
Muller, Quentin. "Développement par génie tissulaire d'un modèle de peau humaine innervée, vascularisée et immunocompétente pour l'étude des réactions inflammatoires cutanées". Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/33983.
Pełny tekst źródłaLes réactions immunitaires de la peau sont initiées par les cellules dendritiques cutanées (dendritic cells, DCs). L'effet potentiellement sensibilisateur d'un composé peut être prédit in vitro en utilisant des monocytes humains différenciés en DCs (MonoDCs). Cependant, ces modèles simplistes restent imprécis car l'activation des DCs cutanés par les sensibilisateurs peut être déclenchée ou modulée par des interactions microenvironnementales avec de multiples types de cellules non immunitaires. Notre objectif est de développer une peau immunocompétente qui combinera des MonoDCs avec tous les éléments structurels et fonctionnels de la peau, c'est-à-dire une barrière épidermique posée sur un derme contenant une pseudo-vascularisation et des neurones nociceptifs. Une matrice de collagène a été ensemencée avec des fibroblastes et des cellules endothéliales, puis avec des précurseurs de fibres nerveuses dérivées soit de l'iPSC humaine, soit de la DRG embryonnaire murins. Enfin, nous avons introduit les MonoDC et les kératinocytes. Nous avons observé que les neurones différenciés in situ innervent l'épiderme comme observé habituellement dans la peau humaine normale. De plus, les neurones dérivées d’iPSCs, expriment neuropeptides et canaux calcique spécifiques des fibres nociceptives. Enfin, les Mono-DC intégrés au modèle restent stable pendant toute la durée nécessaire à la formation de l’épiderme et peuvent être stimulé. Le modèle sera utilisé pour prédire le potentiel irritant des composés chimiques et l'impact de l’innervation nociceptive sur l'activation des DCs.
Immune reactions in the skin are initiated by the cutaneous dendritic cells (DCs). The potential sensitizing effect of a compound can be predicted in vitro using human monocytes differentiated into DCs (Mono-DCs). However, these simplistic models remain inaccurate because the activation of cutaneous DCs by sensitizers may be triggered or modulated by microenvironmental interactions with multiple types of nonimmune cells. Our goal is to develop an immunocompetent human tissue-engineered skin that will combine DCs with all structural and functional element of the skin, i.e. an epidermal barrier laid upon a dermis containing a pseudo-vascularization and nociceptive neurons. Collagen matrix was seeded with fibroblasts and endothelial cells, then with precursors of nerve fibers derived from either human iPSC or murine embryonic DRG. Finally, we introduced Mono-DCs and keratinocytes. We observed that in situ differentiated neurons grow axons towards the epidermis as usually observed in normal human skin. What's more, the neurons derive from iPSC, express neuropeptides and calcium channel as normal nociceptive fibers. Moreover, Mono-DCs settled as expected beneath the epidermis and remained sessile to stimulation for several weeks. The model will be used to predict the irritant potential of chemical compounds, and the impact of nerves on DC activation.
Chaib, Yanis. "Mise au point par génie tissulaire d'un modèle de peau contenant des cellules immunitaires d'origine dermique : application à la cicatrisation cutanée". Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/69023.
Pełny tekst źródłaIn vitro three-dimensional human skin models provide a tool to investigate biological or pathological processes and to test drug effect or toxicity. In vitro models usually lack an immune system and vasculature, both characteristics of the human skin. We developed a skin model composed of cells from the same donor (autologous) and containing immune cells and endothelial cells. Based on the self-assembly method developed at the LOEX, dermal fibroblasts were first cultured during four weeks in a medium stimulating the production of an extracellular matrix. The result of this culture is a fibroblast sheet used for the development of our model. A dermal fraction enzymatically extracted from a human dermis was seeded onto a first sheet while the keratinocytes were seeded on a second one. The dermal fraction contained all the dermal cells from a donor. The two sheets were then superimposed and raised at the air-liquid interface during two weeks to stimulate epidermis differentiation. Histological studies of the 3D skin model highlighted a stratified epidermis on a dermis composed of matrix and cells. Immunofluorescence staining showed viable CD45+ immune cells and a CD31+ capillary network in the dermis. A wound was then produced at the center of the model and histological studies highlighted the migration of the epidermal and dermal cells into the wound. The creation of this first autologous 3D model containing immune cells paves the way to increase knowledge about skin homeostasis and the role of immune cells in the wound healing process.
Gendreau, Isabelle. "Études dermopharmacologiques d'une nouvelle molécule destinée au traitement du psoriasis grâce à l'utilisation d'un modèle de substitut cutané pathologique optimisé". Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27545.
Pełny tekst źródłaPsoriasis is a serious cutaneous disease for which there is currently no cure. In vitro psoriatic skin models could become new tools to assess the potency of new drugs during the development of new therapies. First, this study aimed to optimize the production of psoriatic skin substitutes by the self-assembly method, and then use them to assess the effectiveness of a new potentially antipsoriatic molecule, tBEU. Initially, healthy and psoriatic substitutes have been produced by the self-assembly method partially modified, using 6-well and 12-well plates. These experiments demonstrated that the 6-well plates were more effective for the production of reproducible substitutes and representative of psoriatic skin in vivo than the 12-well plates. Then, these substitutes were treated with tBEU, showing that this molecule decreases significantly keratinocytes proliferation and improves their differentiation. Thus, tBEU may eventually be used as an effective topical treatment for psoriasis.
Baydoun, Martha. "Développement d’un modèle de culture tridimensionnelle à partir d’explants entériques pour l’étude de la cryptosporidiose". Thesis, Lille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LIL1I003.
Pełny tekst źródłaAlmost 20% of cancers are due to a viral, bacterial or parasitic infection. For instance, Cryptosporidium parvum (C. parvum) was found to induce the development of an invasive digestive adenocarcinomas in an experimental model of SCID mice.However, the understanding of the pathogenesis of Cryptosporidium has been limited by the lack of a long-term culture system. It is therefore essential to improve the in vitro culture systems by trying to mimic the in vivo conditions. Firstly, the association between Cryptosporidium infection and cancer development was investigated through an epidemiological study among cohorts of Lebanese patients with or without recent diagnosis of digestive cancer before any treatment. A high rate of Cryptosporidium was detected in biopsies from Lebanese patients with digestive neoplasia/adenocarcinoma. These results showed that Cryptosporidium is associated with human colon cancer being maybe a potential etiological agent of this disease. In the second part, a three dimensional (3D) Cryptosporidium culture model was developed from adult murine colon. This system allowed the reproduction of neoplasic lesions at 27 days post-infection, providing new evidence of the role of the parasite in the induction of carcinogenesis. This is the first description of a low-grade intraepithelial neoplasia induction after parasite infection in a 3D culture. Finally, in order to automatize the culture, a microfluidics device for explant culture was designed. An explant culture was maintained for almost 8 days using this microfluidic device. To our knowledge, this is the first description of a gut tissue culture on a microfluidic device that was viable for 8 days
Bessou, Sandrine. "Épiderme reconstitué ex-vivo avec des mélanocytes : validation d'un nouveau modèle d'étude de la pigmentation". Bordeaux 2, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997BOR28460.
Pełny tekst źródłaMartine, Jean-François. "Modélisation de la production potentielle de la canne à sucre en zone tropicale, sous conditions thermiques et hydriques contrastées : applications du modèle". Paris, Institut national d'agronomie de Paris Grignon, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003INAP0004.
Pełny tekst źródłaMartin, Jacques. "Apport de nouvelles technologies aux tests de diagnostic sérologique : de la molécule native à la molécule synthétique : validation par le modèle Chlamydia et le modèle rétroviral HIV". Tours, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990TOUR3805.
Pełny tekst źródłaUlmann, Lauriane. "Etude des interactions fonctionnelles entre neurones sensoriels des ganglions rachidiens et kératinocytes de l'épiderme : mise au point d'un modèle de coculture". Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004STR13213.
Pełny tekst źródłaA coculture model between sensory neurons of dorsal root ganglion and keratinocytes of epidermis of newborn rats and corresponding cell lines has been developed. Each cell type has been characterized by immunocytochemistry, electron microscopy and calcium imagery. The coculture needs a specific medium for keratinocytes, with a low calcium concentration (MCDB 20). In this medium, axons of neurons cultivated without keratinocytes don't appear, but the axonal growth is observed when the calcium concentration is increased to 2 mM. The presence of keratinocytes (cocultures) allows an important neuritic extension similar to this observed in the 2 mM calcium medium. This observation suggests that the target cells release some trophic factors which induce the axonal growth. After determining the neuronal phenotype in coculture, we have looked for the molecules implied in the trophic effect. The addition of NGF, BDNF or DHEA induces an important axonal extension. The presence of Trk receptors and BDNF in neurons, the decrease of the axons gowth in coculture with the Trk or PBR blokers, or with the addition of the DHEA synthesis enzyme shows that neurotrophins and DHEA are imply in the trophic effect of keratinocytes. On the other hand, the physical contacts observed with electron microscopy don't show any specific morphological differentiation. This coculture system allows the study of the effects of target cells on the neuronal development, the nature of trophics factors and the transmission of the sensory signal since the periphery
Bertheloot, Jessica. "Distribution de l'azote chez le blé (Triticum aesticum L. ) après la floraison : un modèle dynamique fondé sur une approche structure-fonction". Paris, AgroParisTech, 2009. http://pastel.paristech.org/5134/01/These_Jessica_Bertheloot_2009.pdf.
Pełny tekst źródłaDenizot, Claire. "Validation de cultures de cellules endothéliales cérébrovasculaires comme modèle d'étude des conséquences oxydatives du métabolisme de xénobiotiques". Nancy 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998NAN10352.
Pełny tekst źródłaCinquin, Cécile Françoise. "Développement et validation d'un nouveau modèle de fermentation colique in vitro avec cellules immobilisées". Thesis, Université Laval, 2005. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2005/22769/22769.pdf.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe intestinal microbiota is a complex ecosystem playing a key role in human health. The intestinal microbiota establishment occurred during the first year of life. To stimulate bifidobacteria and lactobacilli in formula fed infants, infant formula could be supplemented with probiotics or prebiotics, food ingredient able to improve human health. This supplementation could provide to them a better protection against gastro-intestinal disorders, infections and allergic risks. In vivo studies are difficult to carry out in infants due to accessibility and ethic problems, then in vitro studies become important. Continuous fermentation systems display the closest conditions to those encountered in vivo. Different fermentation systems have been proposed, all are using free-cell cultures whereas in vivo bacteria are present in colon at planktonic and sessile states. To our knowledge only one in vitro model has been proposed to simulate infant colonic fermentation. The aim of this study was to develop a new in vitro system with immobilized cells to simulate infant colonic ecosystem. First a feasibility study was done, we showed that a complex fecal microflora could be immobilized and the inoculum bacterial diversity was conserved in the ecosystem established in the fermentation system. The bacterial composition and metabolic activities of the microbiota reached an equilibrium specific to the fermentation conditions tested. These equilibriums were closed to those detected in vivo in infant colon. Then a three-stage chemostat using immobilized fecal bacteria was developed and validate to simulate simultaneously, proximal, transverse and distal infant colon conditions. This last in vitro colonic fermentation model was used to compared the effect of a well-known prebiotic (fructooligosaccharide) with an exopolysaccharide produced by L. rhamnosus RW-9595M on the infant colonic microbiota. The fructooligosaccharide used beneficially influenced the bacterial ecosystem whereas exopolysaccharide substrate did not seem to be metabolized by infant colonic microbiota. The main advantage of this system with immobilized cells is the great stability of the bacterial composition and metabolic activities of the microflora established in the model. For this, the in vitro colonic fermentation system with immobilized cells is a very efficient tool, easy to operate and reliable.
Coulon, Valérie. "Mise au point d'un modèle de culture de macrophages à partir de moelle osseuse humaine : étude des propriétés fonctionnelles des cellules macrophagiques obtenues". Bordeaux 2, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995BOR28339.
Pełny tekst źródłaThierry, Hugo. "Élaboration d'un modèle spatialisé pour favoriser le contrôle biologique de ravageurs de cultures par gestion du paysage agricole". Phd thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2015. http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/14665/1/thierry.pdf.
Pełny tekst źródłaBerg, Alexis. "Représentation des cultures tropicales dans le modèle de surface continentale ORCHIDEE : apport à l'étude des interactions climat/agriculture". Paris 6, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA066068.
Pełny tekst źródłaAlexaline, Maïa. "Elaboration d’un épiderme de culture et évaluation non clinique sur un modèle de brûlure cutanée". Thesis, Paris 11, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA114816.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe deep and large injuries caused by massive burns prevent the use of split-thickness skin autografts. Today, autologous epidermal substitutes constitute an alternative treatment for skin regeneration. In fact tissue engineering allows the production of Cultured Epithelial Autografts (CEA) by in vitro keratinocyte amplification from a small healthy skin biopsy. The clinical use of CEA since the 1980’s has allowed an increase in the survival rate of burnt patients. However, CEAs present numerous drawbacks, among them the high fragility of keratinocyte sheets, and the immaturity of the dermal-epidermal junction leading to heavy cosmetic and functional sequelae.This thesis focuses on the bioengineering of epidermal substitute for clinical burn treatment to enhance wound healing and skin regeneration, from a translational research point of view. This work also includes the development of an animal model of third degree burn for the evaluation of epidermal substitute.We first developed a new epidermal substitute cultured on a fibrin matrix from human plasma (hPBES: human Plasma-Based Epidermal Substitute). Then we characterized this new substitute with phenotypical and functional analyses, using as a reference the epidermal substitute Epicel® (Genzyme, US). We observed properties more favorable with hPBES than with Epicel® in terms of clonogenicity, stemness, differentiation level, proliferation, migration potential and basement membrane protein conservation.The influence of the plasma-based fibrin matrix on keratinocytes was studied in comparison with a culture on a fibrin from purified fibrinogen, and with a culture with no matrix. For this study we focused our analysis on the role of the released factors from fibrin matrices during epidermal substitute culture. Both fibrin matrices improved epidermal substitute properties: reduction of terminal differentiation, enhancement of migration potential, secretion of wound healing enhancing factors. Besides, plasma-based fibrin specifically promote epidermal morphogenesis, keratinocyte proliferation and clonogenicity.The culture process was adapted to European regulation requirements without diminishing its regenerative potential: substitution of murine feeder cells by human dermal fibroblasts, adaptation of culture medium and plasma viral inactivation using amotosalen treatment.A burn model including all the surgical steps used in clinics for CEA grating was developed on nude rats. However the evaluation of hPBES on this model could not be achieved due to graft rejection. Therefore we evaluated epidermal regeneration after hPBES graft on acute wounds on NOD-SCID mice. We showed a good graft rate, with the regeneration of a human epidermis close to healthy epidermis with a well-organized dermal-epidermal junction two weeks after hPBES grafting
Flicoteaux, Muriel. "La construction des identités du Musée national de l'histoire et des cultures de l'immigration : vers un nouveau modèle muséal ?" Phd thesis, Université d'Avignon, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00743083.
Pełny tekst źródłaFlicoteaux, Muriel. "La construction des identités du Musée national de l’histoire et des cultures de l’immigration : vers un nouveau modèle muséal ?" Thesis, Avignon, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010AVIG1098/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaOn 10th October 2007, France's first museum of immigration finally opens its doors after many years of lobbying by various organisations and academics and the rising awareness of public authorities. The new institution named Musée national de l’histoire et des cultures de l’immigration enjoys the legal status of national museum. It fits into an organizational structure which transcends the usual concept of a museum, the Cité nationale de l’histoire de l’immigration, a multidisciplinary quango in the quadriple guardianship of the ministries of Culture, Education, research and Integration.The purpose of our thesis is to determine the media construction of identities of the National Museum of History and Cultures of Immigration. Based on the approach that considers the museum as a space of symbolic communication (Davallon, Schiele, Lamizet, Dufrene, Regourd), it exposes as epistemological prerequisites two concepts of humanities, the social identity as constructed (Claude Levi-Strauss) and the narrative identity (Ricoeur). Then, it also refers to museology (museum models) and cultural mediation (mediation devices and public space) as main concepts.Our analysis continues with a study of the superposition of mediations according to the different temporalities of the museum, the imagined museum (stories of utopia through the preparatory documents), the completed museum (architectural mediation, museography and website). This brings us to the query of conflicting mediations inside the museum between colonial and republican narratives, historical, artistic and anthropological narratives, historical and memorial stories, narrative of unity of the nation and account of diversity of the heritage of migrants.The finding of an enunciative polyphony and the a plurality of identities of the National Museum of History and Cultures of Immigration leads us in turn to consider how the republican discourse deals with memories and how a new museum model emerges. Do we see the beginnings of a museum of social innovation from the museum structure/network? How far does the reflection on cultural diversity and multiculturalism that crosses the contemporary public space, affects the museum in the age of globalization? Can we speak of the emergence of a hybrid museum prototype between republican museum and neighbourhood museum, universalism and communitarianism?
Doctobre, Jacky. "Dynamique des cultures professionnelles des sapeurs-pompiers français : sociogenèse du modèle mythifié du sapeur-pompier "Héros sportif", 1818-1966". Thesis, Lille 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LIL12006/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaThis social historical research brings a better view of the constitution of French firemen and their knowledge of the job since the beginning of the 19th century. The concept of understanding how this group is structured, how they were considered the rites of consecration and was built the social representation of this specialised body, today it is seen as having athletic qualities (on the sport field) and heroic. From a prior work of a social image rupture, the analysis anchors on the constitution and the training of personal care, consecration rites and devices for the practice, elaborated by this corporation during the 1818-1966 period. The main hypothesis is that the main challenge for each group have to impose or to preserve the legitimate concept of a good fireman and also his perfect way to organize himself. The professional world is then configured (and reconfigure through time) from symbolic internal conflicts but also with cooperations bringing diversed capitals. One of these capitals especially asked and different from the others-is the sport corporal capital. It is the main challenge for professional culture which is made and then later shown amongst the institutions of socialisation. By treating many cultural aspects and the organisation of the firemen, the study emphasizes the needs for the training of sports programmes, ranking and the men selection, categorise through strongly diversified bodies. The analysis has proved the technical evolutions and has followed the reorganization, its complexity, cleavages, the conflicts which animate and bring evolutions
De, Martino Sylvie. "Etude in vitro et sur modèle murin de souches humaines du complexe Borrelia burgdorferi". Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007STR13110.
Pełny tekst źródłaThis study of clinical strains of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (Bb sl) have been performed in vitro and in mouse model. A solid BSK culture medium have been set to clone 29 Bb sl strains, prerequisite for bacterial virulence factors study. A molecular typing technique was performed to identify 11 species of Bb sl. An experimental study of 20 Bb sl clinical strains revealed that mouse organotropism and mouse arthritis was not linked to the species of Bb sl infecting strains, but to their human pathotype. Based on the study of clones from 14 of these strains in mouse model, a valuable clonal strains collection have been set, suitable for Bb sl virulence factors studies
Coulomb, Bernard. "Reconstruction in vitro d'une peau humaine vivante : modèle d'étude de la physiologie, de la physiopathologie et de la pharmacologie cutanée : applications thérapeutiques". Paris 11, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA112022.
Pełny tekst źródłaMorille, Benjamin. "Elaboration d’un modèle du climat distribué à l’échelle de l’abri et de la plante en cultures ornementales sous serres : analyse des transferts de masse et de chaleur, bilans énergétiques". Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2012. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00958617.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe objectives of this thesis are to develop a numerical tool which would be able to provide exhaustive information on the evolution of the distributed climate in a greenhouse. The thesis is based on experimental and numerical approaches and aims for giving information on the main concerns of the growers: the temperature and the humidity management with a special attention giving to the reduction of the energy consumptions. This is the reason why the study considers two situations in which these main concerns are the most pronounced. Experimental investigations on the climatic parameters have been led at the end of spring 2010 and at winter 2011 in order to increase the comprehension of the interaction between the physical mechanisms governing the climate and to provide data carry on the numerical part of this study. The higher heating needs and lower roof wall temperature during clear nights were evidence as well as most important role played by the solar radiation during days especially on temperature, the crop transpiration and the phenomenon of storage and restitution of heat in the ground. Then, the sensible ventilation efficiency impact on humidity and the lower on temperature are evidenced. Last, experimental data were also exploited through the application of transpiration models adapted to greenhouse conditions. Water balance on a crop divided into two layers provides supply information on the transpiration distribution. The unsteady 2D simulations consider night (clear, cloudy) and daytime (under clear sky conditions) situations. Innovative improvements are implemented into existing models : the RTE is solved in the canopy volume and provide the exact absorbed radiation in each crop layer all along the day and a condensation sub-routine is activated to simulate humidity rate evolution during the night. Models are validated against a large number of experimental climatic parameters. Simulations show good agreements with experimental data even if slight underestimations of humidity and temperature differences between above and inside crop air evidence the need of improvements on this point. Last, water and energy balances are obtained thanks to these models
Perrin, Jeanne. "La méïose spermatocytaire : anomalies méiotiques chez les hommes infertiles et évaluation d'un modèle d'étude in vitro". Aix-Marseille 2, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008AIX20661.
Pełny tekst źródłaIn infertile men, cytogenetic analysis of meiotic chromosomes reveals abnormal chromosome behaviour, which is correlated to the severity of spermatogenic impairment. This study evaluated the rate of pairing failure in pachytene spermatocytes of patients presenting either an obstructive (O) or a non-obstructive (NO) infertility, and in a patient bearing AZFb microdeletion of the Y chromosome (AZFb-). 41 patients and 13 controls underwent testicular biopsy. In all, 2931 pachytene nuclei were analysed by Giemsa staining and immunochemistry. The mean rate of asynapsed nuclei from the NO group (25. 4%) was significantly higher than in the O group (9. 8%). There was no significant difference between the O group and the controls (10. 6%). High levels of extended asynapsis could arise from a primary meiotic defect, which may be responsible for 9% of the NO male infertilities at our centre. The prevalence of early pachytene substages in all patients and in the AZFb- patient suggests that the pachytene checkpoint is localized at the mid-pachytene stage in humans. Meiotic abnormalities could also be linked to environmental factors. We report the usefulness of in vitro cultures of rat spermatocytes and Sertoli cells, in conjunction with the Comet Assay to determine DNA damage in germ cells. We compared cultures of normal and irradiated germ cells. In normal spermatocytes, the Comet Assay revealed the presence of DNA strand-breaks, suggesting the involvement of DNA repair mechanisms related to the meiotic recombination. In irradiated cells, the evolution of DNA strand-breaks was strongly modified. We propose this model as an in vitro tool for the study of genotoxic injuries on spermatocytes
Voisin, Pierre-Jean. "Les cultures de cellules cérébelleuses comme modèle d'étude cellulaire de la modulation de l'expression d'un récepteur : le récepteur béta-adrénergique". Bordeaux 2, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987BOR22018.
Pełny tekst źródłaAmsellem, Marie-Agnès. "Mise au point et applications d'un modèle de modifications oxydatives des lipoprotéines de basse densité (LDL) par les cellules endothéliales ombilicales en culture". Paris 11, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA114835.
Pełny tekst źródłaDiebolt, Myriam. "Effets pharmacologiques des polyphénols végétaux sur la vasomotricité et études des mécanismes dans un modèle de vaisseaux humains reconstitués par ingénierie tissulaire". Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003STR13092.
Pełny tekst źródłaCardiovascular diseases are the most important cause of mortality in industrial country. Several epidemiological studies have shown a relation between dietary polyphenols consumption and decrease in cardiovascular disease. The aim of this thesis was to study the effect of wine polyphenolics extracts treatment in rats on vasomotricity, and to determine vascular polyphenols effects in human tissue-engineered blood vessel. Polyphenols-treatment in rats decreases blood pressure and improves endothelium function, by a nitric oxide (no)-dependent mechanism. By contrast, polyphenols treatment does not alter contractility of intact rat aorta. However, it has been observed an increase in expression of cyclo-oxygenase 2 with subsequent increase release of endothelial thromboxane a2 which oppose the no-induced hyporeactivity of the aorta to norepinephrine, which is consequent to increased inos expression. We have produced a human tissue-engineered vascular media (tevm) from vein and artery smooth muscle cells, with the same characteristics than a native tissue. Venous tevm treatment by polyphenols induces a potentiation of contraction by a rho-kinase dependent mechanism and an increase in mlck activity. By contrast, polyphenols treatment in arterial tevm decreases histamine-induced contraction by a superoxydes anions sensitive mechanism and an inhibition of rho-kinase pathway. This effect was associated with a decrease in mlck and actin expression. These cardiovascular effects of polyphenols may contribute to develop new therapeutic in prevention and treatment of vascular disease
Smith, Pascalle. "Modélisation des cultures européennes au sein de la biosphère : phénologie, productivité et flux de CO2". Paris 6, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA066250.
Pełny tekst źródłaBocqueho, Géraldine. "Risque, temps et adoption des cultures pérennes énergétiques : exemple du cas français". Phd thesis, AgroParisTech, 2012. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00966877.
Pełny tekst źródłaGagnon, Vicky. "Étude des interactions entre les nerfs sensoriels et les follicules pileux dans un modèle in vitro de peau reconstruite par génie tissulaire". Thesis, Université Laval, 2005. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2005/22895/22895.pdf.
Pełny tekst źródłaPreterre, David. "Développement d'un modèle in vitro d'exposition chronique aux forces de cisaillement pariétal sur primocultures de cellules endothéliales coronaires de rat pour l'évaluation de la dysfonction endothéliale in vitro". Rouen, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004ROUES018.
Pełny tekst źródłaVascular endothelium role in cardiovascular diseases has gained more and more interest for a few years. Being considered just as a barrier, research gave it many properties which became the foundations of cardiovascular homeostasis. As endothelium may interact with its micro-environment, in vitro studies are not easy since endothelial cells are grown under non-physiological conditions. Development of an in vitro model which could simulate and modulate independently physical, chemical and physiological parameters of endothelium micro-environment appears to be necessary for the in vitro studies relevance. The "Roller" system allows study in a chronic and independent fashion those parameters. As recent studies pointed out the crucial role of oxidative status of endothelial cells into the outcome of physio-pathological events, we have been interested in endothelial oxidative status cellular responses when exposed to various micro-environmental conditions. Our results show that shear stress increase induces transient oxidative stress as well as long-term anti-oxidant enzymatic systems; chronic decrease in shear stress seems to induce an imbalance in endothelial cell oxidative state. Hypoxia did not induce reactive oxygen species production but modulates flow-induced oxidative stress and enhances NO bioavailability. Angiotensin II showed a dominant anti-oxidant effect mediated by AT2 receptors and pro-inflammatory and pro-oxidant TNF alpha effects were stronger when cells had undergone chronic flow decrease. Then, it appears that micro-environment strongly affects endothelial cell in culture and their response to exogenous stresses. Hypoxia role and mechanism at the tissue level remains to be assessed with co-culture systems (cardiomyocytes/endothelial cells). Furthermore, AT2 receptor presence at the coronary level could lead to novel research in terms of therapeutical strategies. To conclude, this model allows fine and chronic evaluation of endothelium interaction with its environment. Dynamic culture concept appears to be uncircumventable for development of studies which could offer an alternative to animal experimentation
Martínez, von Dossow Carlos. "Modélisation, analyse et contrôle de la croissance microalgale en cultures à haute densité". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2019. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2019SORUS255.pdf.
Pełny tekst źródłaMicroalgae are photosynthetic microorganisms with a high biotechnological potential. They have many industrial applications, including biofuel and wastewater treatment. Nevertheless, controlling optimal growth conditions for full-scale outdoor cultivation of microalgae is challenging. Mathematical models based on differential equations are of great help to better manage these nonlinear and dynamical systems. The aim of this thesis is to better understand how different factors such as the availability of light and nutrients affect microalgae growth in high density cultures. In a first part, we study the impacts of photo-inhibition and medium turbidity when microalgae growth is only limited by light. Then, we analyse the long-term behaviour of a microalgae population accounting both for nutrient and light limitations. We determine the conditions to avoid population extinction. In particular, we show that continuous periodic culture operation (periodic dilution rate and nutrient supply) under periodic fluctuations of environmental conditions (such as the light source or temperature) leads to a periodic behavior. In a third part, we show how to maximize microalgae productivity. We determine a strategy for shading outdoor cultures to protect microalgae from excess light. We also find the optimal incident light for photobioreactors operated at steady state. In the context of wastewater treatment, we determine numerically the optimal depth of a culture limited by light and nutrient. Finally, the last part of this work proposes and validates a mathematical model accounting for light, nitrogen, and phosphorus limitations, including photoacclimation dynamics
Cuffley, Kristine. "Développement par génie tissulaire d'un modèle d'étude in vitro des voies de signalisation des cellules souches du follicule pileux". Thesis, Université Laval, 2005. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2005/23211/23211.pdf.
Pełny tekst źródłaNiehus, Sebastian. "Développement d’un modèle d’étude génétique des relations hôtes- parasites entre un parasite intracellulaire obligatoire, la microsporidie Tubulinosema ratisbonensis et l’organisme modèle Drosophila melanogaster". Thesis, Strasbourg, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012STRAJ137.
Pełny tekst źródłaMore than 150 years of Microsporidia research led to a basic understanding of many aspects of microsporidial biology, yet little is known about the genetic basis and molecular mechanisms of the intimate host-parasite relationship that govern Microsporidia infections.Here, I first report on the detection, prophylaxis, and eradication measures against microsporidial infestations with Tubulinosema ratisbonensis, infecting cultures of Drosophila melanogaster. To date,knowledge about Drosophila host defense against obligate intracellular parasites remained incomplete for lack of good infection models.To this end, I have developed infection models of Drosophila by the microsporidian T. ratisbonensis,both in cell lines and in adults. The work on the cellular infection model encompasses transcriptomics and metabolomics approaches, which aim to attempt both sides of the host-pathogen equation. Finally, I report on the biological roles of glycosylphosphatidyl inositols of Toxoplasma gondii
Ferrini, Jean-Bernard. "Caractérisation de l'expression des facteurs C/EBPs et rôle des régulateurs du cycle cellulaire au cours de la différenciation hépatique dans un modèle d'hépatocytes humains en culture primaire". Montpellier 2, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999MON20202.
Pełny tekst źródłaSchaller, Noémie. "Modélisation des décisions d'assolement des agriculteurs et de l'organisation spatiale des cultures dans les territoires de polyculture-élevage". Phd thesis, AgroParisTech, 2011. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00781098.
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